Journal articles on the topic 'Timber, Pulp and Paper'
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1
RUNGE, TROY, CARL HOUTMAN, ALBERTO NEGRI, and JACKIE HEINRICHER. "Timber bamboo pulp." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.9.
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Fast-growing biomass, such as bamboo, has the potential to serve an important future role in the pulp and paper industry with potential to both lower resource costs and improve a product’s sustainability. Moso bamboo is particularly interesting due to its fast growth and size, which allows it to be handled and chipped similarly to wood resources. In this study, we will share results of the chip preparation, kraft cooking, and ECF bleaching of this bamboo species and compare its pulpability, bleachability, and physical properties to a fast growing hybrid poplar tree. Results indicate that the bamboo chips cooked and bleached similarly to the poplar hardwood, allowing for co-cooking. The resulting pulps had superior tensile properties at low refining, but did have higher fines that lowered drainability as measured by Canadian Standard Freeness. The bamboo fiber morphology was also measured, indicating the fiber to have length weighted average fiber lengths and coarseness values to be greater than the poplar wood studied, which should allow this material to be used in many paper grades.
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Helmling, Stephanie, Andrea Olbrich, Lena Tepe, and Gerald Koch. "Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of macerated vessels of 23 mixed tropical hardwood (MTH) species: a data collection for the identification of wood species in pulp and paper." Holzforschung 70, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0195.
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Abstract The identification of wood species in paper products is highly important for the enforcement of the newly established timber regulations regarding the control of illegal logging. In the context of European Timber Regulation (EUTR), in the present paper a database has been established containing reference samples and anatomical descriptions for the identification of 23 tropical timbers from Southeast Asia in pulp and paper products. The vessel elements and fibers of these mixed tropical hardwoods (MTH) were characterized by light microscopy. The woods in focus were macerated, embedded and compared visually and statistically. The collected microscopic data and images are helpful for the identification of the wood species used for paper production.
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Damayanti, Ratih, and Listya Mustika Dewi. "Wood Anatomy and Fibre Quality of the Least Known Timbers Belong to Actinidiaceae from Indonesia." Wood Research Journal 10, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2019.10.2.33-38.
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Wood anatomy of 417 genera and 86 families belong to the major, minor, and the lesser known timbers of South- East Asia have been studied and described in 3 volumes of PROSEA books. This paper deals with timber species of the least known timbers, which have not been treated in the above mentioned PROSEA books, i.e.: Saurauia bracteosa, S. capitulata., and S. nudiflora from family Actinidiaceae. The objective of this study was to acquire descriptions of their anatomical features and evaluate the quality of their fibres for pulp and paper manufacture. Samples were provided by Xylarium Bogoriense, which were collected from various forest areas in Indonesia. Microscopic features observed comprise all features those listed by IAWA Committee in 1989. Fibre quality was determined based on their dimension and evaluated according to quality classification developed by FPRDC Bogor. The results indicate that identification of timber up to genera level is possible. Fibres of Saurauia spp. fall into quality class I, which means good for pulp and paper. The descriptions of anatomical features were presented. Sauraria have bright color, light yellow to light brown, fine texture, light, smooth to rather rough surface, and make it suitable to substitute ramin (Gonystylus spp.)
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MULIYANA ARIFUDIN and WAHYUDI. "MACRO- FEATURES AND DENSITY OF VARIOUS TIMBER SPECIES FROM PAPUA." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol6.iss2.207.
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This research highlights diversity of macro-features and density of major timber species from Papua. Thirty-one species of air-dried timber with sample size of 13 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm gathered across Papua were used for density measurement and macro-features observation, cover of colors, grain orientation, and wood texture. The results showed that whitish and straw to yellow brown are dominant color of timber mostly harvested from Papua tropical forest. Their grain orientations are mostly straight, while their textures are medium. With regard to their density, Xantostemum spp is the heaviest timber having density of 1,25 g/cm3 while Alstonia scholaris is the lightest species of timber with density of 0.29 g/cm3. Therefore, majority Papua`s timber species studied are classified into light class species or low density timbers. Pulp and paper, veneer, plywood, flooring, meubels, indoor urnitures and handles or woody utensils are the potential uses of these timber species.
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M. RUNGE, TROY, and SCOTT PAUL. "Desilication of bamboo for pulp production." November 2015 14, no. 11 (December 1, 2015): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.11.743.
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Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing feedstocks. It is a promising nonwood resource that can be used in the pulp and paper industry. Among more than 1200 species of bamboo, the timber varieties can be processed much like trees, allowing current pulp mill logistical systems to be used. Bamboo can be difficult to pulp because of its high silica content, which creates issues for black liquor recovery. This study compares two methods of reducing the silica content of a common species of timber bamboo. Specifically, the dermis layer of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was removed through mechanical treatment and then chipped. The same species was also chipped without treatment. The two chipped materials were then alkali extracted and subjected to kraft pulping experiments. The pulps were bleached with an OD0(EP)D1 sequence. The material was then refined and formed into handsheets. The results indicate that 80% of the silica could be removed from the bamboo material through a combination of dermal mechanical treatment and caustic chip extraction. Caustic chip extraction removed a significant portion of hemicellulose materials, which in turn lowered cooking yields but had minimal effect on pulp properties.
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Munawaroh, Esti, Yupi Isnaini, Purity Sabila Ajiningrum, Siti Susiarti, and Y. Purwanto. "Cultural Significance Analysis to Support the Valuation of Non Timber Forest Products of the Malay Community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, Sumatera." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.52.
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The study of utilizing the diversity of non-timber forest product species by testing the value of cultural importance or Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) analysis aims to identify the species of non-timber forest products with highest importance value for local communities. The results of this study documented (1) list of species of non-timber forest products that have an important role in the Malay community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, including foodstuffs (51-77 plants), vegetable ingredients (21 plants), medicinal materials (> 77 plants), equipment materials (62 plants), pulp and paper materials (27 plants), and other non-timber forest products; (2) list of species of the potential non-timber forest products to be further developed as fruit-producing plants (12 species), vegetables (10 species), medicinal plants (6 species), pulp and paper-based plants (6 species), plywood (18 species), basic materials for manufacturing equipment, arts and other local technology (8 species); and (3) basic data on economic valuation studies of non-timber forest products. The potential species that have high importance value to be cultivated plants were rambai (Baccaurea spp.), cempunik (Artocarpus hispidum), durian (Durio zibethinus, Durio oxleyanus, and Durio spp.), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum and Nephelium spp.) for fruits, rotan jernang (Calamus draco and Calamus spp.) as a medicinal material, and other uses. Specifically the diversity of potential species of non-timber forest products will be discussed in this paper.
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Kuzminov, I. F., and P. A. Lobanova. "Text mining for economic geographical sectoral analysis of the pulp and paper industry in European Russia." Regional nye issledovaniya 71, no. 1 (2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-1-2.
