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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber'
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1
Lippert, Paul. "Of Timber and Timbre." Pennsylvania Communication Annual 69 (2013): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcaa2013698.
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This review of three books about novel uses of media before and during the French Revolution examines the implications of these practices with regard to single- versus multiple-system thinking and the emergence of modernity.
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Rani, Annu, Jayant Singh, T. P. Singh, Ajit Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Choudhary. "Evaluation of Compressive Strength in Various Timbers for Agricultural Implements in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India." Archives of Current Research International 24, no. 5 (July 1, 2024): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2024/v24i5754.
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This study investigates the compressive strength of various timber types, including Red Cedar, Java Plum, Mango, Yellow Teak, Margosa, Eucalyptus, Teak, North Indian Rose timber, Lebbeck, and Sal. The compressive strengths of these timbers were measured to be 43.79, 50.42, 78.00, 71.16, 68.32, 69.88, 80.78, 85.50, 65.12, and 81.20 MPa, respectively. North Indian Rose timber and Sal exhibited the highest compressive strengths, suggesting their superior suitability for applications requiring high compressive resistance. Conversely, Red Cedar showed the lowest compressive strength among the timbers tested. The standard deviations for these measurements were Java Plum (0.07), Mango (0.28), Yellow Teak (0.36), Teak (0.45), Margosa (0.52), Eucalyptus (6.11), Red Cedar (0.69), North Indian Rose timber (0.79), Lebbeck (0.93), and Sal (0.68), with Mango displaying the lowest variation. The findings indicate that North Indian Rose timber and Sal are particularly robust, while Mango exhibits consistent compressive strength, making these timbers preferable for specific structural applications.
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Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.
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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.
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JHT, Admin. "KUALITAS KAYU LAPIS DARI DARI KOMBINASI KAYU AKASIA (Acacia auriculiformis) DAN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens) (Plywood Quality from Acacia auriculiformis and Peronema canescens timbers)." HUTAN TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v10i1.64.
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ABSTRACTIn order to increase plywood production in Indonesia, utilization the timbers coming from forest community is very important. Some species that widely planted at the forest community in DI Yogyakarta are akacia (Acacia auriculiformis) and sungkai (Peronema canescens). This research was aimed to know the combination some veneers formed of acacia timber and sungkai timber with the urea formaldehide resurfaced adhesive to producing the high quality plywood. The combination treatments were veneers from acacia timber (S1), veneer from sungkai timber (S2), veneer-core from acacia timber and veneer – face – back from sungkai timber (S3), and veneer-core from sungkai timber and veneer – face – back from akasia timber (S4). The experiment used complete randomized design with the further test using Tukey procedure in processing data. The research result showed that the treatment of veneer-core from acacia timber, and veneer-face-back from sungkai timber with the 60 #/MSGGL resurfaced adhesive have the better physical and mechanical property than the other treatments. Despitefully, sungkai timber has more decorative wood and a high commercial value.Keywords: Acacia, plywood, sungkai, veneer
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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.
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The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hundred small-medium bridges for connecting 20 districts, 39 wards, and 197 villages using local materials such as local timbers. This laminating technology is not a new technology but the utilization of this technology for constructing the main bridges structures is challenging and limited to the implementation in the civil construction industrial sector. This study composed 2 types of the low-class quality (lcq) of timber materials (such as Shorea sp and Shorea peltata Sym) and 2 types of medium class-quality (mcq) ones (Dipterocarpus and Calophyllum) for constructing the main bridge structures. Based on the laboratory test results utilizing 80% of lcq materials and 20% mcq ones, these composite timber materials may increase the timbers MOE by 145% to 166% from the existing MOE value of the mcq solid timbers. Based on the simulations these laminated composites wooden bridge girders 2 x (70x20) m2, these timber materials have passed all the tests and the application of this technology may improve the lcq timber values and it could be used for an alternative material of the bridge girder's main structures.
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MULIYANA ARIFUDIN and WAHYUDI. "MACRO- FEATURES AND DENSITY OF VARIOUS TIMBER SPECIES FROM PAPUA." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol6.iss2.207.
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This research highlights diversity of macro-features and density of major timber species from Papua. Thirty-one species of air-dried timber with sample size of 13 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm gathered across Papua were used for density measurement and macro-features observation, cover of colors, grain orientation, and wood texture. The results showed that whitish and straw to yellow brown are dominant color of timber mostly harvested from Papua tropical forest. Their grain orientations are mostly straight, while their textures are medium. With regard to their density, Xantostemum spp is the heaviest timber having density of 1,25 g/cm3 while Alstonia scholaris is the lightest species of timber with density of 0.29 g/cm3. Therefore, majority Papua`s timber species studied are classified into light class species or low density timbers. Pulp and paper, veneer, plywood, flooring, meubels, indoor urnitures and handles or woody utensils are the potential uses of these timber species.
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Van Ham-Meert, Alicia, and Aoife Daly. "Provenancing 16th and 17th century CE building timbers in Denmark–combining dendroprovenance and Sr isotopic analysis." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): e0278513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278513.
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Dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) allows us to precisely date and identify the origin of timber from historic contexts. However, reference datasets to determine the origin can include timber of non-local origin. Therefore, we have applied Sr isotopic on timbers from three buildings in Jutland, Denmark, mostly dating from the late 16th and early 17th centuries CE to improve and refine the provenance identification. The dendrochronology suggested that some timbers analysed were imported from the Swedish side of Øresund/Kattegat while others were local, and others again might be from south Norway. By adding the Sr isotopic analysis, a far more detailed interpretation of the origin of these timbers can be presented for non-Danish timbers. In this paper we suggest that Danish ports in the provinces of Halland and Skåne played a major role in the timber trade between the Danish and Swedish parts of the Danish kingdom. For Danish timbers dendroprovenancing proved better than Sr isotopic analysis. Furthermore, a small number of Sr isotopic analyses were performed to contribute to the base-line along the Göta-river in Southern-Sweden.
