Academic literature on the topic 'TIME EXIGENCIES'

Brennan: We both find ourselves in the same situation today. We have spent a long time commenting on theatre in this market for our respective media and now, for different reasons, we’re no longer doing that. You were doing arts reviews for the CBC when the local station went on the air in 1964, and I’m wondering if you felt back then that the CBC placed a certain importance on reviewing - if, perhaps, style was regarded then as less important than serious commentary?

AbstractThis article considers the Book of Qohelet in terms of its concerns and stylistics and with an eye towards the book's modern analogues. In particular, I look at the themes of toil and progress, time and memory, justice, and wisdom and knowledge while endeavouring to maintain the contradictory and self-negating dynamics of the text. Qohelet, I conclude, finds no ultimate good and no foundational principle in the universe. The declaration that all is judgement about the human experience of existence. Ours is not a world that admits human reason or responds to our longing for meaning-it is an absurd existence. Various stylistic strategies are employed in the text to support and sustain this message and these techniques combine to form a poetics of absurdity. The book is cast in an autobiographical voice, plays with the dynamics of aphorism and tautology, and, most significantly, builds itself around the poetics of contradiction. The text is engaged in a continual process of erasure whereby statements are made, explored, and then negated. I conclude by considering two modern analogues to the book of Qohelet, Albert Camus and Lev Shestov. These two thinkers parallel the book of Qohelet in both concern and style. They too find that the universe is infused with contradictions and does not bend to our longing for order and reason. Ultimately, all three sources convey a similar understanding of the human existential condition.

Newspapers’ editorializing exigencies as a mere publication of spot news would not be enough. Editorials clarify, explain, interpret, or integrate the news based on events, incidents, situations, or trends. Events of and during political movements are the main subjects of newspaper editorials. Editorial coverage of everyday exigencies builds up and helps represent narratives of various actors directly or indirectly involved in the events. In the public texts in Nepal, including newspapers, ‘Nepali people’ feature as principal actors and participants in socio-political transformations. Through Fantasy Theme Analysis of editorials on political subjects, this article explores how The Kathmandu Post and The Himalayan Times covered ‘Nepali people’ as the participants, actors, and agents of political transformation during the people’s movement in 2005-2006. The article inductively concludes that with a principal rhetorical vision for establishing peace and republic, ‘Nepali people’ performed the agency of transformation in the country.

This article examines the Northern Sotho play, “Modjadji”, written by G.H. Franz. The text, about which there is little significant critical literature, presents in mythological terms the quest of the Lobedu rain queen, Modjadji, for secure governance and release from the exigencies of history, both for herself and her people. Through staged ritual, the play evokes archetypes of time to raise a mythic consciousness. This ontology employs a notion of circular time to transcend linearity and its inexorable teleology. Ultimately, the text attempts to extract viable elements of traditional epistemology in order to accommodate its addressees to modernity.

Motto: “We cannot prevent disasters ... What we hope to do is to be more proactive, to be better prepared so that we can react better, faster.” Winston Choo, 2006The exigencies of environmental protection must be concomitantly achieved both at micro and macroeconomic levels, at individual and national states and international communities’ levels. No matter the scale we refer to, there should be taken strict actions meant to modify the present tendencies of environmental deterioration in order to permanently maintain an equitable balance between satisfying the more and more diverse necessities of present society and protecting all components of environment. Although it is difficult or, in some cases, even impossible to establish their appearance within time and space coordinates, the majority associates them with the period of industrial revolution, because the man’s wish of a better, more sustainable life has uncontrollable effects on the environment, or the climate. Thus, the change with its multiple faces and components remains a priority for the protection of the environment and of the sustainable development, and people face the most important choice of their long history.One with paradigmatic values – having rational, ecologic, protectionist, emotional, educational valences – generated by the troubling metamorphoses like: the exhaustion of natural resources, “baby-boom” beyond any control, the ecologic unbalances, the inequality of chances when education, health and carrier are concerned.

Abstract This article recounts the experience of moving an in-person literature class online at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing comparisons between the novel Mrs. Dalloway, which the class was reading at the time, and the experience of the early days of the pandemic, the piece outlines how the exigencies of the pandemic led to revised teaching and assessment practices.

Abstract Majority lower-income and working-class districts in the Global South have long relied on an intricate interweaving of diverse practices. This has been complemented by strategic engagements with the ambiguities inherent in governing the dispositions of land and municipal services. These processes of majority-inflected urbanization are being substantially constrained both by the restructuring of urban rule and economy and by the exigencies of climate change. At the same time, there are often undue expectations that grassroots movements will be critical drivers of urban transformations capable of enduring climate change. But the collective actions of many low-income districts are seemingly indifferent to such expectations. Both the endurance of long-honed political practices and their substantive adjustments are explored here in order to revisit fundamental questions about how to generate lives worth living without valorization of the human.

European agriculture is the result and experiences of a numerous and md determinant reforms during last period of time. Labor productivity and green gas emissions represents two major turning points in analyzing the Common Agricultural Policy evolution. The main aim of this research is to make a synoptic analysis of the agriculture evolution in context of the new Common Agricultural Policy paradigm transformation from the perspective of sectorial structural changes determined by the new environmental exigencies and labor productivity.

The wave of changes pervading the global community presently has called for proactive measures in virtually all aspects of human endeavours to meet the exigencies of change and challenges coded new normal. Education and instructional delivery should therefore be global best practices compliant to give a country relevance among nations. Doing this successfully requires stakeholders in education to meet with the exigencies of the time. Since teachers are the drivers of the nation’s education programmes, they should be prepared to go beyond the traditional face-to- face (F2F) classroom setting. This requires being exposed to the rapid development in Information Communication Technology (ICT) and being able to cope with the challenges of the new normal in teaching. This is encapsulated in the media-mediated instruction that allows for the use of advances in various communication technologies in achieving educational goals which is the major reason of this study. This research therefore examines how, within the new normal, teachers can conduct effective teaching and learning, improve the quality of education, and the way forward for effective teaching and learning in the Arts and Humanities using media-mediated instructional tools.

