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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber use'
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1
Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.
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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.
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Robertson, David, Maisie Taylor, Ian Tyers, Gordon Cook, and W. Derek Hamilton. "A Second Timber Circle, Trackways, and Coppicing at Holme-next-the-Sea Beach, Norfolk: use of Salt- and Freshwater Marshes in the Bronze Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (May 16, 2016): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.3.
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Since 1998 archaeological investigations on Holme-next-the-Sea beach have recorded the waterlogged remains of two Bronze Age timber circles, timber structures, coppiced trees, metal objects, and salt- and freshwater marshes. The second timber circle (Holme II) is only the third waterlogged structure of its type to be discovered in Britain and only the second to be dated by dendrochronology. The felling of timbers used in Holme II has been dated to the spring or summer of 2049 bc, exactly the time as the felling of the timbers used to build the first circle (Holme I). This shared date provides the only known example of two adjacent monuments constructed at precisely the same time in British prehistory. It also informs comparisons between Holme II and other British timber circles and therefore helps develop interpretations. This paper suggests Holme II was a mortuary monument directly related to the use of Holme I.
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Brazier, J. D. "Man's use of Sitka spruce." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006412.
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SynopsisMan's use of the timber of Sitka spruce grown in North America and in the United Kingdom is reviewed. The contrast in character and properties of the timber from the two sources is considered and an explanation for the differences given in terms of the growth. The importance of Sitka spruce to the British forest and timber industries is examined and consideration given to how Sitka spruce should be managed to ensure the production of timber which will meet the requirements of the British timber user.
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Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.
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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of timbers mechanical properties is still almost non-existent. The present paper discusses possible ways to use and combine information from visual grading standards and non and semi-destructive techniques to predict the reference properties of timber members in service. The discussion has in mind studies conducted over the last years and the information provided by different guidelines, standards or papers recently published.
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Dias, A., J. Skinner, K. Crews, and T. Tannert. "Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0.
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Leyder, Claude, Michael Klippel, Olin Bartlomé, Niko Heeren, Sarah Kissling, Yutaka Goto, and Andrea Frangi. "Investigations on the Sustainable Resource Use of Swiss Timber." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031237.
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In Switzerland, the advantages of timber buildings for the climate are broadly discussed. In the following paper, a comparative sustainability assessment of four building alternatives is presented. Especially the contribution of implementing Swiss timber versus the implementation of imported timber is highlighted. Additionally, the timber-hybrid building structures are compared to a pure reinforced concrete structure. The timber-hybrid structure, with Swiss timber, has clear ecological advantages with only half the greenhouse gas emissions and half the non-renewable energy consumption compared to the reinforced concrete alternative. Comparing the Swiss timber alternative to the imported timber alternative, there are clear ecological advantages, as well. In terms of economic and social sustainability assessment criteria, the reinforced concrete alternative has the lowest production costs and the lowest labor intensity (measured in terms of full-time equivalents). Additionally, the paper includes an analysis of biogenic CO2 emissions and CO2 storage within the timber building alternatives. Finally, an up-scaling to the national level is attempted, showcasing the ecological and economic advantages of promoting the use of locally produced timber.
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da Silva Grassmann, Guilherme, Carlos Rogério Andrade, Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior, Francides Gomes da Silva, and José Otávio Brito. "Timber wastes torrefaction for energy use." Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, ahead (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2016005000011.
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MATSUOKA, SHOSHIRO. "To use suitable treated timber suitably." Wood Preservation 15, no. 3 (1989): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.15.102.
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Bell, T. J. "Extended use of timber frame structures." Construction and Building Materials 6, no. 3 (January 1992): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(92)90009-n.
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Ruffinatto, Flavio, Gaetano Castro, Corrado Cremonini, Alan Crivellaro, and Roberto Zanuttini. "A new atlas and macroscopic wood identification software package for Italian timber species." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002102.
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Abstract Wood identification has never been more important to serve the purpose of global forest protection, by controlling international illegal timber trade and enabling the enforcement of timber trade regulations. Macroscopic wood identification is the fastest method for the first identification of an unknown timber and, with proper training, it can be performed by operators in the timber industry, restorers and curators of cultural heritage, wood traders, designers, students and customs officers. Here we describe a wood atlas and accompanying software, SIR-Legno, developed for the identification of 48 Italian timber species based on a recently proposed list of macroscopic features for wood identification. For each species the atlas provides a complete macroscopic description plus information on natural durability, end-use class, physico-mechanical properties, conservation status, maximum diameter of the bole and most frequent uses. For each genus covered by the atlas, information about species number, CITES-listed species, main commercial timbers, similarly-named timbers from other genera, geographical distribution and notes on species or species group recognition at macroscopic and microscopic level are provided. SIR-Legno is an educational product, a handy identification key and a tool to search woods by their natural durability, end-use class and physico-mechanical properties. Both the atlas and the software can be freely downloaded from the web. Thanks to the adoption of a codified list of characters and a transferable design, SIR-Legno can be easily replicated or expanded to other databases in order to include new species. SIR-Legno is freeware and works on any version of Windows.
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Resnais, Peteris, Aldis Grekis, Matiss Keivs, and Baiba Gaujena. "Possibilities of Useful Use of Glued Wooden Construction Residues." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154106.