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Sylvayanti, Sarah Putri, Naresworo Nugroho, and Effendi Tri Bahtiar. "Bamboo Scrimber’s Physical and Mechanical Properties in Comparison to Four Structural Timber Species." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010146.
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Bamboo scrimber is a sustainable engineered material that overcomes natural round bamboo’s various weaknesses. This study compared the bamboo scrimber’s mechanical (strength, stiffness, and ductility) to timber. The results showed that scrimber’s physical and mechanical properties are comparable, even superior, to wood, especially in compression. Scrimber has a higher density than timber. Its drier equilibrium moisture content indicates that scrimber is more hydrophobic than timbers. The maximum crushing strength (σc//), compressive stress perpendicular-to-fiber at the proportional limit (σcp⊥) and that at the 0.04” deformation (σc0.04⊥), shear strength (τ//), longitudinal compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec//), lateral compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec⊥), and modulus of rigidity (G) of scrimber are higher than those of timbers. Both scrimber’s and timber’s flexural properties (modulus of rupture (σb) and flexural modulus of elasticity (Eb)) are comparable. On the contrary, the tensile strength parallel-to-fiber (σt//) of scrimber is weaker than that of timber. Scrimber is high ductility (μ > 6) when subjected to compression perpendicular-to-fiber, medium ductility (4 < μ ≤ 6) when subjected to compression parallel-to-fiber, and low ductility (brittle) when subjected to bending, shear, or tensile parallel-to-fiber. The higher ductility of scrimber may give an alarm and more time before failure than timbers. Timbers have brittle to lower ductility when receiving each kind of loading scheme. The ratio of shear modulus to strength (G/τ) and compression modulus to strength parallel-to-fiber (EC∥/σC∥) strongly correlates with the ductility ratio. However, the ratio of the flexural modulus of elasticity to the modulus of rupture (Eb/σb) and the ratio of the modulus Young to compression stress perpendicular-to-fiber (Ec⊥/σcp⊥) do not strongly correlate to the ductility value.
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Robertson, David, Maisie Taylor, Ian Tyers, Gordon Cook, and W. Derek Hamilton. "A Second Timber Circle, Trackways, and Coppicing at Holme-next-the-Sea Beach, Norfolk: use of Salt- and Freshwater Marshes in the Bronze Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (May 16, 2016): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.3.
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Since 1998 archaeological investigations on Holme-next-the-Sea beach have recorded the waterlogged remains of two Bronze Age timber circles, timber structures, coppiced trees, metal objects, and salt- and freshwater marshes. The second timber circle (Holme II) is only the third waterlogged structure of its type to be discovered in Britain and only the second to be dated by dendrochronology. The felling of timbers used in Holme II has been dated to the spring or summer of 2049 bc, exactly the time as the felling of the timbers used to build the first circle (Holme I). This shared date provides the only known example of two adjacent monuments constructed at precisely the same time in British prehistory. It also informs comparisons between Holme II and other British timber circles and therefore helps develop interpretations. This paper suggests Holme II was a mortuary monument directly related to the use of Holme I.
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Daly, Aoife. "Ships and their timber source as indicators of connections between regions." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.264.
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The precise dating and determination of the source of timbers in shipwrecks found around the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, through dendrochronology allows us to see connections between north and south, east and west throughout the region and to a high chronological precision. In this paper we take a look at results of recent analyses of timber from ships, and timber and barrel cargoes, to try to draw a chronological picture, from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries, of links between regions, through transport in oak ships and trade of timber. Archaeological finds of oak from timber cargos in shipwrecks and fine art objects (painted panels and sculpture) show the extent to which timber was shipped from Hanseatic towns along the southern Baltic coast, to western and north-western Europe.
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Ponsorn, Phattaraphong. "Burma Padauk Timber Column Strengthening with Typical Box Built-Up under Compression-Parallel-to-Grain Load." Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 2024): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35629/8193-0909111124.
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This study investigated and presented the results of strengthening short stub columns made from Burma Padauk timber using three different timber sizes and three distinct timber types. The strengthening method employed a typical box-built-up configuration, where four equal-sized timbers were adhered to all four surfaces of the column. A total of 12 short stub columns were tested under compression-parallel-to-grain loading. Compressive strength was measured at a 0.05% strain offset, and the failure modes observed in all specimens were documented and analyzed. Interestingly, the compressive load capacity was not significantly affected by the three wood types (Burma Padauk, Tabek, and Teak) representing hardwood, medium hardwood, and softwood, when the total cross-section area remained constant. However, an increase in the total cross-sectional area of the strengthening did lead to a noticeable increase in the compressive load capacity. The observed failure modes were crushing for Burma Padauk and Tabek timbers, while the strengthened softwood timber (Teak) exhibited a combination of crushing with wedge splitting and crushing with compression and shearing parallel to the grain.
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Hegde, Nagaraj, Suresh Kumar, Kenyusinlo Khing, and Gopichand B. "Evaluation of Wood Quality of Underutilized Indigenous Timber Species for Reducing Timber Scarcity: A Case of Mizoram, North-East India." Science & Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2021.09.01.07.
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Timber demand and supply gap has widened over the last few decades across different regions of the world. Indian scenario is no different. In the last decade though India’s forest cover has increased at a very slow pace, in north eastern part of India, there is a loss of forest cover at an alarming rate. This is a cause of concern for this region which is already depending only on handful of quality timbers for the structural and commercial purposes. Under this scenario, few alternative options should be looked at like exploring promising indigenous fast-growing species, or exploring some lesser-known timber species available naturally in the forest. Therefore, wood quality parameters of such timber species should be tested so as to know the specific utility of these timbers. In this study of Mizoram, wood quality parameters of five underutilized timber species were assessed and three out of five species have shown considerable quality as compared to Teak and many other mainstream species. Few selected properties are highlighted in this paper to indicate possible utility of selected species to reduce the gap in demand and supply of wood as raw material. We focused mainly on anatomical properties, gross features and cell constituents of these species in this paper. The properties observed for lesser-known species are compared with twenty Indian mainstream timbers. The results have indicated that there is a need for further expanding the scope for exploring more such species so that timber requirement of the region is meted out.
