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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber species'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

MULIYANA ARIFUDIN and WAHYUDI. "MACRO- FEATURES AND DENSITY OF VARIOUS TIMBER SPECIES FROM PAPUA." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol6.iss2.207.

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This research highlights diversity of macro-features and density of major timber species from Papua. Thirty-one species of air-dried timber with sample size of 13 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm gathered across Papua were used for density measurement and macro-features observation, cover of colors, grain orientation, and wood texture. The results showed that whitish and straw to yellow brown are dominant color of timber mostly harvested from Papua tropical forest. Their grain orientations are mostly straight, while their textures are medium. With regard to their density, Xantostemum spp is the heaviest timber having density of 1,25 g/cm3 while Alstonia scholaris is the lightest species of timber with density of 0.29 g/cm3. Therefore, majority Papua`s timber species studied are classified into light class species or low density timbers. Pulp and paper, veneer, plywood, flooring, meubels, indoor urnitures and handles or woody utensils are the potential uses of these timber species.
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2

Hegde, Nagaraj, Suresh Kumar, Kenyusinlo Khing, and Gopichand B. "Evaluation of Wood Quality of Underutilized Indigenous Timber Species for Reducing Timber Scarcity: A Case of Mizoram, North-East India." Science & Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2021.09.01.07.

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Timber demand and supply gap has widened over the last few decades across different regions of the world. Indian scenario is no different. In the last decade though India’s forest cover has increased at a very slow pace, in north eastern part of India, there is a loss of forest cover at an alarming rate. This is a cause of concern for this region which is already depending only on handful of quality timbers for the structural and commercial purposes. Under this scenario, few alternative options should be looked at like exploring promising indigenous fast-growing species, or exploring some lesser-known timber species available naturally in the forest. Therefore, wood quality parameters of such timber species should be tested so as to know the specific utility of these timbers. In this study of Mizoram, wood quality parameters of five underutilized timber species were assessed and three out of five species have shown considerable quality as compared to Teak and many other mainstream species. Few selected properties are highlighted in this paper to indicate possible utility of selected species to reduce the gap in demand and supply of wood as raw material. We focused mainly on anatomical properties, gross features and cell constituents of these species in this paper. The properties observed for lesser-known species are compared with twenty Indian mainstream timbers. The results have indicated that there is a need for further expanding the scope for exploring more such species so that timber requirement of the region is meted out.
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Sylvayanti, Sarah Putri, Naresworo Nugroho, and Effendi Tri Bahtiar. "Bamboo Scrimber’s Physical and Mechanical Properties in Comparison to Four Structural Timber Species." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010146.

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Bamboo scrimber is a sustainable engineered material that overcomes natural round bamboo’s various weaknesses. This study compared the bamboo scrimber’s mechanical (strength, stiffness, and ductility) to timber. The results showed that scrimber’s physical and mechanical properties are comparable, even superior, to wood, especially in compression. Scrimber has a higher density than timber. Its drier equilibrium moisture content indicates that scrimber is more hydrophobic than timbers. The maximum crushing strength (σc//), compressive stress perpendicular-to-fiber at the proportional limit (σcp⊥) and that at the 0.04” deformation (σc0.04⊥), shear strength (τ//), longitudinal compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec//), lateral compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec⊥), and modulus of rigidity (G) of scrimber are higher than those of timbers. Both scrimber’s and timber’s flexural properties (modulus of rupture (σb) and flexural modulus of elasticity (Eb)) are comparable. On the contrary, the tensile strength parallel-to-fiber (σt//) of scrimber is weaker than that of timber. Scrimber is high ductility (μ > 6) when subjected to compression perpendicular-to-fiber, medium ductility (4 < μ ≤ 6) when subjected to compression parallel-to-fiber, and low ductility (brittle) when subjected to bending, shear, or tensile parallel-to-fiber. The higher ductility of scrimber may give an alarm and more time before failure than timbers. Timbers have brittle to lower ductility when receiving each kind of loading scheme. The ratio of shear modulus to strength (G/τ) and compression modulus to strength parallel-to-fiber (EC∥/σC∥) strongly correlates with the ductility ratio. However, the ratio of the flexural modulus of elasticity to the modulus of rupture (Eb/σb) and the ratio of the modulus Young to compression stress perpendicular-to-fiber (Ec⊥/σcp⊥) do not strongly correlate to the ductility value.
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4

Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.

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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.
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5

Ruffinatto, Flavio, Gaetano Castro, Corrado Cremonini, Alan Crivellaro, and Roberto Zanuttini. "A new atlas and macroscopic wood identification software package for Italian timber species." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002102.

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Abstract Wood identification has never been more important to serve the purpose of global forest protection, by controlling international illegal timber trade and enabling the enforcement of timber trade regulations. Macroscopic wood identification is the fastest method for the first identification of an unknown timber and, with proper training, it can be performed by operators in the timber industry, restorers and curators of cultural heritage, wood traders, designers, students and customs officers. Here we describe a wood atlas and accompanying software, SIR-Legno, developed for the identification of 48 Italian timber species based on a recently proposed list of macroscopic features for wood identification. For each species the atlas provides a complete macroscopic description plus information on natural durability, end-use class, physico-mechanical properties, conservation status, maximum diameter of the bole and most frequent uses. For each genus covered by the atlas, information about species number, CITES-listed species, main commercial timbers, similarly-named timbers from other genera, geographical distribution and notes on species or species group recognition at macroscopic and microscopic level are provided. SIR-Legno is an educational product, a handy identification key and a tool to search woods by their natural durability, end-use class and physico-mechanical properties. Both the atlas and the software can be freely downloaded from the web. Thanks to the adoption of a codified list of characters and a transferable design, SIR-Legno can be easily replicated or expanded to other databases in order to include new species. SIR-Legno is freeware and works on any version of Windows.
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6

JHT, Admin. "KUALITAS KAYU LAPIS DARI DARI KOMBINASI KAYU AKASIA (Acacia auriculiformis) DAN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens) (Plywood Quality from Acacia auriculiformis and Peronema canescens timbers)." HUTAN TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v10i1.64.