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People have erected buildings with the use of timber structures for a long time. The uses of timber constructions are very diverse—it is used for the production of exterior wall and roof constructions, window frames and doors, and it is used for dry as well as wet premises. Scandinavian countries have extremely vast experience of using timber structures. Latvia has a rather extensive timber processing and timber structure manufacturing sector. Many companies are involved in timber processing, however, to enable even more extensive use of timber structures, environmental and technically economic requirements of contemporary building must be taken into consideration. Environmental requirements for timber structures provide certain advantages in comparison to other building materials, but technically economic requirements are very important as well. The development of manufacturing of glued constructions and research of production processes of these constructions allows one to find solutions for the reduction in the cost of timber structures, and the results of such research can ensure significant development of the use of timber structures in building, as well as reduce total construction costs. The basic objective of the study is to investigate the residual materials arising as a result of processing cross-laminated timber constructions (CLT panels), material generated as a result of high levels of construction production, and research of the opportunities to reprocess the residual materials generated as a result of laminated timber structure manufacturing into materials suitable for production of building constructions. The majority of CLT panels are manufactured using 20, 30 and 40 mm thick boards, and, during the panel manufacturing process, there are various standard thicknesses of panels, for example, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 mm, etc. Various layers are used for the creation of various thicknesses depending on the necessary technical properties. Various arrangements of the thickness of a single panel will cause different structural and physical behaviour (i.e., impact of changes in moisture, fire resistance, etc.). During the research and for the purposes of testing of CLT panels, only residues with equal types and thicknesses of lamellae were selected. Two main purposes were included in the panel testing process: (1) Comparison of technical performance of the residues of CLT panels with the classic CLT panel. Curve strength and tensile strength tests were performed in accordance with LVS EN standards (LVS EN 16351: 2016 and LVS EN 408 + A1: 2012). All the samples were prepared according to the LVS EN standards. (2) To assess the impact of two resins (melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and polyurethane (PU)), widely used in industry, on structural properties of recycled CLT material. Results of the research show that recycling residues of glued wooden constructions may lead to good results, and manufacturing residues of CLT panels may be successfully used in construction and for the reduction in CLT panel manufacturing costs.
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Dang Cuong, Nguyen, Köhl Michael, and Mues Volker. "Land Use Spatial Optimization for Sustainable Wood Utilization at the Regional Level: A Case Study from Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020245.
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Forest landscape restoration is a widely accepted approach to sustainable forest management. In addition to revitalizing degraded sites, forest landscape restoration can increase the supply of sustainable timber and thereby reduce logging in natural forests. The current study presents a spatial land use optimization model and utilizes a linear programming algorithm that integrates timber production and timber processing chains to meet timber demand trade-offs and timber supply. The objective is to maximize yield and profit from forest plantations under volatile timber demands. The model was parameterized for a case study in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam, where most forest plantations grow Acacia mangium (A. mangium). Data were obtained from field surveys on tree growth, as well as from questionnaires to collect social-economic information and determine the timber demand of local wood processing mills. The integration of land use and wood utilization approaches reduces the amount of land needed to maintain a sustainable timber supply and simultaneously leads to higher yields and profits from forest plantations. This forest management solution combines economic and timber yield aspects and promotes measures focused on economic sustainability and land resource efficiency.
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Simmons, Eric A., Todd A. Morgan, Steven W. Hayes, Kawa Ng, and Erik C. Berg. "Timber Use, Processing Capacity, and Capability within the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region Timber-Processing Area." Journal of Forestry 118, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa011.
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Abstract Over the past two decades, more than half a million acres of forested land has experienced extensive insect- and disease-caused tree mortality within the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region 2 (R2) of the National Forest System. To plan for timber harvest treatments needed to restore forest health, managers need information on forest product facility capacity and capability to profitably process timber of various size classes. To answer this need, the authors summarized timber harvest volumes by state and county group, identified facilities in the R2 area, quantified timber-processing capacities and size class capabilities, and analyzed the geographic variability of timber flows from county of harvest to mill. Results showed that nearly 285.5 million board feet Scribner of timber flowed from the study area to 101 processors throughout the R2 timber-processing area. Approximately 70 percent of annual milling capacity can profitably process trees ≧10 in. dbh, whereas just 8 percent can process timber <7 in. dbh. When planning forest-management activities, land managers should balance the need to remove small and/or dead trees with the local industry’s ability to profitably use that material.
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Bartoš, Luboš, Pavel Máchal, and Alois Skoupý. "Possibilities of using price analysis in decision making on the use of harvester technology in forestry." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 4 (2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957040031.
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The concept of harvester technology is understood as a fully mechanized harvesting technology for the purpose of timber logging, which means timber handling, extraction and forwarding or skidding. This complete harvesting technology consists of two different assignments of accommodated, specialized logging machines – harvester and forwarder.This timber harvesting technology currently represents a state-of-the-art technology in logging and transport of timber in forestry. This is because the efficiency of the “harvester and forwarder” combination is several times higher than that of the commonly used technology of “power saw and tractor” (Lukáč, T., 2005). Other important elements that prevail with harvester technologies are a not negligible and high degree of labour hygiene as well as a significant decrease of environmental load influencing the environment.This paper analyzes prices of works related to timber harvesting and skidding in the selected forest stands of concerned workplaces.
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Guiterman, Christopher H., Thomas W. Swetnam, and Jeffrey S. Dean. "Eleventh-century shift in timber procurement areas for the great houses of Chaco Canyon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 5 (December 7, 2015): 1186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514272112.
