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1
Santana, Maria Elena, and n/a. "Eco-efficient timber use through bio-sensitive design." University of Canberra. Architecture and Building, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.164347.
Full textAbstract:
A significant number of building materials are based on wood. Wood
competes with other materials and products for many building applications
from structural framing to cladding. Wood appears to be preferable because
of its aesthetic and structural properties, its versatility, economic cost and
environmental benefits. However, timber wastage within the construction
industry is incalculable. Waste occurs at all stages of the timber resource
stream: procurement, conversion, installation, use, maintenance, dismantling
and eventual disposal. Much of this loss can be avoided through eco-design
strategies based on a better understanding of the total resource flows.
This thesis addresses the ecological implications associated with the use and
over-exploitation of timber in building construction. Applying bio-sensitive
design principles and using a life cycle approach, the thesis examines ways
of maximising timber resource yield through appropriate materials selection,
design strategies and construction techniques to reduce their ecological
footprint.
Finally, an easy-to-use guide that incorporates economic and aesthetic-value
criteria to the analysis is developed. The guide is aimed to offer a flexible
decision-support tool that enables designers and other people involved in the
construction industry to comprehend in a systematic way, the multiple
dimensions interacting when selecting timber-building products. It is thus,
intended to explore in practice the implications and trade-offs of state of the
art timber products with the ultimate aim of integrating the ecological
dimension to the decision-making process.
2
Parry, Luke T. W. "Spatial changes in Amazonian non-timber resource use." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514266.
Full textAbstract:
Rural-urban migration and land abandonment can increase secondary forest coverage, which is predicted to alleviate harvesting pressure on vulnerable primary forest species. However, rural depopulation could threaten the conservation and development paradigm of sustainable resource use within inhabited reserves. This thesis examines 1) ruralurban migration in eight roadless regions of the central Brazilian Amazon, and 2) tests assumptions regarding the value of secondary forests for subsistence hunting in a partly deforested landscape of eastern Amazonia. Within central Amazonia, rural populations were clustered and growing within 300 km of towns whereas river headwaters have been largely abandoned. Living in remote upstream locations was costly, despite an abundance of natural resources. Upstream settlements were isolated from urban centres and were smaller, subject to costly trade exchange, and generally lacked schools and healthcare. The lack of education was the principal motive for ongoing out-migration from remote headwaters. Results show that interview data, spatial analysis and censuses of human populations can be used for temporal monitoring of vulnerable species across broad spatial scales. Within the eastern Amazon, research showed that secondary forests do not offer a panacea for over-hunting of primary forest wildlife. Hunters with access to both primary and successional habitats preferred to hunt in primary forest, probably because of good visibility, predictable prey distributions and high availability of other non-timber forest products. The availability of large areas of secondary forests failed to buffer hunting pressure in primary forest, as several primary forest species continued to be overhunted. Secondary forests alone are unlikely to support sustainable hunting across the Amazon as they may provide just 2% of the required protein intake of rural smallholders. This thesis concludes that failing to consider the diverse factors influencing spatial decision-making by rural people undermines the potential contribution of non-timber resource use to conserving tropical forests.
3
Crockford, K. J. "An evaluation of British woodlands for fuelwood and timber production." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382594.
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4
Ghosal, Somnath. "Non-timber forest products in West Bengal : knowledge, livelihoods and policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11429/.
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The theme of this research is the conservation of open dry-deciduous forest areas of West Bengal, India, through the socio-economic progress of forest dwellers. The use of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) is manifold in the livelihood of this area. Systematic and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs could improve the standard of living of forest dwellers and play an important role in the conservation of forest ecosystems. The research was conducted in Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapur districts, in the south-western part of West Bengal, India. Firewood is the main source of fuel for the forest fringe dwellers of these three districts. Due to the high demand firewood harvesting is an important occupation for a large number of forest communities. The incessant collection of firewood is adversely affecting forest cover and the type and quality of plant species. In this circumstance, sustainable and systematic harvesting of NTFPs can play a potential role in creating job opportunities for forest dwellers. The enhancement of organised NTFP marketing channels could improve the economy and thus reduce the major dependence on firewood. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to examine NTFPs-based economic development of forest fringe dwellers and to protect the forest cover. The thesis starts with a brief introduction to NTFPs and its present importance in forest livelihoods in India (with reference to West Bengal) and in international context, highlighting work by geographers, forest researchers, economists and sociologists who are becoming more interested on NTFPs and forest livelihoods from their respective disciplinary perspectives. To have an idea about NTFPs based forest livelihood of West Bengal, it is necessary to study the geo-physical features of the State and the study area. This will reveal the reasons why this area has been selected for this research. A variety of complementary sources and methodologies were used for the collection and analysis of data and information. Detailed archival research at the British Library, London provides insight into the pre-colonial and colonial NTFP-based forest livelihoods of the Presidency of Bengal. An exploration of the socio-cultural characteristics of forest communities through interviews and surveys helped to reveal the use and importance of NTFPs. After collection of NTFPs, it is necessary to store those products for gradation and value-addition. The research reveals that the organised markets are quite away from forest villages. Therefore, the knowledge of systematic and sustainable collection and storage of NTFPs needs to be enhanced at the grassroots level. After the collection and processing of NTFPs, the most important thing is marketing. Through the organised marketing system, forest dwellers can earn more money selling the same amount of products. It was discovered that a large number of intermediaries are involved in the NTFPs business and these intermediaries often try to purchase NTFPs from actual collectors at a very low price and then sell them at a high price. The reasons for the presence of middlemen and how the formal marketing channels can be stronger than the present informal channels were all revealed to be important issues which bolster the formal marketing channels, in which actual collectors might earn reasonable price for their collected NTFPs. It is argued that the efficient and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs can promote opportunities for marginal forest dwellers of these three districts. The increasing production of value-added products from different NTFPs can improve the economic status of these forest dwellers and will reduce rampant demolition of forest resources. The socio-economic improvement can also shift forest dwellers to other professions, which will reduce the dependency on forestry and subsequently it will help to promote the dry-deciduous forest ecology. Therefore, the research begins with an investigation of historical perspective of human-forest interactions in the Presidency of Bengal and subsequently explores the contemporary forest-based livelihoods of the socio-economically deprived forest fringe dwellers in the dry-deciduous forest areas of West Bengal. The research draws on interdisciplinary areas including historical geography with reference of indigenous knowledge regarding forest products, development geography of the forest-based livelihoods and economic geography of the systematic and sustainable harvesting of NTFPs for the enhancement of formal marketing channels. The study demonstrates that there is a need for intensive research at the grassroots level that will address all the aspects of NTFPs and forest livelihoods, before devising any precise NTFP policy to improve the status of forest livelihoods through the sustainable harvesting of forest products.
5
Cook, Frank Chase. "An empirical analysis of hunting leases by timber firms." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/cook/CookF0507.pdf.
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Conway, M. Christine. "Targeting Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowner Groups for Timber Market Entry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28991.