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The authors show the need and some existing opportunities for analysis of non-traditional data sources to obtain a complete and more relevant picture of industries spatial development. The research methodology includes the use of text mining for economic and geographical studies. The relevance of the research is determined by insufficient completeness of official statistical data, cheapening of relevant information processing technologies and abundance of large text data sources in open access. The article discusses the role of the pulp and paper industry (as a key part of the timber industry) in economic and spatial development of modern Russia. The authors identify main trends in the economic and spatial development of the pulp and paper industry of European Russia, draw the conclusions on the expected industry trends and give recommendations for strategic management decisions to respond to industry challenges. The authors claim that the industry needs liberalization and stabilization, primarily through moratoriums on policy changes. The role of the use of big data, and in particular of text mining in economic and geographical research for reasonable and objective conclusions formation that can be used to make timely and balanced management decisions in the timber industry and the pulp and paper industry, is emphasized.
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Koskela, Erkki, and Markku Ollikainen. "A game-theoretic model of timber prices with capital stock: an empirical application to the Finnish pulp and paper industry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 1481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-105.
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The paper provides a framework to approach price and quantity determination in the roundwood market from a new perspective. In the spirit of the trade union literature, a model of timber price determination is formulated according to which the forest owners' association determines timber prices and then forest firms unilaterally decide on the timber to be used. The novelty here is to incorporate investment decisions of firms as a strategic factor into the model. The structure of the model is the following. The game is played in two stages. First, the forest owners' association and the firms in the forest industry decide on timber price and capital stock, respectively. In the second stage, the firms determine timber demand conditional on the timber price - capital stock game, so that the equilibrium concept is the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. This game-theoretic model is applied to the annual data from the Finnish pulp and paper industry over the period 1960-1992. Estimation and testing results concerning the price and quantity determination of timber as well as capital stock behavior are generally favorable for the hypotheses presented. In particular, diagnostics and various test procedures indicate that these equations outperform conventional specifications derived from the theory of the demand for factors of production.
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Cahalan, C. M. "Wood properties of Sitka spruce." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006400.
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SynopsisThe wood properties of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) which influence its use in the production of sawn timber, veneer, particleboard, fibreboard, pulp and paper are discussed. Although the low strength properties of Sitka spruce restrict its use as constructional timber, it is highly suitable for the manufacture of particleboard and fibreboard and is an excellent pulping species.
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Pinyagina, N. B., and N. S. Gorshenina. "Current state, trends and prospects for pulp and paper industry development in Russian Federation." Forestry Bulletin 26, no. 6 (December 2022): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-148-160.
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The issues of the current state, trends and prospects for the development of the pulp and paper industry as one of the priority and promising areas of the Russian timber complex are considered. The study was conducted in the following main areas: the production sector, analysis of sales markets, taking into account the influence of the internal and external environment, export and import, since enterprises are export-oriented. The presented analysis was performed not only for the main types of pulp and paper production, but also in terms of its territorial location, which allows us to evaluate the performance of the federal districts, outline the prospects and development strategy.
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Azlin Azmi, Annur, and Siti Amira Othman. "Fabrication of magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1231, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1231/1/012013.
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Abstract Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was dry and chopped into 5 cm in lengths. The fibre and pulp were separated and put in a pulp disintegrator then it was weighed and mixed with water. The paper that fabricates will be irradiated with gamma-ray and then followed by characterizing with Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM-EDX result shows that the weight and atomic percentage of the ferrite (Fe) increase after the irradiation. While for the FTIR, the entire sample exhibit the absorption range of 3400 to 2400 cm−1 region. The paper will be compared with the properties of multipurpose paper.
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Stier, Jeffrey C., Thomas W. Steele, and Robert J. Engelhard. "Pulpwood Procurement Practices in the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Pulp and Paper Industry." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.1.10.
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Abstract Pulpwood constitutes the largest component of the annual timber harvest in Wisconsin. A study was conducted in 1983-84 to determine how pulp mills in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan obtain their pulpwood supplies and how pulpwood procurement practices have changed over the past two decades. Results indicate that mills rely strongly upon public and private sources of timber, that they are highly dependent on truck transportation of wood supplies, and that they have built up strong procurement departments with links to a broad base of pulpwood producers. Competition and the emphasis on better business practices have increased in recent years as evidenced by the consolidation of woodsheds and greater attention to inventories and promotion of company-sponsored tree farms, especially among those firms that rely on the relatively more scarce long-fibered softwoods. Future procurement strategies suggest possible greater reliance on short-haul rail transportation in those situations where favorable rates can be obtained and expanded use of satellite chipping plants as a vehicle for ensuring a regular wood supply and reducing inventory costs. North. J. Appl. For. 3:10-14, Mar. 1986.
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AJANI, JUDITH. "The global wood market, wood resource productivity and price trends: an examination with special attention to China." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000895.
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SUMMARYGlobal wood consumption trends are reviewed in the context of framing a coherent forest policy in the era of climate change. Over the period 1980 to 2007, global wood consumption has been essentially stagnant, increasing by only 0.4% per year. In contrast over the same period, global consumption of wood products increased steadily, paper by an average 3.2% per annum and solid wood products (sawn timber and wood panels) by 0.8% per annum. Wood saving explains these significantly different growth trajectories in unprocessed wood and processed wood products. Wood saving strategies include recycling paper (in particular), investing in higher yielding pulp technologies, substituting reconstituted wood panels for sawn timber and plywood and growing high pulp-yielding trees in a plantation regime. China's rapidly growing wood products industry has lifted wood saving to a new high. Consistent with the theory of induced innovation, China has so far avoided triggering a global wood shortage and associated wood price increases through a progression of strategies: successful pre-emptive price negotiations, increased use of recycled paper, adoption of high-yielding pulp technologies, substitution of reconstituted wood panels for sawn timber and tree planting substituting for natural forest supply. If China's current wood saving strategies were emulated worldwide, through increased use of recycled paper in particular, and to a lesser extent, substitution of reconstituted wood panels for sawn timber and plywood, the already low growth in global wood consumption would flatten further and perhaps start to decline. These economic realities in the wood products industry align positively with the interlinked imperatives of biodiversity conservation and carbon storage in natural forests, if wood-saving is converted to forest-saving.
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Balkrishna, Acharya, Bhasker Joshi, Anupam Srivastava, B. K. Shukla, Rama Shankar, Amit Kumar, Aqib -, Aashish Kumar, Uday Bhan Prajapati, and Rajesh Kumar Mishra. "Indigenous Uses of Plants among Forest-dependent Communities of Seijosa, Arunachal Pradesh." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 064–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.0450.
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The present paper explores the dependence of local population of Seijosa circle of Pakke-Kessang district, Arunachal Pradesh on the phytoresources available here. Local population of Sejiosa circle has their unique system of resource management. They are directly dependent on their surroundings for timber forest products (TFPs) and non timber forest products (NTFPs). This area is rich in vascular plant diversity which direcly or indirectly supports wild life also. In present study total 365 plant species belonging to 272 genera and 95 families have been recorded, which are utilized by natives of this area in the form of beverage, broom making, canes, condiment / spices, craft, dye, edible (fruit), fiber, fodder, fuel, medicinal, oil, ornamental, paper pulp, resin, tannin, timber, vegetable, etc.