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ABSTRACTIn order to increase plywood production in Indonesia, utilization the timbers coming from forest community is very important. Some species that widely planted at the forest community in DI Yogyakarta are akacia (Acacia auriculiformis) and sungkai (Peronema canescens). This research was aimed to know the combination some veneers formed of acacia timber and sungkai timber with the urea formaldehide resurfaced adhesive to producing the high quality plywood. The combination treatments were veneers from acacia timber (S1), veneer from sungkai timber (S2), veneer-core from acacia timber and veneer – face – back from sungkai timber (S3), and veneer-core from sungkai timber and veneer – face – back from akasia timber (S4). The experiment used complete randomized design with the further test using Tukey procedure in processing data. The research result showed that the treatment of veneer-core from acacia timber, and veneer-face-back from sungkai timber with the 60 #/MSGGL resurfaced adhesive have the better physical and mechanical property than the other treatments. Despitefully, sungkai timber has more decorative wood and a high commercial value.Keywords: Acacia, plywood, sungkai, veneer
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7

Helmling, Stephanie, Andrea Olbrich, Lena Tepe, and Gerald Koch. "Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of macerated vessels of 23 mixed tropical hardwood (MTH) species: a data collection for the identification of wood species in pulp and paper." Holzforschung 70, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0195.

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Abstract The identification of wood species in paper products is highly important for the enforcement of the newly established timber regulations regarding the control of illegal logging. In the context of European Timber Regulation (EUTR), in the present paper a database has been established containing reference samples and anatomical descriptions for the identification of 23 tropical timbers from Southeast Asia in pulp and paper products. The vessel elements and fibers of these mixed tropical hardwoods (MTH) were characterized by light microscopy. The woods in focus were macerated, embedded and compared visually and statistically. The collected microscopic data and images are helpful for the identification of the wood species used for paper production.
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Murillo-Sánchez, Ivonne Edith, Pablo López-Albarrán, Gustavo Santoyo-Pizano, Mauro Manuel Martínez-Pacheco, and Crisanto Velázquez-Becerra. "Molecular identification of timber species from sawn timber and roundwood." Conservation Genetics Resources 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-021-01193-9.

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9

Ihinmikaiye, Samuel Olatokunbo, Bernard Edache Ochekwu, Josiah Muonam Ikuli, Doris Akinjagunla Atinuke, and Abel Zikenal Keresinbofa. "Forest Tree Composition: A Comparative Study of Timber Species in Bayelsa State Nigeria." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.2.2.258.

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Measuring tree species diversity is critical for forest management, particularly where timber species suffer undue anthropogenic pressure. This study was carried out in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A sample plot was systematically chosen from randomly selected communities in each of the three senatorial districts Bayelsa West (BW), Bayelsa East (BE) and Bayelsa Central (BC) of the State. Each sample plots measured 25 m x 25 m and all timber tree species that were at least six feet above ground level within each sample plot were identified, counted and measured. Fifty individual timbers were encountered in the sample plot at Ogobiri community in BW, fifty-two at Kolo 1 community in BE and fifty-six at Gbarain community in BC belonged to 18, 16 and 14 different families respectively. Families with the largest number of species in the plots were Gentianaceae and Meliaceae, and the highest diversity indices were recorded from BE senatorial district. Generally, the basal area of the sample plots increases with an increase in diameter at breast height. The forested zones were on flat terrain characterized by seasonal flood inundation, and the similarities of timber species in the plots occurred as (BW-BC)> (BW-BE)> (BC-BE). Also, four tree species Coelocaryon preussii, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Milicia excelsa and Triplochiton scleroxylon were identified as rare species, and management options that would ensure ad infinitum supply of timber species were proposed.
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10

Wan Mohamad, Wan Hazira, Zakiah Ahmad, and Ashari Abd. Jalil. "Bending Strength of Glulam from Selected Malaysian Hardwood Timber." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.237.

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Malaysian government has already built the first glulam structure in Malaysia with the aim of demonstrating the potentialities of using indigenous hardwood timber for glulam. Since Malaysia possesses a vast variety of timber species, hence there is a need to identify suitable species for glulam manufacturing. This paper presents the bending performance of Malaysian hardwood glulam beams, manufactured from different categories namely heavy, medium and light hardwood timbers. A series of tests were carried out on the glulam beam that includes bending test, delamination test and shear test of glue line. Results in this study will be useful to manufacturers interested in using Malaysian hardwood for glulam beams.
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11

Hettiarachchi, M. T. P., and A. D. Nawagamuwa. "Embedment Strength of Tropical Timber Species." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 38, no. 1 (January 28, 2005): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v38i1.7206.

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12

Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.

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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of timbers mechanical properties is still almost non-existent. The present paper discusses possible ways to use and combine information from visual grading standards and non and semi-destructive techniques to predict the reference properties of timber members in service. The discussion has in mind studies conducted over the last years and the information provided by different guidelines, standards or papers recently published.
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13

Dias, Fabrício Moura, Tiago Hendrigo de Almeida, Victor Almeida De Araújo, Tulio Hallak Panzera, André Luis Christoforo, and Francsico Antonio Rocco Lahr. "Influence of the apparent density on the shrinkage of 43 tropical wood species." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 41, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 30947. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v41i2.30947.

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Recently, more wood species are gaining space in market. Hence, it is important to enlarge the utilization of non-traditional woods, which shall be able to replace the most popular species, provided that similar performances are respected. In contrast, the sustainable exploitations of natural resources by timber producers demand alternatives to exchange the use of restricted or blocked tropical wood species (e.g. Araucaria angustifolia) by other timbers, which are liable for commercial certification. This research, based on the test results obtained according to the Brazilian Standard prescriptions (NBR-7190 - Annex B), aimed at evaluating the influence of the apparent density on radial and tangential shrinkages, considering the results for forty-three Brazilian tropical wood species. Usually, this parameter is regarded as necessary to define the timber species to different applications. The results showed low dependence among those variables, considering the information from the literature.
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Shao, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Zhirong Yang, Changhui Jiang, Wei Li, Haohao Wu, Shaowei Wang, et al. "Feasibility Study on Hyperspectral LiDAR for Ancient Huizhou-Style Architecture Preservation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010088.