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This study models the timber market entry decisions of nonindustrial private landowners. It involves examining reservation prices both for harvesting timber from existing forest land and for afforestation of marginal agricultural and abandoned land. An important conclusion drawn from these models is that financial returns are not the only drivers of these decisions. Preferences for amenities derived from forests and farmland are also important. An empirical model follows which characterizes willingness to accept for various landowner groups in Virginia and Mississippi. We identify preferences and characteristics of landowners and features of forest sites that are important to the unobserved price specific to each landowner. Estimation results are also used to assess the size of payments needed to encourage harvesting or conversion from agricultural to forest uses with 50% probability. The determination of reservation prices for landowners in different regions aids in forecasting potential timber supplies from NIPF lands that are either actively managed for timber production or are not, as well as from marginal land not yet in forests, under different policy and pricing scenarios. Furthermore, it gives insight into evolving land use patterns.Ph. D.
7
Burgess, Joanne Catherine. "Economics of tropical forest land use." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250689.
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Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van. "Non-timber forest products of East Kalimantan potentials for sustainable forest use /." Wageningen, The Netherlands : Tropenbos Foundation, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36674371.html.
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Isik, Aydin. "Disassembly And Re-use Of Building Materials: A Case Study On Salvaged Timber Components." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1042431/index.pdf.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using salvaged timber from deconstructed buildings in Turkey. The intention was to show that the re-use of &lsquowaste&rsquo
materials, while decreasing the cost of construction also preserves the environment from wasteful and extensive use of natural resources. It is hoped that the findings of such a study will encourage professionals to use second hand timber components in Turkey. In order to deal with the waste problem and to save our planet the re-use of construction materials from economic, environmental, social, and historic points of views should be pursued. This research incorporated information about the re-use of timber, including ongoing projects around the world, as reported by the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction (CIB) Task Group on Deconstruction (TG39), a local survey of individuals, organizations, and businesses that are related to the recycling and reuse of building materials. Local deconstruction works, recovery and re-use of timber elements and components were investigated on the basis of information obtained from the demolition contractors in Bentderesi locality in Ankara, a salvaged materials market. iii Moreover the study aimed to observe how used timber components are recovered from a demolition project. By observing the demolition of a building the author was able to determine the problems in recovering timber with the least damage. The findings of the investigation indicated that the architects and the building industry can play an important role to increase recovery rates and conditions of used timber components in construction, considerably. Instead of using nails for timber joints bolted connections should be preferred since they allow demounting and re-use with minimum damage during the deconstruction process. At the same time defects in timber due to extensive and unnecessary nailing can also be avoided. The decision on type of deconstruction, time and cost estimation, worker ability and sensitivity during disassembly influence the success of deconstruction. Tools and machinery used both on the work site and in the UBMs selling area have direct effects on the condition of recovered materials.
10
Tian, Xiaohui. "Three Essays on the Economics of Carbon Sequestration, Timber Production and Land Use." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407416316.
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Kandemir, Aysenur. "Soundness Assessment Of Historic Structural Timber By The Use Of Non-destructive Methods." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611787/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The use of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods was needed for the conservation studies of historic timber structures. The aim of this study was to develop combined use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements and infrared (IR) thermography, together with visual analyses for soundness assessment of timber. An important timber structure in Ankara, Aslanhane Mosque and traditional timber dwellings, in AyaS and istiklal District were selected for in-situ analyses. Representative laboratory samples such as mud brick, fired brick, mud mortar, mud plaster, lime plaster, historic timbers of different species and some new timbers were used for analyses in the laboratory to develop reference data for in-situ analyses.
This study has shown that direct and indirect UPV measurements taken parallel to fiber direction were good at estimating the soundness of timber elements. UPV measurements taken from timber samples were affected by atmospheric humidity, at which the timber was in equilibrium with or by its water content, cuts of timber and type of species.
Quantitative Infrared thermography (QIRT) was good at soundness assessment and defect inspection of timber. The study showed that, the even or heterogeneous distribution of surface temperatures, different thermal inertia characteristics, reflected by the rates of heating and cooling of materials and their ratios to sound timber were good parameters to assess the state of deterioration of timber elements, dampness problems and the compatibility of neighbouring materials with timber.
The joint use of QIRT and UPV methods combined with laboratory data has enhanced the accuracy and effectiveness of the survey.
12
Lusambo, Edward. "Use of round timber in the construction of roof trusses for agricultural buildings." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361573.
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Ellison, Helen Felicity Bethan. "The use of controlled atmospheres for the conservation and storage of freshly felled timber." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490931.
Full textAbstract:
After severe storms timber is often wasted because it cannot be processed before being damaged by fungi and insects and excess oftimber can flood the market causing economic problems. Effective storage of sawlogs is therefore essential. However, this often involves water storage causing problems in environmentally sensitive sites. 'Vater storage also leads to bacterial attack ofthe wood which increases its porosity. A method receiving current interest relies on the exclusion of oxygen by wrapping stacks in plastic film. This method has been shown to be effective on certain species, particularly Norway spruce, in Germany. In this study the method was restricted to Pinus sylvestris in the UK. which is far more susceptible to sapstain. In previous work the oxygen exclusion relied on a perfect seal being maintained during storage. Combining wrapping with biological control micro-organisms and with a strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was also tested. Sapstain development, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were monitored in laboratory and field tests. In the laboratory, airtight containers were developed using gas piping to test variables prior to field trials. In field trials. wrapping resulted in almost complete control ofbluestain fungi in Pinus sylvestris. 'After over four months storage, in both field trials, the stain on wrapped timber was less than 1 % compared to over 33% in control stacks. In all wrapped stacks the COl levels increased and the 0, concentration decreased, reaching zero within about 14 days. The addition ofyeast aided the depletion ofoxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in wrapped stacks, although it had no significant effect on stain development. Further trials with even simpler wrapping systems are needed to fully assess the additive effect ofusing Yeasts to help maintain low oxygen levels under such conditions.
14
Sullivan, Caroline. "Valuation of non-timber forest products : a case study for three Amerindian villages in Guyana." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301458.
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Coste, Guillaume. "The assessment and applications of a new connector type for use in timber structural systems." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2010. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/4407.
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Freedman, Geoffrey J. H. "The development of transversely stress-laminated timber arch bridges for pedestrian and minor vehicle use." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2006. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3844.
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Hoffman, Andrew Stewart. "Managing forests and understanding social intolerance for Ohio’s declining timber rattlesnakes." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619034065861439.
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O'Brien, Meghan [Verfasser]. "Timber consumption and sustainable forest use : Assessing the EU’s current and expected consumption of global timber in relation to the global capacity for sustainable supply / Meghan O'Brien." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1109080808/34.
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Kenney, David Peter. "Developing a spatial decision support system for timber sale planning on a national forest." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063659/.
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Abubakar, Mohammad Mahmood. "Technical, value, and institutional aspects of integrated use conflicts: A timber and water management case study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185099.