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An enduring mystery from the great houses of Chaco Canyon is the origin of more than 240,000 construction timbers. We evaluate probable timber procurement areas for seven great houses by applying tree-ring width-based sourcing to a set of 170 timbers. To our knowledge, this is the first use of tree rings to assess timber origins in the southwestern United States. We found that the Chuska and Zuni Mountains (>75 km distant) were the most likely sources, accounting for 70% of timbers. Most notably, procurement areas changed through time. Before 1020 Common Era (CE) nearly all timbers originated from the Zunis (a previously unrecognized source), but by 1060 CE the Chuskas eclipsed the Zuni area in total wood imports. This shift occurred at the onset of Chaco florescence in the 11th century, a time with substantial expansion of existing great houses and the addition of seven new great houses in the Chaco Core area. It also coincides with the proliferation of Chuskan stone tools and pottery in the archaeological record of Chaco Canyon, further underscoring the link between land use and occupation in the Chuska area and the peak of great house construction. Our findings, based on the most temporally specific and replicated evidence of Chacoan resource procurement obtained to date, corroborate the long-standing but recently challenged interpretation that large numbers of timbers were harvested and transported from distant mountain ranges to build the great houses at Chaco Canyon.
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Buka-Vaivade, Karina, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Andrejs Podkoritovs, Leonids Pakrastins, and Viktors Mironovs. "RIGID CONNECTION WITH GRANITE CHIPS IN THE TIMBER-CONCRETE COMPOSITE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6552.
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Timber-concrete composite panels enables to combine advantages of pure timber and pure concrete panels in one structural member especially in the case, when the rigid timber-concrete connection is provided. The effectiveness of timber and concrete use and load-carrying capacity of the timber-concrete composite panels will grow in the case. The new concept of rigid timber to concrete connection was developed by the using of the granite chips as the keys to provide high quality of the glued connection. Behaviour of the timber-concrete composite panels were investigated by finite element method and laboratorian experiment. Three timber-concrete composite panels in combination with carbon fibre reinforced plastic composite tapes in the tension zone with the span 1.8 m were statically loaded till the failure by the scheme of three-point bending. One specimen was produced by dry method, by gluing together cross-laminated timber panel and prefabricated concrete panel. Timber-concrete connection of the other two specimens was provided by the granite chips, which were glued on the surface of the cross-laminated timber by epoxy, and then wet concrete was placed. Dimensions of the crushed granite pieces changes within the limits from 16 to 25 mm. The current study focuses on determining the effect of the use of granite chips for timber-concrete composite panels with adhesive connection between layers. The effect of the use of granite chips in rigid connection is determined by comparison of mid-span displacements and level of failure load of the two variants of the timber-concrete composite panels. Three-dimensional finite element models of timber-concrete composite with rigid connection was developed and validated by experiment data. Obtained results shown, that the use of the granite chips in rigid timber to concrete connection allow to make a quality rigid connection. Possibility to increase by 28% level of failure load of the timber-concrete composite panels by the adding of granite chips was stated. Maximal vertical mid-span displacements of the panels decrease about 3.8 times at the same time.
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Faller, Ronald K., Michael A. Ritter, Barry T. Rosson, and Sheila R. Duwadi. "Railing Systems for Use on Timber Deck Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1656, no. 1 (January 1999): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1656-15.
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TADANO, OSAMU. "For the Utilization of Timber in Exterior Use." Wood Preservation 19, no. 3 (1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.19.110.
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Stepinac, Mislav, Iztok Šušteršič, Igor Gavrić, and Vlatka Rajčić. "Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041380.
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Use of timber as a construction material has entered a period of renaissance since the development of high-performance engineered wood products, enabling larger and taller buildings to be built. In addition, due to substantial contribution of the building sector to global energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and waste production, sustainable solutions are needed, for which timber has shown a great potential as a sustainable, resilient and renewable building alternative, not only for single family homes but also for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Both recent technological developments in timber engineering and exponentially increased use of engineered wood products and wood composites reflect in deficiency of current timber codes and standards. This paper presents an overview of some of the current challenges and emerging trends in the field of seismic design of timber buildings. Currently existing building codes and the development of new generation of European building codes are presented. Ongoing studies on a variety topics within seismic timber engineering are presented, including tall timber and hybrid buildings, composites with timber and seismic retrofitting with timber. Crucial challenges, key research needs and opportunities are addressed and critically discussed.
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Posmetev, Valerii, and Vadim Nikonov. "THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF INSUFFICIENT EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF DOMESTIC FOREST TRANSPORT IN THE MODERN CONDITIONS OF FORESTRY PRODUCTION." Voronezh Scientific-Technical Bulletin 3, no. 3 (November 11, 2020): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2311-8873-2020-3-3-57-79.
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The article discusses in detail the reasons for the insufficient efficiency of the use of domestic timber road transport when transporting timber on timber roads. The main technological processes and operations, properties and factors under which the insufficient efficiency of the functioning of timber road transport in modern conditions of logging production is manifested are highlighted. Prospective ways of increasing the efficiency of functioning of timber road transport are proposed.
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Posmetev, Valeriy, Vadim Nikonov, Viktor Posmetev, and Aleksey Matyashov. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM OF A TIMBER TRACTOR WITH A LUMBER TRUCK." Forestry Engineering Journal 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2021.2/14.