I, Apurav Gupta (2K18/MBA/031) a student of Delhi School of Management- DTU, pursuing Masters of Business Administration has worked on my project titled “Social Marketing in times of Exigencies (Twitter Analysis)”. We all know that Marketing is a social and managerial process; it should have a socio- environmental approach. But, very few organizations cater to it. Social Marketing deals with development of awareness among consumers in order to influence their behaviour and attitude towards a brand, product or service. In recent years, Social marketing has attracted interests of many organisations, institutions, Non profit organisations. Also, social marketing at times of crisis like natural disasters like floods, pollution and health emergencies has become common. This is because many people believe that social marketing without the intention of just selling your product or service helps to build a positive brand image and a lasting brand value. We know that, at present we are in a middle of a health pandemic “COVID-19” or commonly called corona virus health emergency, which has affected every single institution and business across the globe. My project deals with using Twitter analysis on understanding how brands demonstrate social marketing at times of crisis and understand the sentiment of their tweets and engagement among their followers. We also know that Twitter is one of the most powerful social media platforms where there is active participation of some eminent personalities, organisations etc across the globe. People actively display their views and opinion on Twitter, it serves as a medium to help the common people to raise their concerns and have their opinions heard and valued. So this led to my desire on analyzing tweets in real time and check upon the sentiment analysis, word cloud analysis and study the levels of popularity among 4 major organisations. 5 The organisations taken up for the project are: 1. Hindustan Unilever. 2. Tata group of companies. 3. Zomato. 4. Swiggy. The analysis is based on using Python to extract live tweets and further analysing their sentiments. Also to check on the followers and likes count I have further used Excel and Tableau for visualisation. The insights made from the project can surely help companies to plan their social media activities at times of various crisis and in general to improve their brand image.

Le but de ce rapport est de présenter une méthode globale de développement à partir de spécifications informelles, depuis la modélisation graphique des exigences temporelles d'un système ferroviaire critique jusqu'à une implantation systématique au moyen de méthodes formelles. Nous proposons d'utiliser ici les réseaux de Petri temporels pour décrire le comportement attendu du logiciel de contrôle-commande à construire.Tout d'abord nous construisons un modèle des exigences p-temporel prenant en compte toutes les contraintes que doit vérifier le système. Nous proposons des outils et des méthodes capables de valider et de vérifier ce modèle. Ensuite, il s'agit de construire un modèle de processus solution en réseau de Petri t-temporel. Ce modèle illustre des exigences techniques relatives à un choix technologique ou architectural. L'objectif est double : tout d'abord il est nécessaire de vérifier la traçabilité des exigences ; ensuite, il faut vérifier que l'ensemble des exigences sources sont bien implémentées dans la solution préconisée et dans sa mise en oeuvre. Enfin, nous proposons une approche visant à transformer de façon systématique le modèle de processus en machine abstraite $B$ afin de poursuivre une procédure formelle $B$ classique. Finalement, le cas d'étude du passage à niveau, composant critique dans le domaine de la sécurité ferroviaire est décrit<br>The introduction of new European standards for railway safety, coupled with an increasing use of software technology changes the method of development of critical railway systems. Indeed, new systems have to be at least as good as the previous ones. Therefore the appropriate safety level of critical systems has to be proved in order to obtain the necessary approval from the authorities. Accordingly a high level of reliability and correctness must be reached by the use of mathematical proofs and then formal methods. We focus on the treatment of the temporal requirements in the level crossing case study which is modelled with p-time Petri nets, and on the translation of this model in a more formal way by using the B method. This paper introduces a methodology to analyse the safety of timed discrete event systems. First, our goal is to take out the forbidden state highlighted by a p-time Petri net modelling. This model deals with the requirements of the considered system and has to contain all the constraints that have to be respected. Then we aim at describing a process identified as a solution of the system functioning. This method consists in exploring all the possible behaviours of the system by means of the construction of state classes. Finally, we check if the proposed process corresponds to the requirements model previously built.Our case-study is the level crossing, a critical component for the safety of railway systems

Dans un monde où les personnes et les objets sont de plus en plus connectés et localisés, l’information géographique (IG) est très présente dans notre quotidien et sa prise en compte dans les systèmes d'information (SI) de gestion devient incontournable. Les particuliers et les entreprises la mobilisent de manière croissante pour se repérer dans l’espace, accéder à diverses données statistiques géo-référencées, planifier des déplacements, etc.Les développements actuels sur les systèmes mobiles par exemple, impliquent de facto une dimension spatio-temporelle (ST), souvent réservée aux SI géographiques (SIG). Par conséquent, de nombreux systèmes logiciels sont amenés à entretenir une relation très étroite et précise avec le monde réel afin d'ouvrir de nouveaux champs d'applications comme les villes intelligentes, les usines du futur ou une nouvelle génération de systèmes de logistique.L'ampleur de cette évolution est majeure puisqu'en termes de données, au moins 80% sont concernées (http://www.esrifrance.fr/sig1.aspx). Cependant, un analyste est souvent confronté à des difficultés pour capturer des exigences d'une manière générale, rendant nécessaire une approche organisée et plus systématique. C'est dans ce contexte que nous orientons notre étude vers le domaine de l'ingénierie des exigences (IE) pour mieux construire un raisonnement qui prend en compte la dimension ST. C'est une étape clé dans le développement de telles exigences dans un projet d'évolution de SI de gestion.Le cadre proposé intègre des contributions dans les domaines de l'IE et de la géomatique. En ce sens, nous avons retenu particulièrement la méthode KAOS qui propose une approche d'IE orientée buts et outillée avec un logiciel nommé "Objectiver". Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une extension de la méthodologie KAOS à la dimension spatio-temporelle. KAOS répond déjà aux questions du "POURQUOI", du "COMMENT", du "QUOI" et du "QUI". Nous abordons dans notre recherche plus précisément, les questions du "QUAND "et du "OÙ". Nous utilisons pour ceci deux axes de recherche : d'une part nous explorons la dualité dimensions spatiales/temporelles, afin de transposer à la dimension spatiale des techniques d'IE déjà définies. D'autre part, nous prenons en considération des notations largement utilisées dans les SIG, et ce, afin de les intégrer dans les primitives d'IE et faciliter ainsi la capture d'exigences spatio-temporelles. Nous avons réalisé un prototype à l'aide de l'outil "Objectiver". Cependant, les résultats présentés restent applicables à d'autres méthodes et outils.Afin de pousser le plus possible l'évolution d'un système existant, nous proposons dans un deuxième temps, d'examiner plus spécifiquement des stratégies ouvertes d'intégration, exploitant ainsi des briques ouvertes en matière de données et/ou de services pour répondre à des besoins géomatiques identifiés. Nous pensons aux utilisateurs de ces SI qui doivent pouvoir intégrer des aspects spatiaux et temporels au sein de leurs règles de gestion ou règles métier.Se pose alors la question "comment identifier les aspects ST des règles métier par un processus d'IE ?" qui nous amène à réfléchir sur la construction d'un SI de gestion, qui soit capable de séparer la vue métier de la vue système. Nous montrons plus spécifiquement comment les règles métiers peuvent être identifiées sur la base d'aspects spatio-temporels. Nous avons outillé notre contribution et nous l'illustrons à travers une étude de cas réelle de fusion de deux universités. Ensuite, nous montrons à travers cette même étude de cas comment déployer de telles règles dans les composants les plus appropriés en veillant à garantir une architecture ouverte<br>In a world where people and objects are increasingly connected and localized, geographic information (GI) is very present in our daily life and its inclusion in the management information systems becomes essential. Individuals and enterprises mobilize increasingly to orient themselves in space, access to various statistical data georeferenced, plan travel...Current developments on mobile systems, for example, involve a space-time dimension, often reserved for geographic information systems (GIS). Therefore, many software systems are required to maintain a very close relationship and precise with the real world to open up new fields of application such as smart cities, factories of the future or a new generation of logistics systems.The magnitude of this change is major since in terms of data, at least 80% are concerned (http://www.esrifrance.fr/sig1.aspx). However, an analyst often faces difficulties in capturing requirements in general, necessitating an organized and systematic approach. It is in this context that we direct our study to the field of requirements engineering (RE) to better build an argument that takes into account the space-time dimension. This is a key step in the development of such requirements in a management information system development project.The proposed framework includes contributions in the fields of RE and geomatics. In this sense, we have particularly caught the KAOS method that offers a goal oriented requirements engineering approach and equipped with a software named "Objectiver".First, we propose an extension of the KAOS methodology in the space-time dimension. KAOS already answered the questions of "WHY", the "HOW", the "WHAT" and the "WHO". We approach our research specifically, the issues of "WHEN" and "WHERE". We use this for two lines of research : one explores the duality between space and time dimensions in order to transpose the spatial dimension of requirements engineering techniques already defined. On the other hand, we consider notations widely used in GIS, and to integrate them in primitive requirements engineering and thus facilitate the capture of space-time requirements. We made a prototype using the tool "Objectiver". However, the results presented are applicable to other methods and tools.To push as much as possible the performance of an existing system, we propose as a second step, to examine more specifically the open integration strategies and operating bricks started in data and/or services to meet geomatics to identified needs. We believe the users of these information systems must be able to integrate space-time aspects in their management rules or business rules.This raises the question "how to identify the space-time aspects of business rules by a RE process ?" Which brings us to reflect on the construction of a management information system that is capable of separating the business view and the system view. We show specifically how business rules can be identified on the basis of space-time aspects. We have equipped our contribution and illustrate through a real case study of merger of two universities. Next, we show through this same case study how to deploy such rules in the most appropriate components ensuring secure an open architecture