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This research examined the technical, social, and institutional aspects of integrated (multiple-use) watershed management conflicts, with a focus on timber and water management. The problem was first examined from a general perspective. Then, a specific case study was analyzed. The Bull Run watershed near Portland, Oregon, was chosen for the case study, because it provides a well-known and long-standing example of conflict over timber harvesting and water quality protection. Analyses were conducted on the relationship of logging and water quality, economics of information, conflicts and institutional sources of conflicts in integrated watershed management, available information and value of additional information. Forested watersheds commonly are managed for multiple purposes, one of which is the production of high quality potable water. Conflicts often arise when another of those purposes is timber production, because logging is perceived as a threat to water quality. These conflicts can result from uncertain factual information, from differences underlying social values, or from perceived imbalances in the incident of costs and benefits. Resulting conflicts may go unresolved because existing institutional structures are incapable of resolving disputes. When such conflicts go unresolved, benefits are often lost, and social, political, and managerial costs are high. This study found that the roots of conflict often lie in value differences or in interest impacts, but attention is focused inappropriately and unproductively on factual issues. This research should point the way to resolution of long-standing disputes in the management of forested watersheds by identifying the root causes of these disputes and choosing those actions, whether they be change management guidelines, additional information collection, or altered institutional structure, which may be effective in resolving them.
21
Bateman, Ian J. "An economic comparison of forest recreation, timber and carbon fixing values with agriculture in Wales : a geographical information systems approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11312/.
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The research examines the financial and economic viability of transferring land presently under agricultural use into multipurpose farm-forestry in Wales. Three woodland benefit streams are examined in detail: the value of open-access recreation; the production of timber and; the net carbon storage generated by afforestation. Modelling of the spatial variability determining the production of these benefits is enhanced by the novel application of a geographical information system(GIS). Monetary evaluation of non-market recreation benefits is achieved by reference to both the contingent valuation and travel cost methods with prior studies being reviewed and new work presented. By contrast carbon storage benefits are valued purely by reference to the existing literature. Both of these analyses yield social values whereas our study of timber production produces both shadow and market valuations. Our GIS-based methodology is also applied to the modelling of agricultural values for the two major farm sectors (mainly sheep and mainly milk production) of the study area. Again both social and financial values are calculated. By comparison of the various values estimated across the above analyses we estimate both the financial and social values associated with potential transfers of land from conventional agriculture into farm-forestry. The financial values generated by our analysis support the present low levels of conversion out of agriculture. However, the social values estimated suggest that the present situation constitutes a significant market failure, particularly in the mainly sheep farming sector where cost benefit analysis suggests that substantial net social benefits could be generated through conversions into multi-purpose woodland.
22
Ng, Pui-ling Anna Laura. "Reduction of timber use in the Hong Kong construction industry to mitigate severe deforestation in tropical forests in Southeast Asia /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22284503.
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Brandão, Miguel. "Food, feed, fuel, timber or carbon sink? : towards sustainable land-use systems : a consequential life cycle approach." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580604.
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In view of the competing demands on land to feed people adequately, sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services and mitigate climate change, there is a clear need for a systematic basis for allocating land use with respect to economic and environmental objectives. This study formulates an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the global consequences of changing current land use in the UK with different land-use strategies for food, feed, fuel, timber and carbon sink. Novel operational approaches are proposed for resolving the associated methodological issues, which are applied in the characterisation of the main land-use strategies in the UK. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used for the environmental assessment, with emphasis on ecosystem carbon balances as the contribution to both global climate change and ecosystem services and biodiversity impacts. A parallel economic assessment is integrated with LCA. The results indicate that changing land use and management on current crop land generally does not deliver improvements in all three criteria of mitigating climate and impacts on ecosystem service and biodiversity, while creating additional economic value. There are a few exceptions, of which wheat and barley for feed and under organic management are the best. Expanding cropland onto set-aside and permanent grassland is more beneficial when crops are used for fuel (CHP) or for carbon sink (in the case of Douglas Fir and Ash, Sycamore and Silver Birch). Expansion onto set-aside is largely undesirable if by arable cropping, but desirable by energy and forestry crops. The former are best used for CHP whereas the latter as carbon sinks, even though no economic value is generated in the foreground system. The consequential assessment showed that indirect effects (i.e. those in the background system) are relevant and ought to be considered when assessing land-use strategies.
24
Farah, Mohamud. "Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Extraction in Arid Environments: Land-use Change, Frankincense Production and the Sustainability of Boswellia sacra in Dhofar (Oman)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195762.
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Frankincense, a much revered non-timber forest product (NTFP) known as luban in Oman, is a gum-resin extracted from Boswellia sacra (meqerot). In Oman, B.sacra is endemic to ecological zones in and around Dhofar's southern mountain ranges of Jabal Samhan, Jabal Qamar and Jabal Qara. Hojar (Samhan Nejd), Nejd (Qara Nejd), Shazr (Qamar Nejd) and Sha'b are the four B.sacra ecological zones. A suffix (i) after the name (i.e. Hojari or Samhan Nejdi) is indicative of the luban produced in or associated with the respective zone. Traditional Omani B.sacra ownership, management, organization, and frankincense extraction are based on a land parcel system known as menzela. The 1970's oil boom attracted rural labor to urban and oil operation centers in Dhofar and other provinces, thus creating a labor shortage that had a profound transformative impact on frankincense production. This transformation caused frankincense extraction to evolve from an Omani-controlled system to a Somali-dominated hybrid system. Migrant Somali harvesters predominantly control the production and processing of frankincense in the field. Similarly, wholesalers occupy the next rung up the production ladder are the most powerful players in the frankincense industry.Dhofar has a long history of non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction. From April to mid-June 1999, luban production in the Hojari/Nejdi zone of the study area was estimated at 8,710 kg with a seasonal projection of 24,840kg-30,360kg. B.sacra, a single or multiple stem shrub restricted to wadis in arid environments in or around the Dhofar Mountains, can be found at elevations from 60m above sea level in Wadi Adonib on the coastal plains to 1,770m above sea level in Wadi Kharish (a branch of Wadi Qobyr) in jabal Samhan). Land-use and landcover changes in Dhofar are threatening the fragile stability of B.sacra habitats. Frankincense trees on easily accessible flat or gently sloping terrain are susceptible to stress and mortality from harvesting, grazing and mining, while trees on cliffs and steep slopes are less vulnerable to the effects of these land-use activities.
25
Ng, Pui-ling Anna Laura, and 吳佩玲. "Reduction of timber use in the Hong Kong construction industry to mitigate severe deforestation in tropical forests in Southeast Asia." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260342.
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Shanley, Patricia. "As the forest falls : the changing use, ecology and value of non-timber forest resources for Caboclo communities in eastern Amazonia." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311285.
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Batman, Joshua S. "Re-Imagining the Middle Landscape." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23719.
