Journal articles: 'Timber Materials'

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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.

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The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hundred small-medium bridges for connecting 20 districts, 39 wards, and 197 villages using local materials such as local timbers. This laminating technology is not a new technology but the utilization of this technology for constructing the main bridges structures is challenging and limited to the implementation in the civil construction industrial sector. This study composed 2 types of the low-class quality (lcq) of timber materials (such as Shorea sp and Shorea peltata Sym) and 2 types of medium class-quality (mcq) ones (Dipterocarpus and Calophyllum) for constructing the main bridge structures. Based on the laboratory test results utilizing 80% of lcq materials and 20% mcq ones, these composite timber materials may increase the timbers MOE by 145% to 166% from the existing MOE value of the mcq solid timbers. Based on the simulations these laminated composites wooden bridge girders 2 x (70x20) m2, these timber materials have passed all the tests and the application of this technology may improve the lcq timber values and it could be used for an alternative material of the bridge girder's main structures.

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Covington, S. A., and I. S. Mclntyre. "Timber Frame Wall Materials." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, no. 4 (July 1985): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551211.

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Yu, Chau Cho, and Heui Yung Chang. "Micro-Density of Timber Materials via an Image Processing Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4085.

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The present study is to evaluate micro-density of timber materials on cell level. Density, one of the most important parameters for such materials, is discussed in details. Four kinds of timbers are placed under a microscope for cell photos from which the cavity ratios are obtained through an appropriate image processing computer code. Micro density is calculated by dividing bulk density by cell wall ratio. It is found that three out of four kinds of timbers have similar micro-density and therefore, for those samples, macro-density can be expressed as the multiplication of the cell wall ratio and micro-density which is treated as one of their characteristic constants, no matter it is late wood or early wood. In the future, micro-density can be one of the criteria to categorize structural timbers.

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Han, Fang, and Shou Feng Wang. "Timber and Chinese Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1766.

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Timber, a traditional construction material that was almost forgotten. Timber structure building got a qualitative leap in structure form, mechanized producing craftmanship and matching products, along with social progress and technology improvement. This paper will summarize modern timber structure forms by comparison with popular constructional material, like concrete and steel, in five aspects including life-cycle energy consumption, structure form, construction cost, construction period, seismic performance. Timber's advantages and disadvantages in architectural design will be listed, which may provide theoretical basis for diversified choice of construction materials in architectural design.

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Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.

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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of timbers mechanical properties is still almost non-existent. The present paper discusses possible ways to use and combine information from visual grading standards and non and semi-destructive techniques to predict the reference properties of timber members in service. The discussion has in mind studies conducted over the last years and the information provided by different guidelines, standards or papers recently published.

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Salatov, E. K., A. S. Bagay, and S. V. Belkina. "REINFORCING TIMBER STRUCTURES WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Вестник Московского информационно-технологического университета - Московского архитектурно-строительного института, no. 1 (2021): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52470/2619046x_2020_1_21.

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Sushkov, Artyom. "Formation woodcomposite materials from timber waste." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2995.

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Shao, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Zhirong Yang, Changhui Jiang, Wei Li, Haohao Wu, Shaowei Wang, et al. "Feasibility Study on Hyperspectral LiDAR for Ancient Huizhou-Style Architecture Preservation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010088.

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Huizhou-style ancient architecture was one of the most important genres of architectural heritage in China. The architecture employed bricks, woods, and stones as raw materials, and timber frames were significant structures. Due to the drawback that the timbers were vulnerable to moisture and atmospheric agents, ancient timber buildings needed frequent protective interventions to maintain its good condition. Such interventions unavoidably disrupted the consistency between the original timber components. Besides this, the modifications brought about difficulty in correctly analysing and judging the state of existing ancient buildings, which, in current preservation practices, mainly rely on the expertise of skilled craftsmen to classify wood species and to identify the building-age of the timber components. Therefore, the industry and the research community urgently need a technique to rapidly and accurately classify wood materials and to discriminate building-age. In the paper, we designed an eye-safe 81-channel hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) to tackle these issues. The HSL used an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a spectral bandpass filter, offering the HSL measurements with 5 nm spectral resolution. Based on the HSL measurements, we analysed the relationship between the surface and cross-section spectral profiles of timber components from different ancient architectures built in the early Qing dynasty (~300 years), late Qing dynasty (~100 years), and nowadays, and confirmed the feasibility of using surface spectra of timber components for classification purpose. We classified building-ages and wood species with multiple Naive Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers by the surface spectra of timber components; this also unveiled the possibility of classifying gnawed timber components from its spectra for the first time. The encouraging experimental results supported that the AOTF-HSL is feasible for historic timber building preservation.

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Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.