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Huizhou-style ancient architecture was one of the most important genres of architectural heritage in China. The architecture employed bricks, woods, and stones as raw materials, and timber frames were significant structures. Due to the drawback that the timbers were vulnerable to moisture and atmospheric agents, ancient timber buildings needed frequent protective interventions to maintain its good condition. Such interventions unavoidably disrupted the consistency between the original timber components. Besides this, the modifications brought about difficulty in correctly analysing and judging the state of existing ancient buildings, which, in current preservation practices, mainly rely on the expertise of skilled craftsmen to classify wood species and to identify the building-age of the timber components. Therefore, the industry and the research community urgently need a technique to rapidly and accurately classify wood materials and to discriminate building-age. In the paper, we designed an eye-safe 81-channel hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) to tackle these issues. The HSL used an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a spectral bandpass filter, offering the HSL measurements with 5 nm spectral resolution. Based on the HSL measurements, we analysed the relationship between the surface and cross-section spectral profiles of timber components from different ancient architectures built in the early Qing dynasty (~300 years), late Qing dynasty (~100 years), and nowadays, and confirmed the feasibility of using surface spectra of timber components for classification purpose. We classified building-ages and wood species with multiple Naive Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers by the surface spectra of timber components; this also unveiled the possibility of classifying gnawed timber components from its spectra for the first time. The encouraging experimental results supported that the AOTF-HSL is feasible for historic timber building preservation.
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Hocking, J. D. "Alternative tree species on farms." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2980.

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The more commonly and successfully grown species of timber trees, grown in New Zealand as alternatives to radiata pine, are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on site requirements and timber end uses. Their silviculture and marketing is considered. The groups covered are Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii), the cypresses (Cupressus species and hybrids), eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), acacias (Acacia melanoxylon and some others) and more briefly redwood (Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum) and poplars (Populus spp.).
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Munawaroh, Esti, Yupi Isnaini, Purity Sabila Ajiningrum, Siti Susiarti, and Y. Purwanto. "Cultural Significance Analysis to Support the Valuation of Non Timber Forest Products of the Malay Community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, Sumatera." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.52.

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The study of utilizing the diversity of non-timber forest product species by testing the value of cultural importance or Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) analysis aims to identify the species of non-timber forest products with highest importance value for local communities. The results of this study documented (1) list of species of non-timber forest products that have an important role in the Malay community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, including foodstuffs (51-77 plants), vegetable ingredients (21 plants), medicinal materials (> 77 plants), equipment materials (62 plants), pulp and paper materials (27 plants), and other non-timber forest products; (2) list of species of the potential non-timber forest products to be further developed as fruit-producing plants (12 species), vegetables (10 species), medicinal plants (6 species), pulp and paper-based plants (6 species), plywood (18 species), basic materials for manufacturing equipment, arts and other local technology (8 species); and (3) basic data on economic valuation studies of non-timber forest products. The potential species that have high importance value to be cultivated plants were rambai (Baccaurea spp.), cempunik (Artocarpus hispidum), durian (Durio zibethinus, Durio oxleyanus, and Durio spp.), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum and Nephelium spp.) for fruits, rotan jernang (Calamus draco and Calamus spp.) as a medicinal material, and other uses. Specifically the diversity of potential species of non-timber forest products will be discussed in this paper.
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Qiu, Jing, Jian Hong Tong, and Li Hui Chen. "Comparison of Various Glulam in Physical Properties and Flexural Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.880.

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The glulam is determined by, and therefore a representation of, a new kind of ecological structural materials. The aim of this study was to summarize the mechanical performance especially the flexural behavior of various kinds of glulam and the physical properties of their relevant original timbers including pseudotsuga menziesii, larch, Yi poplar, poplar, China fir, mongolian scotch pine and camphor. And then it established and analyzed the relationship between the two to contrast those timber species so as to provide engineers with some reference in selecting timber glulam.
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Ding, Fenglong, Ying Liu, Zilong Zhuang, and Zhengguang Wang. "A Sawn Timber Tree Species Recognition Method Based on AM-SPPResNet." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113699.

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Sawn timber is an important component material in furniture manufacturing, decoration, construction and other industries. The mechanical properties, surface colors, textures, use and other properties of sawn timber possesed by different tree species are different. In order to meet the needs of reasonable timber use and product quality of sawn timber products, sawn timber must be identified according to tree species to ensure the best use of materials. In this study, an optimized convolution neural network was proposed to process sawn timber image data to identify the tree species of the sawn timber. The spatial pyramid pooling and attention mechanism were used to improve the convolution layer of ResNet101 to extract the feature vector of sawn timber images. The optimized ResNet (simply called “AM-SPPResNet”) was used to identify the sawn timber image, and the basic recognition model was obtained. Then, the weight parameters of the feature extraction layer of the basic model were frozen, the full connection layer was removed, and using support vector machine (SVM) and XGBoost classifier which were commonly used in machine learning to train and learn the 21 × 1024 dimension feature vectors extracted by feature extraction layer. Through a number of comparative experiments, it is found that the prediction model using linear function as the kernel function of support vector machine learning the feature vectors extracted from the improved convolution layer performed best, and the F1 score and overall accuracy of all kinds of samples were above 99%. Compared with the traditional methods, the accuracy was improved by up to 12%.
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Kaba, Gemechu, Omer Hinde, Getachew Desalegn, Azmera Belachew, Saifu Amanuel, Eyuel Girmay, Mahadi Mussa, and Asfaw Gelan. "Utilization of Lesser-Used Timber Species in Clustered Furniture Industries of Ethiopia." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v3i1.492.