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This thesis seeks to tie into the underlying ideology of the middle landscape that has shaped housing development in the United States up to this point, and re-imagine its physical manifestation. An incremental approach is taken in imagining what housing might be in America, considering our myths surrounding the single family house, micro and macro community creation, density, sustainability (regarding the economics of the home and country, as well as our place in an ecosystem), emerging timber construction of tall buildings, and industrialized methods of building. A mix of passive and active green building strategies are employed in making an expanded or "inhabited envelope", which surrounds a 22-story mass timber modular mid-rise residential tower in Red Hook Brooklyn. The base of the tower and development of the city block include a cooperative factory for wood based production, innovative bike storage, bike repair shop, shared use digital fabrication lab, shared use shops (wood, metal, and upholstery), loading dock, laundry, gym, shared use office space, and café.
Master of Architecture
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Newland, Katharyne. "The acquisition and use of Norwegian timber in seventeenth century Scotland, with reference to the principal building works of James Baine, His Majesty's Master Wright." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/443bcecd-180e-46b6-96fa-1ce70375b9e4.
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This thesis explores the impact of Norwegian timber imports on architecture, building works and their organisation in seventeenth century Scotland. Using a wide variety of Scottish, Danish and Norwegian sources, it first investigates trends in timber imports to Scotland from Norway during the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. From this evidence, the passage of timber aboard Scottish vessels can be followed from the forest-farms and sawmills on the west coast of Norway, to Scotland's east coast ports. Here the timber was stockpiled by merchants or delivered directly to building works for use. By first establishing what the preferred timber cuts from Norway were, it has been possible to identify a significant change in Scottish building design brought about by the emergence of this new timber source. Essentially, Norwegian timber provided Scottish builders with longer spans for structural work; this presented the opportunity to construct buildings beyond the 20 foot limitations of earlier stone vaulted buildings. Such timbers can be identified in surviving buildings, and through careful analysis of supplementary contracts and accounts the increasing use and significance of timber for buildings works has been recognised. Wider spans allowed for larger buildings with bigger rooms, all requiring flooring, panelling, doors, windows, shutters, partitions, plaster ceilings, and furniture. For the implementation of these items, the technical knowledge and expertise of wrights was required. This increased use and importance of timber in buildings signifies a probable move away from the long-established prominence of master masons in the traditional hierarchy of building trades, and towards a rise in the authority and influence of master wrights. An examination of the careers and principal building works associated with the king's wright James Baine supports this evaluation. Examples of his work at Panmure, Glamis and Brechin all show that as the work of wrights became more central to the building process, their power and authority also increased. This development is further evident in the membership figures of the trade incorporations examined, where wrights were the controlling craft. Furthermore, the building case studies demonstrated a transition in building organisation from a system of direct labour to a system based on contracts, revealing the challenges encountered by its adoption, and also Baine's emergence as a main contractor and master of works. For Baine, the shift in power from masons to wrights allowed him to assume roles previously only undertaken by members of the mason craft, which suggests that for a short time in the late seventeenth century, timber might have replace stone as the key building material used in Scottish great houses.
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Sierra-Maldonado, Rodrigo. "Land use strategies of household based enterprises, the timber industry, and deforestation in northwest Ecuador: the articulation of market forces, national policies, and local conditions /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106116904.
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Den, Ouden Vincent P. "Increasing revenue through the use of customer relationship management as a tool." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8583.
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Schumann, Katharina [Verfasser], Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittig, and Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Ziska. "Impact of land-use on savanna vegetation and populations of non-timber forest product-providing tree species in West Africa / Katharina Schumann. Gutachter: Rüdiger Wittig ; Georg Ziska." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1044772131/34.
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De, Klerk Charlotte. "The place beyond the bent pines - designing through exploration, making and discovery: an alternative design methodology through an exploration in timber for an imagining of its use." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7510.
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This dissertation demonstrates an experiment in an alternative design methodology, beginning with structural and material exploration rather than conventional design processes where detailing plays less of a role in the design process. The dissertation project is driven by informants discovered through technical research in timber construction through tactile experimentation and the 'act of making'. Timber remains the material of choice for the length of the dissertation. Timber's particular inherent properties, capabilities and hindrances therefore form the parameters for creative design potential. The dissertation thus aims to demonstrate the importance of understanding materials and tests whether an alternative design process can lead to a more tectonically expressive form. The dissertation focuses on the use of standardised building components to demonstrate the way in which a timber compilation of standard components can be used to create an extremely varied building form. Additionally, it emphasises the use of localised technologies in order to show that craft still has a place within the context of contemporary South Africa where high unemployment rates and unskilled labour is experienced. The dissertation further demonstrates the way in which a designed structural timber system, designed purely through informants learnt through the 'act of making', can be applied in a contextualised setting with an appropriate site and programme in accordance with the structure's spatial potential. The final design aims to form perceptual structure through its tectonic expression in perceiving it as meaningful. Ultimately, the project strives towards depicting an architectural tectonic story where the building is contextualised, Hout Bay, South Africa, and seeks to express a narrative in which one can construe one's own tale as to the mystery of its making.
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Reis, Sylvan Martins dos. "Os sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau e mogno como alternativa sustentável de cobertura vegetal para recuperação de áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143163.
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O desmatamento da floresta amazônica tem causado preocupação na sociedade civil e científica mundial demandando pesquisas que busquem mitigar os impactos ambientais provocados por esse fenômeno. Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar o uso dos sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa para recuperação de áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento da floresta Amazônica brasileira. Portanto, são aprestados três trabalhos que abordam essa temática. O primeiro estudo realiza uma pesquisa documental da produção científica na Amazônia brasileira sobre os sistemas agroflorestais com cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) buscando identificar os principais escopos nos quais essas pesquisas estão inseridas, assim como, subsidiar a prospecção de escopos complementares para futuras pesquisas. O segundo estudo analisa a utilização de sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau como alternativa de cobertura vegetal sustentável para recuperação das áreas degradadas na Amazônia brasileira, assim como, compara os rendimentos de dois sistemas agroflorestais, um indicado pela pesquisa agropecuária e outro alternativo, implantado em área de produtor rural. Finalmente, o terceiro estudo analisa o crescimento e rendimento de madeira das plantas de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) utilizadas como sombreamento definitivo em sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau implantadas em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, em solos do tipo Terra Rocha Estruturada e Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. Os resultados mostram que mais de 47 espécies vegetais de valor comercial nativas da região ou exóticas são contempladas nos diferentes sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau cultivados na região. Os indicadores de rentabilidade obtidos dos dois sistemas analisados indicam que esses sistemas são viáveis financeiramente e podem ser financiados pelo programa oficial de crédito rural destinado a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia, o FNO-Biodiversidade, assim como, que as quantidades de carbono atmosférico sequestrada por esses sistemas se aproximam as das florestas nativas. E finalmente, que as plantas de mogno utilizadas como sombreamento nesses sistemas tiveram bom desenvolvimento em altura e diâmetro e o rendimento de madeira foi superior ao encontrado em condições naturais nas florestas da região. Esses resultados sugerem que os sistemas agroflorestais à base de cacau são uma alternativa econômica e ecologicamente sustentáveis para recompor a cobertura vegetal das áreas degradadas pelo desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira, além de proporcionar a mitigação dos danos ambientais provocados pelo desmatamento.The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has caused concern in civil society and global scientific research in fact demanding mitigate environmental impacts caused by this phenomenon. This thesis aims to analyze use of central agroforestry to cocoa as an alternative for recovery of degraded areas by deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. So are three works that discuss this dressed. The first study performs a documentary research of the scientific production in the Brazilian Amazon on agroforestry systems with Cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) seeking to identify the main scopes in which these searches are included, as well as subsidizing the prospect for additional scopes for further research. The second study examines the use of agroforestry systems based on cocoa as an alternative sustainable vegetation cover for recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as, compares the income of two agroforestry systems, an agricultural research and indicated another alternative, deployed in the area of rural producer. Finally, the third study examines the growth and yield of wood plants of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) used as final shading in agroforestry cocoa base deployed in a country estate in the Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, in soils of the Earth type Structured Rock and Red Yellow Podzolic. The results show that over 47 species of plants native to the region or business value are considered exotic in different agroforestry systems based on cacao grown in the region. The profitability indicators obtained from two systems analyzed indicate that these systems are financially viable and can be financed by the program officer rural credit aimed at implementation of agroforestry systems in the Amazon, the FNO-biodiversity, as well as the amounts of atmospheric carbon sequestered by these systems approach the native forests. And finally, the plants of mahogany used as shading on these systems have had good development in height and diameter, and yield of wood was superior to that found in natural conditions in the forests of the region. These results suggest that the cocoa-based agroforestry systems are an economically and ecologically sustainable alternative to recompose the vegetal covering of areas degraded by deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, in addition to providing the mitigation of environmental damage caused by deforestation.
