Relevant bibliographies by topics / Timber Materials

Academic literature on the topic 'Timber Materials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Timber Materials"

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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.

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The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hundred small-medium bridges for connecting 20 districts, 39 wards, and 197 villages using local materials such as local timbers. This laminating technology is not a new technology but the utilization of this technology for constructing the main bridges structures is challenging and limited to the implementation in the civil construction industrial sector. This study composed 2 types of the low-class quality (lcq) of timber materials (such as Shorea sp and Shorea peltata Sym) and 2 types of medium class-quality (mcq) ones (Dipterocarpus and Calophyllum) for constructing the main bridge structures. Based on the laboratory test results utilizing 80% of lcq materials and 20% mcq ones, these composite timber materials may increase the timbers MOE by 145% to 166% from the existing MOE value of the mcq solid timbers. Based on the simulations these laminated composites wooden bridge girders 2 x (70x20) m2, these timber materials have passed all the tests and the application of this technology may improve the lcq timber values and it could be used for an alternative material of the bridge girder's main structures.
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Covington, S. A., and I. S. Mclntyre. "Timber Frame Wall Materials." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, no. 4 (July 1985): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551211.

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Yu, Chau Cho, and Heui Yung Chang. "Micro-Density of Timber Materials via an Image Processing Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4085.

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The present study is to evaluate micro-density of timber materials on cell level. Density, one of the most important parameters for such materials, is discussed in details. Four kinds of timbers are placed under a microscope for cell photos from which the cavity ratios are obtained through an appropriate image processing computer code. Micro density is calculated by dividing bulk density by cell wall ratio. It is found that three out of four kinds of timbers have similar micro-density and therefore, for those samples, macro-density can be expressed as the multiplication of the cell wall ratio and micro-density which is treated as one of their characteristic constants, no matter it is late wood or early wood. In the future, micro-density can be one of the criteria to categorize structural timbers.
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Han, Fang, and Shou Feng Wang. "Timber and Chinese Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1766.

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Timber, a traditional construction material that was almost forgotten. Timber structure building got a qualitative leap in structure form, mechanized producing craftmanship and matching products, along with social progress and technology improvement. This paper will summarize modern timber structure forms by comparison with popular constructional material, like concrete and steel, in five aspects including life-cycle energy consumption, structure form, construction cost, construction period, seismic performance. Timber's advantages and disadvantages in architectural design will be listed, which may provide theoretical basis for diversified choice of construction materials in architectural design.
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Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.

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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of timbers mechanical properties is still almost non-existent. The present paper discusses possible ways to use and combine information from visual grading standards and non and semi-destructive techniques to predict the reference properties of timber members in service. The discussion has in mind studies conducted over the last years and the information provided by different guidelines, standards or papers recently published.
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Salatov, E. K., A. S. Bagay, and S. V. Belkina. "REINFORCING TIMBER STRUCTURES WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Вестник Московского информационно-технологического университета - Московского архитектурно-строительного института, no. 1 (2021): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52470/2619046x_2020_1_21.

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Sushkov, Artyom. "Formation woodcomposite materials from timber waste." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2995.

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Shao, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Zhirong Yang, Changhui Jiang, Wei Li, Haohao Wu, Shaowei Wang, et al. "Feasibility Study on Hyperspectral LiDAR for Ancient Huizhou-Style Architecture Preservation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010088.

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Huizhou-style ancient architecture was one of the most important genres of architectural heritage in China. The architecture employed bricks, woods, and stones as raw materials, and timber frames were significant structures. Due to the drawback that the timbers were vulnerable to moisture and atmospheric agents, ancient timber buildings needed frequent protective interventions to maintain its good condition. Such interventions unavoidably disrupted the consistency between the original timber components. Besides this, the modifications brought about difficulty in correctly analysing and judging the state of existing ancient buildings, which, in current preservation practices, mainly rely on the expertise of skilled craftsmen to classify wood species and to identify the building-age of the timber components. Therefore, the industry and the research community urgently need a technique to rapidly and accurately classify wood materials and to discriminate building-age. In the paper, we designed an eye-safe 81-channel hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) to tackle these issues. The HSL used an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a spectral bandpass filter, offering the HSL measurements with 5 nm spectral resolution. Based on the HSL measurements, we analysed the relationship between the surface and cross-section spectral profiles of timber components from different ancient architectures built in the early Qing dynasty (~300 years), late Qing dynasty (~100 years), and nowadays, and confirmed the feasibility of using surface spectra of timber components for classification purpose. We classified building-ages and wood species with multiple Naive Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers by the surface spectra of timber components; this also unveiled the possibility of classifying gnawed timber components from its spectra for the first time. The encouraging experimental results supported that the AOTF-HSL is feasible for historic timber building preservation.
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Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.