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Anthony, Ron W. "Developing an Understanding for Grading Timber in Existing Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1049.
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Structural engineers and architects must make decisions about the ability of lumber and structural timber (wood members) to resist the design loads in existing or historic buildings. Unfortunately, they do so often without the necessary knowledge to properly assess the ability of the timber to provide reliable, long-term, safe performance. Due to uncertainties about the allowable design stresses that can be assigned to structural timbers, very conservative decisions to replace or reinforce these members are often made, even though the timbers are working, i.e. they have and will continue to safely carry the loads imposed upon them. Too many decisions result in the replacement of historic material that could, in fact, remain in service without compromising structural integrity. This paper presents engineers and architects with the justification to retain more structural timber in existing buildings through a better understanding of visual grading.
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Rani, Annu, T. P. Singh, Jayant Singh, Ajit Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Choudhary. "Experimental Investigation of Hardness and Impact Variability in Wooden Agricultural Equipment." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 8 (July 22, 2024): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82236.
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This study was conducted to determine the hardness testing and Impact testing of selected Timbers to be used in agricultural implements in Pantnagar, Udam Singh Nagar, between September 2015 and April 2016. The Rockwell hardness test is generally performed when quick and direct reading is desirable. The Rockwell hardness test was carried on the Digital Hardness testing machine on HRV-Scale. The impact strength of a material is determined with a Charpy or Izod impact test named after their inventors. the hardness of different types of timber, namely, Teak, Sal, Java plum, Eucalyptus, Yellow teak, North Indian Rose timber, red cedar, Mango, Margosa and Lebbeck was found to be 75.4, 79.1, 68.2, 69.1, 64.0, 87.1, 30.8, 63.2, 61.7 and 64.3 respectively. the Impact Strength of different types of timber, namely, Eucalyptus, Yellow teak, Teak, Lebbeck, Java plum, Mango, Red cedar, North Indian Rose timber, Margosa and Sal was found to be 49.2, 39.23, 56.71, 52.21, 46.3, 48.37, 49.2, 45.23, 41.6 and 58.89 KJ/m2 respectively. And their standard deviations were as follows: yellow teak (0.67), Red cedar (1.09), North Indian Rose timber (2.12), Teak (0.23), Lebbeck (7.95), Java plum (0.34), Eucalyptus (0.34), Margosa (0.71), Mango (0.87) and Sal (1.36) respectively. The timber of North Indian rose timber and Sal was found suitable for making Plankar, pulley and bearing block. The timber of North Indian rose timber, Sal and Eucalyptus was found best for making plough bottom.
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Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.
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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of timbers mechanical properties is still almost non-existent. The present paper discusses possible ways to use and combine information from visual grading standards and non and semi-destructive techniques to predict the reference properties of timber members in service. The discussion has in mind studies conducted over the last years and the information provided by different guidelines, standards or papers recently published.
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Han, Fang, and Shou Feng Wang. "Timber and Chinese Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1766.
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Timber, a traditional construction material that was almost forgotten. Timber structure building got a qualitative leap in structure form, mechanized producing craftmanship and matching products, along with social progress and technology improvement. This paper will summarize modern timber structure forms by comparison with popular constructional material, like concrete and steel, in five aspects including life-cycle energy consumption, structure form, construction cost, construction period, seismic performance. Timber's advantages and disadvantages in architectural design will be listed, which may provide theoretical basis for diversified choice of construction materials in architectural design.
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A.E. Oguntade, I.O. Ogunwande, O.O. Akinrinola, and O. Idowu. "Determinants of choice of selected timber species traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 20, no. 1 (September 4, 2024): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagrenv.v20i1.7.
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This study was designed to investigate the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria. The study focused on three States in Southwest Nigeria which are Ondo, Ogun and Oyo States. The study relies mostly on primary sources of data sourced from the timber merchants in an open market. The primary data were collected using copies of well-structured and pre-tested questionnaires. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 180 timber marketers as respondents for the study. Multinomial logit regression model was used to analyze the data obtained. Results revealed that timber price, durability, workability, variety of uses and availability among others significantly influence the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in the study area in different directions and probability levels. It was revealed that same factors may influence the choice of different timbers being traded in different directions and at different probability levels. While a particular variable may have positive influence on certain species, it may have negative influence on other species and/or of no effect on another species. Based on the findings from this study, perfect understanding of these factors by timber marketers would go a very long way in determining species to stock for sale which will ensure their steady progress in the business, hence association of timber marketers and government in terms of policies and regulations should be geared towards educating timber marketers on all factors that drive increased decision making on choice of species to stock for sale in the market.
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Yu, Zhijin, Jiani Song, Lan Xu, and Hao Zhang. "Evaluating the Combustion Performance of the Usual Timbers in Furniture Using a Grey Correlation Method Based on Thermolysis, Ignition, and Flame Spread." Fire 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2024): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7070218.
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Timber is the most widely used material for furniture in view of its characteristics of light mass, high strength, easy processing, coloring, and decorative appearance. However, the flammability of wood has been frequently associated with increased fire intensity and the rapid spread of fire in buildings. In this paper, the combustion performance of six kinds of common furniture timber was investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis at 25–500 °C, cone calorimetry with 50 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity, and flame spread experiments with 3 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity. The ignition, weight loss, thermogenesis, smoke, and flame spread characteristics of these timbers were obtained. Subsequently, a comprehensive index system including thermal stability, heat release ability, smoke production capacity, and flame spreading speed was constructed to evaluate the combustion performance of the selected timbers. In addition, a grey correlation method relying on the game theory to assign weight was proposed for the quantitative analysis of the relevant evaluation indexes. As a result, the combustion performance of the six kinds of timber, which was defined as a specific value from poor to good, was as follows: pine (0.8696) > Chinese fir (0.8568) > Oriented Strandboard (OSB) (0.8425) > density board (0.8122) > plywood (0.8087) > elm (0.7909). Timber with poor combustion performance contributes to the reduction in fire risk in buildings. Our suggestions are of great significance for selecting furniture timber from the perspective of the prevention and control of building fires.