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Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atmospheric influences, etc. But foreign experience proves the contrary. The article is devoted to the implementation of new plank-nailed spans that meet current requirements of load capacity, reliability and durability.Materials and methods. The authors suggest and describe a new span structure. The span consists of planktimber- nailed-dowel blocks and a reinforced concrete slab generating a composite action. Some special crested shear connectors are suggested as combining elements. The top part works as flexible shear connectors in a reinforced concrete slab. The bottom part works as dowels with steel joints and timbers structures. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the structure has been completed within “compound beam” theory.Results. The application of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab allows to protect supporting timber structures against atmospheric influences, dirt, cracking from the sun rays, radiation and provides at least 50-year durability. The timber preservation provides a specified service life. The application of suggested connection with composite action between a reinforced concrete slab and supporting timber structures increases effectiveness of the composite timber concrete structure compared to steel and reinforced concrete structures. Trans-Baikal territory, Irkutsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatia, Karelia are in the greatest need of the timber concrete composite spans, because they have a lot of forest resources and old timber bridges that are still in service.

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Qiu, Jing, Jian Hong Tong, and Li Hui Chen. "Comparison of Various Glulam in Physical Properties and Flexural Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.880.

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The glulam is determined by, and therefore a representation of, a new kind of ecological structural materials. The aim of this study was to summarize the mechanical performance especially the flexural behavior of various kinds of glulam and the physical properties of their relevant original timbers including pseudotsuga menziesii, larch, Yi poplar, poplar, China fir, mongolian scotch pine and camphor. And then it established and analyzed the relationship between the two to contrast those timber species so as to provide engineers with some reference in selecting timber glulam.

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Owens, Frank C., R. Daniel Seale, and Rubin Shmulsky. "Strength and stiffness of 8-inch deep mixed hardwood composite timber mats." BioResources 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2495-2500.

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There is a current and pressing need to develop engineering standards for timber- and other wood-based mats. In 2018 a group of mat producers and users began discussing a potential grading specification standard specific to mats. There are large gaps in the literature regarding the performance of the available raw materials as well as bolt-laminated mat systems. This work represents a novel attempt to begin to assess the mechanical properties of timber mats. Eight-inch deep mixed hardwood timbers were graded according to an experimental specification standard. Then, they were drilled and bolt laminated into 28 three-timber composite mats that were 24 inches (60.96 cm) in width. The bending stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]) and strength (modulus of rupture [MOR]) performance were evaluated with a static bending test. The 5th percentile nonparametric tolerance limit (5% NTL) and design value for fiber stress in bending (Fb) were calculated. The nonparametric design value compared favorably with that of graded timbers, as described in the 2018 National Design Specification (NDS) for wood.

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Darmono, Faqih Ma’arif, Slamet Widodo, and Sidik Pamungkas. "Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Timber Materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1387 (November 2019): 012093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1387/1/012093.

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Cavalli, Alberto, and Marco Togni. "The Influence of Routed Grooves on the Bending Behavior of Old Timber Beams." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.393.

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Old timber structures represent an important portion of the World cultural heritage: wooden buildings materials and building techniques are part of our history and their conservation is an essential contribution to cultural diversity and global cultural wealth. In recent times, the methods and approaches used to assess and to maintain timber in historic buildings have evolved considerably and various techniques for timber repair and strengthening were developed and deeply investigated. A very common and widely used technique for the timber strengthening-repair is realized by inserting reinforcement materials in grooves cut in the original sound wood. The proposed reinforcement materials are various (fiber reinforced plastic materials, steel bar/s or plate/s, wood and wood products) and the grooves number and depth are variable. Several researches were conducted to determine the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of old timber members strengthened with the described technics. A common approach is to consider the strengthened timber beam as a composite one and the MOE of the wooden part correspondent to the original. In practice, the timber members work together with strengthened materials, and the strengthening intervention is planned taking into account both original timber and strengthening material MOEs. The basic assumption of this approach is that the slots executed along the timber length have no effect on the timber MOE. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of the routed grooves cut along the wooden beams, on the bending MOE of old timber members, to provide important information for the strengthening interventions plan.

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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Lifecycle Impacts of Structural Frame Materials for Multi-storey Building Systems." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 24, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.24.1.23229.

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In this study the lifecycle primary energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of multi-storeybuilding versions with different structural frame materials as well as construction systems are analysedconsidering flows from the production, operation and end-of-life phases and the full natural resourceschains. The analysed building versions include conventional and modern construction systems withlight-frame timber, reinforced concrete-frame, massive timber frame, beam-and-column timber frameor modular timber frame structural systems and are designed to the energy efficiency level of thepassive house criteria. The results show that the lifecycle primary energy use and GHG emissions forthe reinforced concrete building system are higher than those for the timber-based building systems,due primarily to the lower production primary energy use and GHG emissions as well as greater amountof biomass residues when using wood-based materials. The operation primary energy use and GHGemission for the buildings are lower when heated with cogenerated district heating compared to whenheated with electric-based heat pump, showing the significance of heat supply choice. The findingsemphasize the importance of structural frame material choice and system-wide lifecycle perspective inreducing primary energy use and GHG emissions in the built environment.