Une séparation existe de longue date entre les domaines de la compilation et de l'ordonnancement temps-réel. Si ces deux domaines ont le même objectif - la construction d'implantations correctes - la séparation se justifie historiquement par des différences significatives entre les modèles et les méthodes utilisés. Cependant, avec la complexification des applications et du materiel qui les exécute, les problèmes étudiés dans ces deux domaines se confondent désormais largement. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la génération automatique de code pour des systèmes de contrôle embarqué incluant des contraintes complexes (notamment temps-réel). A ces fins, nous défendons l'idée qu'il est profitable de fournir un effort commun de recherche entre ces deux communautés. En adaptant une technique de compilation au problème d'ordonnancement temps réel d'applications sur des architectures multiprocessurs, nous montrons à la fois les difficultés inhérentes à cet effort commun, mais aussi les possibles avancées qu'il porte. En effet, nous montrons que l'adaptation de techniques d'optimisation à de nouveaux objectifs, dans un contexte différent facilite le développement de systèmes de meilleure qualité. Nous proposons d'utiliser les formalismes et langages synchrones comme base formelle commune dans ce travail d'adaptation. Ceux-cis étendent naturellement les modèles classiques utilisés pour l'ordonnancement temps réel (graphes de tâches dépendentes) et la compilation (SSA et graphes de dépendence de données), et fournissent également des techniques efficaces pour la manipulation de structures de contrôle complexes. Nous avons implanté nos résultats dans le compilateur LoPhT<br>There is a long standing separation between the fields of compiler construction and real-time scheduling. While both fields have the same objective - the construction of correct implementations – the separation was historically justified by significant differences in the models and methods that were used. Nevertheless, with the ongoing complexification of applications and of the hardware of the execution platforms, the objects and problems studied in these two fields are now largely overlapping. In this thesis, we focus on the automatic code generation for embedded control systems with complex constraints, including hard real-time requirements. To this purpose, we advocate the need for a reconciled research effort between the communities of compilation and real-time systems. By adapting a technique usually used in compilers (software pipelining) to the system-level problem of multiprocessor scheduling of hard real-time applications, we shed light on the difficulties of this unified research effort, but also show how it can lead to real advances. Indeed we explain how adapting techniques for the optimization of new objectives, in a different context, allows us to develop more easily systems of better quality than what was done until now. In this adaptation process, we propose to use synchronous formalisms and languages as a common formal ground. These can be naturally seen as extensions of classical models coming from both real-time scheduling (dependent task graphs) and compilation (single static assignment and data dependency graphs), but also provide powerful techniques for manipulating complex control structures. We implemented our results in the LoPhT compiler

Les architectures modulaires intégrées (IMA) sont une évolution majeure de l'architecture des systèmes avioniques. Elles permettent à plusieurs systèmes de se partager des ressources matérielles sans interférer dans leur fonctionnement grâce à un partitionnement spatial (zones mémoires prédéfinies) et temporel (ordonnancement statique) dans les processeurs ainsi qu'une réservation des ressources sur les réseaux empruntés. Ces allocations statiques permettent de vérifier le déterminisme général des différents systèmes: chaque système doit respecter des exigences de bout-en-bout dans une architecture asynchrone. Une étude pire cas permet d'évaluer les situations amenant aux limites du système et de vérifier que les exigences de bouten- bout sont satisfaites dans tous les cas. Les architectures IMA utilisés dans les avions centralisent physiquement des modules de calcul puissants dans des baies avioniques. Dans le cadre d'une étude de cas hélicoptère, ces baies ne sont pas envisageables pour des raisons d'encombrement: des processeurs moins puissants, utilisés à plus de 80%, composent ces architectures. Pour ajouter de nouvelles fonctionnalités ainsi que de nouveaux équipements, le souhait est de distribuer la puissance de traitement sur un plus grand nombre de processeurs dans le cadre d'une architecture globale asynchrone. Deux problématiques fortes ont été mises en avant tout au long de cette thèse. La première est la répartition des fonctions avioniques associée à une contrainte d'ordonnancement hors-ligne sur les différents processeurs. La deuxième est la satisfaction des exigences de communication de bout-en-bout, dépendantes de l'allocation et l'ordonnancement des fonctions ainsi que des latences de communication sur les réseaux. La contribution majeure de cette thèse est la recherche d'un compromis entre la distribution des architectures IMA sur un plus grand nombre de processeurs et la satisfaction des exigences de communication de bout-en-bout. Nous répondons à cet enjeu de la manière suivante: - Nous formalisons dans un premier temps un modèle de partitions communicantes tenant en compte des contraintes d'allocation et d'ordonnancement des partitions d'une part et des contraintes de communication de bout-en-bout entre partitions d'autre part. - Nous présentons dans un deuxième temps une recherche exhaustive des architectures valides. Nous proposons l'allocation successive des fonctions avioniques en considérant au même niveau la problématique d'ordonnancement et la satisfaction des exigences de bout-en-bout avec des latences de communication figées. Cette méthode itérative permet de construire des allocations de partitions partiellement valides. La construction des ordonnancements dans chacun des processeurs est cependant une démarche coûteuse dans le cadre d'une recherche exhaustive. - Nous avons conçu dans un troisième temps une heuristique gloutonne pour réduire l'espace de recherche associé aux ordonnancements. Elle permet de répondre aux enjeux de distribution d'une architecture IMA dans un contexte hélicoptère. - Nous nous intéressons dans un quatrième temps à l'impact des latences de communication de bout-en-bout sur des architectures distribuées données. Nous proposons pour celles-ci les choix de réseaux basés sur les latences de communication admissibles entre les différentes fonctions avioniques. Les méthodes que nous proposons répondent au besoin industriel de l'étude de cas hélicoptère, ainsi qu'à celui de systèmes de plus grande taille.