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Gezer, Engin Derya, Abdullah Uğur Birinci, Aydın Demir, Hasan Öztürk, Okan İlhan, and Cenk Demirkir. "Determining the optimum layer combination for cross-laminated timber panels according to timber strength classes using Artificial Neural Networks." BioResources 19, no. 3 (June 4, 2024): 4899–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.4899-4917.
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The primary aim of this work was to determine the effects of production parameters, such as wood species and timber strength classes, on some mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels using artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models. Subsequently, using the models obtained from the analyses, the goal was to identify the optimum layer combinations of timber strength classes used in the middle and outer layers that would provide the highest mechanical properties for CLT panels. CLT panels made from spruce and alder timbers, as well as hybrid panels created from combinations of these two wood species, were produced. The strength classes of the timbers were determined non-destructively according to the TS EN 338 (2016) standard using an acoustic testing device. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity values of the CLT panels were determined destructively according to the TS EN 408 (2019) standard. According to ANN results, the optimum timber strength classes and layer combinations were determined for bending strength as C24-C27-C24 for spruce CLT, D18-D24-D18 for alder CLT, C30-D40-C30 and D18-C30-D18 for hybrid panels; and for modulus of elasticity, C22-C27-C22 for spruce, D35-D30-D35 for alder, C16-D24-C16, and D24-C24-D24 for hybrid panels.
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Ruffinatto, Flavio, Gaetano Castro, Corrado Cremonini, Alan Crivellaro, and Roberto Zanuttini. "A new atlas and macroscopic wood identification software package for Italian timber species." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002102.
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Abstract Wood identification has never been more important to serve the purpose of global forest protection, by controlling international illegal timber trade and enabling the enforcement of timber trade regulations. Macroscopic wood identification is the fastest method for the first identification of an unknown timber and, with proper training, it can be performed by operators in the timber industry, restorers and curators of cultural heritage, wood traders, designers, students and customs officers. Here we describe a wood atlas and accompanying software, SIR-Legno, developed for the identification of 48 Italian timber species based on a recently proposed list of macroscopic features for wood identification. For each species the atlas provides a complete macroscopic description plus information on natural durability, end-use class, physico-mechanical properties, conservation status, maximum diameter of the bole and most frequent uses. For each genus covered by the atlas, information about species number, CITES-listed species, main commercial timbers, similarly-named timbers from other genera, geographical distribution and notes on species or species group recognition at macroscopic and microscopic level are provided. SIR-Legno is an educational product, a handy identification key and a tool to search woods by their natural durability, end-use class and physico-mechanical properties. Both the atlas and the software can be freely downloaded from the web. Thanks to the adoption of a codified list of characters and a transferable design, SIR-Legno can be easily replicated or expanded to other databases in order to include new species. SIR-Legno is freeware and works on any version of Windows.
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Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.
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Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atmospheric influences, etc. But foreign experience proves the contrary. The article is devoted to the implementation of new plank-nailed spans that meet current requirements of load capacity, reliability and durability.Materials and methods. The authors suggest and describe a new span structure. The span consists of planktimber- nailed-dowel blocks and a reinforced concrete slab generating a composite action. Some special crested shear connectors are suggested as combining elements. The top part works as flexible shear connectors in a reinforced concrete slab. The bottom part works as dowels with steel joints and timbers structures. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the structure has been completed within “compound beam” theory.Results. The application of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab allows to protect supporting timber structures against atmospheric influences, dirt, cracking from the sun rays, radiation and provides at least 50-year durability. The timber preservation provides a specified service life. The application of suggested connection with composite action between a reinforced concrete slab and supporting timber structures increases effectiveness of the composite timber concrete structure compared to steel and reinforced concrete structures. Trans-Baikal territory, Irkutsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatia, Karelia are in the greatest need of the timber concrete composite spans, because they have a lot of forest resources and old timber bridges that are still in service.
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Elustondo, D., S. Avramidis, and L. Oliveira. "Estimation of green moisture content distribution in hemfir timber by stochastic simulation." Holzforschung 58, no. 4 (July 7, 2004): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.062.
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AbstractThis paper describes an improved stochastic model designed to simulate systems, such as green timbers, that cannot be analyzed as a unit but as a collection of a large number of similar components. The stochastic model provides a piecewise green moisture content frequency distribution curve by using nondestructive measurements such as of timber weight. A new, relatively simple two-parameter function was designed to describe the log-normal moisture concentration distribution above the fiber saturation point, and the parameters of this function were determined by fitting the experimental timber weights with the results of the stochastic model. The simulated green moisture content distributions showed good agreement with the experimental data for Pacific coast hemlock (hemfir) timbers, thus providing a piece of information that is indispensable for applying stochastic simulation to industrial drying of timbers.
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Abdulwahid, Mohanad Yaseen, Isaac Galobardes, and Hassan Radoine. "Understanding the Use of Timber in Semi-Arid Regions: Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111845.
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The use of timber in the building industry has expanded in many countries over the last 20 years due mainly to its light weight, low adverse impact to the environment, and fair mechanical properties. Despite the development of the construction industry in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) in recent years, timber product utilization is still very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of further utilizing timber-based products in the building industry in semi-arid regions using the KRI as a case study. A review of timber product utilization in the region was conducted first and the general properties of timber products were followed. Based on this, a survey focusing on the current situation and suitability of localized grown timber products was carried out to study the feasibility. This article concludes that the use of timber-based products in the KRI presents different barriers, with the availability in the market and technicality of construction with the material being the strongest ones. The article recommends that it is imperative to further research how to promote timber’s utilization in the KRI to be in line with sustainable development.
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Boeschoten, Laura E., Mart Vlam, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Barbara Rocha Venâncio Meyer-Sand, Ulfa Adzkia, Gaël D. U. Bouka, Jannici C. U. Ciliane-Madikou, et al. "A new method for the timber tracing toolbox: applying multi-element analysis to determine wood origin." Environmental Research Letters 18, no. 5 (April 19, 2023): 054001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acc81b.
