Journal articles: 'Timber Infill'

1

Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.

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Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls when no infill is present, i.e. considering only the timber frame, and then compare the results with those of the infill walls. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame walls and appropriate strengthening solutions have been applied in order to test the walls in a retrofitted condition, namely (1) steel plates with different configurations and (2) steel flat bars inserted with the NSM technique.

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Shen, Yinlan, Xingchen Yan, Piyong Yu, Hui Liu, Guofang Wu, and Wei He. "Seismic Resistance of Timber Frames with Mud and Stone Infill Walls in a Chinese Traditional Village Dwelling." Buildings 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120580.

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Traditional Chinese wood residences consist of timber frames with masonry infill walls or other types of infill, representing valuable heritage. A field investigation of traditional village dwellings in northern China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls was conducted. Their construction characteristics are reported, and static cyclic tests were performed on two full-size wood-stone hybrid walls with different configurations (exterior transverse wall and internal transverse wall) and no openings (doors or windows). Their failure mechanics and seismic capacity, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results are compared with a previous experimental study of two full-size timber frames with the same traditional structure but no infill to determine the effect of the mud and stone infill on the lateral resistance. The experimental results indicate that the stone infill has a critical influence on the lateral performance of traditional village buildings, resulting in a high lateral stiffness, high strength (>20 kN), and a high ductility ratio (>10). An increase in the vertical load leads to an increase in the lateral resistance of the timber frame with infill walls, larger for the internal transverse wall than the external gable wall. The incompatibility of the deformation between the timber frame and stone infill is the main failure reason, resulting in falling stones and collapse with undamaged timber frames. Suggestions are provided for the protection and repair of traditional wood residences in northern China.

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Rashid, Hafiz Muhammad, Shaukat Ali Khan, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, and Junaid Ahmad. "Lateral Load Performance Analysis of Dhajji Dewari Using Different Infills." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2018070101.

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This article describes Dhajji Dewari which is a non-engineered traditional construction method mostly used in the northern parts of Pakistan. This method consists of a timber frame filled with the stones in a mud slurry. This article is aimed to assess the effects of different infills on the lateral load capacity of Dhajji Dewari. For this purpose, three full scale Dhajji Dewari panels were constructed and unidirectional in-plane lateral load was applied. One panel was without infill, two other panels with different type of infills. Results of the experimentation showed that the infill presence effects the lateral load resisting performance of the Dhajji Dewari.

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Bağbancı, M. Bilal, and Özlem Köprülü Bağbancı. "The Dynamic Properties of Historic Timber-Framed Masonry Structures in Bursa, Turkey." Shock and Vibration 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3257434.

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Timber-framed masonry structures are known as an effective earthquake load resisting system in high seismicity regions such as Bursa, Turkey. Intense earthquakes have occurred throughout history; however, many of the traditional timber structures have been able to survive without significant damage until the present day. In this study, six historic two-storied timber-framed masonry structures dating from the nineteenth century in Bursa City are investigated by using laboratory and in situ structural health monitoring tests. Although the houses have the same construction techniques, different masonry infill materials are used inside the timber frames. Stone, adobe, and brick are used as infill materials. Mud and lime mortars are used as binding materials. Mud mortar is used with stone and adobe materials. Lime mortar is used with brick material. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic parameters such as density, specific gravity, porosity, elastic modulus, frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of the studied structures were investigated and the results were comparatively discussed. It is understood that the use of different infill materials affects the dynamic behaviors of these structures.

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Bezabeh, Matiyas A., Solomon Tesfamariam, Siegfried F. Stiemer, Marjan Popovski, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of a Novel Hybrid Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101514eqs159m.

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This study proposes an iterative direct displacement based design method for a novel steel-timber hybrid structure. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels as an infill in steel moment-resisting frames. The proposed design method is applied to design three-, six-, and nine-story hybrid buildings, each with three bays and a CLT-infilled middle bay. Nonlinear time history analysis, using 20 earthquake ground motion records, is carried out to validate the performance of the design method. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively controls the displacements due to seismic excitation of the hybrid structure.