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The place of road transport in logging production has been considered. The main advantages of using timber tractors with timber drags in comparison with other layout schemes of timber road trains have been described. Conse-quences of dynamic loads acting on the pivot of the turning bunk of a timber-carrying area from frequent braking of a timber tractor with a timber drag have been given. Based on the analysis of scientific works of foreign scientists, the promising direction of research in the field of recuperation of various types of energy in road transport is substantiated, which makes it possible to reduce dynamic loads during braking in the pivot pin and at the same time accumulate, with subsequent useful use, energy unproductively dissipated into the surrounding space from the energy forces of the trailer with a pack of whips. The design of the main manufacturers of platforms for timber haulers with timber drags has been described. The requirements for timber haulers with timber drags operated on public roads have been considered. The main forces acting on the links of a timber tractor with a timber drag during braking have been analyzed. Diagrams of the mutual positions of a timber tractor with a timber drag when moving along a timber road on the rise, downhill and turn have been given. The analysis of the dependences of the forces arising in the pivot of the swivel bunk of a timber platform during the movement of a timber tractor with a timber drag on the turning radius and speed of movement has been carried out. A promising design of a recuperative bolster device for a timber haulage site has been proposed. It enables to accumulate hydraulic energy during frequent braking of a timber tractor with a timber drag, followed by its use in the process of loading and unloading timber by a hydraulic manipulator
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Muhammad Redzuan, Fakhira Iwani, and Marina Yusoff. "Knots timber detection and classification with C-Support Vector Machine." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i1.1444.
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Timber knots recognition is of prime importance to further determine the timber grade. The recognition is normally based on the human expert’s eyes in which can lead to some flaws based on human limitations and weaknesses. The use of X-ray can cause emits radiation and can be dangerous to the workers. This paper addresses the employment of computational methods for knot detection. A pre-processing and feature extraction methods include contrast stretching, median blur and thresholding, gray scale and local binary pattern were used. More than 400 datasets of knot images of the tropical timbers, namely Acacia and Hevea Brasiliensis have been tested using C-support vector machine as a knot classifier. The findings demonstrate different performances for three types of kernel. Linear kernel function outperformed both radial basis function and polynomial kernel functions for Acacia and Hevea Brasiliensis species. Both species classifications using linear kernel have managed to achieve a promising accuracy. Knots classification with the used of support vector machine has shown a promising result to improve the classifier and test with different types of tropical timbers.
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Stone, Michael. "The importance of markets in the allocation of differentiated timber." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85355-3.
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The Canadian Wood Fibre Centre's goal is to enhance the value extracted from our forest resources by identifying important timber attributes and encouraging the flow of differentiated timber to its highest valued use. Coordination of resource use is, in fact, the primary objective of any economic system, and one that market systems accomplish with great efficiency through price signals. As such, this paper is an unabashed call for the greater use of transparent market mechanisms as a means of obtaining better use of our forest resources. First, the role of markets and market institutions are reviewed. Then the application of market mechanisms to differentiated timber through the use of log-grading and pricing systems is advocated, and the use and advantages obtained from log markets of several jurisdictions are presented. Finally, potential obstacles to market development and ways to overcome these obstacles are discussed. Key words: log markets, timber allocation, timber pricing, economic institutions
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Forster, Wayne. "Tradition and innovation: timber as rainscreen cladding." Architectural Research Quarterly 2, no. 4 (1997): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500001597.
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This paper describes the use of timber as a rainscreen cladding on David Chipperfield's River and Rowing Museum at Henley. The extensive use of green oak in this way is the key to a precise and beautifully crafted building and was the result of collaboration between the architects and the Timber Research and Development Association. This use of timber represents a major shift in the work of David Chipperfield from concrete toward a wider palette of materials. Henley is also an important example of a recent trend in the development of timber as an external cladding material. Timber cladding as a rainscreen will be discussed in the context of the Henley project in terms of its performance factors and the design and construction process, and analysed with a view to drawing some conclusions for its future use.
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Fujita, Masanori, Micha Kubota, Yuki Okoshi, and Mamoru Iwata. "CO2 Fixation Using a Composite Steel Timber Structure." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.381.
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One approach to promote forest growth is the pruning and thinning of trees. In the field of building structure, it is necessary to use thinned woods as timber positively. However, timber is too weak to apply to the large-scale buildings. Research and development of a building system to use timber are demanded. Authors propose composite steel-timber structure aiming to spread wood to building construction field considering the global environment. First, distribution volumes of planted forest of each age forest class in Japan and its CO2 fixation are shown, investigating forest resources. Finally, the specific example of a composite steel-timber structure is shown and CO2 fixation at building structure model using a composite steel-timber structure is estimated.
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Hirigoyen, Andrés, Mauricio Acuna, Cecilia Rachid-Casnati, Jorge Franco, and Rafael Navarro-Cerrillo. "Use of Optimization Modeling to Assess the Effect of Timber and Carbon Pricing on Harvest Scheduling, Carbon Sequestration, and Net Present Value of Eucalyptus Plantations." Forests 12, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060651.
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Quantifying the impact of carbon (C) and timber prices on harvest scheduling and economic returns is essential to define strategies for the sustainable management of short-rotation plantations so that they can provide timber products and contribute to C sequestration. In this paper, we present a mixed-integer linear programming model that optimizes harvest scheduling at the forest level, C sequestration, and Net Present Value (NPV) over a planning period of up to 15 years. The model included revenue from the sale of timber (pulplogs) and credits from the net C sequestered during the life of the stands. In addition, plantation establishment, management, harvesting, and transportation costs were included in the analysis. The study area comprised 88 Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill and Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden stands located in Uruguay, totaling a forest area of nearly 1882 ha. The study investigated the impact of C and timber prices on NPV, harvest schedules, stands’ harvest age, timber flows to customers, and C sequestered per period. The maximum NPV among all the scenarios evaluated (USD 7.53 M) was calculated for a C price of 30 USD t−1, an interest rate of 6%, and a timber price of 75 USD m−3. This was USD 2.14 M higher than the scenario with the same parameters but that included only revenue from timber. C prices also impacted stands’ harvest age, C sequestration, and timber flows delivered to end customers. On average, in scenarios that included C prices, timber flows and C sequestration increased by 15.4 and 12.1%, respectively, when C price increased from 5 to 30 USD t−1. These results demonstrate that harvest scheduling, harvest age, and NPV are very sensitive to C and timber, and that the best economic returns are obtained when the stands are managed to maximize timber production and C sequestration.