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Bylgakova, M. A. "Competitive advantages of wood products and risks of its placing on the consumer market in Russia." Russian competition law and economy, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2019-1-38-43.
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The article includes a brief empirical analysis of “marketing’, “competition”, “competi- tiveness” and “competitive advantages” definitions, it also provides characteristic of com- petitive advantages of the Russian timber industry, including the production dynamics of wood products, poly wood, paper, cardboard and wood pulp. In addition, it gives the evaluation of key payers in furniture and paper production on the basis of factors having impact on volume changes in production and competition development. It makes analy- sis of the turnover of examined timber in-dustry production on the consumer market in Russia within the context of the producer country.
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RUNGE, TROY, JACKIE HEINRICHER, and DAN MEIER. "Co-cooking moso bamboo with hardwoods." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.9.
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Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing feedstocks and represents a promising nonwood resource that can be utilized in the pulp and paper industry. The timber varieties offer low feedstock costs, can be processed similarly to trees from a logistics standpoint, and have useful fiber properties for papermaking. Plantations have not yet been established due to propagation costs, limiting adoption of bamboo as a pulp feedstock to smaller pulp mills primarily in China, where there are native forests. Recent advances in micropropagation may allow lower establishment costs, but gradual introduction into the supply chain will be required. One concept is to gradually include bamboo feedstock into an established pulp mill as plantations are established, using co-cooking with a wood species. Previous work has shown that bamboo cooks fairly easily using the kraft process with conditions similar to hardwood species.
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Gasparyan, Garik, Ol'ga Kunickaya, Igor Grigorev, Viktor Ivanov, Olga Burmistrova, Andrei Manukovskii, Artem Zhuk, Edward Hertz, Lyudmila Kremleva, and Oscar Mueller. "Woodworking Facilities: Driving Efficiency through Automation Applied to Major Process Steps." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.23032.
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The investment scenario applied to forestry development analyzes the fundamental changes in the production structure, among other things. These changes refer to the priority development of the pulp and paper industry through the chain of large-scale woodworking facilities, where pulp, paper and cardboard manufacturing plants are the key links. Such facilities include sawmilling facilities, wood-processing factories, and timber factories. Those provide a significant economic benefit, so improving them is one of the top priorities. Considering this priority is the purpose of this article. The goal was achieved using common and scientific research methods, including mathematical modeling.Theoretical research resulted in three sets of formulas adapted for evaluating the pulpwood barking from theoretical findings on image recognition.
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Hamilton, Clive. "The Economics of Logging High Conservation Value Native Forests." Economic and Labour Relations Review 6, no. 2 (December 1995): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469500600201.
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This paper analyses various aspects of the economics of logging high conservation value native forests. After outlining the multiple uses of these forests, evidence is reviewed that suggests that subsidisation of logging is extensive. Next the paper reviews work that indicates that when account is taken of the environmental values lost due to logging (including the value of water with alternative uses) there are net social costs from logging high conservation native forests. Finally, changes to the structure of the wood products industry are analysed and it is argued that the growth of plantation timber, although rapid, has been constrained by subsidisation of native forests logging. Despite this, the data show that plantation-sourced wood will capture most of the market for sawn timber and pulp within a decade. There is thus the opportunity for Australia to have its timber needs met without the environmental costs associated with logging of native forests.
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Zykin, Ivan. "Construction Program of the First and the Second Five-Year Plans in Timber Industry of the USSR: Experience in the Study." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 529–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(4).529-552.
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Timber industry was a very meaningful component element of the «social industrialization» project in the Soviet Union of the late 1920s and the early 1940s. The national economy and the population of the country were in urgent need of products provided by the industry; timber resources and materials generated much revenue from their export. The main directions and parameters of the forest-timber complex were the subject of the first soviet five-year plans. They included establishing timber-industry centers in the European North, Ural, Siberia and the Far East. The plans also contained the itemized lists of the main construction sites made by the Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR (for the First Five-Year plan), as well as by the Peoples Commissariat of Timber Industry of the USSR (for the Second Five-Year Plan). The present paper introduces for the first time the analysis of timber industry construction program: investments, dynamics of quantity and value of new construction sites, plan target timelines and completion dates of the construction sites. The analysis was based on the materials of the first and the second five-year plans, in reference to timber industry components and regions of the Soviet Union. The study identified the main investment priorities in regional levels, such as sawmilling and wood processing industries as well as pulp and paper industry. The article also contains conclusions about underperformance of some projects and readjustment of tasks for the Soviet timber industry in 1933-1934 (after failure of the First-Year Plan), while remaining the baselines of the industry.
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Pirard, Romain, and Lloyd C. Irland. "Missing links between timber scarcity and industrial overcapacity: Lessons from the Indonesian Pulp and Paper expansion." Forest Policy and Economics 9, no. 8 (May 2007): 1056–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2006.10.003.
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Franks, Edwin, and John Reeves. "A Formula for Assessing the Ecological Value of Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 14, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.060.
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Formulas have been in general use to establish the dollar value of a tree when used in landscaping, or when used for pulp or timber. But none has been developed that recognizes that trees have a real value to the functioning of an ecosystem, unrelated to their value for landscaping or to the lumber or pulp industries. This paper suggests a way to establish a dollar value for any given tree based on the significance of its effects on soil, nutrient, and water conservation, animal usage, and habitat characteristics. Judgements of ecological effects are converted to simple arithmetic steps to produce a numeric dollar value for the ecological contributions of the tree.
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Nogueira, Marta C. J. A., Victor A. de Araujo, Juliano S. Vasconcelos, André L. Christoforo, and Francisco A. R. Lahr. "Evaluation of Eucalyptus triantha Timber for Structural Applications." Silva Lusitana 28, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/silu/20202801001.
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Eucalypt wood is an important raw material with multiple uses applied for furniture, pulp and paper, charcoal, biomass, and construction. Sixteen tests were performed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus triantha, which could estimate the possibility of utilization of this woody material in construction. In all, about 267 repeats were realized. Two moisture contents were regarded according to the Brazilian and American standard documents: fiber saturation point (30%) and standard dried point (12%). Results were statistically treated with t-test and demonstrated increases in six mechanical properties from Eucalyptus triantha wood species: rupture moduli in perpendicular and parallel compressions and static bending; elasticity moduli in parallel tensile, perpendicular compression, and static bending. Volumetric mass and bulk densities were practically stable. Physical and mechanical properties estimation evinced that Eucalyptus triantha wood can be used in structural elements.
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Herlina, Herlina, Wiwin Tyas Istikowati, Ph.D., and Fatriani Fatriani. "Analisis Kimia dari Serat Kayu Bangkal (Nauclea officinalis) sebagai Alternatif Bahan Baku Pulp Kertas (Chemical Analysis of Bangkal (Nauclea Officinalis) Wood Fibers as Raw Material Alternative of Pulp & Paper)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v10i1.4076.