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Demand for all forest products has been increasing in Ethiopia, due to population, economic growth, and the rise in the construction sector. In the past, about 85% of this demand has been covered by indigenous timber species which are now endangered and protected from harvest. As an alternative, there are potential lesser-used timber species in the country that can be utilized to narrow down the gap between supply and demand. This study aims to describe the utilization practices of timber species and identify factors affecting the utilization of lesser-used timber species in furniture industries. The study was conducted in four (4) purposively selected towns based on their Wood business transaction and resource availability. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. A binary logit model was employed to estimate factors influencing the utilization of lesser-used timber species for industrial application. The results show that the majority of wood furniture industries still depend on pit sawed valuable indigenous timber species of the country. The result indicated that Cordia africana is the main type of timber species preferred to be utilized in the majority of furniture industries. It also indicated that there is a negative perception towards lesser-used timber species, less access to appropriate information, and skill training on wood processing. Therefore, the study implicates the need to intervene in changing perceptions toward these species and build the technical capacity of the wood industries through skill training.
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Macchioni, Nicola, Lorena Sozzi, and Giovan Battista Fidanza. "The Relationship between Carving Work and Timber Features: A Database for the Italian Wooden Statuary." Forests 13, no. 4 (March 27, 2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040517.

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Wood has a wide range of applications in the artistic field, most of the time used as a support for works of art, for example, in panel paintings. Compared with stones and metals, wood is by far the material most utilised for sculptures. Through the identification of wood species, a study of timbers used in statuary in Europe, with a deeper exploration of the works of art preserved in Italy, can provide further insights for historical–artistic studies. Indeed, in reality, generic wood does not exist, but there are different timbers. This is a notion that the wood fine carving artists/craftsmen knew well. The initial idea of this study was to verify whether timber features could influence the formal results in figurative carving; therefore, a specific database that had been developed to catalogue the carving works was used for which the identification of wood species was carried out through reliable methodologies. The aim of this research was to analyse the relationship between the timber species used in statuary, the formal results of carving, and the thickness of the preparatory layer, through the data stored in a specific database, called ArISStArt. It contains a sort of registry of artistic carving and inlay works: For each artefact, a record was compiled consisting of different fields, which contains the historical–artistic information available, including the images of the artefact and also types of timber/s used for its creation, with a link to the relative field. The number of the recorded artefacts is, at present, 480. On most of the artefacts, more than one sample was taken; therefore, the total number of identifications carried out corresponds to 691. Based on the results, the vast majority of wooden statuary is carved from hardwoods, more specifically hardwoods, with diffuse porosity and small variations in density within the growth ring. The timber most present is poplar, followed by lime and walnut. With the listed three timbers, almost 80% of the artefacts recorded in ArISStArt were created.
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Muhammad Redzuan, Fakhira Iwani, and Marina Yusoff. "Knots timber detection and classification with C-Support Vector Machine." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i1.1444.

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Timber knots recognition is of prime importance to further determine the timber grade. The recognition is normally based on the human expert’s eyes in which can lead to some flaws based on human limitations and weaknesses. The use of X-ray can cause emits radiation and can be dangerous to the workers. This paper addresses the employment of computational methods for knot detection. A pre-processing and feature extraction methods include contrast stretching, median blur and thresholding, gray scale and local binary pattern were used. More than 400 datasets of knot images of the tropical timbers, namely Acacia and Hevea Brasiliensis have been tested using C-support vector machine as a knot classifier. The findings demonstrate different performances for three types of kernel. Linear kernel function outperformed both radial basis function and polynomial kernel functions for Acacia and Hevea Brasiliensis species. Both species classifications using linear kernel have managed to achieve a promising accuracy. Knots classification with the used of support vector machine has shown a promising result to improve the classifier and test with different types of tropical timbers.
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Harnelly, E., Martunis, Hawati, and Iqbar. "Species richness and IUCN status of commercial timber in Kedah Forest, Leuser ecosystem." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012053.

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Abstract The Kedah Forest in Sumatra is one of the forests allocated for tourism and research purposes for the local or foreign communities. The Kedah Forest contains a wealth of biological natural resources, flora and fauna, including wood species with a high economic value (commercial). However, data on the diversity of commercial timber plant species in the area have not been recorded and documented, both in terms of tree species and their conservation status. This research aimed to identify commercial timber plant species and determine the population and conservation status of these species in the Kedah Forest. This study was carried out between October and December 2019. We assessed the species richness and the IUCN status of commercial timber species and assessed its conservation status in accordance with IUCN criteria. The result showed that Kedah Forest has 16 species of commercial timber plants from 11 families, of which six species of commercial timber plants have not been registered as commercial timber according to the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: 163/Kpts-II/2003 dated 26 May 2003. Four species of wood plants commercial forest in Kedah are listed on the IUCN Red List under the Near Threatened, Low Risk, and Data Less categories.
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23

Singh, Shyam. "Timber yielding plants of district Haridwar and adjacent Siwalik Hills." Annals of Plant Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.1.11.

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Timber yielding plant of district Haridwar are valuable and have great importance in forestry of Uttranchal state, Raja Ji National Park of Shiwalik Hills have a great varieties in the flora. About 93 families of the tree plants are found in the part and pathri forest of district Haridwar in which more Timer belongs to dicotyledons and some belong to group monocotyledons. Timber commonly used in plywood, Railway sleepers, building construction material and in furnitures. Total 100 plant species belonging to 93 families have been identified and specimen twig of some trees collected and preserved in the Herbarium of M.S.College, Saharanpur.
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Kuswandi, Relawan. "Timber Volume Estimation Model for Merchantable Tree Species in Sarmi Regency, Papua." Jurnal Wasian 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v3i2.1982.