En dépit de ses treize diagrammes, le langage UML (Unified Modeling Language) normalisé par l'OMG (Object Management Group) n'offre aucune facilité particulière pour appréhender convenablement la phase de traitement des exigences qui démarre le cycle de développement d'un système temps réel. La normalisation de SysML et des diagrammes d'exigences ouvre des perspectives qui ne sauraient faire oublier le manque de support méthodologique dont souffrent UML et SysML. Fort de ce constat, les travaux exposés dans ce mémoire contribuent au développement d'un volet " méthodologie " pour des profils UML temps réel qui couvrent les phases amont (traitement des d'exigences - analyse - conception) du cycle de développement des systèmes temps réel et distribués en donnant une place prépondérante à la vérification formelle des exigences temporelles. La méthodologie proposée est instanciée sur le profil TURTLE (Timed UML and RT-LOTOS Environment). Les exigences non-fonctionnelles temporelles sont décrites au moyen de diagrammes d'exigences SysML étendus par un langage visuel de type " chronogrammes " (TRDD = Timing Requirement Description Diagram). La formulation d'exigences temporelles sert de point de départ à la génération automatique d'observateurs dédiés à la vérification de ces exigences. Décrites par des méta-modèles UML et des définitions formelles, les contributions présentées dans ce mémoire ont vocation à être utilisées hors du périmètre de TURTLE. L'approche proposée a été appliquée à la vérification de protocoles de communication de groupes sécurisée (projet RNRT-SAFECAST).

Les systèmes robotiques mobiles autonomes deviennent de plus en plus complexes avec l’intégration de composants de capteurs et d’actionneurs et de fonctionnalités avancées pour effectuer les missions réelles. Pour ces systèmes techniques, les exigences sont divisées en deux catégories : les exigences fonctionnelles et les exigences non-fonctionnelles. Alors que les exigences fonctionnelles représentent ce que le robot doit faire pour accomplir la mission, les exigences non-fonctionnelles représentent la façon dont le robot exécute la mission. Ainsi, la qualité de service et l’efficacité énergétique d’une mission robotique sont classées dans cette catégorie. L’autonomie de ces systèmes est pleinement atteinte lorsque les exigences fonctionnelles et non-fonctionnelles sont garanties sans aucune intervention humaine ni aucun contrôle externe. Cependant, ces systèmes mobiles sont naturellement confrontés à des contraintes de disponibilité des ressources et de capacité énergétique, notamment dans le cadre de mission à longue durée, ces contraintes deviennent plus critiques. De plus, la performance de ces systèmes est également influencée par des conditions environnementales inattendues et non structurées dans lesquelles ils interagissent. La gestion des ressources et de l’énergie en cours de mission est donc un défi pour les robots mobiles autonomes afin de garantir les objectifs de performance souhaités tout en respectant les contraintes. Dans ce contexte, la capacité du système robotique à prendre conscience de ses propres comportements internes et de son environnement physique et à s’adapter à ces circonstances dynamiques devient importante.Cette thèse porte sur la qualité de service et l’efficacité énergétique des systèmes robotiques mobiles et propose une gestion hiérarchique en cours d’exécution afin de garantir ces objectifs non-fonctionnels de chaque mission robotique. Au niveau de la gestion locale de chaque mission, un MISSION MANAGER utilise un mécanisme de prise de décision fondé sur l’apprentissage par renforcement pour reconfigurer automatiquement certains paramètres clés propres à la mission afin de minimiser le niveau de violation des objectifs de performance et des objectifs énergétiques requis. Au niveau de la gestion globale de l’ensemble du système, un MULTI-MISSION MANAGER s’appuie sur des règles de prise de décision et des techniques de raisonnement par cas pour suivre les ressources du système et les réponses des MISSION MANAGERs afin de décider de réallouer le budget énergétique, de régler la qualité du service et de déclencher l’apprentissage en ligne pour chaque mission robotique. La méthodologie proposée a été prototypée et validée avec succès dans un environnement de simulation et le cadre de gestion est également intégré dans notre système robotique mobile réel basé sur une base mobile de Pioneer-3DX équipée d’une plate-forme embarquée de NVIDIA Jetson Xavier<br>Mobile robotic systems are becoming more and more complex with the integration of advanced sensing and acting components and functionalities to perform the real required missions. For these technical systems, the requirements are divided into two categories: functional and non-functional requirements. While functional requirements represent what the robot must do to accomplish the mission, non-functional requirements represent how the robot performs the mission. Thus, the quality of service and energy efficiency of a robotic mission are classified in this category. The autonomy of these systems is fully achieved when both functional and non-functional requirements are guaranteed without any human intervention or any external control. However, these mobile systems are naturally confronted with resource availability and energy capacity constraints, particularly in the context of long-term missions, these constraints become more critical. In addition, the performance of these systems is also influenced by unexpected and unstructured environmental conditions in which they interact. The management of resources and energy during operation is therefore a challenge for autonomous mobile robots in order to guarantee the desired performance objectives while respecting constraints. In this context, the ability of the robotic system to become aware of its own internal behaviors and physical environment and to adapt to these dynamic circumstances becomes important.This thesis focuses on the quality of service and energy efficiency of mobile robotic systems and proposes a hierarchical run-time management in order to guarantee these non-functional objectives of each robotic mission. At the local management level of each robotic mission, a Mission Manager employs a reinforcement learning-based decision-making mechanism to automatically reconfigure certain key mission-specific parameters to minimize the level of violation of required performance and energy objectives. At the global management level of the whole system, a Multi-Mission Manager leveraged rule-based decision-making and case-based reasoning techniques monitors the system's resources and the responses of Mission Managers in order to decide to reallocate the energy budget, regulate the quality of service and trigger the online learning for each robotic mission.The proposed methodology has been successfully prototyped and validated in a simulation environment and the run-time management framework is also integrated into our real mobile robotic system based on a Pioneer-3DX mobile base equipped with an embedded NVIDIA Jetson Xavier platform