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Abstract To effectively reduce illegal timber trade, law enforcers need forensic methods to independently verify claims of wood origin. Multi-element analysis of traded plant material has the potential to be used to trace the origin of commodities, but for timber it has not been tested at relevant large scales. Here we put this method to the test, by evaluating its tracing accuracy for three economically important tropical timbers: Azobé and Tali in Central Africa (22 sites) and Red Meranti on Borneo (9 sites). Wood samples from 991 trees were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and element concentrations were analysed to chemically group similar sites (clustering) and assess accuracy of tracing samples to their origin (Random Forest models). For all three timbers, we found distinct spatial differences in chemical composition. In Central Africa, tracing accuracy was 86%–98% for regional clusters of chemically similar sites, with accuracy depending on the tracing question. These clusters were 50–800 km apart and tracing accuracy was highest when combining the two timbers. Tracing accuracy of Red Meranti on Borneo was 88% at the site level. This high accuracy at a small scale may be related to the short distances at which differences in soil type occur on Borneo. A blind sample analysis of 46 African timber samples correctly identified the origin of 70%–72% of the samples, but failed to exclude 70% of the samples obtained from different species or outside the study area. Overall, these results illustrate a high potential for multi-element analysis to be developed into a timber tracing tool which can identify origin for multiple species and can do so at a within-country scale. To reach this potential, reference databases need to cover wider geographic areas and represent more timbers.
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Shao, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Zhirong Yang, Changhui Jiang, Wei Li, Haohao Wu, Shaowei Wang, et al. "Feasibility Study on Hyperspectral LiDAR for Ancient Huizhou-Style Architecture Preservation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010088.
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Huizhou-style ancient architecture was one of the most important genres of architectural heritage in China. The architecture employed bricks, woods, and stones as raw materials, and timber frames were significant structures. Due to the drawback that the timbers were vulnerable to moisture and atmospheric agents, ancient timber buildings needed frequent protective interventions to maintain its good condition. Such interventions unavoidably disrupted the consistency between the original timber components. Besides this, the modifications brought about difficulty in correctly analysing and judging the state of existing ancient buildings, which, in current preservation practices, mainly rely on the expertise of skilled craftsmen to classify wood species and to identify the building-age of the timber components. Therefore, the industry and the research community urgently need a technique to rapidly and accurately classify wood materials and to discriminate building-age. In the paper, we designed an eye-safe 81-channel hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) to tackle these issues. The HSL used an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a spectral bandpass filter, offering the HSL measurements with 5 nm spectral resolution. Based on the HSL measurements, we analysed the relationship between the surface and cross-section spectral profiles of timber components from different ancient architectures built in the early Qing dynasty (~300 years), late Qing dynasty (~100 years), and nowadays, and confirmed the feasibility of using surface spectra of timber components for classification purpose. We classified building-ages and wood species with multiple Naive Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers by the surface spectra of timber components; this also unveiled the possibility of classifying gnawed timber components from its spectra for the first time. The encouraging experimental results supported that the AOTF-HSL is feasible for historic timber building preservation.
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Brennand, Mark, Maisie Taylor, Trevor Ashwin, Alex Bayliss, Matt Canti, Andrew Chamberlain, C. A. I. French, et al. "The Survey and Excavation of a Bronze Age Timber Circle at Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1998–9." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69 (2003): 1–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001250.
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In 1998 a circle of timber posts within the intertidal zone on the north Norfolk coast was brought to the attention of the Norfolk County Council Archaeological Service. A subsequent programme of archaeological recording and dating revealed that the structure was constructed in the spring or early summer of 2049 BC, during the Early Bronze Age. Because of the perceived threat of damage and erosion from the sea a rescue excavation was undertaken during the summer months of 1999. The structure was entirely excavated, involving the removal of the timbers and a programme of stratigraphic recording and environmental analysis. A survey was also undertaken within the environs of the site which has identified further timber structures dating from the Bronze Age. Detailed examination of the timber from the circle has produced a wealth of unexpected information which has added greatly to our understanding of Early Bronze Age woodworking, organisation of labour and the layout and construction of timber ritual monuments.
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Kaya, Musa. "Physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in the construction and furniture industry." BioResources 19, no. 3 (July 17, 2024): 6046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6046-6056.
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Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in wooden construction and furniture industry were examined. Polyurethane (PU) glue was used in the production of laminates with 5 layers. The surface layers in each laminated timber (Glulam) were from the same wood type, and the core layers were from willow wood. The laminated timbers whose outer layers were made of willow (Salix alba L.), yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and ash (Fraxinus L.) wood had an air-dry density value of 0.60 g/cm3 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. The pressure resistance parallel to the fibers was determined in the surface layer ash wood with 48.6 N/mm2. It was found that the static bending resistance was 91.1 N/mm2 in laminated timber with a surface layer of ash wood, and the modulus of elasticity value in bending was 10040 N/mm2 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. Thus, it has been seen in the study that improvements in physical and mechanical properties were achieved, especially as a result of combining willow wood (having fast growth potential and low density) with high-density wood types. According to the results of the study, it is recommended to carry out the necessary studies to increase the physical and mechanical properties of low-density wood types by laminating them with high-density wood types.
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Owens, Frank C., R. Daniel Seale, and Rubin Shmulsky. "Strength and stiffness of 8-inch deep mixed hardwood composite timber mats." BioResources 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2495-2500.
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There is a current and pressing need to develop engineering standards for timber- and other wood-based mats. In 2018 a group of mat producers and users began discussing a potential grading specification standard specific to mats. There are large gaps in the literature regarding the performance of the available raw materials as well as bolt-laminated mat systems. This work represents a novel attempt to begin to assess the mechanical properties of timber mats. Eight-inch deep mixed hardwood timbers were graded according to an experimental specification standard. Then, they were drilled and bolt laminated into 28 three-timber composite mats that were 24 inches (60.96 cm) in width. The bending stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]) and strength (modulus of rupture [MOR]) performance were evaluated with a static bending test. The 5th percentile nonparametric tolerance limit (5% NTL) and design value for fiber stress in bending (Fb) were calculated. The nonparametric design value compared favorably with that of graded timbers, as described in the 2018 National Design Specification (NDS) for wood.