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Vanpachtenbeke, Michiel, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker, and Staf Roels. "Performance of wood and wood-based materials regarding fungal decay." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 20010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017220010.

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Due to the increasingly stringent energy efficiency requirements, timber frame houses are becoming more and more popular across Europe. Depending on the circumstances, timber frame walls might be exposed to high relative humidity or condensation conditions, leading to a risk of fungal degradation. In order to assess the durability of a timber frame construction in a reliable way, a clear view on the potential risk of fungal growth is essential. Various experiments are reported in literature to define the minimal moisture threshold for fungal decay, yet all very different in set-up and hence leading to contradictory conclusions. Therefore, the present paper aims at a contribution to a better understanding of the influence of moisture conditions on the onset and progress of wood decay in timber frame walls. Based on the information that is still lacking in international literature, a new test methodology has been elaborated within this work and is reported in this paper.

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Bylgakova, M. A., and P. V. Samolysov. "The concentrationof competitiveness of russianwood and materials from itto forest exchanges." Russian competition law and economy, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2018-2-48-51.

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In this article the position of competitiveness of materials from domestic wood on forest stock exchanges is considered, as well as the formation of the stock exchange for timber and timber trade as a tool for developing the competitiveness of the industry.

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Biscaia, Hugo, Noel Franco, Ricardo Nunes, and Carlos Chastre. "Old Suspended Timber Floors Flexurally-Strengthened with Different Structural Materials." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.78.

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The design of timber beams has strict limits when it comes to the Serviceability Limit States (SLS) either in short-term or in long-term deflections. In order to face this aspect efficiently, the increase of the cross section of the beams might be considered as a solution. However, the prohibitive increase of the costs associated to this solution or the change of the initial architecture design of the building, opens the opportunity to find new and more efficient solutions. In that way, the use of additional reinforcements to the timber beams may be seen as a promising solution because either new or old structures would keep always their original aesthetical aspect with no significant self-weight increase and improving their behaviour to short and long-term actions. Therefore, the current study is dedicated to the analysis of composite timber beams where Fiber Reinforcement Polymers (FRP), steel or stainless steel are used to improve the stiffness, strength and deflection behaviour of old suspended timber floors. An experimental program was conducted where old suspended timber floors reinforced with CFRP strips were subjected to 4-point bending tests. A simplify nonlinear numerical model was developed to simulate the bending behaviour of the specimens and several other cases with other reinforcement configurations and different structural materials were assumed. The numerical analysis herein presented also takes into account both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States of the reinforced specimens.

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Wikstrom, L., and C. Z. Yu. "Fringe Timber: Informing Regional Mass Timber Urban Environments with Biodiverse Forests." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012028.

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Abstract Trees present a vast array of performance in density, growth speed, height, fibre strength, and rates of carbon absorption. This paper explores how biodiverse mass timber is a way to support forest health and improve the health conditions of the most vulnerable—those who have experienced the pollution of mineral-based materials for generations. This symbiotic relationship between forests and urban environments incentivizes better care for both spaces, the transfer of materials should be reciprocal. Fringe Timber looks at the forest surrounding a city to inform its scale of growth and reduce its carbon footprint. Using three case studies in New York City, Denver, and Tulsa, this paper posits city-specific, species-driven supply chains beyond softwoods for mass timber, including hardwoods and hybrids, to support the appropriate scale and speed for urban development.

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Thong, Christine, and Blair Kuys. "A Empirical Study of Industrial Design Contribution to Advances in Timber Materials Science." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.248.

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Materials Science typically engages research expertise from fields such as engineering, chemistry and physics. This paper will examine how industrial design successfully contributed to timber materials science in the initial phases of basic research. Research from two PhD studies, completed in conjunction with the Australian Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Wood Innovations, will be used as case studies. These case studies discuss examples from research projects investigating new Microwave Modified Timber (MMT) materials development along with surface modified timber. Findings concur that industrial design research was beneficial to early scientific experiments.

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Ernur, Akiner, İlknur Akiner, Nurdan Akiner, and Valentina Zileska-Pancovska. "Using wood as a new generation building material in the context of sustainable development." Zastita materijala 63, no. 1 (2022): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2201068a.