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South Kalimantan has considerable natural forests and many types of timber that have not yet been optimally utilized, such as Bangkal tree (Nauclea officinalis). The purpose of this research was to analyze chemical components, dimensional fibers characteristic, and suitability of Bangkal wood as a raw material of pulp and paper. The results obtained from this study revealed that the chemical content of Bangkal wood consisted of 3.00% extractive, 30.00% lignin, 16% hemicellulose, and 50.50% cellulose. The anatomy of Bangkal wood were 1.40 mm in fiber length 1.40 mm, 1.20 μm in fiber diameter, 5.00 μm in lumen diameter, and 3.25 μm in cell wall thickness. Derived fiber values comprised Runkel Ratio (0.43), Power Weaving (66.00), Muhsteph Ratio (99.80%), Coefficient of Rigidity (0.20), and Flexibility Ratio (0.71). Based on the chemical components and quality of Bangkal wood fiber, that wood could be used as a raw material of pulp and paper.
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Khanna, N. K., O. P. Shukla, M. G. Gogate, and S. L. Narkhede. "Leucaena for paper industry in Gujarat, India: Case study." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)200-209.
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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.India is one of the major producers/consumers of paper and pulp products (3–4% of global share). Approximately one-fourth of industry raw material has come from wood-based plantations from the 1990s onwards. The greatest development challenge faced by the industry since that time is sourcing robust raw material from agroforestry on private lands. Following genetic improvement of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and realization of its potential as a multiple-use species, it was introduced into India in 1980 under an international cooperation effort with support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). It has since spread across the country as a panacea for rural needs of fuel wood, small timber and cattle forage.The paper industry has found that it has potential as raw material for paper making. One of the largest Indian paper companies is JK Paper Ltd, which has an annual production capacity of 550,000 t/yr with 3 integrated pulp and paper plants located at Songadh (Gujarat), Rayagada (Orissa) and Kagaznagar (Telangana) producing writing and printing paper and virgin packaging boards.This case study describes the leucaena farm forestry plantation program initiated by JK Paper Ltd, Unit CPM (Central Pulp Mills). The unit, under its agroforestry and farm forestry plantation approach, planted leucaena plantations in 2009-2010 in parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh States. To motivate farmers in the mill’s catchment area, and to build confidence in on-farm plantations, exposure visits were arranged to Andhra Pradesh, where huge tracts of agricultural land were under leucaena plantations. As a result, to date, this unit has engaged >7,800 farmers who have established leucaena plantations covering an area of >18,400 ha.A robust plantation R&D network addressed issues such as seed treatment, seed germination, rhizobial inoculation, geometry of plantations, agro-forestry models, selection and development of high production clones, establishment of clonal seed orchards, genetic improvement through mutation techniques and hybridization programs for wood quality improvement.
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Marchuk, Irina. "THE STATE OF THE TIMBER INDUSTRY COMPLEX OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN A SPARSELY FORESTED REGION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VORONEZH REGION." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-1-62-72.
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The timber industry complex of the Russian Federation ranks fourth among all branches of the country, because in terms of forest area Russia ranks first in the world (8148895 km2), which is about 49.76% of the total area of Russia. The timber industry complex is a complex system and consists of four components (logging industry, woodworking industry, pulp and paper industry, wood chemical industry). Particular attention is paid to this industry in Eastern Siberia, Western Siberia and the Far East, because these regions have the greatest forest cover. In sparsely wooded regions, the timber industry is not a priority and little attention is paid to it, both by the state and by investors. In this article, we examined the state of the forestry complex of the Voronezh region, the forest cover of this territory is only eight percent of the entire territory of the country, all forests are protective, therefore the volume of timber is carried out thanks to sanitary felling and is about 285 thousand m3. In this region there are about 20 large and medium-sized enterprises involved in the timber industry and about 40 small private enterprises. The main problem of the timber industry complex in a low-wooded region is low-quality products, imperfection of regulatory legal acts at the regional level, and lack of investment. In this regard, measures were proposed that will contribute to the development of the timber industry complex in the low-forest region.
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Lapteva, E. M., Yu V. Kholopov, O. V. Shakhtarova, N. N. Bondarenko, and S. N. Kostrova. "Soils and soil cover in the zone of influence of airborne industrial emissions from pulp and paper production." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 5 (2021): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-5-46-60.
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An assessment of the ecological state of soils of terrestrial ecosystems (lichen pine forests, bilberry pine forests, bilberry spruce forests) located in the gradient of aerotechnogenic impact of JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex» was carried out. The peculiarities of changes in the physical and chemical parameters of soils depending on the soil type and the level of exposure to gas and dust emissions of the enterprise are revealed. It is established that at the present stage, the influence of the JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex» on the soils of terrestrial ecosystems is traced mainly in the impact zone, which is characterized by a complex anthropogenic impact (the presence of settlements, agricultural and industrial enterprises, automobile and railway highways, etc). The transformation of soil properties in the impact zone is manifested in: a) a change in the acid-base state of soils towards alkali-nization; b) an increase in the iron and hydrocarbons concentration compared to the soils of background sites; c) exceeding in individual soil samples of MAC and APC criteria for manganese (1.0 ÷ 5.7 MAC(Mn) and arsenic (1.0 ÷ 1.7 APC(As). The revealed increase in the Zn content (1 ÷ 2 APC(Zn) in selected soil samples is most likely due to natural causes - the entry of Zn into the soil during the decomposition of wood residues. Accumulation of water-soluble components of gas and dust emissions of JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar TIC» in soils has not been revealed. At the bioclimatic conditions of the taiga zone, they are easily washed out of light granulometric soils, occupying automorphic positions of landscapes.
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Dowrick, D. J. "Hysteresis loops for timber structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.2.143-152.
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This paper reviews experimentally determined hysteresis loops for timber structures, including moment-resisting joints with (i) steel and (ii) plywood side plates, (iii) shear walls clad with various materials, and (iv) push-pull tests on various connection details. The paper compares bending and push-pull hysteresis loops for nailed steel side-plate joints. An attempt is made to classify the above hysteretic behaviour for analytical purposes, and the available computer models are reviewed for applicability to these hysteresis shapes.
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Titova, E., and A. Shevchenko. "BASIC DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-8-1-357-362.
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Currently, in accordance with the processes of globalization and global economic and environmental trends, the Russian government is focusing economic entities on the innovative development of the Russian economy. For the timber industry of the Russian Federation, which ranks first in the world in terms of timber reserves, a transition to innovative development is inevitable. This transition is due to the resource potential of the industry, global environmental trends of the "green economy", the prevailing market relations between the economic entities of the industry, the presence of a bank of scientific and technical and experimental development in the field of timber industry. The analysis of Russia's share in the global forestry market is carried out: the Russian Federation is the world leader in timber reserves, it has 1/5 of the world's forest reserves and, therefore, takes first place; Brazil ranks second in timber reserves, Canada is third and the United States is fourth. The structure of Russia's exports by product groups is examined: the country's most profitable budget item is the export of fuel and energy products, accounting for 64% of the total export structure, and only 3% of the export structure is the export of timber and paper products. Given the development trends of world oil markets and the geopolitical tensions of countries, it can be assumed that in the next 5 years, the total revenue of the Russian Federation from the export of fuel and energy products will significantly decrease and will cease to be the most profitable budget item in the country. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is a world leader in timber reserves, we believe that the innovative development of the timber industry should be one of the leading areas in the industry development strategy of the Russian Federation, and accordingly in the export strategy of the Russian Federation. The main directions of the innovative development of the timber industry of the Russian Federation in the following sectors are identified: forestry, woodworking industry, pulp and paper industry, chemical production, logging, wooden housing construction.