This chapter analyzes strategies of program arrangement developed to manage sonic flows and listener attention, the industrial exigencies shaping them, and means by which they became taken-for-granted aspects of modern experience. Regulatory mandates for live programming positioned radio as a new studio art that would supply its own content, a system of private competition favored continuous streaming of regularly scheduled programming to attract and hold listener attention, and conflicting mandates for varied but unified programming were resolved by dividing the broadcast day into a series of larger programming blocks. Consolidated on the production side through internal record-keeping mechanisms such as the program log, these scheduling strategies were communicated to listeners through on-air announcements and newspaper listings that helped to naturalize their emerging structures of broadcast flow and facilitate a larger commodification of sound central to the success of modern audio media.

Rather than being unitary actors, each party is a political system in itself, with three major “faces”: the party in public office; the party central office; and the party on the ground. Over time, the balance of power within parties has shifted, to support the dominance of the party in public office. This evolution has been accompanied by institutional changes, and it has been supported by the growing similarity of the positions of members of the party in public office (responsibilities of governing; exigencies of professional political careers) regardless of the political complexion of their parties or the demands of their members.

This chapter discusses how Cold War geopolitical exigencies provided long-time immigration reform advocates like Italian Americans with a narrow window of opportunity to challenge the draconian immigration system in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924 and mobilize for reform. After two decades of failed attempts, Italian Americans, thanks to the help and support they received from the American Catholic Church, finally created a successful immigration reform advocacy organization, the American Committee on Italian Migration (ACIM), which subsequently emerged as one of the leading actors for the immigration reform overhaul of 1965. The Church provided the group with the ideology, the resources, and the connections to be successful, while simultaneously shielding it from accusations of disloyalty.

Vichy was no monolith but was rather (especially at first) composed of fractious groups projecting a variety of different visions. The powers of some declined with time as a result of changes in French political direction as well as German pressures and conditions within France. Given its evolution, and the continuities and disputes that underlay the regime, this chapter examines how Vichy, as different groups within it gained power, conceived and presented itself and its image of French cultural values and national traditions to its own constituents. Within this context it also explores how Vichy’s musical policies evolved along with changes in the regime and its personnel. It also considers the Germans’ cultural structures, tactics, aims, and exigencies in music as the war advanced and the Occupation spread to the southern zone.

This chapter explains the international law provision which allows the State to derogate from certain human rights. The possibility for States to derogate from certain rights ‘in time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation’ may be considered as an unfavourable risk by human rights defenders. The Human Rights Committee, however, recognizes the derogation provision of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (article 4) as being of paramount importance for the system of protection for human rights under the Covenant. It should be noted that not every disturbance or catastrophe qualifies as ‘a public emergency’ for the purposes of article 4(1) and such measures should be of an exceptional and temporary nature, only imposed to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, subject to a regime of international notification, and should not involve discrimination.

This book examines facets of North Indian Muslim identity, c. 1850–1950. It focuses specifically on the role of literature and poetry as the medium through which certain Muslim ‘voices’ articulated, negotiated, configured, and expressed their understandings of what it meant to be Muslim and Indian, given the sociopolitical exigencies of the time. Specifically, a history of the public space of poetry will be presented and half of the book will chart a history of the mushā‘irah (poetic symposium) over this period. In doing so it will analyse the multiple ways in which this space adapted to the changing economic, social, political and technological contexts of the time. The second half of the book will present a history of the ideas that were often articulated in the space of the mushā‘irah and changing notions of the watan (homeland) amongst various Muslim individuals will be analysed. In particular, the book will seek to locate changing ideas of hubb-e watanī (patriotism) in order to offer new perspectives on how Muslim intellectuals, poets, political leaders, and journalists conceived of and expressed their relationship to India and to the trans-national Muslim community. Thus the book will seek to locate the different registers and rhetorics of belonging in order to illustrate the diverse and disparate ways in which Muslims expressed ideas of qaum (community), millat, and ummah (religious fraternity) and their effect on Indian Muslim political identity.

Under which conditions and to what extent can subsequent State practice legitimately influence the interpretation or even modify international treaties? This issue of general international law has been on the European Court of Human Rights’ agenda for quite some time and is ongoing as evidenced in Hassan v The United Kingdom. While State practice has traditionally played a role in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights in its dynamic interpretation, the Court’s methodology to determine under what circumstance and to what extent State practice is able to affect the scope and meaning of the Convention remains uncertain. This chapter develops a general theoretical framework, which rationalizes the normative value of subsequent practice in the context of human rights treaty interpretation and sets out its relevant standards. Drawing from the International Law Commission’s work on ‘Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to interpretation of treaties’, the author argues that the Vienna rules provide a useful point of departure without the need for additional means of interpretation. This matrix allows sufficient flexibility to accommodate the specific nature of human rights law. The author proposes a normative scale, which can guide the Court in enhancing its methodological consistency. Pursuant to this scale, exigencies for the density of subsequent practice and the degree of acceptance pursuant to Article 38(1)(b) VCLT vary depending on the nature of the rule and the claimed normative value of State practice. Once State practice meets the required standard, it can sustain the legitimacy of treaty interpretation and serve as a catalyst for the advancement of human rights.