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Wood is a natural resource that is renewable, easily recoverable and stores carbon dioxide, making wood constructions a feasible alternative to attaining significant sustainability targets. In the '90s, technological attendees invented the laminated wood beams, and it begins to apply the ingenious truss solved principle to the building structures of laminated and plywood. A new generation hybrid construction method dubbed the Urban Timber (UT) System was designed to support the timber buildings based on the diagnostic vulnerabilities of wooden structures. The system was defined and demonstrated while taking into account structural behavior, architectural value. Everything else is left to the designer's discretion, his sensitivity, and, above all, his ability to leverage technology from the many advantages and many-sided. The research seeks to inform future generations about the predicted sustainable features of wooden structures, which are touchstones of the global construction industry, under the usual circumstances of a new industry. To that end, it has proven why industrialized timber building systems are a fundamental problem in the context of the present environmental, social, and psychological discussion and the utilization of distinct construction approaches using sustainable materials. Timber is seen as the future building material, according to the findings.

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Puettmann, Maureen, Francesca Pierobon, Indroneil Ganguly, Hongmei Gu, Cindy Chen, Shaobo Liang, Susan Jones, Ian Maples, and Mark Wishnie. "Comparative LCAs of Conventional and Mass Timber Buildings in Regions with Potential for Mass Timber Penetration." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 18, 2021): 13987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413987.

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Manufacturing of building materials and construction of buildings make up 11% of the global greenhouse gas emission by sector. Mass timber construction has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by moving wood into buildings with designs that have traditionally been dominated by steel and concrete. The environmental impacts of mass timber buildings were compared against those of functionally equivalent conventional buildings. Three pairs of buildings were designed for the Pacific Northwest, Northeast and Southeast regions in the United States to conform to mass timber building types with 8, 12, or 18 stories. Conventional buildings constructed with concrete and steel were designed for comparisons with the mass timber buildings. Over all regions and building heights, the mass timber buildings exhibited a reduction in the embodied carbon varying between 22% and 50% compared to the concrete buildings. Embodied carbon per unit of area increased with building height as the quantity of concrete, metals, and other nonrenewable materials increased. Total embodied energy to produce, transport, and construct A1–A5 materials was higher in all mass timber buildings compared to equivalent concrete. Further research is needed to predict the long-term carbon emissions and carbon mitigation potential of mass timber buildings to conventional building materials.

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Huang, Chun Hua, Sheng Liu, and Yi Ming Liu. "Analysis of Building Envelope Materials Retrofitting of Timber Dwellings Based on Energy Efficiency." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.687.

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To find out the optimum building envelope retrofitting methods for timber dwellings in Western Hunan, China, energy efficiency retrofitting strategies of building envelope materials are optimized by an orthogonal test and energy simulation tool, DeST-h. On the premise of protecting their architectural styles, a comprehensive materials retrofitting strategy, a polyurethane foam insulation layer for the double-fir external wall envelope, reed foil for the clay insulation layer roof, using ordinary insulating glass units window material, is provided for the existing timer-structured dwellings in rural area of Western Hunan. After retrofitting, this passive strategy can achieve an energy-saving rate of 64.97%, short 4 years dynamic payback period of investment, and increase by 847h acceptable temperature hours in one year.

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Bouchaïr, A., P. Racher, and J. F. Bocquet. "Analysis of dowelled timber to timber moment-resisting joints." Materials and Structures 40, no. 10 (January 23, 2007): 1127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9210-0.

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Kuklík, Petr, Lukáš Velebil, Anna Gregorová, and Petr Svora. "MONITORING AND PROTECTION OF TIMBER-CONCRETE BRIDGES." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (July 25, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0057.

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The majority of timber bridges for ordinary road traffic are often made as timber-concrete composite structures. Concrete slab is something like as umbrella for timber. The reason for problems in timber-concrete bridges is nearly always poor detailing for durability and neglected maintenance. Mainly all aspects of timber protection and maintenance should therefore be considered even during the planning phase of bridge. Paper deals with evaluation of timber properties, system of opto-fiber sensors for monitoring and diagnostics of mechanical stress of timber-concrete bridges, and degradation of timber due to UV radiation, atmospheric conditions and biological agents after application of photocatalytic materials on surface.

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Ansell, Martin P. "Multi-functional nano-materials for timber in construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 166, no. 4 (August 2013): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.12.00035.

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Isaev, Sergey, and Oleg Erenkov. "Production technology improvement of timber-based glued materials." REPAIR RECONDITIONING MODERNIZATION, no. 2 (2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-2651-2020-0-2-43-46.

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Marko, G., L. Bejo, and P. Takats. "Cross-laminated timber made of Hungarian raw materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 123 (April 2016): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/123/1/012059.

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Ghanbari-Ghazijahani, Tohid, Thomas Russo, and Hamid R. Valipour. "Lightweight timber I-beams reinforced by composite materials." Composite Structures 233 (February 2020): 111579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111579.

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Singh, Tripti, Dave Page, and Ian Simpson. "Manufactured structural timber building materials and their durability." Construction and Building Materials 217 (August 2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.036.

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Sandberg, D. "Radially sawn timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 55, no. 2-4 (March 1997): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02990541.