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Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atmospheric influences, etc. But foreign experience proves the contrary. The article is devoted to the implementation of new plank-nailed spans that meet current requirements of load capacity, reliability and durability.Materials and methods. The authors suggest and describe a new span structure. The span consists of planktimber- nailed-dowel blocks and a reinforced concrete slab generating a composite action. Some special crested shear connectors are suggested as combining elements. The top part works as flexible shear connectors in a reinforced concrete slab. The bottom part works as dowels with steel joints and timbers structures. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the structure has been completed within “compound beam” theory.Results. The application of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab allows to protect supporting timber structures against atmospheric influences, dirt, cracking from the sun rays, radiation and provides at least 50-year durability. The timber preservation provides a specified service life. The application of suggested connection with composite action between a reinforced concrete slab and supporting timber structures increases effectiveness of the composite timber concrete structure compared to steel and reinforced concrete structures. Trans-Baikal territory, Irkutsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatia, Karelia are in the greatest need of the timber concrete composite spans, because they have a lot of forest resources and old timber bridges that are still in service.
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Qiu, Jing, Jian Hong Tong, and Li Hui Chen. "Comparison of Various Glulam in Physical Properties and Flexural Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.880.

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The glulam is determined by, and therefore a representation of, a new kind of ecological structural materials. The aim of this study was to summarize the mechanical performance especially the flexural behavior of various kinds of glulam and the physical properties of their relevant original timbers including pseudotsuga menziesii, larch, Yi poplar, poplar, China fir, mongolian scotch pine and camphor. And then it established and analyzed the relationship between the two to contrast those timber species so as to provide engineers with some reference in selecting timber glulam.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Timber Materials"

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Cameron, Tony Ray. "Alaskan timber resources for wood-plastic composites." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/t_cameron_070209.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 12, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.
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Kawar, Alexandra(Alexandra Alba). "Comparative study of bracing patterns and materials for tall timber buildings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127286.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 77-81).
Exploration of new designs for urban environments is increasingly focusing on reducing carbon emissions generated by construction and operation of tall buildings. With recent technological advances in timber construction and its potential to mitigate the carbon embodied in structural materials, tall timber buildings are gaining acceptance as various forms are considered for their designs. Recently built and proposed buildings demonstrate the use of mass timber to resist gravity and lateral loads. There are inherent efficiencies in placing lateral load resisting systems on the perimeter of a structure along with the possibilities to integrate versatile geometric patterns and effective structural solutions. However, timber material properties may lead to elements of larger volume than those made of steel or concrete. This study compares structural stiffness gains and carbon emission reductions for exterior bracing created in timber and timber-steel hybrid configurations. Numerical analyses are used to explore braced frame geometries and layouts for the steel and timber elements, to predict structural response, and compare the effects of material placement.
by Alexandra Kawar.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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Huang, Sheng. "Experiment study of the mechanical properties of timber materials under various humidity condition." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950672.

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Santana, Maria Elena, and n/a. "Eco-efficient timber use through bio-sensitive design." University of Canberra. Architecture and Building, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.164347.

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A significant number of building materials are based on wood. Wood competes with other materials and products for many building applications from structural framing to cladding. Wood appears to be preferable because of its aesthetic and structural properties, its versatility, economic cost and environmental benefits. However, timber wastage within the construction industry is incalculable. Waste occurs at all stages of the timber resource stream: procurement, conversion, installation, use, maintenance, dismantling and eventual disposal. Much of this loss can be avoided through eco-design strategies based on a better understanding of the total resource flows. This thesis addresses the ecological implications associated with the use and over-exploitation of timber in building construction. Applying bio-sensitive design principles and using a life cycle approach, the thesis examines ways of maximising timber resource yield through appropriate materials selection, design strategies and construction techniques to reduce their ecological footprint. Finally, an easy-to-use guide that incorporates economic and aesthetic-value criteria to the analysis is developed. The guide is aimed to offer a flexible decision-support tool that enables designers and other people involved in the construction industry to comprehend in a systematic way, the multiple dimensions interacting when selecting timber-building products. It is thus, intended to explore in practice the implications and trade-offs of state of the art timber products with the ultimate aim of integrating the ecological dimension to the decision-making process.
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Voth, Christopher Ray. "Lightweight sandwich panels using small-diameter timber wood-strands and recycled newsprint cores." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/c_voth_120609.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, December 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 26, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.
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Höök, Matilda. "Timber volume element prefabrication : production and market aspects /." Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet, 2005. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2005/65/.