This book challenges monolithic cultural constructs and valorization of indigenous society. Marriage being a social act reveals a lot about society and its attitudes. A wide timeframe has been taken as social and cultural history defy a temporal straitjacket. The study of social and cultural history has been related to the political structure. Hence, the process of State formations and the emergence of Rajputs as a ruling clan have been studied. Matrimonial alliances played a crucial role in the formation of medieval polity and society. In the initial stages of State formation, there was an openness and accommodation but as state power increased, rulers tried to project themselves as protectors of normative order and inter-caste marriages disappeared whereas interreligious marriages continued to flourish. Marriage rituals, customs, and practices to a large extent reflected the clan nature of Rajput polity as well as their attempt to legitimize their authority by following Dharmshastric rituals. There were innovations in marriage rituals in order to deal with the exigencies of time. Sati and widowhood—two very visible forms of women oppression have been examined. Frequent deaths on the battlefield led to increasing numbers of widows. Though the ruling aristocracy encouraged the practice of Sati, the woman cannot be seen as passive victims of oppressive ideology. Women who committed Sati do not approximate to Pativratta nor were they marginalized entities. A great degree of pluralism is seen in marital morality and it is obvious that this wasn’t influenced by Dharamshastric injunctions. In the early stages of state formation one can observe moral elasticity. Although the caste and village panchayats played a role in regulating marital mores in the beginning, the State gradually emerged as the ultimate authority in regulating social life.

What does it mean to feel time, to sense its passing along the sinews and nerves of the body as much as the synapses of the mind? And how do books, as material arrangements of print and paper, mediate such temporal experiences? Chronometres: Devotional Literature, Duration, and Victorian Reading is a study of the time-inflected reading practices of religious literature, the single largest market for print in Victorian Britain. It examines poetic cycles by John Keble, Alfred Tennyson, Christina Rossetti, and Frances Ridley Havergal; family prayer manuals, Sunday-reading books and periodicals; and devotional gift books and daily textbooks. Designed for diurnal and weekly reading, chronometrical literature tuned its readers’ attentions to the idea of Eternity and the everlasting peace of spiritual transcendence, but only in so far as it parcelled out reading into discrete increments that resembled the new industrial time-scales of factories and railway schedules. Chronometres thus takes up print culture, affect theory, and the religious turn in literary studies in order to explore the intersections between devotional practice and the condition of modernity. It argues that what defines Victorian devotional literature is the experience of its time signatures, those structures of feeling associated with its reading durations. For many Victorians, reading devotionally increasingly meant reading in regular portions and often according to the calendar and workday in contrast to the liturgical year. Keeping pace with the temporal measures of modernity, devotion became a routinized practice: a way of synchronizing the interior life of spirit with the exigencies of clock time. This kind of devotional observance coincided with the publication, between 1827 and 1890, of a diverse array of largely Protestant books and print that shared formal and material relationships to temporality. By dispensing devotion as daily or weekly doses of reading, chronometrical literature imagined and arranged time in relation to time’s materiality. But in so doing, it also left open temporal spaces that could be filled by readers, some of whom marked temporality through their own practices like annotation and scrapbooking, which publishers were then quick to emulate. Chronometrical literature likewise produced a host of embodied cognitions that could include moments of absorption but, equally, ones of boredom and mental drift. Such texts therefore did not necessarily discipline Victorian readers according to the demands of the clock or even of religious doctrine. For their regular yet malleable temporal arrangements also meant that readers might discover their own agencies and affects through encounters with print, such that devotional readers themselves came to participate in a reciprocal process of both reading and writing in time. Chronometres considers how the deliverances afforded through time-scaled reading are persistently materialized in the body, both that of the book and of the reader. Recognizing that literature and devotion are not timeless abstractions, it asks how the materiality of books, conceived as horological relationships through reading, might bring about the felt experience of time. Even as Victorian devotion invites us to tarry over the page, it also prompts the question: what if it is “Eternity” that keeps time with the clock?

This chapter reviews death rituals from ancient times to the present, but is limited to corpse treatments across traditions. It is shown that death may be a drawn-out process, wherein several death rituals precede the final one. Grave monuments have more purposes than simply salutation of the dead. The Catholic communities show a form of funerary behaviors, from gathering at wakes to the performative displays of professional mourners. The spread of cremation is the most notable modern change. Conceptions of death and the etiquette of remembrance meet in ceremonies linked with corpse disposal. Death rituals remain the locus for a variety of cultural themes, unique to particular historical, religious, and social exigencies.

AbstractStorage is an essential component of seed programmes, which primarily aims at maintaining the high-quality standards of the seed from harvest till the time of sowing the crop in the next or successive seasons. In addition to this, seeds are also stored for longer durations to maintain stocks for seed trade at national and international levels as per market demands and as a buffer against crop failures in times of natural calamities or other exigencies, to maintain seeds of the parental lines for hybrid seed production in one or more seasons, to conserve active genetic stocks for breeding purposes, and to maintain germplasm for long term use. Seeds of most of the agriculturally important species are categorised as orthodox or desiccation-tolerant. Their longevity increases with decrease in storage temperature and the relative humidity of the storage environment (or seed moisture content). However, notwithstanding the constitutional differences among plant species concerning seed longevity, being a living entity, every seed undergoes deteriorative changes during storage, even in dry stores, primarily in terms of germination and vigour due to physiological deterioration, and changes brought by the presence of the pests and pathogens. A good seed programme aims at maintaining the high planting value of the seed in terms of purity, germination, vigour, and seed health during storage by taking care in seed handling, controlling the temperature and relative humidity of the store (or seed moisture in case of hermetically sealed containers), and following good sanitation practices. Considering that the facilities for conditioned storage may not be accessible and affordable in many situations, alternative solutions may be considered, especially for on-farm seed storage.

In an increasing proportion as time goes on, the anthropomorphic cult, with its code of devout observances, suffers a progressive disintegration through the stress of economic exigencies and the decay of the system of status. As this disintegration proceeds, there come to be associated...

The second part of the book begins with Chapter 4. It will trace the importance of the city as a marker of identity, in part using the genre of shahr āshōb. This, in turn, will tie into broader discussions about the peculiarly urban features of Islamic culture, the sense of rootedness in particular spaces, and a geographical imagining that constructed new cartographies of identity, given the changing social, political, and economic exigencies of the time. It will then highlight the impact of the events of 1857 on poetry and subsequently analyse the work produced by members of Anjuman-e Punjab, while also exploring the changes that literary genres underwent.

This chapter examines how the exegesis of the passage in Phaedo in which Plato announces a turn from Naturalism to Platonism presumes the existence of Forms as explanatory entities, albeit recognizing their instrumental role in ultimate explanation. It looks at the distinction between “having” and “participating”—which may be expressed as the difference between unique and non-unique predication—as well as the distinction between “sense-perceiving” and “thinking.” The theory of Forms explains how sameness among things not numerically identical is possible, something that nominalism finds impossible. The chapter then considers nominalism and its connection to relativism, and explores the different accounts that Platonism and Naturalism each gives of eternity and time. It also reflects on the nature and possibility of knowledge, and presents some exigencies of knowledge and belief.