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Sandberg, D. "Radially sawn timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 54, no. 3 (May 1996): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050155.

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Sandberg, D., and H. Holmberg. "Radially sawn timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 54, no. 6 (November 1996): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050203.

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Prihatmaji, Yulianto P., Akihisa Kitamori, and Kohei Komatsu. "In Search of Substitution Material for Traditional Javanese Wooden Houses." Wood Research Journal 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2011.2.1.46-53.

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Many Javanese traditional timber structures have been destroyed by major earthquake. The impact of the disaster demanded a deeper finding on timber materials for repairing and reconstructing. To understand the mechanical property of timber for Javanese timber house, compression test were carried out for radial and tangential direction. Traditional joint construction use mortise and tenon system that stress yield in intersection occurred. Compression property and partial compression property is quite important for traditional joint construction. Especially, the mechanical properties against density of tropical timber were studied. In this paper, authors showed substitute materials for Javanese timber houses from tropical timber. A total of 288 specimens made from six tropical timber species were tested. All of tropical timber specimens showed strong relationship between Young’s modulus (E) and density. There was clear trend that the smaller density indicated the smaller Young’s modulus. Jati, Nangka, Sonokeling, Ketepeng and Acacia had similar increasing mechanical properties, while in the case of specimen Falcata, it mechanical properties were stagnant. The bigger density indicated the bigger Young’s modulus. Acacia and Ketepeng have MOE and density nearby Jati. Both of specimens has also similar tendency of mechanical properties with Jati.

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Ninikas, Konstantinos, Porfyrios Tallaros, Andromachi Mitani, Dimitrios Koutsianitis, Georgios Ntalos, Hamid R. Taghiyari, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Thermal Behavior of a Light Timber-Frame Wall vs. a Theoretical Simulation with Various Insulation Materials." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6010022.

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The objective of this paper is to compare the thermal behavior of a light frame timber wall by measuring 15 test samples with various insulation materials versus a theoretical simulation with the use of a software. This work establishes the variance between the two different methods to measure the thermal transmittance coefficient of timber walls. It is verified that the mean percentage alteration between the two methods is 4.25%. Furthermore, this approach proved that with the use of a simulation software, additional readings (humidity, vapor flux, heat flux, and vapor pressure) can also be considered and measured, enhancing the overall development of a timber wall. This can provide additional information regarding to the characteristics of the masonry’s elements assisting in an improved design of a timber wall with upgraded performance.

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Munawaroh, Esti, Yupi Isnaini, Purity Sabila Ajiningrum, Siti Susiarti, and Y. Purwanto. "Cultural Significance Analysis to Support the Valuation of Non Timber Forest Products of the Malay Community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, Sumatera." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v3i2.52.

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The study of utilizing the diversity of non-timber forest product species by testing the value of cultural importance or Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) analysis aims to identify the species of non-timber forest products with highest importance value for local communities. The results of this study documented (1) list of species of non-timber forest products that have an important role in the Malay community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, including foodstuffs (51-77 plants), vegetable ingredients (21 plants), medicinal materials (> 77 plants), equipment materials (62 plants), pulp and paper materials (27 plants), and other non-timber forest products; (2) list of species of the potential non-timber forest products to be further developed as fruit-producing plants (12 species), vegetables (10 species), medicinal plants (6 species), pulp and paper-based plants (6 species), plywood (18 species), basic materials for manufacturing equipment, arts and other local technology (8 species); and (3) basic data on economic valuation studies of non-timber forest products. The potential species that have high importance value to be cultivated plants were rambai (Baccaurea spp.), cempunik (Artocarpus hispidum), durian (Durio zibethinus, Durio oxleyanus, and Durio spp.), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum and Nephelium spp.) for fruits, rotan jernang (Calamus draco and Calamus spp.) as a medicinal material, and other uses. Specifically the diversity of potential species of non-timber forest products will be discussed in this paper.

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Resnais, Peteris, Aldis Grekis, Matiss Keivs, and Baiba Gaujena. "Possibilities of Useful Use of Glued Wooden Construction Residues." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154106.