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Isik, Aydin. "Disassembly And Re-use Of Building Materials: A Case Study On Salvaged Timber Components." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1042431/index.pdf.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using salvaged timber from deconstructed buildings in Turkey. The intention was to show that the re-use of &lsquo
waste&rsquo
materials, while decreasing the cost of construction also preserves the environment from wasteful and extensive use of natural resources. It is hoped that the findings of such a study will encourage professionals to use second hand timber components in Turkey. In order to deal with the waste problem and to save our planet the re-use of construction materials from economic, environmental, social, and historic points of views should be pursued. This research incorporated information about the re-use of timber, including ongoing projects around the world, as reported by the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction (CIB) Task Group on Deconstruction (TG39), a local survey of individuals, organizations, and businesses that are related to the recycling and reuse of building materials. Local deconstruction works, recovery and re-use of timber elements and components were investigated on the basis of information obtained from the demolition contractors in Bentderesi locality in Ankara, a salvaged materials market. iii Moreover the study aimed to observe how used timber components are recovered from a demolition project. By observing the demolition of a building the author was able to determine the problems in recovering timber with the least damage. The findings of the investigation indicated that the architects and the building industry can play an important role to increase recovery rates and conditions of used timber components in construction, considerably. Instead of using nails for timber joints bolted connections should be preferred since they allow demounting and re-use with minimum damage during the deconstruction process. At the same time defects in timber due to extensive and unnecessary nailing can also be avoided. The decision on type of deconstruction, time and cost estimation, worker ability and sensitivity during disassembly influence the success of deconstruction. Tools and machinery used both on the work site and in the UBMs selling area have direct effects on the condition of recovered materials.
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Ng, Pui-ling Anna Laura. "Reduction of timber use in the Hong Kong construction industry to mitigate severe deforestation in tropical forests in Southeast Asia /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22284503.

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Checchia, De Ambrosio Giovanni. "Synthetic Redundancy - An adaptive, hi-res timber frame tectonics based on a digital materials strategy." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14359/.

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Con questa tesi di ricerca si indagano le potenzialità di processi mereologici digitali applicati all’ architettura, generando sistemi complessi differenziati.L’obiettivo è quello di creare un sistema tettonico articolato, formato da elementi discreti e caratterizzati da una determinata morfologia e finite potenzialità di sviluppo e aggregazione. Si vuole indagare come un tale organismo può essere soggetto a logiche di auto-organizzazione e differenziazione sulla base di feedback esterni, coerentemente con vincoli di tipo costruttivo e materiale.Partendo da singole componenti orientate, dotate di limitate ma specifiche possibilità di movimento, il sistema ha capacità di organizzarsi e ordinarsi secondo logiche esclusivamente basate su interazioni locali e regole di allineamento, coesione e continuità strutturale, correlate agli altri elementi presenti nel network. Il sistema, ispirato e guidato da un algoritmo che simula processi morfogenetici in diversi fenomeni biologici (Reaction-Diffusion Algorithm), è dotato di alta ridondanza e gerarchizzazione strutturale e ha la capacità di differenziarsi generando macro elementi, che, caratterizzati da prevalente sviluppo volumetrico o di superficie, permettono l’integrazione di elementi costruttivi standard in una possibile declinazione architettonica. L’assemblaggio che ne risulta, complesso ed eterogeneo, costituito da elementi lamellari in legno, è capace di performance spaziali e strutturali, dispiegando le sue qualità nella capacità di auto-organizzarsi. Le strutture di cui è composto e i pattern che emergono sono frutto di regole locali, essendo stato deliberatamente scelto un approccio di tipo bottom-up per l’organizzazione del sistema.
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Gutshall, Scott T. "Monotonic and cyclic short-term performance of nailed and bolted timber connections." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50106.