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Precise forest inventory to estimate standing stock is needed in forest management planning. Therefore, it is necessary to have proper and reliable tools in estimating merchantable timber volume. This research was intended to build an accurate model to estimate timber volume for merchantable species in logging concession of PT Wapoga Mutiara Timber, Sarmi Regency. Regression equation between diameter and length did not have a significant correlation (coefficient of determination, R2 = 6.7 %). The best equation to estimate table tree volume based on validation test in logging concession of PT Wapoga Mutiara Timber was Log V = - 3.34 + 2.16 log d.
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Shrestha, Babita, Bhuvan Keshar Sharma, and Ram Kailash Prasad Yadav. "Valuation of timber and firewood of trees outside forest along the urban–rural gradient in Kathmandu valley, Nepal." Banko Janakari 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v32i2.50894.

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This study aims to analyze diameter class, quality class, wood production potential and timber and firewood values of trees outside forest along the urban-rural gradient in Kathmandu valley of central Nepal. Inventory was performed in 209 randomly selected points. Circular plots of 20 m radius were used for inventory. All trees (height > 1.3 m and DBH ≥ 5 cm) in the plots were identified to species level and their height, DBH & quality class were recorded. In total 6,210 trees (236.35 ha-1) of 150 species belonging to 111 genera and 57 families were recorded. The total merchantable timber volumes of timber class A and B, and total timber volumes were highest in the urban stratum (537.08, 84.88 and 621.96 cu ft ha -1 respectively) followed by rural (442.94, 66.82 and 509.76 cu ft ha -1 respectively) and suburban (250.04, 47.31 and 297.35 cu ft ha -1 respectively) strata. But due to higher merchantable price of tree species recorded in rural stratum, total market value of class A timber was higher in rural stratum (NPR 7,89,871/US$ 6,085), class B timber was higher in urban stratum (NPR 1,08,255/US$ 834), total timber was higher in rural stratum (NPR 8,70,410/US$ 6,706), firewood was higher in urban stratum (NPR 4,88,709/US$ 3,765) and total wood was higher in urban stratum (NPR 12,95,531/US$ 9,981). Cinnamomum camphora was found as tree species with highest market price of total wood value in the study area. The study provides the baseline data of useful timber species through TOF suggesting a need for appropriate timber producing species selection for plantation.
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Sieburg-Rockel, Jördis, and Gerald Koch. "Identification of wood species used in particleboard production." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10018.

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Abstract Wood and wood products including particleboard imported into the European Union (EU) are subject to the EU Timber Trade Regulation (EUTR) since 2013. With regard to the correct and complete required declaration, many such products not produced in the EU are currently investigated independently. The particles processed for the manufacture of particleboard are significantly smaller than solid wood samples. Thus, the preparation for anatomical analysis is more complex, as is their identification. The composition of the taxa identified allows a distinction between certain assortments according to the origin of the processed wood: temperate Europe; plantation-grown (worldwide); tropical and subtropical Asia; temperate Asia; tropical Africa. Important information for the evaluation of EUTR-subjected timbers in particleboard is provided.
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Brandes, Arno Fritz das Neves, Bruno Quiroga Novello, Davi Neves de Lemos, Leonardo Bona do Nascimento, Rafael Perpétuo Albuquerque, Neusa Tamaio, and Claudia Franca Barros. "Wood anatomy of endangered Brazilian tree species." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 510–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10037.

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Abstract Endangered Brazilian tree species are traded on national and international scales. Efficient control of wood supply chains is fundamental to both species and environmental conservation. Wood anatomy offers an effective method for timber screening and diagnosis, although diagnostic tools and reliable reference materials are required to verify the precise timber species commercialized. We present here anatomical information that can be used for the identification of the wood of endangered Brazilian tree species, including coded wood anatomy descriptions following standardized lists of macroscopic and microscopic features, stereomicroscope and bright field microscope micrographs, and reference data (wood collections with reference samples and anatomical descriptions). Description datasets and interactive identification keys (macroscopic and microscopic) were made available on the Xper3 web platform (http://gbg.sites.uff.br/lamad/) and can aid trained front-line staff or professional wood anatomists in trade control and forensic timber identifications of endangered Brazilian species.
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Prihatmaji, Yulianto P., Akihisa Kitamori, Satoru Murakami, and Kohei Komatsu. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Tropical Timber Hardwood Species: Promoting Javanese Inferior Timbers for Traditional Wooden Houses." Wood Research Journal 3, no. 1 (August 27, 2017): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2012.3.1.44-54.

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Recent earthquake hitting Java Island in Indonesia has caused many damaged to Javanese wooden houses, including Joglo-type building. The Traditional wooden houses use Teak wood or locally known as Jati (Tectona grandis) and Nangka wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus) as the primary construction material for both building structure and ornaments. Repair or reconstruction of the damaged house needs the same wood material (Teak wood) in order to get the same strength, durability, and prestige. Unfortunately, obtaining Teak wood in sufficient size is difficult because of limited quantity and very expensive price. Therefore, promoting substitute wood material having similar mechanical properties to Teak wood is needed. To understand the mechanical properties of timber for Javanese timber house, compression test, three point bending test, four point bending test and four point shear test were carried out in radial and tangential direction.In this paper, authors showed substitute wood materials for avanese timber houses from tropical timber. A total of 840 specimens made from 9 tropical timber species were tested. All tropical timber specimens showed that the MOE (Modulus of elasticity) had strong relationship with density. There was a clear trend that smaller density indicated smaller MOE. Yield stress described strong relationship with densities. From all specimens tested, shear modulus, shear strength and MOR showed quite strong relationship with densities. In terms of shear modulus, Acacia, Jati and Nangka had quite similar mechanical properties. For shear strength, Nangka closely resembled Jati while glued-Acacia had equal mechanical properties to Jati in terms of MOR.
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Kershaw, John A., Evelyn Richards, and John Larusic. "A Product Ratio Calculator for Northeastern Tree Species." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.4.307.

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Abstract PRCalc is a stand-alone Microsoft Windows-based program that calculates percent volume of timber products for a given tree list or stand table and product specifications. The program uses Honer's merchantable volume ratios approach. It can be used to assess stand value and to examine effects of varying dimensional species specifications for timber products. PRCalc develops merchantable ratios for both metric and imperial units.
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Sarsekova, Dani. "GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF POPLAR SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.646.