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People have erected buildings with the use of timber structures for a long time. The uses of timber constructions are very diverse—it is used for the production of exterior wall and roof constructions, window frames and doors, and it is used for dry as well as wet premises. Scandinavian countries have extremely vast experience of using timber structures. Latvia has a rather extensive timber processing and timber structure manufacturing sector. Many companies are involved in timber processing, however, to enable even more extensive use of timber structures, environmental and technically economic requirements of contemporary building must be taken into consideration. Environmental requirements for timber structures provide certain advantages in comparison to other building materials, but technically economic requirements are very important as well. The development of manufacturing of glued constructions and research of production processes of these constructions allows one to find solutions for the reduction in the cost of timber structures, and the results of such research can ensure significant development of the use of timber structures in building, as well as reduce total construction costs. The basic objective of the study is to investigate the residual materials arising as a result of processing cross-laminated timber constructions (CLT panels), material generated as a result of high levels of construction production, and research of the opportunities to reprocess the residual materials generated as a result of laminated timber structure manufacturing into materials suitable for production of building constructions. The majority of CLT panels are manufactured using 20, 30 and 40 mm thick boards, and, during the panel manufacturing process, there are various standard thicknesses of panels, for example, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 mm, etc. Various layers are used for the creation of various thicknesses depending on the necessary technical properties. Various arrangements of the thickness of a single panel will cause different structural and physical behaviour (i.e., impact of changes in moisture, fire resistance, etc.). During the research and for the purposes of testing of CLT panels, only residues with equal types and thicknesses of lamellae were selected. Two main purposes were included in the panel testing process: (1) Comparison of technical performance of the residues of CLT panels with the classic CLT panel. Curve strength and tensile strength tests were performed in accordance with LVS EN standards (LVS EN 16351: 2016 and LVS EN 408 + A1: 2012). All the samples were prepared according to the LVS EN standards. (2) To assess the impact of two resins (melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and polyurethane (PU)), widely used in industry, on structural properties of recycled CLT material. Results of the research show that recycling residues of glued wooden constructions may lead to good results, and manufacturing residues of CLT panels may be successfully used in construction and for the reduction in CLT panel manufacturing costs.

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Buyuktaskin, Halet Almila Arda, Mehmet Serkan Yatagan, Gulseren Erol Soyoz, Leyla Tanacan, and Morvarid Dilmaghani. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DURABILITY OF LOAD BEARING TIMBER-GLASS COMPOSITES UNDER THE EFFECTS OF ACCELERATED AGING." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 2 (March 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.2.45.

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Although timber was used extensively as a structural material for traditional buildings in Turkey in the past, usage of structural timber decreased significantly over time and timber has been largely replaced by other materials. As timber is a natural, durable and sustainable material, it would be desirable to re-introduce timber structural elements to contemporary construction in a form that is appealing to industry. Timber-glass composite structural elements are potentially a good candidate for this purpose. To that end, a series of tests were conducted on load-bearing timber-glass composites in order to understand the long–term structural performance of the composite material under atmospheric conditions; to decrease the recurring cost of repair and maintenance; and to minimize the exhaustion of raw materials and energy. In this paper, the first part of this experimental work is presented, which focuses on the durability of timber-glass composite under the effects of accelerated aging, carried out on small-sized timber-glass composite specimens. Accelerated aging effects were observed under wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, UV effects, resistance to acids and high temperature. The mechanical strength of the timber-glass composite specimens before and after the effect of accelerated aging was measured by adhesion and shear strength tests and a comparative analysis of the results was carried out. The results of the experiments indicate that timber-glass composite is suitable to be used under protection from environmental conditions.

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Gu, Hongmei, Shaobo Liang, and Richard Bergman. "Comparison of Building Construction and Life-Cycle Cost for a High-Rise Mass Timber Building with its Concrete Alternative." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00052.

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Abstract Mass timber building materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) have captured attention in mid- to high-rise building designs because of their potential environmental benefits. The recently updated multistory building code also enables greater utilization of these wood building materials. The cost-effectiveness of mass timber buildings is also undergoing substantial analysis. Given the relatively new presence of CLT in United States, high front-end construction costs are expected. This study presents the life-cycle cost (LCC) for a 12-story, 8,360-m2 mass timber building to be built in Portland, Oregon. The goal was to assess its total life-cycle cost (TLCC) relative to a functionally equivalent reinforced-concrete building design using our in-house-developed LCC tool. Based on commercial construction cost data from the RSMeans database, a mass timber building design is estimated to have 26 percent higher front-end costs than its concrete alternative. Front-end construction costs dominated the TLCC for both buildings. However, a decrease of 2.4 percent TLCC relative to concrete building was observed because of the estimated longer lifespan and higher end-of-life salvage value for the mass timber building. The end-of-life savings from demolition cost or salvage values in mass timber building could offset some initial construction costs. There are minimal historical construction cost data and lack of operational cost data for mass timber buildings; therefore, more studies and data are needed to make the generalization of these results. However, a solid methodology for mass timber building LCC was developed and applied to demonstrate several cost scenarios for mass timber building benefits or disadvantages.

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Kato, Shigeru, Naoki Wada, Kazuki Shiogai, Takashi Tamaki, Tomomichi Kagawa, Renon Toyosaki, and Hajime Nobuhara. "Automatic Classification of Crack Severity from Cross-Section Image of Timber Using Simple Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 8250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168250.