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Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.
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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
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Keegan III, Charles E., Daniel P. Wichman, Gerald E. Evans, and Roger D. Fight. "Employment- and Wage-Consumption Ratios for Montana's Forest Products Manufacturers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.2.54.
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Abstract This article presents information on employment and payroll generated per unit volume of timber or wood fiber processed by the various manufacturing sectors of Montana's forest products industry for 1987-1989. Average employment ranged from a high of 117 workers per million cubic feet (mmcf) of wood fiber processed at house log plants, to a low of 12 workers per mmcf at stud mills. Employment-consumption ratios for cedar products plants and producers of utility poles and posts and small poles were 48, 47, and 34 workers per mmcf respectively. At sawmills, employment-consumption ratios ranged from 23 workers per mmcf for board mills to 12 workers per mmcf for stud mills. Plywood plants are slightly more labor intensive than board mills, employing 26 workers per mmcf of wood fiber processed. The processing of mill residue from sawmills and plywood plants by such users as the pulp and paper industry adds substantially to the employment per unit volume of timber processed. Because different components of the industry often use timber of different sizes, species, and quality, changes in the kind of timber available can have considerable influence on the structure of the industry and related employment. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):54-57.
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Zykin, Ivan. "Timber industry activity of the GULAG correctional labor camps of the OGPU-NKVD of the USSR in the late 1920s - 1937." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 7 (July 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.7.36098.
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The article examines the activity of correctional labor camps specializing in timber industry in the Soviet Union in the period from the late 1920s to 1937, singled out as the first stage of development of this group of camp complexes. The definition of the concept of "forest" correctional labor camps is given. For the first time, an analysis of the timber industry activity of the camps was undertaken. "Forest" camps functioned in the areas of the largest Soviet cities (Moscow and Leningrad), in the European North, the Urals and Siberia. Their main function was reduced to the development of woodlands, timber harvesting, mechanical processing of forest resources developed to a lesser extent. Conclusions are drawn about the gradual expansion of the scale of the timber industry activity of correctional labor camps in the period from the late 1920s to 1937. However, at this stage, the volumes of harvesting and mechanical processing of wood by "forest" camps were insignificant against the background of the development of the forest industry in the country. The first multi–industry "forest" camp appeared - the White Sea-Baltic Combine, which had a strong influence on the development of the timber industry in the autonomous Karelian Republic. With the help of prisoners' labor, the construction of a pulp and paper enterprise in the Urals was carried out. The experience of using prisoners in the timber industry in the period from the late 1920s to 1937 was a significant groundwork for further enhancing the role of the Main Directorate of Camps of the NKVD of the USSR in the industry.
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Luppold, William G., and Paul E. Sendak. "Analysis of the Interaction Between Timber Markets and the Forest Resources of Maine." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.3.135.
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Abstract The abundant timber resources of Maine are critical to the State's timber economy; thus, when the 1995 forest inventory indicated a 20% decline in softwood growing stock, there was great concern by industry and government. Furthermore, declining near-term softwood growing stock levels were forecast. To better understand what was occurring in Maine's forest, we examined changes in composition and evaluated the relative impacts of harvesting versus growth and mortality. Much of the decline in spruce-fir inventory can be attributed to the budworm infestation of the 1970s and 1980s, although continued high utilization contributed to the decline. The high rate of softwood utilization was facilitated by low softwood timber prices due to increased supply from salvage cutting and high prices for softwood dimension lumber. The high price of dimension lumber also allowed the adoption of sawmill technology in Canada and Maine that used small-diameter logs, formerly consumed by the pulp industry, for lumber production. The increased demand for spruce-fir roundwood occurred during a period when changes in paper demand and pulping technology increased the demand for hardwood pulpwood. Unlike spruce-fir and hemlock, hardwood growing-stock volumes have increased steadily due to low utilization, high growth, and low mortality. Ample inventories of hardwoods have allowed increased volumes of these species to be used in the manufacture of pulp and engineered wood products. A recent partial forest survey of Maine indicated that spruce-fir growing stock inventory has stabilized as a result of regeneration of these species that began after the last spruce budworm infestation. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):135–143.
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Секушина, Ирина, and Irina Sekushina. "Status and Main Problems of Forest Industrial Complex Development of the European North Regions of Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, no. 6 (January 23, 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c1b865bf37149.58143574.
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The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of the state of the le-related complex of the regions of the European North of Russia in the period from 2005 to 2016. The characteristics of the forest fund are given, the dynamics of volumes and shares of timber actually harvested in the regions is presented. The indicators of the average number of employees of organizations of the forest-industrial complex in the context of industries have been analyzed, as well as the share of profitable organizations. On the example of the Vologda region, statistical data characterizing the state of the basic production assets of enterprises of the timber industry complex are considered. An analysis of the structure of shipped goods of its own production, which revealed the presence of certain structural changes in the production of the main types of products in the timber industry. The obtained results of the research testify to the availability of resource potential in the timber industry complex of the regions of the European North and the availability of opportunities to increase production volumes. Among the main problems hampering the dynamic development of logging, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, the unsatisfactory condition of the basic production assets of enterprises, the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, the lack of qualified personnel, as well as the high level of illegal harvesting of timber are indicated.
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Yuniarti, Yuniarti. "SIFAT KIMIA TIGA JENIS KAYU RAKYAT." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v3i1.1185.
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The objective of this study was to determine the chemical components of three kinds of social forestry timber of Jengkol, Madang, and Bangkinang, where wood samples was procured from Loksado South Kalimantan. The analysis was conducted according to TAPPI Standard with three replications for each sample. Result shows that Jengkol wood contained 44.73% of cellulose, 79.19% of holocellulose, 32.14% of lignin, 4.08% of extractive and 3.42% of ash. Madang wood contained 45.02% of cellulose, 80.05% of holocellulose, 31.60% of lignin, 4.06% of extractive and 4.59% of ash. Bangkinang wood contained 45.76% of cellulose, 72.84% of holocellulose, 20.90% of lignin, 2.89% of extractive and 3.9% of ash. This research indicated that among three social forestry timber investigated, the Bangkinang wood is better than two others as sources of raw material for pulp and paper due to the highest cellulose content and lowest lignin and extractives contents.Keywords: chemical properties, Jengkol, Madang, Bangkinang
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Seng Hua, Lee, Lum Wei Chen, Petar Antov, Lubos Kristak, and Paridah Md Tahir. "Engineering Wood Products from Eucalyptus spp." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (February 2, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8000780.