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This paper presents the results of testing to determine the appropriateness of the seismic load duration factor and to investigate the possible effect of previous load history from cyclic loading on connection reserve capacity and ductility. The single shear nail and bolt connection types tested represent common connection geometries used in wood construction in the United States. The results of two methods of fully reversing cyclic loading of connections are presented. The first method was a load-controlled test with the applied cyclic loads acting at specified percentages above current nominal design values. The sets of specimens were then ramped to failure and the results were compared to a monotonic control set of specimens to determine if any reduction in connection capacity or ductility had occurred as a result of the cyclic loading. From the load-controlled cyclic testing, it was found that previous cyclic loading at load levels as high as twice current nominal design loads did not adversely affect connection capacity. The second cyclic loading method was a displacement-controlled test that involved successive phases at increasing displacement levels. Each phase consisted of a peak displacement, followed by a series of three decay cycles, then by a series of three cycles at the original peak displacement, the third of which is used to determine the stabilized system. The process is repeated at increasing incremental levels of displacement. The phased displacement stabilized load-displacement curve was fit to an equivalent energy elastic-plastic system for determination of connection parameters. Results from the two cyclic test methods, and from monotonic testing, indicate that the current load duration factor for wind and seismic loading is justified.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Timber Materials"

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Hislop, Patrick. External timber cladding. 3rd ed. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire: BM TRADA, 2013.

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Aicher, Simon, H. W. Reinhardt, and Harald Garrecht, eds. Materials and Joints in Timber Structures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5.

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Group, BM TRADA. Timber in high-specification buildings. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire: BM TRADA, 2014.

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Laxton, R. R. Timber: Dendrochronology of roof timbers at Lincoln Cathedral. London: James & James, 2001.

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1941-, Herzog Thomas, ed. Timber construction manual. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2004.

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Soltis, Lawrence A. Bearing strength of bolted timber joints. [Madison, WI: U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Holzleimbau =: Laminated timber construction. Basel: Birkhauser-Publishers for Architecture, 2000.

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Pierre, Morlier, and RILEM Technical Committee 112-TSC., eds. Creep in timber structures: Report of RILEM Technical Committee 112-TSC. London: Spon, 1994.

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T, Yeomans David, ed. The Development of timber as a structural material. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Ashgate Pub., 1999.

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M, Dinwoodie J., and Smith Anthony Aston, eds. Concrete, timber and metals: The nature and behaviour of structural materials. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Timber Materials"

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Lyons, Arthur. "Timber and timber products." In Materials for Architects and Builders, 129–200. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351109550-4.

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Dinwoodie, John M. "Deformation in timber." In Construction Materials, 511–42. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164595-49.

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Dinwoodie, John M. "Durability of timber." In Construction Materials, 573–84. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164595-51.

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Brentnall, Charley. "Timber." In Materials & Skills for Historic Building Conservation, 167–77. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470697696.ch9.

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Jackson, Neil, and Ravindra K. Dhir. "Processed Timber Products." In Civil Engineering Materials, 150–60. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13729-9_11.

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Jackson, Neil, and Ravindra K. Dhir. "Durability of Timber." In Civil Engineering Materials, 128–38. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13729-9_9.

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Dinwoodie, John M. "Strength and failure in timber." In Construction Materials, 543–72. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164595-50.

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Dinwoodie, John M. "Processing and recycling of timber." In Construction Materials, 585–609. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164595-52.

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Jackson, Neil, and Ravindra K. Dhir. "Production of Solid Timber Sections." In Civil Engineering Materials, 112–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13729-9_8.

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Jackson, Neil, and Ravindra K. Dhir. "Properties and Uses of Solid Timber." In Civil Engineering Materials, 139–49. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13729-9_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Timber Materials"

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De Luca, V., and D. Sabia. "Mechanical compression tests to model timber structures behaviour." In MATERIALS CHARACTERISATION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mc070271.

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Premrov, M., and P. Dobrila. "CFRP strengthening of prefabricated timber panel walls." In HIGH PERFORMANCE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm06012.