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Mushi, Hawa Kaisi [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleyer, Pius Zebhe [Akademischer Betreuer] Yanda, and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Siebenhüner. "Comparing perceptions and realities of non-timber forest products extraction, agricultural practices and land use change along the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania / Hawa Kaisi Mushi ; Michael Kleyer, Pius Zebhe Yanda, Bernd Siebenhüner." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205879080/34.
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McNitt, David C. "Spatial Ecology of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in the Appalachian Mountains of Western Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93275.
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Despite the prevalent distribution of bobcats in western Virginia and the broader region of Appalachia, there is a paucity of information on their spatial ecology in this region. Due to the unique ecological conditions of Appalachia, and increasing public interest surrounding the role of bobcats as predators in the region, there is a need for local information on bobcat ecology. I utilized data from 20 GPS collared bobcats (14M, 6F) to investigate bobcat spatial ecology in the mountains of Western Virginia. Average resident male home range size was 33.9 ± 2.6 km^2, nearly 3 times larger than average resident female home range size (12.1 ± 2.4 km^2). Seasonal areas of use did not differ in size among seasons, but exhibited minor shifts in location and shape. Average male movement rates (232.3 ± 12.0 meters/hour) were 1.5 times greater than average female movement rates (154.4 ± 8.9 meters/hour). Male movement rates increased during the dispersal season and female movement rates increased during the denning/kitten-rearing season. Second order resource selection analysis indicates that bobcats of both sexes select home ranges at higher elevations than expected at random, and that selection varies between sexes and among seasons. Third order resource selection analysis indicates that bobcats select for locations near open canopy structure, and avoid forest interior. These findings build upon previous findings regarding bobcat diet and population dynamics to provide a comprehensive understanding of basic bobcat ecology in western Virginia, and will inform further research investigating predator/prey interactions.Master of Science
Despite the prevalent distribution of bobcats in western Virginia and the broader region of Appalachia, there is a paucity of information on their spatial ecology in this region. Due to the unique ecological conditions of Appalachia, and increasing public interest surrounding the role of bobcats as predators in the region, there is a need for local information on bobcat ecology. I utilized data from 20 GPS collared bobcats (14M, 6F) to investigate bobcat spatial ecology in the mountains of Western Virginia. I found that male bobcats use more space than females, with home ranges nearly 3 times larger and movement rates 1.5 times higher. I found that home ranges do not expand or contract throughout the year, but do shift in shape slightly. I found that bobcats select home ranges at higher elevations, indicating that home ranges are predominantly located on ridges. I found that selection of home ranges differed between sexes and seasons, indicating that shifts in home range shape throughout the year reflect varying habitat selection. Within their home ranges, I found that bobcats select for areas of open canopy resulting from fields, fire, and timber harvest; and avoid areas of forest interior. These findings build upon previous findings regarding bobcat diet and population dynamics to provide a comprehensive understanding of basic bobcat ecology in western Virginia, and will inform further research investigating predator/prey interactions.
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Tran, Tram Anh Teresa. "Convergence: A New Future for the Samuel Madden Homes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90881.
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Housing in prosperous American cities is becoming increasingly expensive, forcing many municipal governments to re-evaluate how they will continue to serve lower-income residents and ensure equitable access to housing and resources. In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) has worked in recent years to partner with private developers to convert its existing stock of low-density, designated-affordable housing into more dense, mixed-income communities. This is possible because many of its existing communities sit on land in now-prime locations where the City currently allows the most density, as well as bonus density through a variety of mechanisms.
While these projects have succeeded to some extent, the City is unfortunately still seeing a rapid rise in rents accompanied by a rapid decrease in available affordable housing of all types, in both privately-developed and publicly-subsidized communities. Increasing income disparity is also simultaneously driving lower-income to middle-class residents to suburban and exurban sites where limited access to municipal resources and public transportation can be highly detrimental to quality of life.
While additional density is the knee-jerk response to many of affordability's challenges, often the resulting built solutions seem incomplete – achieving the basic goal of housing more residents, but failing to build thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. After all, the pragmatics of building generally point towards maximizing square footage, monetary return, and speed of delivery by using conventional and commonly-accepted solutions, with less energy given to resident outcomes, and how people might be affected by the change to their living environments and communities.
As Jan Gehl and Jane Jacobs examined in Cities for People and The Death and Life of Great American Cities respectively, simple pragmatics do not make for livable environments. A truly humanist approach to design for living in cities requires not only good policy, practice, and engagement, but also architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings.
Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments.
Its primary objectives are:
• Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings.
• Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project.
• Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost.
• Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process.
• Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs.
• Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change.Master of Architecture
In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) owns several affordable housing sites in desirable locations that it has been working to convert into more dense, mixed-income housing in partnership with private developers. While these projects have succeeded to some extent, housing in the City continues to become increasingly expensive, and wages for low-income and lower-middle class residents are not keeping pace with the increase in cost of living. This phenomenon is pushing many long-time and/or lower-wage residents to the suburbs and exurbs, limiting access to municipal resources and public transportation, and reducing quality of life. As a result, communities and families with long histories in the City are breaking apart and dispersing. Many advocates, policymakers, designers, and developers have turned to additional density as the most immediate response to these concerns. However, additional density isn’t enough; new buildings may house more people, but fail to address the other aspects of building thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. Good housing and good communities need more than square footage, so it is time to look beyond conventional solutions. New approaches are needed to respond to how people are affected by changes to their living environments and communities, and create the kinds of positive outcomes that should be part of any new housing project. Therefore, if we want to design for living in cities, we have to have good policies, practices, and engagement, but we also need architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings. Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments. Its primary objectives are: • Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings. • Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project. • Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost. • Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process. • Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs. • Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change.