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Cedar and other timbers used for construction generally undergo a high-temperature drying process after being harvested to maintain their quality. However, internal cracks occur during this process. This is an issue because it deteriorates the structural performance, such as buckling strength and joint durability of the timber. Since preventing these internal cracks is difficult, their severity must be examined manually. Currently, the length, thickness, and area of the cracks on a cross-sectional surface of square timber are measured using calipers. However, this process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, we employed a convolutional neural network (CNN), widely used in artificial intelligence applications, to automatically evaluate the severity of cracks from cross-sectional images of timber. A novel CNN was constructed and experimentally evaluated in this study. The average classification accuracy was 85.67%.

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Gugutsidze, G., and F. Draškovič. "Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plastics." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-010-0006-4.

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Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plasticsWood is a polymeric material with many valuable features and which also lacks some negative features. In order to keep up with high construction rates and the minimization of negative effects, wood has become one of the most valuable materials in modern engineering. But the use of timber material economically is also an actual problem in order to protect the environment and improve natural surroundings. A panel of scientists is interested in solving these problems and in creating rational structures, where timber can be used efficiently. These constructions are as follows: glue-laminated (gluelam), composed and reinforced wooden constructions. Composed and reinforced wooden constructions are examined less, but according to researches already carried out, it is clear that significant work can be accomplished in creating rational, highly effective and economic timber constructions. The paper deals with research on the formation of composed fiber-reinforced beams (CFRP) made of timber and provide evidence of their effectiveness. The aim of the paper is to investigate cross-bending of CFRP-reinforced gluelaminated timber beams. According to the results we were able to determine the additional effectiveness of reinforcement with CFRP (which depends on the CFRP material's quality, quantity and module of elasticity) on the mechanical features of timber and a whole beam.

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Pruss, Boris, Viktor Romanov, Yaroslav Prozorov, and Olga Pleskacheva. "COMPUTER MODELING OF THE STRUCTURE OF FOREST DRYING CHAMBERS, REDUCING HEAT LOSS." Automation and modeling in design and management 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2020-4-60-67.

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The paper presents the theory of calculating heat loss through the fences of timber drying chambers. The software for computer modeling of the process of transferring heat energy through the fences of the drying chamber, consisting of various heat-insulating materials, for calculating heat losses during drying of sawn timber is described. The efficiency of the use of modern heat-insulating materials to reduce heat losses during drying of sawn timber has been experimentally confirmed.

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Cheng, Chi-Honn, Cheuk-Lun Chow, Tsz-Kit Yue, Yiu-Wah Ng, and Wan-Ki Chow. "Smoke Hazards of Tall Timber Buildings with New Products." Encyclopedia 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010039.

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Timber buildings can now stand very tall using new products. As timber materials are expected to be easily ignitable, the fire hazard of timber is a concern. Charring of the timber surface would maintain structural stability, but would also be accompanied by smoke. Although treating timber products with fire retardants would delay the ignition time under low radiative heat flux, toxic combustion products and unburnt fuel would be emitted immediately upon burning. More smoke and higher toxic gas concentrations such as carbon monoxide would be given off upon burning some fire retardants under high flashover heat fluxes. Due to the fast upward movement of smoke under stack effect, spreading of toxic smoke in tall timber buildings would lead to a hazardous environment. Engineered timber consists of derivative timber products. New engineered timber products are manufactured with advanced technology and design, including cross-laminated-timber (CLT), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and glue-laminated timber (Glulam). The fire behaviour of timber products has been studied for several decades. However, the smoke hazards of using new timber products in building construction should be monitored. The objective of this study is to inspire stakeholders in fire safety of timber buildings, inter alia smoke hazards, to use new timber products to build tall buildings.

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Aicher, Simon, and Denny Ohnesorge. "Shear strength of glued laminated timber made from European beech timber." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-009-0399-9.

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Posmetev, Valeriy, Vadim Nikonov, Viktor Posmetev, and Aleksey Matyashov. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM OF A TIMBER TRACTOR WITH A LUMBER TRUCK." Forestry Engineering Journal 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2021.2/14.

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The place of road transport in logging production has been considered. The main advantages of using timber tractors with timber drags in comparison with other layout schemes of timber road trains have been described. Conse-quences of dynamic loads acting on the pivot of the turning bunk of a timber-carrying area from frequent braking of a timber tractor with a timber drag have been given. Based on the analysis of scientific works of foreign scientists, the promising direction of research in the field of recuperation of various types of energy in road transport is substantiated, which makes it possible to reduce dynamic loads during braking in the pivot pin and at the same time accumulate, with subsequent useful use, energy unproductively dissipated into the surrounding space from the energy forces of the trailer with a pack of whips. The design of the main manufacturers of platforms for timber haulers with timber drags has been described. The requirements for timber haulers with timber drags operated on public roads have been considered. The main forces acting on the links of a timber tractor with a timber drag during braking have been analyzed. Diagrams of the mutual positions of a timber tractor with a timber drag when moving along a timber road on the rise, downhill and turn have been given. The analysis of the dependences of the forces arising in the pivot of the swivel bunk of a timber platform during the movement of a timber tractor with a timber drag on the turning radius and speed of movement has been carried out. A promising design of a recuperative bolster device for a timber haulage site has been proposed. It enables to accumulate hydraulic energy during frequent braking of a timber tractor with a timber drag, followed by its use in the process of loading and unloading timber by a hydraulic manipulator

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Kamath, Abhijith, Wolfgang Gard, and Jan-Willem Van de Kuilen. "Biodynamic timber sheet pile walls: vegetation retaining structure." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 5 (September 2020): 1045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01598-7.