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Martín Gutiérrez,, E., J. Estévez Cimadevila, D. Otero Chans, and S. Muñiz Gómez. "Timber specimens parametrized design for numerical analysis." In HIGH PERFORMANCE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm06056.

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Šilih, S., M. Premrov, and S. Kravanja. "Optimization of timber trusses considering joint flexibility." In HIGH PERFORMANCE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm06060.

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Szczepanski, Marcin, Wojciech Migda, and Robert Jankowski. "Timber Frame Houses with Different Insulation Materials - Seismic Analysis." In 2017 Baltic Geodetic Congress (BGC Geomatics). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bgc.geomatics.2017.84.

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Rose, Colin, and Julia Stegemann. "Feasibility of cross-laminated secondary timber." In Fifth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University and The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Centre for By-products Utilization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2019/idscmt5053.

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Tortoriello, Miguel A., Luis J. Lima, Ana C. Cobas, and Renso A. Cichero. "Timber bodies strength of materials: Fundamental principles, test specimens proposal." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.1112.

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<p>To reduce the economic cost of a Timber Structure, the first condition is to have a “rational” Structural Code, that is, a Code supported by research and a specific theory. To establish a rational Structural Timber Code, a specific theoretical support is needed. The objective of this paper is to cooperate in the construction of this theoretical support. To design timber structures, it is necessary to have mathematical models able to reproduce the resistance of timber bodies under different solicitations. In this paper, a “road map” to arrive to a specific Strength of Materials of Timber Bodies is proposed. This theory will be the tool needed to develop the mathematical models whose quantification will be obtained by testing “basic test specimens” obtained from timber of any particular timber building (like in concrete or soil mechanics). Finally, a “basic test specimen” for practical application of the theory is proposed. In this case, the experimental support is referred to “willow” wood.</p>
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"Glued Laminated Bamboo and Timber Association: Laboratory Testing of Industrialized Products." In Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-51.

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OZKAN, Cigdem Kilicarislan, Sina POURRASOUL SARDROUDI, Arife Candas ADIGUZEL ZENGIN, Gokhan ZENGIN, Huseyin Ata KARAVANA, and Behzat Oral BITLISLI. "Utilization Possibilities of Timber Wastes in Leather Manufacturing." In The 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2018.xi.8.

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"A Bus Stop: Industrialized Construction in Glued Laminated Bamboo and Timber (Flex Material)." In Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-33.

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Reports on the topic "Timber Materials"

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Berkowitz, Jacob F., Christine M. VanZomeren, Jaybus J. Price, and Anthony M. Priestas. Incorporating Color Change Propensity into Dredged Material Management to Increase Beneficial Use Opportunities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39261.

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Dredged materials provide a number of beneficial use opportunities, including beach nourishment, habitat creation and restoration, and other activities. In situ sediment color is important for determining aesthetic and habitat suitability, for beach nourishment, and for other projects. However, dredged materials must meet locally established color compatibility requirements (for example, material cannot be too dark). Often, potential sediment sources are close to meeting specified color thresholds, and previous observations suggest that sediments lighten over time. In response to these observations, this study quantified sediment color change potential in a dredged m aterial management context. Results indicate that dredged material sediment color responded to changes in secondary color components, sediment mixing, and photolytic bleaching improving the sediment color for beneficial use application. Findings allowed for development of a conceptual color change capacity framework and supported development of tools for resource managers to incorporate color change dynamic into planning and operations activities.The following report provides a framework for determining the color change capacity of dredged materials using (1) a comprehensive laboratory approach and (2) a semiquantitative index based on source material and placement location conditions. These tools allow practitioners to incorporate dredged-material color change into resource management decisions, thus increasing beneficial use opportunities.
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Kim, Changmo, Ghazan Khan, Brent Nguyen, and Emily L. Hoang. Development of a Statistical Model to Predict Materials’ Unit Prices for Future Maintenance and Rehabilitation in Highway Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1806.