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Binkley, Clark S. "LONG-RUN TIMBER SUPPLY: PRICE ELASTICITY, INVENTORY ELASTICITY, AND THE USE OF CAPITAL IN TIMBER PRODUCTION." Natural Resource Modeling 7, no. 2 (March 1993): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.1993.tb00145.x.
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Huzita, Tomohumi, Ryu Noda, and Chihiro Kayo. "Regional Economic Impacts from Timber Check Dam Construction—A Comparison with Concrete Check Dam Construction." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101073.
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Recently, many mountain disasters caused by natural phenomena, such as typhoons and heavy rains, have struck Japan, where check dams are used as important disaster prevention structures. Meanwhile, increased timber use in Japan is expected to revitalize regional economies, thus drawing attention to the use of timber in check dams. However, comparisons between timber and concrete check dams, in terms of their impact on the regional economy, have been overlooked in previous studies. Therefore, targeting Akita Prefecture in Japan, we evaluated quantitatively the respective regional economic impact of timber and concrete check dam construction through an input–output analysis. An extended input–output table was developed based on the revenue and expenditure data obtained from interviews with check dam construction companies. The construction cost and amount of sediment runoff prevention of a concrete check dam was unified with those of a timber check dam to evaluate their respective economic impact. In both cases, the impact of timber check dam construction was about 12 to 13% larger. In brief, timber check dam construction was found to have a more positive impact on the regional economy than concrete check dam construction. However, with the regional self-sufficiency ratio of the lumber and wood products sector at less than 20%, or the lumber price at 60% of its current price, the economic impact of constructing a timber check dam becomes smaller than that of a concrete check dam. In other words, it is important to harvest, process, and use timber regionally to contribute to the regional economy. Specifically, using timber that is processed, rather than simply harvested, in the region has a larger economic impact on the region. Additionally, in timber check dam construction, procuring inexpensive timber and reducing construction costs may be a trade-off for revitalizing the regional economy.
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Treu, Andreas, Katrin Zimmer, Christian Brischke, Erik Larnøy, Lone Ross Gobakken, Foued Aloui, Simon M. Cragg, et al. "Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 10161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.treu.
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Timber structures in marine applications are often exposed to severe degradation conditions caused by mechanical loads and wood-degrading organisms. This paper presents the use of timber in marine environments in Europe from a wood protection perspective. It discusses the use of wood in coastline protection and archeological marine wood, reviews the marine borer taxa in European waters, and gives an overview of potential solutions for protection of timber in marine environments. Information was compiled from the most relevant literature sources with an emphasis on new wood protection methods; the need for research and potential solutions are discussed. Traditionally, timber has been extensively utilized in a variety of marine applications. Although there is a strong need for developing new protection systems for timber in marine applications, the research in this field has been scarce for many years. New attempts to protect timber used in marine environments in Europe have mainly focused on wood modification and the use of mechanical barriers to prevent colonization of marine wood borers. The importance of understanding the mechanisms of settlement, migration, boring, and digestion of the degrading organisms is key for developing effective systems for protecting timber in marine environments.
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Kawalerczyk, Jakub, Marcin Kuliński, Dorota Dziurka, and Radosław Mirski. "The possibility to use a side-timber in glulam beams manufacturing for structural applications." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 113 (March 31, 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2334.
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The possibility to use a side-timber in glulam beams manufacturing for structural applications. The aim of presented study was to determine the mechanical properties of three-layered glued structural beams manufactured with the use of side-timber pieces as an outer layers and the fragmented main yield as an inner layer. Four types of beams were pressed and tested in terms of four-point bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Variants differed from each other in the direction of the fibers in the inner layer and in the presence of adhesive layer between the fragmented wood. Studies have shown that the bending strength of the beams depended on the calculation method. Moreover, no significant effect of the inner layer arranging method on the bending strength of the beams was found. The values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) were low. The presented study is a starting point for further investigations concerning the possible way of the rational application of fragmented timber pieces and the side-timber for structural applications.
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NOGA, YUJI. "Practical use of CCA-treated timber to wooden construction." Wood Preservation 12, no. 2 (1986): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.12.207.
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Hartter, Joel, and John Garland. "Synthetic Rope End Connections for Use in Timber Harvesting." International Journal of Forest Engineering 17, no. 1 (January 2006): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2006.10702528.
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McQuillan, Alan G., and Candace Johnson-True. "Quantifying Marketplace Characteristics for Use in Timber Stumpage Appraisal." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/3.3.66.
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Abstract Regression-based models for predicting stumpage price have received attention in recent years for use in transactions evidence timber appraisal, forest planning, and valuation of timber inventories. These models usually use individual sale characteristics in conjunction with broad measures of product demand to explain variation in sale value. Local variation in markets due to mill capacity and concentration are either ignored, or separate models are generated for local market areas. The authors attempted to improve the specification of stumpage-price prediction models by incorporating new variables designed to reflect important aspects of local market conditions. This type of model has the potential to improve prediction of stumpage price and, in addition, to facilitate estimation of price impacts caused by changes in local mill capacity and concentration. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3): 66-69, July 1988.
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Miryaev, B., and A. Miryaeva. "Use of timber in construction design mesh wooden dome." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11136.
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Ding, Fenglong, Ying Liu, Zilong Zhuang, and Zhengguang Wang. "A Sawn Timber Tree Species Recognition Method Based on AM-SPPResNet." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113699.