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A small area of forestation and an acute shortage of timber are reasons to seek ways to improve productivity and the rational use of forests in the territory of Kazakhstan. A deficit in timber can be compensated, to some extent, by planting stands of fast-growing plantation species, including top and hybrid Populus spp, which are commonly referred to as “poplar”.There is an increased interest in poplar, globally, due to its organic traits and the economic value it provides, including:rapid growth and ability to produce wood that is technically suitable for cutting within 20 years of planting;a source of suitable timber for use in most industries;the ability to grow in soils that are not generally suitable for agricultural use;a potential source of timber for widespread use in screening, landscape and recreational plantings; andthe ability of most poplar species and hybrids to asexually propagate.There has been extensive planting of poplar trees in Kazakhstan, especially in the south and south-east. Poplar trees have been planted in populated areas, along roads and in forest stands. However, these plantings are unsuitable as a source of timber for commercial or ornamental purposes. Hence, there is a need to establish plantations of poplar for timber supply in Kazakhstan.The most common types of poplar in this country are the deltoid, Algerian, and Bolle, which were used in the extensive greenery planting of southeastern Kazakhstan. The main factors ensuring high productivity of poplar plantations are the soil conditions of fertility, good aeration and adequate moisture. Results of this study indicate that the greatest height increase occurs in these trees between the age of 5 and 10 years, and for trunk diameter, between the age of 4 and 9 years. After this age, the growth rate gradual declines, with a sharp fall off in the rate noticeable between years 14 and 16. Additionally, results of this study show the high productivity of poplar plantations, in plot sizes 2.5 to 3 m by 1.5 to 2 m, with 2000 – 3000 trees per hectare. This compares with the production of timber mass from stands of 5000 – 7000 trunks per hectare, which leads to rapid growth of trees in height, but an earlier growth reduction in diameter.
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Ali Chew, Amirah, Nurul Atikah Seri, Wan Nur Syazni Wan Shaari, Mohd Hanafie Yasin, and Rohana Hassan. "Tensile Resistance of GFRP Wrapped Steel-Dowelled Half-Lap Timber Connection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.11 (July 21, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11.15938.

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Generally, the use of timber mainly focuses on simple structures or structures that can take small loads. This paper report on tensile resistance of steel dowelled timber connection wrapped with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). It involved experimental work in laboratory designed to determine the tensile strength behaviour for half-lap timber connections with steel dowel as the mechanical fasteners. Bintangor species representing strength group 5 and Yellow Meranti species representing strength group 6 were tested in the conditions of with and without the GFRP wrapping. The performances of the connections were observed using the European Yield Model (EYM) as the guideline. The EYM theory is generally used to determine the load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber, panel-to-timber and steel-to-timber connections, reflecting all possible modes of failures. All half-lap connection members were tested at the rate 0.0006 mm/min using the universal testing machine. As a result, it was found that the steel-dowelled half-lap timber connection with GFRP wrapping performed better than the timber connection without the wrapping. The ultimate load of GFRP wrapped connections made of Bintangor and Yellow Meranti species were found increased at 17% and 44% higher compared to the connection without the GFRP wrapping accordingly.
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32

Dünisch, Oliver. "Relationship between anatomy and vibration behaviour of softwoods and hardwoods." IAWA Journal 38, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170158.

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The influence of cell type and cell arrangement on the vibration characteristics of 91 softwood and hardwood species was studied under controlled conditions. The vibration of standardized wood plates was measured by means of high-resolution laser sensors with an accuracy of ± 0.02 μm and a sampling frequency of 30 kHz. First and second order waves within the vibration spectra were identified by Fast Fourier Transformation analysis. The amplitudes, the frequencies, and the duration of the waves of the 91 timber species were compared by means of principal component analysis. Special attention was paid to the influence of tracheids, vessels, storied rays, growth rings, and the anatomical direction of the wood on the vibration spectra. Due to significant differences in vibration between samples on which the vibration was induced in the transverse, radial, and tangential plane, a comparison between tree species was only possible if plates with precise and identical orientation of the grain were used. In plates with exactly oriented surfaces along the radial plane, distinct vibration characteristics were found in timber species with tracheids as ground tissue (softwoods), in timbers without distinct growth rings, and in timbers with storied rays. In contrast, no relationship was found between the arrangement of the vessels, the width of the xylem rays and the vibration characteristics of hardwoods.
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Balkrishna, Acharya, Bhasker Joshi, Anupam Srivastava, and B. Shukla. "Phyto-resources of Morni Hills, Panchkula, Haryana." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2018-p430i5.

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Forest and wild life are essential for ecological balance of an area. Forest is an important component of our environment and economy. Forest products are classified into timber forest products (TFPs) and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Morni Hills of Haryana is rich in floristic diversity having various species of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. Phytodiversity also supports wild-life in this area. In Morni Hills total 186 species were found which yield timber forest products (TFPs) and non-timber forest products (NTFPs).
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DEMARCHI, Layon Oreste, Veridiana Vizoni SCUDELLER, Livia Carvalho MOURA, Aline LOPES, and Maria Teresa Fernandez PIEDADE. "Logging impact on Amazonian white-sand forests: perspectives from a sustainable development reserve." Acta Amazonica 49, no. 4 (December 2019): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201802332.