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Forest covers 4.06 billion hectares (ha) or 31% of the total land area worldwide, where 93% (3.75 billion ha) are natural regenerating forests and the remaining 7% (294 million ha) are planted forests. Eucalyptus spp., being one of the most important plantation species, has been planted in 95 countries around the world, and the area of plantation has exceeded 22.57 million ha. In the southern hemisphere, it is a significant industrial fast-growing tree species. These plantations serve as a valuable resource for the timber and fibre-based industries. Eucalyptus is the main fibre resource for the pulp and paper industries in developed countries. Timber extracted from the planted eucalyptus trees has long been used for solid wood and its fibres were used for manufacturing medium-density fibreboard. In comparison to most softwood species, Eucalyptus timber is reported to have a higher rigidity, making it ideal for manufacturing structural products. Therefore, this paper presents a review and analysis of the recent state of research on the utilisation of planted eucalyptus for engineered wood products (EWPs) manufacturing. This study investigated Eucalyptus-based EWPs such as particleboard, fibreboard, oriented strand board, laminated veneer lumber, plywood, glue laminated lumber, and cross-laminated lumber. The feasibility of using planted Eucalyptus in the production of EWPs, as well as the challenges encountered, was also discussed.
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Lu, Wenliang, Jeff L. Sibley, Charles H. Gilliam, James S. Bannon, and Yaoqi Zhang. "Estimation of U.S. Bark Generation and Implications for Horticultural Industries." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-24.1.29.
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Abstract The historical, current, and projected supply of bark was evaluated. Since the 1980s more than 95 percent of the U.S. bark supply has been utilized in some way. Industrial fuel consumes the largest share of the market for bark, absorbing about 83 percent of softwood bark and 66 to 71 percent of hardwood bark. Current market share of bark for horticulture use (categorized in the miscellaneous group), is about 15 percent of softwood bark supply and about 30 percent of hardwood bark supply. In recent years, domestic timber harvest has been relatively stable or has slightly decreased. During the same time period, there has been an increasing demand for bark as an energy resource. Based on historical data, linear models were fitted between U.S. timber harvest and bark generation at the regional level. With those fitted models, projected bark generation was estimated based on the timber harvest data of the fifth Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) timber assessment. It is estimated that only a minor increase in the long term bark output will occur. For softwood bark which has the greatest demand, projected supply will be below the level of 2001 until about 2020. With expected horticulture industry growth, increased value of bark as a readily available energy source for wood processing mills, and a shift in pulp generation from domestic paper mills to international sources, the total amount and share of bark to the horticulture market will likely decrease.
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Suleimana, Aiuba, Caroline S. Sena, Jorge M. Branco, and Aires Camões. "Ability to Glue Portuguese Eucalyptus Elements." Buildings 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10070133.
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Portuguese forests have changed in recent years. These changes were mainly boosted by the wildfires that affected a significant percentage of the softwood area. Eucalyptus is actually the dominant wood species in Portuguese forests. This is not a native hardwood, but is being planted mainly for pulp and paper production, and its availability and mechanical performance have made it very present in timber construction in the last 50 years. Within the discussion to substitute imported raw materials, mainly from softwoods, with local hardwoods for the production of engineered wood products, the study of the ability to glue eucalyptus has become a necessity. This paper presents experimental works aimed to assess the ability to glue eucalyptus elements for the production of glued laminated timber (GLT) and cross-laminated timber (CLT). Since this wood species has been known for being difficult to dry, a preliminary study on the dimensional stability under moisture content variation was performed. Then, shear strength tests were made in accordance with ASTM D143. The objective was to correlate those results with the tests performed in the following research step. In this further stage, shear strength tests of the bond line were performed following EN 14080 and EN 16351. The results obtained in all the experiments show that eucalyptus has the potential to be glued and therefore the production of GLT and/or CLT using this local undervalued wood species is potentially of high industrial interest.
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Eliason, Antonia, and Matteo Fiorini. "Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper: Opening a Door to More Anti-Dumping Investigations." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (June 9, 2021): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474562100015x.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper panel report, the second recent WTO dispute to involve a challenge to Indonesia's paper industry. The Indonesian paper industry benefits from reduced-cost inputs because of the Indonesian government's influence and subsidies over the timber and pulp market. The report offers the first interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ under Article 2.2 of the WTO's Anti-Dumping Agreement. At the same time, it raises questions regarding the appropriateness of using anti-dumping measures to address what are fundamentally subsidy issues. While the panel ultimately found that Australia's measure was inconsistent with Article 2.2, the paper shows that the panel's interpretation of ‘particular market situation’ increases the relative attractiveness of using anti-dumping duties instead of countervailing measures. Two key points on the welfare implications of the decision can be made. The first relates to the motivations of the Australian paper industry and the imperfectly competitive market in which Australian Paper operates. The second is the importance of challenging subsidies rather than imposing anti-dumping duties where the subsidies in question have negative environmental effects.
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Nobre, Silvana Ribeiro, Luis Diaz-Balteiro, and Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez. "A Compromise Programming Application to Support Forest Industrial Plantation Decision-Makers." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111481.
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The conflicts that arise between natural resources consumption and the desire to preserve them make the multicriteria decision theory necessary. Brazil, one of the 10 largest timber producers globally, uses optimization models that represent the growth of forests integrated with decision support systems. Brazilian forest plantation managers often face conflicts when continuously seeking efficiency gains (higher productivity at lower costs) and efficacy (higher profits with minimum social and environmental impacts). Managers of leading producing countries on timber, pulp, and fiberboard constantly interact to fine-tune industry processing demands vis-a-vis the demands of highly productive fast-growing forest plantations. The decision process in such cases seeks a compromise that accommodates short-term industry productivity optimization and long-term forestry production capacity. This paper aims to apply a forest management decision support system (FMDSS) to a case study that represents the challenges that industrial plantations in Brazil usually face. A vertically integrated pulp company situation was simulated to provide a real scenario. In this scenario, forest managers tend to shorten the rotations due to Brazil’s usually high-interest rates; meanwhile, industrial managers tend to ask for longer ones due to the positive correlation between age and wood density. Romero®, a Forest Management Decision Support System, developed by following the multi-criteria decision theory, was used to process the case study. Expressly, the hypothesis that mill managers initially have, that older ages rotation could improve mill production, was not confirmed. Moreover, mill managers lean towards changes in the short term, while the case study shows that changes in rotation size and genetic material take time, and decisions have to be made involving both interests: forest and mill managers.
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Makarenko, E. L. "Mapping the timber industry complex of Siberia and wood potential for its development." Geodesy and Cartography 953, no. 11 (December 20, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-953-11-37-47.