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Dressler, Wolfram Heinz. "Old thoughts in new ideas : Tagbanua forest use and state conservation measures at Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan Island, Philippines." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85154.
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This study examines how Tagbanua responses to changes in conservation approaches have shaped forest access and use in relation to the political economy of a buffer zone village on Palawan Island, the Philippines. A recent shift from "fences and fines" to "devolved" conservation at Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Cabayugan has been lauded in government and non-governmental circles to support Tagbanua livelihoods while preserving the rain forest. Concurrently, however, the Tagbanua have adjusted to migrants dispossessing them of land, controlling the trade in forest products, and the means of agricultural production. Given that conservation and local resource access and use now intersect, this study asks whether "community-based" conservation can fulfill its own objectives while addressing older disparities in social relations of production and exchange.A history of national park and cadastral zoning has restricted Tagbanua access to forest resources while supporting settler migration onto public lands. The two-way process of park zoning and migrant control over trade and productive resources has become interrelated and shaped the evolution of conservation in Cabayugan from 1971-2001. Although older "fences and fines" criminalized traditional resource uses, such as swidden (kaingin), and supported state interests in expanding paddy rice cultivation (basakan ), newer community-based approaches have carried on this agenda. Going against its purported benefits, such conservation has supported the livelihoods of dominant households, both politically and economically. Over time, these households have used political economic opportunities to build on and influence how projects support their livelihoods, which has exacerbated socio-economic differences between both social groups. As a result, conservation practitioners have continued to tie into and support wealthier households' production, while fulfilling the state's agenda of curbing swidden. Confined to unequal trade and restrictions over swidden, Tagbanua livelihoods remain vulnerable and have difficulty sustaining paddy rice. With few options to reinvest, they fail to access those socio-political and economic networks that enable participation in projects that support more lucrative cultivation. Despite good intentions, current attempts by state practitioners and non-governmental organizations at livelihood development for conservation have proven to be more divisive than effective.
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Chagas, Germano de Freitas. "Manejo florestal comunitário de frutos como estratégia de conservação da palmeira Juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-16042015-111404/.
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A principal estratégia empregada com o intuito de assegurar a conservação da biodiversidade tem sido a implementação de áreas protegidas, especialmente aquelas de uso restrito, que muitas vezes deixa de considerar no seu estabelecimento a cultura, contexto socioeconômico e político ou o meio de vida das comunidades no entorno que antes interagiam com a área. Entretanto diversos trabalhos têm demonstrado o potencial de se promover esta conservação através de sistemas produtivos, harmonizando proteção dos recursos naturais ao desenvolvimento territorial. Neste contexto, o presente estudo aborta o potencial do manejo florestal comunitário, destinado à produção de frutos, em promover a conservação da palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.), espécie drasticamente sobreexplorada pelo corte ilegal de palmito. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento da estrutura populacional e da produção de frutos em áreas de sistemas agroflorestais, florestas secundárias manejadas e áreas de proteção integral no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, na área de abrangência do Núcleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Foram também realizadas estimativas de retorno econômico para o manejo de frutos e de palmito. Constatou-se que o manejo florestal comunitário, especialmente em florestas secundárias, é mais efetivo em conservar a juçara que áreas sob uso restrito. Paralelamente, o manejo destinado à obtenção de frutos se mostrou mais rentável que o manejo de palmito, além de ser mais favorável à conservação da espécie e à disponibilidade de frutos para a fauna.The establishment of protected areas has been considered the main strategy to ensure biodiversity conservation, especially those of restricted use, which often fails to address local issues such as culture, socioeconomic and political context or the livelihoods of communities the used to have straight interaction with the landscape. However, several studies have demonstrated the potential to promote conservation through productive systems, while harmonizing protection of natural resources to territorial development. In this context, the present study addresses the potential of community forestry in promoting the conservation of juçara palm, a species drastically overharvested by illegal cutting of palm hearts. Thus, the population structure and fruit production in agroforestry systems, managed secondary forests and strictly protected areas were surveyed. Estimates of economic return for fruit and palm heart management were also made. It was found that community forest management, especially in secondary forests is more effective for conserving juçara than areas under restricted use regime. In the meanwhile, the management to obtain fruits was more profitable than the management for palm heart, besides being more favorable for the species conservation and fruit availability for wildlife.
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Kiss, Leslie. "A study of five timber harvesting systems used for streamside logging." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24428.
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A survey of thirty-nine (39) industrial forest engineers was conducted to provide guidelines as to what harvesting system is best suited to specific stand and topographic variables when extracting streamside timber. The advantages and disadvantages of the operational characteristics of the standard highlead spar, mini spar, slackline, grapple yarder and rubber tire skidder are discussed both in terms of site disturbance and wood debris in British Columbia Coastal streams.
Productivity and cost data are analyzed for the standard highlead spar, grapple yarder and rubber tire skidder for three selected streamside conditions. The extra cost incurred by the forest sector to comply with stream protection measures requested by fisheries personnel for pre and post harvesting treatments is also presented.
Findings indicate that specific topographic and timber conditions, plus the limitations of each harvesting system dictate the selection of the system when logging adjacent to small British Columbia Coastal streams. The grapple yarder is shown to be the most cost effective and efficient system for streamside timber harvest and stream debris management. The stump to dump productivities for the highlead spar, grapple yarder and rubber tire skidder are found to differ. For the three terrain conditions cited, the grapple yarder is shown to be most productive, while the rubber tire skidder is the least costly. Stream protection costs for fisheries concerns were found to be a substantial extra cost to the forest sector. Debris clean-up costs in particular, ranged from $3.00 to $15.00 per lineal metre of stream. The recommendations of the survey respondents and current literature all clearly demonstrate that each area to be harvested having fish values must be dealt with on a site specific basis.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Seago, Allan. "A new user interface for musical timbre design." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://oro.open.ac.uk/43254/.
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This thesis characterises and addresses problems and issues associated with the design of intuitive user interfaces for timbral control. The usability of a range of synthesis methods and representative implementations of these methods is assessed, and three interface architectures - fixed architecture, architecture specification and direct specification - are identified. The characteristics of each of these architectures, as well as problems of usability inherent to each of them are discussed; it is argued that none of them provide intuitive tools for the manipulation and control of timbre. The study examines the nature of timbre and the notion of timbre space; different kinds of timbre space are considered and criteria are proposed for the selection of suitable timbre spaces as vehicles for synthesis. A number of listening tests, designed to demonstrate the feasibility of subsequent work, were devised and carried out; the results of these tests provide evidence that, where Euclidean distances between sounds located in a given timbre space are reflected in perceptual distances, the ability of subjects to detect relative distances in different parts of the space varies with the perceptual granularity of the space. Three contrasting timbre spaces conforming to the proposed criteria for use in synthesis are constructed; the purpose of these spaces is to provide an environment for a novel user interaction approach for timbral design which incorporates a search strategy based on weighted centroid localization. Two prototypes which exemplify the proposed approach in alternative ways are designed, implemented and tested with potential users in order to validate the approach; a third contrasting prototype which represents a simple contrasting alternative is tested for purposes of comparison. The results of these tests are evaluated and discussed, and areas of further work identified.