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Quinn, Natalie, and Dina D’Ayala. "Assessment of the Realistic Stiffness and Capacity of the Connections in Quincha Frames to Develop Numerical Models." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.526.

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Peru is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, this fact highlighted by several destructive earthquakes in recent years. The centre of Lima has a large number of historic structures with a ground floor in adobe, and their upper storeys in quincha, a traditional technique consisting of a timber frame with an infill of canes and mud. Despite the existence of a large number of buildings containing this technique, very little is known about its seismic performance. In order to investigate this, a series of experimental tests on quincha frames, with and without the infill, have been carried out previously, with the aim of quantifying the lateral behaviour and identifying vulnerable areas. The present paper details work carried out to develop a finite element model of the test frames without infill. This model of the timber frame will enable an accurate representation of the frame behaviour to be developed before adding the infill of canes and mud to the model. As the behaviour of the infill material and its connection to the frame is difficult to determine, characterising the timber frame with a high degree of accuracy ensures that the contribution of the infill can be globally quantified from the overall experimental results. The beams and posts are connected by cylindrical mortice and tenon joints, with a diagonal bracing member providing some lateral restraint. The connections have been modelled semi-rigid springs, with the stiffness calculated using variations of the component method. This was found to give very similar results to those obtained experimentally.

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7

Aktaş, Yasemin Didem, Uğurhan Akyüz, Ahmet Türer, Barış Erdil, and Neriman Şahin Güçhan. "Seismic Resistance Evaluation of Traditional Ottoman Timber-Frame Hımış Houses: Frame Loadings and Material Tests." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 4 (November 2014): 1711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/011412eqs011m.

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Traditional Ottoman timber-frame houses (“ hımış”) form the major part of the cultural heritage structures in Turkey. There are many studies in the literature regarding the seismic performance of hımış houses, which claim that these structures have an inherent seismically resistant property. However, these studies lack a quantitative engineering approach and are based on observations made after contemporary earthquakes. This study presents the results of the seismic resistance evaluation of traditional Ottoman houses, made by means of reverse cyclic frame tests conducted on six yellow pine and two fir frames with and without infill (brick and adobe) or cladding ( bağdadi and şamdolma). The experimental study, which was intended to differentiate the effects of infill materials, frame geometry, and timber type, has revealed that frames with bağdadi cladding and adobe infill resulted in the best and worst structural performances, respectively, while high ductility and good energy dissipation capacity characteristics were determined.

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8

Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, C. Belinga Nko'ol, E. Bertrand, J. C. Duccini, C. Faye, and L. Daudeville. "Experimental Analysis of a Shake Table Test of Timber-Framed Structures with Stone and Earth Infill." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 3 (August 2017): 1075–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010516eqs002m.

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The seismic performance of timber-framed structures filled with stones and earth mortar has been analyzed by introducing the structural subscales (cell, wall, house) at which monotonic and cyclic loadings were considered. This article aims to present the dynamic behavior of a house as determined through shaking table tests. Based on this experimental multiscale analysis, this paper confirms that timbered masonry structures offer effective seismic resistance; moreover, such a comprehensive analysis helps enhance understanding of the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill. This paper also aids ongoing development of a numerical tool intended to predict the seismic-resistant behavior of this type of structure.

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9

M., Asif. "An empirical study on life cycle assessment of double-glazed aluminium-clad timber windows." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 37, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 547–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-01-2019-0001.