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ABSTRACT Overexploitation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and local extinction. In the Brazilian Amazon, the intensive use of high-value timber species is leading to a decline in their populations. When in decline, these species can be replaced by less valuable and more common ones that are more feasible to exploit. We conducted interviews with residents of two communities in a sustainable development reserve in central Amazonia, and used free lists and the cognitive salience index (S) to assess the perceptions of residents regarding the occurrence and purpose of timber exploitation, and to identify possible endangered species in white-sand and terra-firme forests. In addition, to infer possible consequences of logging, we assessed the current population status of timber species cited by residents in forest-plot inventories carried out within the reserve. S-index values and interviewee reports suggested an intensive use of terra-firme timber species and an apparently recent increase in the exploitation of white-sand species, which did not use to be exploited because of their relatively low commercial value. The inventories showed that the white-sand timber species have high relative densities and low S values in contrast to the terra-firme species, which mostly have low relative densities and high S values. Our results highlight the need to identify and monitor relevant timber species in both terra-firme and white-sand forests, and to increase the involvement of the local community in the development of logging management practices.
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Elsener, Roman, Ulrike Dackermann, Jian Chun Li, Bijan Samali, and Keith Crews. "Experimental Investigations of Material Properties of Timber Utility Poles Using Various Material Testing Approaches." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.265.

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This paper presents an investigation of using different material testing approaches to determine material properties of timber utility poles from two hardwood tree species, i.e. Spotted Gum and Tallowwood. The material properties investigated are the Modulus of Electricity (MOE), the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and the compression strength (CS) in longitudinal direction as well as radial and tangential directions of the cross section of the poles. These material properties are needed for the accurate modelling of timber poles using Finite Element Method (FEM) for the study of stress wave propagation and damage detection in timber utility poles. In open literatures, for most timber species such comprehensive material property data are scarce to find. Typically, material properties available are only in the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, most international standards cover only details on material testing in longitudinal direction and no coherent nor comprehensive guidelines are given for the testing of the full orthotropic material properties of timber. Hence, an extensive study is deemed necessary to investigate a suitable approach to determine full material properties of timber. Two hardwood timber species, namely Spotted Gum and Tallowwood are selected for this investigation. Beside full material properties, the investigation is extended to examine different material testing approaches (bending, compression and tension testing) for the determination of the same material properties. The presented material testing is conducted on numerous small clear specimens as well as on four full scale 5 m long timber pole specimens of the two mentioned hardwood tree species.
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Pakull, Birte, Lasse Schindler, Malte Mader, Birgit Kersten, Celine Blanc-Jolivet, Maike Paulini, Maristerra R. Lemes, et al. "Development of nuclear SNP markers for Mahogany (Swietenia spp.)." Conservation Genetics Resources 12, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-020-01162-8.

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Abstract Swietenia species are the most valuable American tropical timbers and have been heavily overexploited for decades. The three species are listed as either vulnerable or endangered by IUCN and are included on Appendix II of CITES, yet illegal exploitation continues. Here, we used restriction associated DNA sequencing to develop a new set of 120 SNP markers for Swietenia sp., suitable for MassARRAY®iPLEX™ genotyping. These markers can be used for population genetic studies and timber tracking purposes.
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Moe, Kyaw Thu, and Toshiaki Owari. "Sustainability of High-Value Timber Species in Mixed Conifer–Broadleaf Forest Managed under Selection System in Northern Japan." Forests 11, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050484.

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Understanding the sustainability of high-value timber species in managed forests provides useful information for the management of these species in the long-run. Using nearly 50 years of census data in long-term permanent plots, we investigated the sustainability of three high-value timber species—monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel), castor aralia (Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz), and Japanese oak (Quercus crispula Blume)—in cool-temperate mixed forest under a selection system in northern Japan. We used stocking, demographic parameters, and species proportions of these species as measures of sustainability. Results showed that the tree density and basal area of the three high-value timber species increased during the study period. Moreover, the basal area increment of these species showed an increasing trend across census periods. However, while no significant differences in the tree mortality of these species were observed, the numbers of in-growth fluctuated across census periods. Increasing trends in species proportions of monarch birch and Japanese oak were observed. Even though there were some fluctuations across census periods, especially in smaller diameter classes, diameter distribution curves of high-value timber species followed a reversed J-shaped pattern. The results revealed that the sustainability measures of high-value timber species can be achieved in forest stands managed under single-tree selection system. In addition, the results also indicated the changing structure and composition of the forest stand. The stocking and basal area increment of conifers decreased while those of broadleaves increased. The proportion of conifers decreased to 33.01% in 2008–2016 from 48.35% in 1968–1978. The results of this study would be useful for adapting silvicultural practices and harvesting practices as well as for simulating various silvicultural and management options for high-value timber species.
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Shirmohammadi, Maryam. "Investigating Antimicrobial Characteristics/Advantages of Australian Wood Species for Use in Food Packaging—A Feasibility Study." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020334.

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The antimicrobial characteristics of Australian commercial timber species were studied using a direct screening method and two different microorganisms. The effectiveness of timber samples was compared with plastic and paper samples during an incubation period of 24 h at 37 °C. The initial data with E. coli and S. aureus showed no difference in performance between the plastic and paper samples and the softwood samples tested. Hardwood samples, however, showed an inhibition zone when tested with S. Aureus. The data showed similar trends of inhibition zones developed for sterilised and non-sterilised samples of spotted gum and shining gum species. The observed data showed promising antimicrobial characteristics for both veneer and solid samples of hardwood species. Further studies investigating the type of extractives, their role in antimicrobial characteristics and differences in the type of surface exposed to the microbial contamination from the point of view of timber’s anatomical properties are proposed.
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Sseremba, O. E., J. R. S. Kaboggoza, N. Y. Ziraba, P. Mugabi, A. Y. Banana, A. Zziwa, R. K. Kambugu, S. Kizito, A. Syofuna, and J. Ndawula. "Timber management practices and timber species used by small scale furniture workshops in Uganda." Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 13, no. 3 (2011): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2011000300010.

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40

Mangut, S. N., Idris Abubakar, and A. Ocholi. "Reliability-based analysis of aluminium laminated solid timber columns using selected Nigerian timber species." Nigerian Journal of Technology 38, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i1.6.

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41

Widsten, Petri, Voytek S. Gutowski, Sheng Li, Tony Cerra, Sharon Molenaar, and Mark Spicer. "Factors influencing timber gluability with one-part polyurethanes – studied with nine Australian timber species." Holzforschung 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.066.