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Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.
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Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls when no infill is present, i.e. considering only the timber frame, and then compare the results with those of the infill walls. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame walls and appropriate strengthening solutions have been applied in order to test the walls in a retrofitted condition, namely (1) steel plates with different configurations and (2) steel flat bars inserted with the NSM technique.
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Jibril Oyebode Bashir, A. Ocholi, A. Lawan, Y. Watafua, and I. Isa. "STRENGTH CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMBINED GLULAM BEAM MADE FROM OPEPE (Nauclea diderrichii) AND OBECHE (Triplochiton scleroxylon) TIMBERS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 6 (December 20, 2023): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2075.
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Quality timber species are declining due to over-exploitation in Nigeria. This has propelled the utilisation of low-grade timbers species that are considered for low-end constructions in the past which called for concern. This study establishes the viability of a typical beam made from locally sourced non-durable Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) with highly durable Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) timber specie in a combined glulam form, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive which serves the impact of environmental sustainability and reduced cost of engineering construction. Seasoned timber samples and PVA adhesive were all obtained locally in Nigeria. Beam specimens were tested in the Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria according to EN 338 (2009). Based on tests, it is evident that solid Opepe and Obeche timber specimens exhibited more durable characteristics than their homogenous glulam when fabricated with PVA adhesive. The combined Opepe/Obeche (GLc OP/OB) glulam beam specimen was proposed into GL18c strength class according to EN 338 based on minimum constraints which it satisfies, reflecting a 41 % greater Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) in comparison with EN 338 experimental value. This study recommends the enhancement of the bending strength, density and modulus of elasticity of a typical non-durable solid Obeche timber beam by 38 %, 47 % and 35 % respectively with 40 % durable Opepe timber in a combined glulam form using PVA adhesive for engineering construction purposes.
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"Timber." Indian Forester 150, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2024/v150i1/170395.
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Apeti, Ablam Estel, and Bossoma Doriane N’Doua. "The impact of timber regulations on timber and timber product trade." Ecological Economics 213 (November 2023): 107943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107943.
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Kato, Shigeru, Naoki Wada, Kazuki Shiogai, Takashi Tamaki, Tomomichi Kagawa, Renon Toyosaki, and Hajime Nobuhara. "Automatic Classification of Crack Severity from Cross-Section Image of Timber Using Simple Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 8250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168250.
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Cedar and other timbers used for construction generally undergo a high-temperature drying process after being harvested to maintain their quality. However, internal cracks occur during this process. This is an issue because it deteriorates the structural performance, such as buckling strength and joint durability of the timber. Since preventing these internal cracks is difficult, their severity must be examined manually. Currently, the length, thickness, and area of the cracks on a cross-sectional surface of square timber are measured using calipers. However, this process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, we employed a convolutional neural network (CNN), widely used in artificial intelligence applications, to automatically evaluate the severity of cracks from cross-sectional images of timber. A novel CNN was constructed and experimentally evaluated in this study. The average classification accuracy was 85.67%.
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Horonjeff, R., and D. A. Patrick. "ACTION OF MARINE BORERS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ATTACK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.8.
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A major concern to engineers engaged in the design of timber harbor structures is protection against marine borers. These pests can severely damage these structures in a relatively short time. Attack is concentrated on submerged timbers in the area between the mudline and the water surface. The intensity of attack is dependent on a number of environmental conditions. The most destructive and widely distributed borers are the Teredinidae and the Limnoria. Some forms of borers exist in all oceans. This paper describes the manner in which the borers destroy timber. It summarizes information gathered by various investigators on the conditions which have bearing on the presence of borers and the factors governing rate of destruction. Several methods of protecting timber structures from infestation are described and the costs compared.
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Crone, Anne, and Coralie M. Mills. "Timber in Scottish buildings, 1450–1800." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 142 (November 30, 2013): 329–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.142.329.369.
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This paper examines the dendrochronological data from Scottish buildings in terms of the proxy evidence it provides for the timber trade and condition of the woodland resource in the centuries under review. The bulk of the timber used in the construction of high status buildings during this period was either oak or pine, imported mainly from Scandinavia and the countries bordering the eastern Baltic. The documentary record for timber imports in Scotland is examined and compared with the physical evidence from the timbers themselves. The poor state of the native deciduous woodlands during this period is reflected in the dendrochronological data and explains the predominance of imported timber. While native Scottish pine has a long history of domestic use, exploitation escalated from the 17th century; there is much more pine in Scottish buildings of post-medieval date, both imported and native, and the difficulties and successes in identifying native pine in buildings is discussed. For the architectural historian and archaeologist, the relationship between the felling date of the timber and the construction of the building is critical to the interpretation of dendrochronological data. The issues which bear upon that relationship, seasoning, transportation times, stockpiling and recycling are considered in a Scottish context.
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Qiu, Jing, Jian Hong Tong, and Li Hui Chen. "Comparison of Various Glulam in Physical Properties and Flexural Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.880.
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The glulam is determined by, and therefore a representation of, a new kind of ecological structural materials. The aim of this study was to summarize the mechanical performance especially the flexural behavior of various kinds of glulam and the physical properties of their relevant original timbers including pseudotsuga menziesii, larch, Yi poplar, poplar, China fir, mongolian scotch pine and camphor. And then it established and analyzed the relationship between the two to contrast those timber species so as to provide engineers with some reference in selecting timber glulam.
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Fleming, Nic. "Timbre in the timber: how I date ancient violins." Nature 605, no. 7911 (May 23, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01394-8.
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Burawska-Kupniewska, Izabela, Piotr Mańkowski, and Sławomir Krzosek. "Mechanical Properties of Machine Stress Graded Sawn Timber Depending on the Log Type." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050532.