This chapter examines the dimensions of Edward Said's critical writing. In spite of numerous attempts to define and identify an overarching methodology that can be traced throughout Said's some twenty-five books, few have successfully, or at the very least convincingly, identified a method that endures throughout his entire oeuvre. That such an intellectual, who is credited with the invention of fields like postcolonial studies and who has made a decidedly transforming contribution to the reinvention of humanism in general, has proven so elusive in this respect has to do with the changing exigencies he faced as an intellectual. At the same time, however, Said has exhibited a lasting affinity with a range of key figures, intellectuals, and critics—most notably Erich Auerbach (1892–1957), a scholar of classical and philological training.

This chapter explores how the new provisions in the laws that encourage forbearance shape legal practices around post-sentence forgiveness work on the part of judges. It analyzes judges' motivations to work for forbearance by looking at the exigencies of the law, as well as spiritual and pragmatic reasons. In doing so, the chapter highlights the consequential aspects of time in forgiveness work. For many Muslims, the Qur'an is an immutable and unalterable text. The operations and practices to which its verses give rise, however, change and modify through the very human forces whose work both adheres to and animates the sacred texts. Through interviews with Shiʻi scholars and state bureaucrats charged with implementing this duty, the chapter shows how these religious prescriptions come to be translated into contemporary socio-cultural and legal praxis in the Shiʻi context.

Though still commonly referred to as the ‘early’ era of television, by 1953 it was possible for actors working in the medium to have acquired over a decade of experience. The Quatermass Experiment features a cast taken from a variety of backgrounds, with differing amounts of television experience. The ways in which this informs performance style are examined alongside the exigencies of live multi-camera television studio production, which required the continuity to which actors versed in theatre would be accustomed, while imposing severe technological limitations on freedom of movement and the need for physical and vocal projection. The extent to which the nascent studio realism of Quatermass was representative of its time is examined via Viewer Research Reports and contemporary press reviews, which already reveal a notable divergence of opinion with regard to what was acceptably verisimilitudinous in television acting.

This chapter covers the period during and just after World War II, a time when anti-Asian racism peaked against Japanese Americans while softening significantly for other Asian groups and in some ways even for Japanese Americans themselves. The destruction of Pearl Harbor led to the evacuation and internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast based on deep suspicions about the group’s loyalty. Yet faced with necessities related to war propaganda, the federal government also celebrated Japanese Americans, including internees, as loyal Americans, which culminated in the praise for triumphant Nisei soldiers. Meanwhile, Congress repealed Chinese, Filipino, and Indian exclusion, and California repealed the alien land law due to exigencies stemming for U.S. military alliances and international relations during World War II and subsequent Cold War. By 1952, through the McCarran-Walter immigration legislation, Congress repealed Japanese exclusion and for the first time all Asian nations had immigration quotas and their peoples could become U.S. citizens. This was a “great transformation” in the annuals of Asian American history.

The sixth chapter analyzes the technological revolutions that influenced representations of black people during the Civil War. Illustrated periodicals visually cataloged the war and depicted the trauma and uncertainties experienced by African Americans. At the same time, black photographers advanced their own views and ideas about the possibilities of emancipation, citizenship, and African American military service. Their images ran counter to racial stereotypes that dominated the visual landscape at the start of the Civil War. The production of these views coincided with numerous black leaders planning a national exhibition of African American art and industry. They proposed an unprecedented display of black artistic and mechanical production to convince people of all races of black intellect and to improve race relations. The exigencies and opportunities seized by fugitive slaves and enlisting black men created by the Civil War appeared in the visual production of African American activists.

Premises. In order to decipher the content particularities (difficult to distinguish through specifically human means) of the technical-tactical elements proper to weightlifting, we should use in athletes' assistance some advanced technologies. Weightlifting, because of its top performance exigencies, determines the training reconsideration. In this sense, we propose computerized assistance and video devices as research technical means within the specific training. Hypothesis. Computerized technology based on the AviSynth software utilization objectifies the concentration characteristics and the attention concentration optimum time. Objectives. To diagnose with the highest accuracy the attention concentration durations and moments in the weightlifter's specific behavior. Subjects. The research included 48 male subjects aged 19 to 21 years old, belonging to different sports clubs throughout the country. The selection criterion to make up our research sample was performance-based (we selected only the subjects with good results at the national level: 1st sports category, international class and master of sports). Methods. The research main method relied on computerized technology connected to the video technique. The AviSynth software allowed us to study the images of the actions performed by the athletes (both the specific technique and the associated behavior, in our case, the concentration times and moments). The present research was developed over two stages: administration of some questionnaires related to the attention concentration; the experiment in itself (for the validation). The recorded concentration times (for the two lifts) included both the successful and unsuccessful competitive attempts. Results. We statistically processed: the concentration time means (standard attempts); the concentration time means for all the weight classes, both in snatch and clean and jerk lifts. Conclusions. The concentration time duration influences the performance result. A longer concentration time leads to unsuccessful attempts. The concentration time consistency would be preferred. There are differences between the two lifts in relation to the concentration time. Computerized technology and, respectively, the AviSynth software provide the best premises for a multifactorial analysis, with a real impact on the top performance reaching.

Within the globally scaled economy and markets, the production process is re-emerging as the value-creator activity and the main source of enterprise revenues. The worldwide growing market contributes to the increase of customers’ exigencies, in terms of both quality and delivery times. Therefore, the product itself is becoming more complex as a combination of physical components and services, and the production process conceptualization is changing, starting from market understanding, through product and process design, to operations and distribution management, often exceeding the boundaries of a single organization. According to this scenario, the activities performed along the production process should be effectively coordinated and managed within the organization and with the external partners. To accomplish it, production must converge to a single global integrated process, enabled by seamless interoperability between the already operating tools, methods and computational environments. A challenge now is how to make the most of information and knowledge interoperability along the Product Life Cycle stages. The paper contributes to this aim, proposing a standard-based methodology to re-use data and knowledge incorporated in the product models, to support collaborative engineering through a modular multilevel architecture.