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Sawn timber is an important component material in furniture manufacturing, decoration, construction and other industries. The mechanical properties, surface colors, textures, use and other properties of sawn timber possesed by different tree species are different. In order to meet the needs of reasonable timber use and product quality of sawn timber products, sawn timber must be identified according to tree species to ensure the best use of materials. In this study, an optimized convolution neural network was proposed to process sawn timber image data to identify the tree species of the sawn timber. The spatial pyramid pooling and attention mechanism were used to improve the convolution layer of ResNet101 to extract the feature vector of sawn timber images. The optimized ResNet (simply called “AM-SPPResNet”) was used to identify the sawn timber image, and the basic recognition model was obtained. Then, the weight parameters of the feature extraction layer of the basic model were frozen, the full connection layer was removed, and using support vector machine (SVM) and XGBoost classifier which were commonly used in machine learning to train and learn the 21 × 1024 dimension feature vectors extracted by feature extraction layer. Through a number of comparative experiments, it is found that the prediction model using linear function as the kernel function of support vector machine learning the feature vectors extracted from the improved convolution layer performed best, and the F1 score and overall accuracy of all kinds of samples were above 99%. Compared with the traditional methods, the accuracy was improved by up to 12%.
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Clements, S. E., and M. S. Jamnick. "Some Considerations in Modelling Private Woodlot Timber Supply." Forestry Chronicle 66, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc66041-1.
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Private woodlot owners have diverse backgrounds, ownerships, and forest management objectives. Among these management objectives timber production may be of secondary importance. The diversity of forest landowners and ownerships results in considerable uncertainty in availability of timber from these lands. In this paper we use a literature review to identify the variables and techniques that are important to determining timber supply from private woodlots. We also discuss how models designed for timber supply analyses under a single owner objective are invalid for modelling private woodlot timber supply, and suggest ways to modify existing timber supply models to incorporate ownership variability.
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Starck, Christoph. "Das Förderprogramm Holz 2001 bis 2003 | The Timber Promotional Programme 2001–2003." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0091.
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From 2001 to 2003 the Confederation plans to carry out a timber promotional programme, in collaboration with the forest and timber industry. The most important goal of this programme will be to increase the use of wood, a native, regenerating resource. One aim will be to use advertising to promote the market demand for timber products. Another will be to increase the competitiveness of the timber production chain. To achieve its objectives, the programme will be divided into five subject modules, the central ones being communication and the market presence of the industry. To support these areas, resource use will be optimised and entrepreneurial performance promoted. In parallel, technological advances will be promoted. The programme's content will be established during the initial phase of the programme. This process marks the starting point of the programme. The promotional programme will be officially launched in spring 2001, and will be linked to a major forest and timber industry event.
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Klapálek, Pavel, and Lenka Melzerová. "Non-Destructive Testing of Glued Laminated Timber Beams with Use of Pilodyn 6J – Method of Spike." Applied Mechanics and Materials 825 (February 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.825.23.
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This article is focused on GLULAM (glued laminated timber) beams and determination of their properties by using non-destructive method. This text is mainly focused just on part of more complex research of glued laminated timber beams. This text is focused on non-destructive method, which is the method of spike that uses device called Pilodyn 6J for measurement. Results of this method are in form of Young ́s modulus of elasticity. This article will describe how the method of spike works, with basic description, describes the tested material and compare the results of testing. In the conclusion we discuss the results, make conclusions and describe the way of our further research of glued laminated timber beams.
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Rittenhouse, Tracy A. G., and Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Behavioral response of migrating wood frogs to experimental timber harvest surrounding wetlands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 7 (July 2009): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-049.
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Behavioral responses to ecological disturbances such as timber harvest, fire, or drought provide insight into wildlife habitat requirements. To determine the behavioral response of adult wood frogs ( Lithobates sylvatica (LeConte, 1825)) to timber harvest in oak–hickory forest, we conducted experimental timber harvest surrounding replicate breeding sites, monitored freely moving frogs using radiotelemetry, and tested the repeatability of behavioral responses with two experimental displacements. We found no evidence that wood frogs use recent oak–hickory clearcuts as habitat. Timber harvest was not a complete barrier to movement, as frogs surviving increased predation and desiccation risks reached drainages used as nonbreeding habitat. Frogs did not alter the direction of travel and traversed similar distances (i.e., total distance and net distance from breeding site) before and after timber harvest. However, rate of travel (i.e., maximum distance traversed in 1 day) increased following timber harvest and frogs displaced to the center of clearcuts exited the timber harvest array in one rainy night. Notably, wood frogs following displacement exhibited site fidelity to nonbreeding habitat. We suggest that deleterious effects of timber harvest on amphibians may be minimized through the use of small stand sizes placed in locations that do not separate breeding and nonbreeding habitat.
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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Lifecycle Impacts of Structural Frame Materials for Multi-storey Building Systems." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 24, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.24.1.23229.
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In this study the lifecycle primary energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of multi-storeybuilding versions with different structural frame materials as well as construction systems are analysedconsidering flows from the production, operation and end-of-life phases and the full natural resourceschains. The analysed building versions include conventional and modern construction systems withlight-frame timber, reinforced concrete-frame, massive timber frame, beam-and-column timber frameor modular timber frame structural systems and are designed to the energy efficiency level of thepassive house criteria. The results show that the lifecycle primary energy use and GHG emissions forthe reinforced concrete building system are higher than those for the timber-based building systems,due primarily to the lower production primary energy use and GHG emissions as well as greater amountof biomass residues when using wood-based materials. The operation primary energy use and GHGemission for the buildings are lower when heated with cogenerated district heating compared to whenheated with electric-based heat pump, showing the significance of heat supply choice. The findingsemphasize the importance of structural frame material choice and system-wide lifecycle perspective inreducing primary energy use and GHG emissions in the built environment.