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This article presents the results of tests conducted on Scots pine timber from three different kinds of logs: butt, middle and top. A planed pine timber batch composed of 510 pieces, dried to ca. 12% humidity, was machine-graded using a portable MTG device, and classified into the following classes: C18, C24, C30, C35 and C40 (according to EN 338:2016). During the second stage of the study, the timber was tested to determine its density, MOE and MOR, in accordance with EN 408:2012. We analyzed the impact of the timber’s log of origin on the results of machine strength grading and on the values of correlation coefficients between the tested properties. The results show, among others, that there is a correlation between the C classes and MOR of the tested timber, as well as its origin from butt, middle or top logs.
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Mcconnell, T. Eric, Curtis L. Vanderschaaf, Jason J. Holderieath, and Michael K. Crosby. "Adequacy of Timber Trespass Civil Awards: A Louisiana Case Study." Journal of Forestry 117, no. 6 (October 7, 2019): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz052.
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Abstract Timber trespass in Louisiana is a civil offense punishable by restitution of three times the timber’s current market value, yet whether this compensation level alone is adequate at present is unclear. We modeled a loblolly pine plantation across a range of site qualities in Louisiana. First, we estimated financial returns from a traditional sawtimber rotation using historical state timber prices that included three harvests: two thinnings and a final cut; harvest times differed by site quality. We then assumed all timber was taken at the first thinning. Net present value (NPV) determined appropriateness of compensation at 1×, 2×, and 3× stumpage revenues and was compared to the traditional rotation’s NPV. The NPVs were calculated with and without additional settlement for reforestation costs. We concluded that reforestation costs in addition to 3× stumpage value reimbursement were required to negate the effect of timber prices and better the traditional rotation’s NPV.
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Klement, Ivan, Peter Vilkovský, and Tatiana Vilkovská. "Impact of sawmill processing on the yield and longitudinal warping of beech blanks." BioResources 18, no. 4 (October 20, 2023): 8311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.8311-8322.
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This study focused on the impact of the wood sawing pattern on 50 mm thick beech timber, followed by cross-cutting on the 3 m long, 50 × 50 mm beech blanks. The study analyzed two methods of cutting patterns of beech blanks (parallel to the surface of the timber and parallel to the grain fiber of the timber) regarding yield values and the size of longitudinal warping after air-drying. The yield values were higher (from 65.14 to 72.70 %) when producing long beech blanks using the method of sawing parallel to the timber’s axis (B) compared to parallel to the edge of the blank (from 60.38 to 68.40 %). Results showed that a crucial factor for choosing the cutting method (A or B) is the taper of the logs. For blanks with a taper ≥ 1.3 cm.m-1, it is more advantageous in terms of longitudinal warping and yield to use the method of sawing parallel to the timber’s axis.
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Erman, Ercüment. "Demountable Timber Joints for Timber Construction Systems." Architectural Science Review 45, no. 2 (June 2002): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2002.9697501.
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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Timber Degrading Fungi in Sawmills of Gujarat, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 7 (December 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.7.13.
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Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. In the present study teak wood present in sawmills was infected with 14 types of fungi in which Lenzites sterioides and Trametes versicolor damaged the wood severely was reported for the first time. In all 94 sawmills were surveyed, the 28 sawmills were from Vadodara, 29 from Ahmedabad, 12 from Bharuch, 21 from Rajkot and 4 from Jamnagar. Out of 94 sawmills survyed, 84 sawmills were having timber rotting fungi associated with wood. Maximum fifteen and thirteen fungal species were observed in saw mills of Chhani road, followed by 11 in Station road, 7 in Dhabhoi road and 6 in Harni, Vadodara. Fours woods uninfected are Beyo, Marinty, Ash, and Arjun. Fourteen different types of fungi were found associated with teak, followed by seven in pinus, madhuca, Acacia nilotica, six in babul, neem, four in tamarind, Pithacoelobium and three in mango, Eucalyptus, African Mahagoni, Kapoor, Peltophoram rouxburghii, Derris pinnata wood respectively. The commonly observed timber decaying fungi were Schizophyllum commune, Flavodon flavus and Ganoderma lucidum belonging to Basidiomycota. Ascomycota members included was Daldinia concentrica and Xylaria polymorpha.
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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Timber Degrading Fungi in Sawmills of Gujarat, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 7 (December 17, 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-ybb088.
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Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. In the present study teak wood present in sawmills was infected with 14 types of fungi in which Lenzites sterioides and Trametes versicolor damaged the wood severely was reported for the first time. In all 94 sawmills were surveyed, the 28 sawmills were from Vadodara, 29 from Ahmedabad, 12 from Bharuch, 21 from Rajkot and 4 from Jamnagar. Out of 94 sawmills survyed, 84 sawmills were having timber rotting fungi associated with wood. Maximum fifteen and thirteen fungal species were observed in saw mills of Chhani road, followed by 11 in Station road, 7 in Dhabhoi road and 6 in Harni, Vadodara. Fours woods uninfected are Beyo, Marinty, Ash, and Arjun. Fourteen different types of fungi were found associated with teak, followed by seven in pinus, madhuca, Acacia nilotica, six in babul, neem, four in tamarind, Pithacoelobium and three in mango, Eucalyptus, African Mahagoni, Kapoor, Peltophoram rouxburghii, Derris pinnata wood respectively. The commonly observed timber decaying fungi were Schizophyllum commune, Flavodon flavus and Ganoderma lucidum belonging to Basidiomycota. Ascomycota members included was Daldinia concentrica and Xylaria polymorpha.
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Wu, Guo Feng, Yi Fei Jiang, Hao Zhang, Bin Wang, He Yu Chen, and Jun Wen Pu. "Chemical and Physical Changes for Dimensionally Stability of Compressed Wood." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.46.