Hablar de periferia hoy implica deber revisar el significado mismo de la palabra. La de frontera parece la definición más apta para describir la periferia contemporánea, pudiéndose aplicar a todos los asentamientos a baja densidad que, en las últimas décadas, inexorablemente rodearon las grandes ciudades - y, no solamente las grandes - yendo a ocupar territorios casi siempre ex agrícolas. Una periferia que se caracteriza básicamente por ser “incompleta”, obvio efecto del incumplimiento de los procesos, tanto espontáneos como planificados, que la produjeron. La escena romana es un extenso colector de periferias, diferentes y no homogéneas, por lo general deterioradas, nacidas a partir del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el crecimiento de las cuales llegó hasta hoy siguiendo parcialmente el dibujo de un plan urbanístico. &#x0D; &#x0D; Sin embargo la periferia espontánea posee casi siempre rasgos afirmados de una “calidad” que en ésas planificadas es escasa o totalmente ausente. Son periferias heterogéneas sobre todo de carácter ilegal que unen la ausencia substancial de espacios públicos de relación, de “lugares centrales”, a una provisionalidad que acentúe el carácter de periferia de las mismas. Las primeras periferias nacen de la “necesidad” - vivir, trabajar, descansar - en un momento en el cual la administración pública no puede o no quiere hacer frente a la cuestión de la vivienda; en el curso de los años este modelo de asentamiento se consolida y comienza a auto reproducirse, cambiando peligrosamente sus características hasta perder su carácter de “necesidad”. La casa individual con jardín, lejos del centro de la ciudad, se transformó en uno de los desiderata más difusos de los últimos años, de donde las ciudades comenzaron a ser contaminadas verdaderamente en gran parte - en círculo vicioso - por el trafico generado de aquellos que viven en las periferias lecha y deben llegar cotidianamente al centro de la ciudad con medios privados. &#x0D; &#x0D; La gente se ha “acostumbrado” a vivir en estas periferias heterogéneas y el problema de la “ausencia de ciudad” no viene mas percibido como un problema primario pero las exigencias se limitan a más servicios y mejor movilidad, pública y privada. Entonces, en treinta años se transformó el concepto de vivienda, el de ciudad y el de periferia. Pero a este fenómeno se acompaña una decadencia sensible de la calidad de la vida y, por lo tanto, del ambiente. Hay un vínculo muy estrecho entre nacimiento y difusión de las periferias e inicio del proceso, aun en acto, de difusión y dispersión urbana.&#x0D; &#x0D; El punto de ruptura de la tradición del asentamiento, esa cultura de orígenes antiguas y casi universales que se transmitió probablemente oralmente de padre en hijo y que era, por todos, conocida, se pone a fines de los años sesenta e inicio de los setenta. Una transformación que lleva a un asentamiento difuso de carácter residencial, con densidad muy baja (menos de 15 hab/ha. y menos de 1 m3/m2), unido a los centros principales por medio de algunas rutas o, en los casos más afortunados, de infraestructuras ferroviarias con las cuales fueron garantizadas las conexiones con los lugares del estudio y del trabajo y del tiempo libre.&#x0D; &#x0D; Se transformaron las modalidades de vivir, trabajar, descansar, adaptándose a lo que venía de vuelta en vuelta ofrecido por las ciudades. Frecuentemente la población se organizó para remediar, incluso ilegalmente, a las decisiones o las no-decisiones de las públicas administraciones, yendo así a diseñar un sistema territorial que es cada vez más difuso e menos poli céntrico que pero se caracteriza por gravitar sobre las grandes áreas urbanas y para manifestar en modo cada vez más acentuado los caracteres de mono funcionalidad difícilmente manejable en términos de eficacia de servicios y equipamientos públicos. &#x0D; Esta investigación sobre la periferia italiana y en particular romana se desarrolló utilizando técnicas de diagnósticos tradicionales soporte de ayuda de medios innovadores que ahora entraron a formar parte de las herramientas del urbanista: fotos satelitales, videos, internet. El recurso a tales medios permitió poder seguir mejor las transformaciones del territorio mismo en vivo, permitiendo al mismo tiempo la comparación con distintas fuentes informativas. Técnicas y fuentes innovadoras que no pueden sustituir al hombre pero que pueden facilitar mucho el trabajo de los operadores del sector, incluso en términos didáctico y de difusión de los conocimientos. *** ENG: To talk about periphery today implies the need of reviewing the meaning of the word itself. “Border” seems to be the most appropriate definition to describe the contemporary periphery, being it applicable to all the low density settlements that, in the last decades, inexorably surrounded big cities - and, unfortunately, not only those - occupying territories that generally used to be for agriculture. A periphery that is characterized basically for being “incomplete”, as a natural consequence of the interruption of the processes, as much spontaneous as planned, that produced it. &#x0D; The Roman scene is an extensive collector of peripheries, different and non homogenous, generally deteriorated, born since the end of World War II and which are still growing, only partially according to a general urban plan. Nevertheless the spontaneous periphery shows almost always established characteristics of a “quality” that are little or totally present in those planned. They are heterogeneous peripheries mainly of illegal character that unite the substantial absence of public spaces for social relation, of “central places”, to a provisional state that stresses their character of periphery. &#x0D; The first peripheries were born from the “necessity” - to live, to work, and to rest - in a period when the public administration could not or did not want to address the problem of settlements; during the years, this model of settlements have consolidated and begun to replicate itself, dangerously changing its typical features until losing its character of “necessity”. &#x0D; The private house with garden far from downtown, has become one of the most diffuse desiderata of the last years, when the cities began to be polluted because of - in a vicious circle - the traffic generated by those living in the peripheries and obliged to reach downtown every day. People get used to live in these heterogeneous peripheries that combine the absence of spaces for social relation and a provisional state stressing the character of periphery. And they do not perceive the “absence of the city” as a major problem, but only ask for more services and better mobility, both public and private. &#x0D; In thirty years, the idea of living, city and periphery was transformed. But this phenomenon goes with a sensible decay of the quality of life and of the environment. There is a very strict relation between birth and diffusion of the peripheries and the beginning of the process, still in place, of urban diffusion and dispersion. The breakthrough point of the settlements tradition - that culture of old and almost universal origins that was transmitted probably orally of father in son and that was by all well-known – can be put by the end of the Sixties and beginning of the Seventies. &#x0D; A transformation that brings to a diffuse settlements of residential character, with very low density (less than 15 hab/ha and less than 1 m3/m2), connected to the main cities by means of some routes or, in the most lucky cases, of railway infrastructures ensuring the connections with the places of study, work and spare time. &#x0D; &#x0D; The patterns of living, working and resting changed and adapted to what was offered by the cities. Frequently, the population was ready to remedy, even illegally, to the decisions or the not-decisions of the public administrations, thus creating a territorial system that is more and more widespread and less polycentric, which is characterized for weighing on the great urban areas and for showing in a more and more marked way the characters of hardly manageable mono functionality in terms of effectiveness of services and public infrastructures. &#x0D; This investigation on the Italian, and in particular Roman , periphery was carried out by using techniques of traditional analysis together with innovative tools that are now considered of normal use for the city planner: photos satellite, videos, Internet. &#x0D; The use of such means allowed following the transformations of the territory better and in real time, at the same time allowing the comparison with different informative sources. These innovative techniques and sources cannot replace the human resource but can very much facilitate the work of the operators of the sector, also in terms of teaching and diffusion of knowledge.