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The purpose of the work is to map the modern location, structure and development of the logging, wood-working, pulp-and-paper and chemical industries of the Siberian timber industry (within the borders of Eastern and Western Siberia), as well as the wood and raw material resource necessary for its development, using statistical, comparative analytical and cartographic research methods. The relevance of the study is due to the important role of forest industries in general economic development of the country, especially in connection with the implementation of the Strategy for the development of the forest complex of the Russian Federation until 2030. As a result, a comprehensive map of the inventory type “Timber industry complex of Siberia” and a synthetic map of the assessment type “Exploitative potential of wood resources of Siberia” were developed. The thematic content of the first map presents forestry centers and their sectoral structure; centers for the integrated processing of wood raw materials; wooded areas, major logging areas. On the second map, wood-raw material resources are estimated from the point of view of their potential exploitation within 17 forest resource areas.
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Pearson, Hannah, Mark Evernden, and Richard Harris. "Effect of Timber Grain Orientation on Bonded-In Rod Connection Systems." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.695.
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Presented in this paper are the results of practical tests to determine some key material properties of engineered timber, in particular glulam. The results are discussed and compared with three known failure criterion, Hankinsons formula, The Tsai-Wu criterion and Maximum stress theory to determine if they are appropriate models for predicting the properties of glulam. The properties considered have been chosen with respect to a connection system for use in folded plate structures utilizing embedded rods. This paper considers the effect of the timber grain angle on the compression, tensile and steel dowel rod pull-out strengths. The test data shows that Hankinson and Tsai-Wu are both good models to predict both the compression and tensile behavior of engineered timber products at non-tangential angles, whereas maximum stress theory had less correlation and over predicts the results and would not be recommended for use in engineered timber materials.
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Tian, Gang, Wen Yu, Thi Thanh Huyen Vu, and Guo-Yong Ma. "Green Assessment of Imports and Exports of Wooden Forest Products Based on Forest Processing Industry: A Case Study of China." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020166.
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The research on international trade competitiveness is progressing continuously. Environmental factors have been gradually considered in the competitiveness of international trade. However, the green assessment system of international trade competitiveness is not perfect. Building a model based on the trade economy is complex. This study combines environmental pollution data based on the forest processing industry with trade flows. Environmental trade competitiveness, pollution treatment, and trade scale were selected as the three criterion levels to construct an assessment system. The weight and score of each index were calculated by the overall entropy method. The overall entropy method is more comprehensive than the traditional entropy weight method due to introduce longitudinal comparisons of time and category. This method is a dynamic evaluation model with analysis of three-dimensional sequential data tables. The use of this method enables the assessment model to analyze more comprehensively the green level of a country’s trade in wooden forest products in terms of time and product category. The green level of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber trade in China is at a high level. The pollution treatment and trade scale of chemical wood pulp and sawn timber attained a medium level of matching. The trades in particle board, hardboard, newsprint, carton board, and wrapping paper are at medium levels of green. The trades in medium density fiberboard and plywood have poor levels of green and need to improve their green production capacity. It is suggested that China should increase investment in scientific research, as well as establish policies to restrict and treat pollution in the industry of wooden forest products, while increasing the export volumes of products with high added value. China should attach importance to the pollution resulting from the manufacture of wooden forest products. The state should support policies for these producers reducing production emissions.
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Terziev, Nasko, Geoffrey Daniel, Grigori Torgovnikov, and Peter Vinden. "Effect of microwave treatment on the wood structure of Norway spruce and radiata pine." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 5616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5616-5626.
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Low permeability of many wood species causes problems during timber manufacturing, including long drying times, material losses after drying, and expensive drying processes. Impregnating low permeability timber with preservatives and resins is extremely difficult. In the pulp and paper industry, use of low permeability wood results in shallow chemical penetration, and it requires the use of small-sized chips, high chemical usage, and high-energy consumption. Microwave (MW) wood modification technology can provide solutions to many of these problems. The wood structural changes in Norway spruce and radiata pine after MW modification with 0.922 and 2.45 GHz of were investigated. High intensity MW application (specific MW power 22 to 25 W/cm3, applied energy 79 to 102 kWh/m3) to moist wood caused the following wood structural changes: pit opening and pit membrane rupture; middle lamella weakening and rupture; and ray cell wall destruction and check (voids) formation mainly in the radial-longitudinal plane caused by the destruction of rays and weak middle lamella regions. Microwave destruction of different wood structure elements provided a significant increase in wood permeability for liquids and gases. Knowledge of the effects of MW treatment to the wood structure elements allows assessment of opportunities for the use of microwave irradiation in wood technology.
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Gan, Jianbang. "Forest certification costs and global forest product markets and trade: a general equilibrium analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-100.
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The impacts of forest certification costs on the output, price, and trade of forest products were assessed via computable general equilibrium modeling under various scenarios representing tropical, temperate, and global forest certification. Despite causing more severe and extensive impacts, global certification seems more acceptable than regional certification to major timber-producing countries. The regions that would suffer the most from global certification would not be major timber-producing regions, but major net importers of forest products like East Asia. With 5%25% increases in forestry production costs resulting from certification, the world's forestry output would decline by 0.3%5.1%, while the world price would rise by 1.6%34.6%; impacts on global lumber and pulp and paper markets would be much more moderate. In general, forest certification would have larger impacts on trade and price than on output. While causing trade diversion and substitutions between tropical and temperate forest products and affecting regional forest product markets, forest certification would not substantially induce substitutions between wood and nonwood products at the global aggregate level. Because of the possible leakages (deforestation elsewhere) associated with regional certification and the land-use shifts resulting from sectoral production shifts at the regional level, forest certification may not necessarily curb tropical deforestation.
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Labunets, Yu E., and I. A. Mayburov. "Relationship of Tax Burden and Firm Size in the Timber Industry in Russia." Journal of Applied Economic Research 19, no. 4 (2020): 458–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2020.19.4.022.
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The tax burden indicator is one of the criteria for tax risk assessment used by tax authorities for making the decision to conduct an on-site tax audit. The dynamics of the tax burden indicator is considered to be a catalyst for the development of positive or negative tax relations between the taxpayer and the tax authority. It is very important to understand the relationship between the tax burden indicator and the firm's size in order to form an objective approach to tax control of micro, small and medium-sized businesses in different industries. The purpose of the research is to define a relationship between the level of tax burden and the firm's size in the Russian timber industry. The hypothesis of the research is that the tax burden increases as the size of the firm grows in the timber industry in Russia. Firms belonging to the categories of micro and small businesses were selected randomly, taking into account the priority characteristics of the firm's size by the average number of employees. The tax burden was calculated using the official methodology of the Federal Tax Service of Russia. The calculation of the tax burden level was performed for each respondent. The average values of tax burden indicators were also calculated by industry and for each category of business activity. We found that the average level of the tax burden increases when the size of businesses increases generally for all branches of the timber industry. At the same time, the researched characteristics of the firm's size (revenue and average number of employees) have a significant impact on changes in the level of the tax burden both in general and individually in such branches of the timber industry as logging, woodworking and furniture production. The tax burden level in the above-mentioned industries increases as the firm's size increases. In the pulp and paper industry, the tax burden level increases as from micro firms to small firms, but the tax burden level decreases as firms continue to grow from small to medium-sized ones.