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The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and physical changes of chemical modified on poplar wood. The chemical modifier was impregnated into cell lumen space by pulse-dipping machine to improve the dimension stability and mechanical property of timber. The timbers were compressed and dried by the multilayer hot-press drying to produce the modified timber. The modified timber had better dimension stability than the natural wood when they were immerged water continuous eight-hour. Characteristics of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for modified were studied by the FTIR spectrometer. The intensity of hydroxyl absorption peak in the infrared absorption spectrogram decreased significantly, and that of carbonyl decreased lightly, which due to the bond of the function groups of -NHCH2OH of urea-formaldehyde prepolymer react with the wood carboxyl (C=O) and hydroxyl(-OH). The morphologic models of chemical within wood were discovered by SEM.
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Chizhova, M., J. Pan, T. Luhmann, A. Karami, F. Menna, F. Remondino, M. Hess, and T. Eißing. "TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DEFECTS ANALYSES FOR 3D STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF HISTORIC TIMBER." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W4-2024 (February 14, 2024): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w4-2024-103-2024.
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Abstract. Stability of historic wooden constructions is changing with time and should be inspected appropriately for risk assessment and prevention. The stability or strength values of built-in historic timber are difficult or even impossible to be derived without invasive investigation, but this is particularly problematic for the monitoring of heritage objects. Luckily there are some visible timber surface features, like knots and cracks, which can act as individual evidence to estimate the wood strength as well as to adjust its grade class indicator. In the final project, we aim to compare different approaches for 3D digital documentation of historic wood timbers and focus on automatic knot detection using AI techniques. A first feasibility study reported here provides a scientific baseline for the development of an automated method to analyse historic timber stability using 3D surveying and recognised surface features. First results about texture and resolution properties are discussed here.
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Christian, Rudy R. "Resurrecting the Detroit Central Farmers Market." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 3 (November 8, 2022): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi3.595.
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This article discusses the 162-years history of the only known nineteenth-century timber-frame farmers’ market in existence today. Designed by an architect, this immense building required great skill from the tradespeople who built it from old-growth Michigan white pine timbers. No machinery was used in planing the surfaces or cutting the mortise-and-tenon joinery that holds the structure together. It is without question one of the most highly finished and decorated timber frames known to exist today. Its reconstruction in Greenfield Village at the Henry Ford Museum will guarantee its continuing existence for generations to come.
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Myakotin, Evgenii Vladimirovich. "Timbre as a semiotic system. On the problem of structural analysis of music timbre." PHILHARMONICA. International Music Journal, no. 6 (June 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-613x.2020.6.33331.
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The author attempts to explain the methodology of structural analysis of music timbre. The research subject is music timbre, and the object is its semiotic system. Based on the semiotic system developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, the author outlines two algorithms within the structure of music timbre - randomness and linearity. Considering the first principle, the author explains the anthropologic nature of a timbre sign, forming the total variability of a timber sign, and some patterns of music timber perception. The second principle is considered through the prism of psycho-acoustics which helps to detect and define the structural principle of linearity as a primary mechanism of perception of music. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the first experience of studying music timbre in terms of its structural organization. For the first time timbre is considered as a semiotic system with structural principles. Since musicology still doesn’t have an appropriate conceptual framework for structural analysis of a timbre space, the model by Saussure becomes especially valuable, primarily because of the fact that it emerged as an attempt to build such a language system which would take into account the correlation and interrelation between language and speech. This is the content of the novelty and topicality of the research which is based on a certain algorithm of structural analysis of music timbre.
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Mills, Thomas J., and Patrick J. Flowers. "Fire-induced changes in net value of timber: a sensitivity analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-154.
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The change in timber's present net value as a result of wildfire was estimated for 108 hypothetical fire situations in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. The net value changes, estimated by simulating timber yield changes on the fire site only, ranged from a loss of $964 to a gain of $1696 per acre ($2382 to $4191/ha) burned. The magnitude and sign of the net value changes were related to the fire size, fire severity, and timber management characteristics of the fire situation. The substantial impact of these separate fire situation characteristics suggests that efficient fire program management must consider the variability of the timber resource in detail. Net value change averages for large, heterogeneous areas would disguise considerable variation. The need for accurate timber net value change estimates can be filled by careful precalculation for standardized, situation-specific fire cases, thereby avoiding the computational inefficiencies of duplicative site-specific calculations.
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Fast, Paul, and Robert Jackson. "The TallWood House at Brock Commons, Vancouver." Structural Engineer 96, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/gznb3172.
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The TallWood House at Brock Commons is an 18-storey, 400-bed student residence at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Reaching 53m, the building is among the tallest mass-timber hybrids in the world. The building features an innovative 'post and panel' system, with cross-laminated timber panels, point-supported on glulam columns. The project highlights mass timber's increasing viability as a cost-effective building material for high-rise construction.
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Belasus, Mike, and Aoife Daly. "Just Bad Quality or Just Good Quality? The Meaning of Macroscopic Growth Features of Timber in Ship-Archaeological Analyses." International Journal of Wood Culture 3, no. 1-3 (May 3, 2023): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27723194-bja10026.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The particular macroscopic growth features of the timbers of Bremen-Cog, a late 14th-century cargo vessel, were the subject of a detailed analysis during the European Research Council (ERC) research project TIMBER at the University of Copenhagen. The unexpected depth of the results of this examination led to the feasibility study presented in this paper, which evaluates the meaning of macroscopic growth features in ship archaeological analyses. In the past, the perception of wood in ship-archaeological analyses often seems to be either ignored or strongly idealised causing macroscopic growth features to be missing in many cases as decisive analytical features. The idea of a shipwright, who personally chooses only the best material, was likely born out of an idealised image of the past and influenced by recent shipbuilding practices. Detailed advice on the choice of high-quality timber for shipbuilding only appeared during the 20th century, long after wood was superseded by steel for most vessels, and the competition for shipbuilding timber on the market had ceased. In some cases, this has produced a somewhat distorted interpretation of ships and shipbuilding. As a holistic approach to features of growth can provide information beyond timber quality, such as environmental influences and human impacts on this resource. In certain cases, such an approach can draw conclusions on economic and social circumstances. The information gathered from building timber can alter the interpretation of boats and ships. This paper discusses the demand for shipbuilding timber and its quality in northwest Europe, and aims to reflect on possible social, economic, or environmental reasons for the shipwright’s choices.