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Abstract Timber sheet pile walls are widely used for the protection of stream banks in different parts of the world. However, there is a tendency to create more sustainable types of stream banks not only because exploitable wood is more difficult to obtain, but also because of disturbance to the natural habitat of plants and animals due to hard embankments. In the Netherlands alone, about 2500 km of engineered timber sheet pile wall embankments exist, primarily made with tropical hardwood, besides an even much larger amount of ‘non-engineered’ small-size timber-based embankments. As an alternative, the authors propose to use a mixed timber sheet pile-vegetation system, where locally available timber can be applied in combination with natural vegetation. Unlike the usual bioengineering scheme, vegetation is not seen as an element, which could replace the timber sheet piles. Instead, a new perspective is tested, where the vegetation is included as a ‘structural’ element which can even counteract the consequences of time-dependent biological degradation of the timber sheet pile. By doing so, both long-term durability as well as reliability of the stream bank is improved. A comprehensive design strategy was developed based on well-established sub-models from the literature on plant growth, root reinforcement as well as timber damage accumulation. The timber sheet pile wall-vegetation system is illustrated in an example case study. Preliminary analysis including only the mechanical reinforcement of vegetation shows that there is a decrease in moment and shear acting on the timber sheet pile with growth of the vegetation. Consequently, the damage accumulation due to load duration effects on the timber decreases and the service life of the system increases. Thus, using vegetation in combination with highly degradable timber could possibly negate the need for using hardwood timber, or more generally, save resources that are currently used for these structures.

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Kazjonovs, Janis, Jana Vecstaudz, Janis Locs, Diana Bajare, and Aleksandrs Korjakins. "An Assessment of the PCM/Timber Composite in Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.227.

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This paper reviews a modeling study on PCM/timber composite materials and their incorporation in building materials, particularly in passive applications. Commercially available paraffin PCMs (RT21 and RT27) were incorporated in timber for increasing its thermal mass. In order to evaluate PCM/timber composite material behavior in building, computer simulation was performed. The obtained results showed that by using this technique it is possible to increase the thermal mass and reduce cooling loads in summer conditions.

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Karlsson, Reine. "Ecoeffective production of timber." Wood Material Science and Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480270701422562.

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Tarpy, Thomas S., David J. Thomas, and Lawrence A. Soltis. "Continuous Timber Diaphragms." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 5 (May 1985): 992–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:5(992).

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Derkowski, Adam, Marcin Kuliński, Adrian Trociński, Sławomir Krzosek, and Radosław Mirski. "Selected Mechanical Properties of Glue-Laminated Timber Produced from Locally Repaired Timber." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228112.

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This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties determined in a 4-point bending test of beams made of lumber from which knots had been locally removed and the resulting loss replaced with sound wood. Three sets of beams were prepared, which differed in the number of layers/lamellas and the position of the lamellas from which edge knots were removed. All the lamellas used in the tests were subjected to a modulus of elasticity assessment. In addition to the distribution of defects, it determined the position of a given piece in the beam structure. The tests showed that high mechanical properties could characterise the beams produced in this way, i.e., a modulus of elasticity close to 12 kN/mm2 and a strength above 40 N/mm2, if the lamellas without knots were located below the outer tension lamella. Significantly better results were obtained when PUR glue was used in the inserts rather than MUF. In this case, beams with an improved outer lamella in the tension zone using semi-circular inserts glued with PUR glue had an average strength of 34.6 N/mm2.

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Shkarovskiy, Alexander, Stefania Mironova, Shirali Mamedov, and Egor Danilov. "Use of Eco-friendly Protective Compounds to Increase Crack Resistance of Timber Structures." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 24 (2022): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2022.006.

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The paper presents the results of the research on the use of eco-friendly impregnation materials to reduce cracking in load-bearing timber elements. The behavior of pine elements was studied when impregnation materials based on linseed oil were used. Statistical data are given on the reduction in the growth rate of the length and width of cracks, in dependence on the number of protective layers of the finishing material. The effect of the absence of cracks on timber elements during atmospheric drying is described, taking the use of a three-layer paint and varnish coating into account. The effect of increase of timber structures durability and corresponding cost and material consumption reduction in timber structures have been proven.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber Materials'

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