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The main objectives of this study are to investigate the trends in primary pavement materials’ unit price over time and to develop statistical models and guidelines for using predictive unit prices of pavement materials instead of uniform unit prices in life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for future maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects. Various socio-economic data were collected for the past 20 years (1997–2018) in California, including oil price, population, government expenditure in transportation, vehicle registration, and other key variables, in order to identify factors affecting pavement materials’ unit price. Additionally, the unit price records of the popular pavement materials were categorized by project size (small, medium, large, and extra-large). The critical variables were chosen after identifying their correlations, and the future values of each variable were predicted through time-series analysis. Multiple regression models using selected socio-economic variables were developed to predict the future values of pavement materials’ unit price. A case study was used to compare the results between the uniform unit prices in the current LCCA procedures and the unit prices predicted in this study. In LCCA, long-term prediction involves uncertainties due to unexpected economic trends and industrial demand and supply conditions. Economic recessions and a global pandemic are examples of unexpected events which can have a significant influence on variations in material unit prices and project costs. Nevertheless, the data-driven scientific approach as described in this research reduces risk caused by such uncertainties and enables reasonable predictions for the future. The statistical models developed to predict the future unit prices of the pavement materials through this research can be implemented to enhance the current LCCA procedure and predict more realistic unit prices and project costs for the future M&R activities, thus promoting the most cost-effective alternative in LCCA.
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Walston, Sean, Jim Candy, Dave Chambers, Hema Chandrasekaran, and Neal Snyderman. Real-Time Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234623.

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Denison, Douglas R. Time-Domain Waveforms for Remote Materials Characterization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430461.

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Mayas, Magda. Creating with timbre. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.686088.

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Unfolding processes of timbre and memory in improvisational piano performance This exposition is an introduction to my research and practice as a pianist, in which I unfold processes of timbre and memory in improvised music from a performer’s perspective. Timbre is often understood as a purely sonic perceptual phenomenon. However, this is not in accordance with a site-specific improvisational practice with changing spatial circumstances impacting the listening experience, nor does it take into account the agency of the instrument and objects used or the performer’s movements and gestures. In my practice, I have found a concept as part of the creating process in improvised music which has compelling potential: Timbre orchestration. My research takes the many and complex aspects of a performance environment into account and offers an extended understanding of timbre, which embraces spatial, material and bodily aspects of sound in improvised music performance. The investigative projects described in this exposition offer a methodology to explore timbral improvisational processes integrated into my practice, which is further extended through collaborations with sound engineers, an instrument builder and a choreographer: -experiments in amplification and recording, resulting in Memory piece, a series of works for amplified piano and multichannel playback - Piano mapping, a performance approach, with a custom-built device for live spatialization as means to expand and deepen spatio-timbral relationships; - Accretion, a project with choreographer Toby Kassell for three grand pianos and a pianist, where gestural approaches are used to activate and compose timbre in space. Together, the projects explore memory as a structural, reflective and performative tool and the creation of performing and listening modes as integrated parts of timbre orchestration. Orchestration and choreography of timbre turn into an open and hybrid compositional approach, which can be applied to various contexts, engaging with dynamic relationships and re-configuring them.
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Berkowitz, Jacob, Nathan Beane, Kevin Philley, Nia Hurst, and Jacob Jung. An assessment of long-term, multipurpose ecosystem functions and engineering benefits derived from historical dredged sediment beneficial use projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41382.

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The beneficial use of dredged materials improves environmental outcomes while maximizing navigation benefits and minimizing costs, in accordance with the principles of the Engineering With Nature® (EWN) initiative. Yet, few studies document the long-term benefits of innovative dredged material management strategies or conduct comprehensive life-cycle analysis because of a combination of (1) short monitoring time frames and (2) the paucity of constructed projects that have reached ecological maturity. In response, we conducted an ecological functional and engineering benefit assessment of six historic (>40 years old) dredged material–supported habitat improvement projects where initial postconstruction beneficial use monitoring data was available. Conditions at natural reference locations were also documented to facilitate a comparison between natural and engineered landscape features. Results indicate the projects examined provide valuable habitat for a variety of species in addition to yielding a number of engineering (for example, shoreline protection) and other (for example, carbon storage) benefits. Our findings also suggest establishment of ecological success criteria should not overemphasize replicating reference conditions but remain focused on achieving specific ecological functions (that is, habitat and biogeochemical cycling) and engineering benefits (that is, storm surge reduction, navigation channel maintenance) achievable through project design and operational management.
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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.

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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.
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Yoo, C. S., N. C. Holmes, and P. C. Souers. Time-resolved temperatures of shocked and detonating energetic materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/113858.

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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Zhou, Min. Time-Resolved Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Granular Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373452.

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