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Schauerte, Tobias. "Investigating Consumer Perceptions by applying the Extended Association Pattern Technique : A Study on Wooden Multistory Houses." Doctoral thesis, Växjö : Växjö University Press, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-6539.
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Chen, Yue. "Structural performance of box based cross laminated timber system used in floor applications." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33959.
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The current outbreak of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) in the province of British Columbia (B.C.) is the most extensive disturbance event occurring in North American forests in recorded history. The concept of converting the beetle killed wood into engineered wood products by defect removal and reconstitution is employed to maximize value recovery from the material. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), which is produced in modular form and can be utilized as part of a structural system for floor, wall or roof elements, is considered as an excellent application of the concept. CLT originates from Europe. Such products have been developed as a proprietary product by individual companies aimed at servicing specific markets. There is a need to investigate different ways of making CLT and to define its structural performance suitable for North America. The main focus of this study is to investigate the structural performance of box based CLT system used in floor applications.
Comprehensive three dimensional finite element models, which can be used to analyze the mechanical and vibration behavior of the plate and box type structures, were developed. Four prototype box elements, each having five replicates, were designed and manufactured locally. Third point bending tests were conducted on the specimens in the Timber Engineering and Applied Mechanics (TEAM) Laboratory at the University of British Columbia. The numerical analysis agreed well with experimental data in terms of vertical deflection and bending stiffness. Vibration, which is critical to floor serviceability, was also studied. Three types of excitation were applied to measure the fundamental frequency of the twenty specimens. Finite element analysis provided good predictions of fundamental frequency values comparing to the experimental results. A local built demonstration building, L41home, was presented and analyzed as an example using the tools developed in this study for CLT applications.
As a pioneer research of CLT materials in North America, this work has contributed to the understanding of the structural performance of floor systems using CLT panels for the commercial and residential applications.
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Nejedlý, Petr. "Polyfunkční dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-410058.
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The subject of this thesis is a new mixed-use building in Brno in the part of Pisárky. The building will have one basement and four aboveground floors. In the basement will be a collective garage and apartment accessories. In the ground floor are designed offices for rent. On the first to fourth floor are designed eight flats. The main entrance to the building and the entrance to the property is situated on the northeast side of Vinařská street. The mixed-use house is designed from a wall structural system. The basement basement, first floor and staircase space is designed of lime-sand blocks, with a ceiling construction of monolithic iron concrete slabs. The bearing structure of the second to fourth floors is designed as a timber structure building. The roof structure will be double-skinned, flat with a vegetation layer with extensive greenery.
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Dunn, Ingrid. "Structure, Composition, and Regeneration of Cross Timbers Forest Fragments in Different Land Use Contexts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799466/.
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Throughout its current range, the Cross Timbers forest ecosystem is vulnerable to land-use change. In this study, we examined the surrounding land use matrix on the vegetation structure, composition and regeneration of six Cross Timbers forest fragments in Denton County, Texas (north of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex). Two fragments adjacent to agricultural land, two to residential neighborhoods, and two formally protected forest sites were selected. In summer 2015, five 100 m2 plots were randomly established in each fragment at least 200 meters from the edge. In each plot, all live and dead trees ≥ 3 cm diameter were identified and their height and diameter at breast height (DBH at 1.3 m aboveground) measured. Evidence of dumping (presence of trash) was recorded as an index of human frequentation. Differences in vegetation structure among the forest fragments were found. Most notably, fragments adjacent to agriculture contained 25% to 50% fewer trees per hectare than all other sites (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.02), especially trees <10 cm DBH. However, residential fragments had fewer trees that were ≥15 cm DBH compared to the other fragments, indicating that these are the youngest of the forest patches surveyed. Trash was observed in 60% of plots surveyed at residential forest sites, showing high levels of human frequentation compared to the protected and agricultural forest sites. Agricultural sites contained the lowest number of recorded tree species and were most similar to each other, sharing 91% of species. These findings indicate that surrounding land use affects forest structure and composition, consequently affecting valuable ecosystem services including wildlife habitat, aesthetics and recreation.
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Compton, Gary. "The influence of performance background on instrumentalists' ability to discriminate and label cornet and trumpet timbre." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001605.
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Samuelsson, Jimmy, and Yahya Debes. "Tillämpning av träbaserat modulväggsystem för påbyggnad av efterkrigstidens flerbostadshus : Utifrån energikrav och ekonomiska förutsättningar." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36209.