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Fleming, Patrick, Simon Smith, and Michael Ramage. "Measuring-up in timber: a critical perspective on mid- and high-rise timber building design." Architectural Research Quarterly 18, no. 1 (March 2014): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135514000268.
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Architects, engineers and researchers alike often cite practical reasons for building with wood. Since the development of curved glulam beams and columns over a century ago, the widespread use of massive structural timber elements has allowed architects and engineers to design and build in wood with unprecedented speed and scale. Moreover, rising concerns of climate change and the carbon-dioxide emissions associated with construction encourage the use of wood as a viable alternative to steel and concrete, due to CO2 sequestration in trees.In mid- and high-rise buildings, the current shift from steel and concrete towards massive structural timber elements like glulam, laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) is evident in a number of recently completed timber buildings in Europe, ranging from seven to nine storeys. Several speculative design proposals have also been made for ‘timber towers’ of thirty, fortytwo and even sixty-five storeys, recognising that designing with massive structural timber elements in high-rise buildings is still in its infancy. This paper offers a new perspective on building with wood at this scale, beyond carbon sequestrationand construction.
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Dolezal, Franz, Isabella Dornigg, Markus Wurm, and Hildegund Figl. "Overview and Main Findings for the Austrian Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 7584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147584.
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As part of a project investigating in the potential greenhouse gas mitigation effect of the increased use and production of mass timber worldwide, a comparative study was carried out to show the potential benefit of mass timber use in buildings in central Europe. After designing a mass timber building functionally equivalent to an existing conventional building, cradle to grave life cycle assessments (LCA) were calculated. The reference is an eight-story building with mixed use in Vienna, originally built in reinforced concrete. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is defined as the central parameter of interest. Calculated life cycle phases are A1–A3 (resource to production), A4 and A5 (transport to site and construction, respectively), B4 (replacement in the use phase), and C1–C4 (End of Life), as well as D (benefits and loads beyond the building life). It can be shown that the total mass of the timber building is 47% lower than of the concrete building. Considering life cycle phases A1 to A5, the timber building shows 18% less embodied carbon. Taking the whole building life cycle and the operational energy use (B6) into account, differences in GWP are much lower, as the heating system, though equipped with high efficiency and clean Austrian electricity grid mix, has much higher impact than the other phases.
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Lattke, Frank, and Steffen Lehmann. "Multi-Storey Residential Timber Construction: Current Developments in Europe." Journal of Green Building 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.1.119.
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This is a research paper with a focus on technical aspects of timber and on recent case studies, discussing the use of timber as multi-frame for multi-level residential buildings in Europe. The authors see this as a relevant topic within the context of the current environmental debate and the use of sustainable materials and construction methods. The conclusion suggests that timber is a high performance construction material adequate for multi-storey residential buildings, even in an urban context.
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Bilyk, S. I., and D. V. Mykhaіlovskyi. "Engineering methods for calculation of elements from combined glued timber." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.079.
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Extensive world experience in the implementation of building structures made of timber, in particular glued timber, for various purposes confirms the feasibility of their use. This is facilitated by the fact that glued timber effectively accumulates the positive properties of timber as a structural material level the shortcomings of solid timber. One of the types of constructions of glued timber are constructions of combined glued timber. Taking into account the structure and features of elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section, for a detailed analysis of the stress-strain state, a method is proposed, which consists in applying to standard formulas for calculating the reduced cross-sectional characteristics: reduced area, reduced moment of inertia, reduced moment of resistance. To calculation, the elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section according to the second limit state (serviceability), it is proposed to use the reduced modulus of elasticity of the section to the boards of the outer layers. To analyze the proposed method, a number of numerical studies of beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class using analytical calculation methods and using the finite element method in the software package LIRA-CAD, using three-dimensional and flat finite elements. Numerical studies show that the results of calculations of beams of combined glued and glued timber of the same strength class differ within 20% in the direction of increasing the values of deflections and normal stresses in the elements of combined glued timber. Finite element calculations in the software package LIRA-CAD beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class modeled volumetric and flat showed almost complete coincidence of results with a discrepancy of up to 2%, which suggests the need to significantly simplify the modeling, set elements from glued timber with flat finite elements. It is confirmed that the analytical calculation of beams of combined glued timber is recommended to be carried out according to the proposed method. The proposed technique allows to take into account the thickness and mechanical characteristics for the strength class of each board of which the glued cross section of the element, which significantly expands the range of use of combined glued timber. The high level of coincidence (within 5%) of the proposed analytical method with determination of the given cross-sectional characteristics with the results obtained by the finite element method for different cross-sections and spans of beams is confirmed, which allows to assert the expediency of its application in engineering calculations. In addition, the modeling of structures made of combined glued timber is possible with rod elements with the provision of the reduced modulus of elasticity according to the proposed method, which greatly simplifies the calculation of complex rod systems.
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Czerski, Dariusz, and Jerzy Szerafin. "The consequences of the choice of design standards for the use of material on the example of glued laminated roof beam." Budownictwo i Architektura 8, no. 1 (June 13, 2011): 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2256.
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The consequence of the membership of Poland in the European Union is the unification of the law, including the adaptation of Polish Building Standards to the European equivalents. Actually the designer is allowed to choose the Standards. It follows the differences in material use and its cost. The paper describes the details of the calculation timber elements, specially glued laminated timber in Eurocodes. The calculations results of double tapered beams made of glued laminated timber obtained by using both standards, analyzes and conclusions are presented in the paper.