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Shanin, I. "METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE PROVISION OF INNOVATIONS AT ENTERPRISES AND ORGANIZATIONS OF THE TIMBER INDUSTRY COMPLEX." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 3 (October 16, 2021): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-3-130-141.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of a study to assess the provision of innovations at enterprises and organizations of the timber industry. The crisis consequences associated with restrictive measures had a significant impact on the timber industry. The changes are primarily related to the transfer of many workers to a remote form of work, the observance of social distance in the workplace. Many business leaders were forced to make management decisions to reduce production capacity. The key component of the developed methodology is the formed deterministic factor model, which reflects the provision of innovations at enterprises, formed on the basis of indicators characterizing the level of innovative development. The study was based on such indicators as the dynamics of research funding in the structure of GDP, the dynamics of costs associated with financing innovative activities, the level of innovative activity, as well as the volume of innovative products. Based on the results of the assessment, it was concluded that pulp and paper enterprises are provided with innovations most of all, against the background of more than a twofold increase in the costs of science and innovation. Then there are woodworking enterprises, where there is a stable low level of innovation provision. The worst situation is demonstrated by furniture enterprises, where a critical level of innovation provision is noted.
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Sang, Yaru, Xiangyang Kang, and Pingdong Zhang. "Effect of Initial Planting Density on the Moisture Content and Chemical Composition of the Triploid Chinese White Poplar (Populus× tomentosa Carrière) Plantation." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091494.
Full textAbstract:
The triploid Chinese white poplar (Populus × tomentosa Carrière) features desirable growth traits and wood properties, making it the preferred species in the pulp and paper industries and the sawn timber industry. In this study, we characterized the effects of initial planting densities on the moisture content (MC) and four chemical components (benzene-alcohol (BA), holocellulose (HC), alpha-cellulose (AC), and klason lignin (KL)) of the triploid Chinese white poplar. In this study, 11-year-old Chinese white poplars with three triploid clones (S86, B331, and B301) and one diploid clone (1316) that were planted using seven levels of planting densities (2490, 1665, 1110, 832, 624, 499 and 416 trees/hm2) were examined in the Huabei Great Plain in China. The MC was observed to initially decrease and then subsequently increase with decreasing planting density, and exhibited significant differences under different initial planting densities (0.001 < p < 0.01). In terms of the chemical composition, the BA content of the triploid hybrid clones presented with much higher phenotypic variation (CVp = 17.11%–32.45%) at each planting density compared to either the MC (CVp = 3.73%–11.21%) or the other three chemical composition variations (CVp = 1.16%–11.46%). Substantial differences were observed in the chemical composition of the triploid hybrid clones (p < 0.05), while no differences were found in the chemical composition within the initial planting density categories. The correlation between the chemical composition of wood (BA, HC, AC, and KL) and growth traits was generally weak. These results demonstrate that compared with the MC, the chemical composition of the triploid Chinese white poplar was primarily controlled by its own genetic background and was almost unaffected by the initial planting density. Thus, it is important to select a suitable clone and initial planting density to ensure the full growth of these trees and to improve the quality of pulping in the construction of pulp timber forests.
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Shanin, Igor Igorevich. "Development of a Scientific and Methodological Approach towards Increasing the Level of Innovative Activity of Enterprises of the Timber Industry Complex." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.12.11.
Full textAbstract:
The paper is devoted to the problems of developing scientific and methodological approaches to as-sessing the level of innovative activity of enterprises of the timber industry complex. The author uses materials that characterize the innovative potential and innovative development of woodworking enter-prises, pulp and paper industry enterprises, furniture enterprises, and enterprises for growing forest crops. The study highlights the features of the de-velopment of innovative processes, consisting in the priority of the use of technological and environ-mental innovations in production, as one of the conditions for ensuring competitiveness. The basis of the research methodology is the formation of an integral indicator of the degree of influence of fac-tors on the innovative development of enterprises. The developed methodological approach is based on the study of the innovative potential of forestry enterprises, as a combination of four components (scientific and innovative, technical and production, environmental, information and communication), and on the assessment of five groups of factors (financial and economic, material and technical, in-formation, environmental natural, digital).
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Alabina, N. M., L. K. Patsyuk, E. A. Medvedeva, and T. V. Nariniants. "THE POSSIBILITY OF USING PECTIN OF CONIFEROUS TREES AS STRUCTURE-FORMING." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (December 4, 2018): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-81-83.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the demand for food has sharply increased in functional ingredients, especially in pectin. At present, there is no production of pectin substances in the Russian Federation, and the demand for them is satisfied, mainly due to the use of imported pectin. At the same time, the country has prerequisites for its own production of pectin from non-traditional types of raw materials, for example, bark of coniferous trees, which in the form of waste is produced in large quantities when processing wood in the timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and goes to incineration, although its can be used to obtain such a valuable substance as pectin. The article considers the possibility of using pectins from the bark of coniferous trees in the production of fruit and vegetable nectars with pulp as a biological additive that improves the consistency of the product. To confirm this, VNII researchers of conservation technology conducted studies to test pectin from the bark of spruce and larch on their structure-forming ability. For this purpose, experimental samples of fruit and vegetable nectars with pulp were made: apricot, quince, cherry, redcod, plum and carrot, obtained on the basis of fruit and vegetable purees, as well as the calculated amount of sugar syrup with a certain concentration, with the addition of pectin from the spruce bark and larch, and for comparison samples with the addition of ordinary apple pectin. Pectin was added as a 10% solution in an amount of 9.0% of the total weight of nectar (in terms of dry pectin – 0.9%), which allowed to provide a homogeneous, non-dissolving consistency of nectars.
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Koverninskij, Ivan Nikolaevich. "STUDY OF PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL-THERMOMECHANICAL MASS FROM WOOD OF THE POPLING." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019024482.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides material on the study of chemical-thermomechanical pulp (CTMM) from poplar wood, produced by the Chinese company WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD. As a result of the research, it was established that CTMP of poplar wood has the ability to be easily milled with a significant increase (by 30–80%) of physical and mechanical properties. The interval of the possible degree of grinding, in which the mass can be used with the greatest efficiency, is recommended 30–50 °SR.
CTMM in unbleached form is a high-quality primary semi-finished fibrous material that can be effectively used in combination with waste fiber for the production of corrugated paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard (test liner). Adding weight to the composition is appropriate in the range of 20–50%.
CTMM in bleached form is a high-quality primary fiber for the production of base paper for various sanitary purposes. Compositions with bleached cellulose, in which cellulose should be added within 15–20%, will differ in high efficiency in imparting properties to paper.
When using coniferous sapwood (pine, larch), a characteristic large-tonnage waste of Russian enterprises, an increase in the mechanical properties of the mass is expected by 20–30%. Such a mass will be a significant factor in the development of the production of containerboard, sanitary and hygienic, as well as other types of paper and cardboard.
The CTMM technology offered by the Chinese company WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD is recommended for use by Russian timber merchants. In terms of its importance, the technology is capable of solving the tasks of developing the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, provided for in the Strategy for the Development of the Forest Complex of Russia until 2030.