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Syfte: Nya svenska energikrav definieras som nära-nollbyggnader för både nybyggnation och renovering, där man strävar efter en årlig balans mellan ingående och utgående energi för byggnaden. Påbyggnad genom prefabricerade modulsystem med bärande väggar av korslimmat massivträ har genom internationella studier visat sig både tids- och kostnadseffektiv vid renovering. Målet med rapporten är att undersöka möjligheten att tillämpa detta påbyggnadssystem för svenska renoveringsprojekt av efterkrigstidens flerbostadshus som både är kostnadseffektivt och som klarar nya svenska energikrav. Metod: Rapporten syftar till att besvara frågeställningarna genom en fallstudie. Inledningsvis, under en litteraturstudie, beskrivs incitament till påbyggnation vid renovering. Utefter en dokumentanalys av referensbyggnaden, utförs sedan energi- och kostnadsjämförelser mellan påbyggnation av korslimmade massivträväggar och platsbyggd träregelkonstruktion. Resultat: Svenska efterkrigstidens bostadsbestånd visar sig, via renovering och påbyggnation, ha hög potential för att positiv påverka den i Sverige genomsnittliga specifika energianvändningen samtidigt som det erbjuder snabb och kostnadseffektiv urban bostadsförtätning. Den värmeisolerande förmågan för korslimmat massivträ är, för en påbyggnad, likvärdigt det av platsbyggd träkonstruktion. Beräkningarna visar däremot hur byggnation från efterkrigstiden har svårt att uppnå krav för nära-nollenergihus. Kostnad för montering av påbyggnadsstomme och innerväggar m.m. visar på ca 2,7 % besparing för förslag av korslimmat massivträ. Konsekvenser: Rapporten lyfter fram möjligheterna kring renovering av svenska flerbostadshus från efterkrigstiden och fördelarna att göra detta i kombination med påbyggnation. Det finns goda förutsättningar för implementering av korslimmade massivträväggar även i svenska påbyggnadsprojekt och detta till något lägre pris och arbetstid gentemot platsbyggd konstruktion. Trots att detta vilar mycket på valet av prefabricering, har undersökningen lyckats exponera ett befogat alternativ för påbyggnadsprojekten i framtiden. Eventuella svårigheter i att uppnå nya energikrav vid renovering av äldre bostadsbestånd har även lyfts fram i rapporten. Begränsningar: Kontroll av bärförmåga för referensbyggnaden via konstruktionsmässiga beräkningar genomförs inte i denna rapport. Beräkning av livscykelkostnad ingår inte i detta arbete. Rapporten fokuserar istället på ekonomisk effektivitet i produktionsskedet. Rapporten fokuserar sin undersökning kring åtgärder för energianvändning och berör inte eventuella åtgärder för t.ex. högre tillgänglighet.Purpose: New Swedish energy requirements are defined as Near Zero Energy Buildings for both new construction and renovation, with the purpose of balancing energy entering and exiting the building. Vertical attic extensions through prefabricated module system containing loadbearing walls of cross laminated timber has, by international studies, shown the potential for time and cost efficiency during renovation projects. The purpose of this inquiry is to examine the possibility to apply this extension system for Swedish renovation projects on post-war residential buildings that are both cost effective and that satisfies new Swedish energy regulations. Method: The report aims to answer the questions through a case study. Initially a literature study describes the incentives of vertical attic extensions and renovation. Then through a document analysis of a reference building, energy and cost comparisons are carried out between an attic extension of cross laminated timber and wood construction assembled on site. Findings: The Swedish post-war housing stock shows high potential through renovation and attic extension, to positively influence the Swedish average specific energy use while simultaneously providing fast and cost effective urban densification. The heat insulating performance of cross laminated timber is, for an attic extension, equivalent that of an on-site assembled wood construction. However, calculations shows difficulties for post-war housing stock to achieve the requirements for Near Zero Energy Buildings. The cost for assembling extending structure and interior walls etc. reveals approximately 2,7 % savings with cross laminated timber. Implications: The report brings forth the possibilities regarding renovation of the Swedish post-war stock of multifamily housing and the advantages of doing so in combination with vertical attic extensions. There are good conditions for implementation of cross laminated timber walls even in Swedish extension projects, while having the potential to lower costs slightly and saving time in relation to on site construction. Even though the results depend a lot on the choice of prefabrication, the study has exposed a valid alternative for future attic extension projects. The report also reveals potential difficulties in achieving new energy requirements for renovation of older housing stock. Limitations: Verification of load capacity through constructional calculations are not performed in this inquiry. Calculating the life-cycle cost is not a part of this project, which instead focuses on economic efficiency during production. The report focuses its research at energy-saving measures and doesn’t concern measures regarding for example higher accessibility.
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Barthet, Mathieu. "De l'interprète à l'auditeur : une analyse acoustique et perceptive du timbre musical." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418296.
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Découvrir quels sont les paramètres acoustiques corrélés à l'expression musicale revêt un intérêt fondamental afin d'améliorer notre compréhension de la perception musicale, et trouve de multiples applications en synthèse sonore. L'interprétation musicale est un acte au cours duquel un instrumentiste traduit le signal notationnel d'un compositeur en sons musicaux, tout en impliquant son propre jugement. Si la plupart des études sur l'interprétation musicale portent sur le rythme, la dynamique, ou les hauteurs, bien moins se consacrent au timbre. Cet attribut perceptif du son, à la fois lié à l'identité de la source sonore et à la qualité sonore, semble pourtant être un paramètre musical essentiel. L'objet de cette thèse, dont l'approche repose sur l'analyse-synthèse, est de mieux comprendre le rôle du timbre dans l'interprétation musicale.Une étude de dissemblance réalisée sur des sons de synthèse de clarinette, obtenus à partir d'un modèle physique, a permis d'évaluer l'influence du contrôle instrumental (pression d'alimentation et pince) sur les timbres produits par l'instrument. Des enregistrements d'extraits musicaux joués un grand nombre de fois par un même clarinettiste professionnel sur un instrument naturel selon différentes intentions musicales (“scolaire" et “expressive") ont ensuite été analysés. Les mécanismes de transmission de l'expression musicale ont ainsi pu être étudiés au travers de changements de timbre, de rythme et de dynamique. Certaines variations de timbre (variations de qualité sonore au sein des notes et entre les différentes notes) sont reproduites de manière systématique par l'interprète lorsque son intention musicale est la même. La nature de ces variations change lorsque l'intention expressive change, ce qui tend à prouver que les musiciens agissent sur certaines dimensions du timbre afin de varier leur expression. Deux expériences perceptives complémentaires ont révélé que la nature des évolutions temporelles de la brillance des notes influe sur les préférences musicales des auditeurs. La qualité musicale de séquences inexpressives, produites sur des instruments de type entretenu à l'aide d'échantillonneurs, a notamment pu être améliorée de manière significative grâce à un contrôle de la brillance par filtrage dynamique.
L'ensemble de ces travaux appuie l'idée que les variations morphologiques temporelles de timbre (par ex. variations temporelles de brillance) constituent l'un des vecteurs de l'expression musicale.
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Bamford-Milroy, Ian. "Berg’s response to swing in jazz : the composer’s use of rhythm, texture and timbre in this context." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1353.
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This thesis strongly queries the idea of classical music and jazz as most associable through the idea of ‘syncopation’. Certainly, along with elements of instrumental timbre, that aspect has established a relationship, but only superficially. In the 1920s, the crucial dependence of jazz on a lilting manner of enunciation remained obscured by a high average tempo. With the lowering of tempo in the 1930s, however, the 2:1 lilting of ‘swing’ came to the fore, and, in providing a basis for the strongest international showing by jazz musicians, showed that a view of jazz based on syncopation had lost any deeper form of relevance. This development also exposed the extent to which classical music had marginalized that manner of enunciation since the eighteenth century, and to which jazz had attracted racist views by cultivating a rhythmic type viewed as morally base.This affective vacuum drew in the composer Alban Berg, as whether deliberately or not a mediator for cultural sensitivities. In particular, Berg’s return to legato forms of polyrhythm in the 1930s came about charged with meaning, not least for a composer in the German tradition. Since classical composers could no longer use swing-like effects overtly for serious purposes, The unfashionable, indeed the transformed return by this composer to legato polyrhythm while introducing the saxophone to works as an obbligato, stands increasingly open to consideration as a form of response by him to 2:1 scansion in jazz, by creating a ‘hobbled swing’ kind of effect. The use of polyrhythmic textures and of crotchet-quaver patterns under a triplet bracket, especially in Berg’s second opera, Lulu and in his Violin Concerto, reveals an extremely unusual approach that heightens the idea of a response to swing in jazz and even points to awareness on the composer’s part.
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Lochstampfor, Mark Lewis. "The effects of timbre on aural skills : an exploration of the attributes of timbre and spectral parsing for sounds used in aural training /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487685204968426.
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Woxblom, Lotta. "Warp of sawn timber of Norway spruce in relation to end-user requirements : quality, sawing pattern and economic aspects /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5860-9.pdf.
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