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Abstract The bulk and surface properties of blocks of nine Australian wood species of commercial importance were investigated to elucidate the factors affecting timber gluability with structural one-component polyurethane adhesives. Cross-lap joints were prepared from freshly sanded blocks and the joints were subjected to creep loading in a condensing humidity environment. The median tensile strength (MTS) of the joints was found to improve with decreasing phenolic extractives content, lower timber density and decreasing lipophilic surface extractives content. The latter was assessed from O/C atomic ratios of the timber surfaces determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The content of bulk lipophilic extractives and lignins and wettability of the surface as determined by the sessile drop method did not reveal significant correlations with the adhesion properties. The adhesion tests indicated significant gluability differences between the species investigated.
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42

Kotlarewski, Derikvand, Lee, and Whiteroad. "Machinability Study of Australia’s Dominate Plantation Timber Resources." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090805.

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This study tested the machinability of three major timber species grown in Tasmania, Australia, under different resource management schemes: plantation fiber-managed hardwood (Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus nitens Maiden) and plantation sawlog-managed softwood (Pinus radiata D. Don). P. radiata was used as a control to identify significant differences in machining fibre-managed plantation timber against sawlog-managed plantation timber with numerically controlled computer technology and manually fed timber production techniques. The potential to fabricate architectural interior products such as moldings with plantation fiber-managed hardwood timber that is high in natural features was the focus of this study. Correlations between wood species, variation in moisture content, and density of individual machinability characteristics were analyzed to determine factors impacting the overall quality of plantation wood machinability. Correlations between species and within species groups from the resulting machinability tests are highlighted and discussed. The results indicate that the machinability of sawlog-managed softwood P. radiata is superior in some circumstances to fiber-managed hardwood E. globulus and E. nitens specimens, according to the American Society for Testing and Materials D1666-11.
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Moe, Kyaw Thu, Toshiaki Owari, Naoyuki Furuya, Takuya Hiroshima, and Junko Morimoto. "Application of UAV Photogrammetry with LiDAR Data to Facilitate the Estimation of Tree Locations and DBH Values for High-Value Timber Species in Northern Japanese Mixed-Wood Forests." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 2865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172865.

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High-value timber species play an important economic role in forest management. The individual tree information for such species is necessary for practical forest management and for conservation purposes. Digital aerial photogrammetry derived from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV-DAP) can provide fine spatial and spectral information, as well as information on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a forest canopy. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data enable area-wide 3D tree mapping and provide accurate forest floor terrain information. In this study, we evaluated the potential use of UAV-DAP and LiDAR data for the estimation of individual tree location and diameter at breast height (DBH) values of large-size high-value timber species in northern Japanese mixed-wood forests. We performed multiresolution segmentation of UAV-DAP orthophotographs to derive individual tree crown. We used object-based image analysis and random forest algorithm to classify the forest canopy into five categories: three high-value timber species, other broadleaf species, and conifer species. The UAV-DAP technique produced overall accuracy values of 73% and 63% for classification of the forest canopy in two forest management sub-compartments. In addition, we estimated individual tree DBH Values of high-value timber species through field survey, LiDAR, and UAV-DAP data. The results indicated that UAV-DAP can predict individual tree DBH Values, with comparable accuracy to DBH prediction using field and LiDAR data. The results of this study are useful for forest managers when searching for high-value timber trees and estimating tree size in large mixed-wood forests and can be applied in single-tree management systems for high-value timber species.
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Ponneth, Dhanya, Anoop Elaveettil Vasu, Jayasree Chandramana Easwaran, Aadarsh Mohandass, and Shakti S. Chauhan. "Destructive and non-destructive evaluation of seven hardwoods and analysis of data correlation." Holzforschung 68, no. 8 (December 1, 2014): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0193.

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Abstract Wood physical and mechanical properties in seven tropical hardwood species viz., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk., Swietenia macrophylla King, Xylia dolabriformis Benth., Hevea braziliensis (H.B.K.) M. A.), and Tectona grandis L.f. have been studied by means of destructive and non-destructive techniques (NDT). Mechanical strength properties and specific gravity were evaluated by conventional methods. NDT was carried out by a Pilodyn and Treesonic Microsecond Timer (TMT) to measure a steel pin penetration depth into wood and dynamic MOE, respectively. In focus was the question, whether NDT data are suitable predictors for physical and mechanical properties of the indicated hardwood species. Dynamic MOE obtained by TMT correlated strongly positive with all the strength properties studied, except shearing stress. TMT data also correlated very well to static bending MOE and MOR. A linear relationship was found between Pilodyn steel pin penetration depth and oven dry specific gravity in all the species. Both Pilodyn and TMT proved to be useful predictors of timber properties, and these instruments have a high potential for timber grading.
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Williams, John R., Gervais S. Sawyer, Simon M. Cragg, John D. Icely, Jonathan Simm, Melanie Meaden, Luisa M. S. Borges, and Graham P. Malyon. "Evaluating less-used timber species for marine construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 171, no. 4 (August 2018): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00065.

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46

Said, Ismail. "Criteria for Selecting Timber Species in Malay Woodcarving." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 4, no. 1 (May 2005): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.4.17.

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47

Sambe, L., T. Tee, and A. Okwoche. "Timber Trade Species Analysis in Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 14, no. 3 (April 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2018/35201.

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48

Tete Okoh, Emmanuel. "Water Absorption Properties of Some Tropical Timber Species." Journal of Energy and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20140302.12.

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49

Apetorgbor, M. M., N. A. Darkwa, O. Frimpong, and V. K. Agyeman. "Biodeteriorating agents associated with three tropical timber species." Forest Ecology and Management 195, no. 3 (July 2004): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.047.

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Chowdhury, Md Qumruzzaman, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Jiban Chandra Deb, and Sanjay Saha Sonet. "Timber species grouping in Bangladesh: linking wood properties." Wood Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 26, 2013): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-013-0532-0.

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