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Rescalvo, Francisco J., Cristian Timbolmas, Rafael Bravo, and Antolino Gallego. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mixed I-214 Poplar/Pinus Sylvestris Laminated Timber Subjected to Bending Loadings." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143134.
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The structural use of timber coming from fast growing and low-grade species such as poplar is one of the current challenges in the wood value chains, through the development of engineering products. In this work, a qualitative comparison of the behavior of mixed glued laminated timber made of pine in their outer layers and of poplar in their inner layers is shown and discussed. Single-species poplar and pine laminated timber have been used as control layouts. The investigation includes destructive four-point bending tests and three non-destructive methodologies: finite elements numerical model; semi-analytical model based on the Parallel Axes theorem and acoustic resonance testing. An excellent agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained. Although few number of samples have been tested, the results indicate that the use of poplar as a low-grade species in the inner layers of the laminated timber can be a promising technology to decrease the weight of the timber maintaining the good mechanical properties of pine. Likewise, the need for the use of the shear modulus in both experimental measurements and numerical analysis is suggested, as well as the need to reformulate the vibration methodology for non-destructive grading in the case of mixed timber.
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AMACHER, GREGORY S., ERKKI KOSKELA, and MARKKU OLLIKAINEN. "Deforestation and land use under insecure property rights." Environment and Development Economics 14, no. 3 (June 2009): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0800483x.
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ABSTRACTWe examine the implications of migration and insecure property rights to land use and deforestation in tropical frontier forests. Three forms of property rights risks are introduced to basic land-use forms. Illegal logging risk is associated with forest plantations, a land expropriation risk affects land in agriculture and plantation forestry, and illegal logging risks threaten native forest land. Public and private landowners can reduce these risks by employing costly enforcement effort. We show how that migration, expropriation, and illegal logging risks lead to deforestation by promoting agricultural expansion, and illegal logging. Higher public enforcement reduces illegal logging, but higher private enforcement may or may not reduce deforestation depending on migration pressures. Higher timber prices have an ambiguous effect on deforestation, but an increasing value of non-timber benefits decreases or leaves deforestation unchanged depending on the incentive structures of illegal loggers.
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Kuda, Daniel, and Monika Petříčková. "Modular Timber Gridshells." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.28.1.27617.
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Needs of considering environmental impacts and growing emphasise on using renewable resources is discussed also in the field of architecture and construction. Timber, as a key element, provides certain benefits with less negative environmental impact than non-renewable resources, represented by commonly used materials (e.g. concrete). Nevertheless, using the timber as a core element for constructing of multi-storey or large hall buildings can be more difficult due to limits of the wood. New task for architects and engineers therefore arises and the target is to come up with a feasible solution for using the timber as a core material, despite its features. One of the key requirements for wide use of load bearing timber structure systems is “modularity”. Many different forms of structures can be achieved by repeating the basic module to fulfil architect’s intentions. This article focuses on a large-span structure, based on gridshell type systems. Such modules could be simply prefabricated and connected to another module. Modules can be pretty small, which contributes to easy and cost-effective transportation. Nevertheless, technical requirement and limitation of such modules needs to be taken into consideration. Problems come up with using the same universal element in parts of structure with different character of load and stress. Also, universal element should fulfil various space and form requirements set by architect. Suggested construction system is based on “fractality”. The goal of the system is to fulfil requirement of final structure and space requirements by replacing the standard module by a predetermined number of sub-modules. Structure is then denser in exposed areas and sparser in others. Design module is than expected to be tested and put into practice for wide usage in construction projects where wood is desired as the core material.
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Johns, Kenneth C., and Simon Lacroix. "Composite reinforcement of timber in bending." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-017.
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A promising use for high performance composite materials is to reinforce timber beams. The present paper studies the use of carbon and glass fibres to reinforce sawn timber sections. Consideration is given to strength phenomena of commercial timber alone and in reinforced sections in bending and shear. Anchorage length considerations for composite strips applied to the underside of simple beams are discussed. Experimental results are presented for three geometries of reinforcement using matched samples of 25 pairs of beams, reinforced and not. Results establish that the wood itself in the composite section shows strength increase, and that the increase in moment resistance of the reinforced beams is far greater than that predicted by simple models.Key words: composite material, timber, reinforcement, bending, shear.
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Duchesne, Luc C., and Suzanne Wetzel. "Managing timber and non-timber forest product resources in Canada's forests: Needs for integration and research." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78837-6.
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Non-timber forest products (NTFP) are emerging globally as a tool for the establishment of sustainable forest communities. They provide employment to various sectors of society, draw on local expertise and culture, and increase the outputs of forests. In recent years, NTFP have received accrued interest by the general public, governments and the private sectors of Canada. However, for the NTFP industry to enter mainstream Canadian industrial culture it is now critical to attempt the integration of the timber industry with the NTFP industry to benefit both sectors. NTFP can be harvested from four types of environment: wild stocks from timber-productive forests, wild stocks from non-timber-productive forests or lands, managed stocks from intensively managed forests, and domesticated stocks from agricultural systems. A large body of evidence suggests that NTFP management and harvest can serve the forest industry in many ways. There are four possible types of interaction between the NTFP and timber industries: independent resource use, competition for resources, complementary resource use and symbiotic resource use. Integration of both industries in a sustainable manner will need to be supported with research that address economic, social, policy and ecological questions. Key words: NTFP, sustainability, biodiversity, community forestry