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Purpose Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to determine the environmental performance of materials and products. The purpose of this paper is to undertake the LCA of double-glazed aluminium-clad timber windows in order to determine their environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach The scope of the LCA study covers the production and the use of windows over a 30-year life span. The LCA exercise has been carried out by auditing the materials and processes involved in the making of the windows. Windows production facilities were visited to investigate the respective quantities and embodied energy of the major constituting materials, i.e. timber, aluminium, glass, infill gases and auxiliary components. The main processes involved, i.e. powder coating of aluminium cladding profiles, glazing unit production and window assembly, were also examined. SimaPro software was used to calculate the environmental impacts associated with the windows for three types of glazing infills: Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe). Findings Embodied energy of a standard sized (1.2 m×1.2 m) double-glazed aluminium-clad timber window is found to be 899, 1,402 and 5,400 MJ for Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) infill gases, respectively. It is also found that an Argon-filled window can lose 95,130 kWh of energy resulting into over 37,000 kg of CO2 emissions. Originality/value Besides carrying value for research community, the findings of this study can help the building and construction industry adopt windows that are energy-efficient and environmentally less burdensome. It can also help the concerned legislative bodied.

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Mukherjee, Agnita, and Colin MacDougall. "Structural benefits of hempcrete infill in timber stud walls." International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2093761x.2013.834280.

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11

Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Steel framed structures with cross laminated timber infill shear walls and semi-rigid connections." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29742.

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In recent years, hybrid steel-timber structures are seeing an increasing use in modern building construction at a competitive price. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated multi-layer engineered panel wood product, manufactured by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. Their orientation results in excellent structural rigidity in both orthogonal directions. CLT construction materials are used not only for flooring systems and roof assemblies, but CLT infill shear walls are also gaining a lot of interest as a promising alternative for sustainable primary lateral load resistance systems. This paper extends the current research background on hybrid steel-timber structures. To achieve that, this work is conducted in such way as to explore the potentiality of incorporating CLT infill shear walls within steel framed structures with semi-rigid connections (STSW). In particular, a three-dimensional finite element model using the general-purpose finite ele-ment program ANSYS is generated herein to study the mechanical behaviour of a single-bay, two storey STSW system with semi-rigid connections. Analytical results show that the presence of CLT infill shear walls can significantly improve the performance of moment-resisting frame systems, for multi-storey buildings. Moreover, it is observed from the extended parametrical study that the STSW systems show better performance when an appropriate plastic moment ratio index is defined.

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12

Shen, Yinlan, Xingchen Yan, Hui Liu, Guofang Wu, and Wei He. "Enhancing the In-Plane Behavior of a Hybrid Timber Frame–Mud and Stone Infill Wall Using PP Band Mesh on One Side." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040773.

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Traditional village dwellings in China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls represent an important part of cultural heritage and civilization. Due to the lack of an effective link between the wood frame and the infill and the poor cohesiveness of clay, the masonry infill can collapse during an earthquake, whereas the wood frame suffers minimal damage. In this study, current retrofitting techniques for village buildings were investigated and discussed. A method using polypropylene (PP) band mesh and cement mortar to retrofit the timber frame with a mud and stone infill was proposed and the connection construction details were designed. In-plane static cyclic tests were conducted on two full-scale wood–stone hybrid walls reinforced on one side with different grid sizes of the PP band mesh. The failure behaviors of the reinforced and non-reinforced sides of the specimens were compared, and the failure mechanics and seismic capacity of the two specimens, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results were also compared with those of a previous frame with stone infill without pebbles and no reinforcement. The study indicated that the retrofitting method strengthened the integrity and lateral resistance of the hybrid structure and prevented the collapse of the stone infill of the reinforced surface in a plane earthquake. The grid size of the PP band mesh substantially affected the lateral performance of the reinforced specimens. The hybrid wall with the narrow PP band mesh grid (150 mm × 150 mm) had a higher lateral stiffness (79%) and lateral capacity (50%) than the wall with the wide grid (250 mm × 250 mm). However, the narrow PP band mesh resulted in a lower ductility of the wall than the wide PP band mesh. The involvement of pebbles in the stone infill led to collapses sooner and a weaker lateral resistance than in the structure without pebble infill.

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Xie, Qifang, Baozhuang Zhang, Shengying Li, Fanfan Wu, and Huifeng Yang. "Effects of timber infill walls on the seismic behavior of traditional Chinese timber frames." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 21, no. 4 (October 2022): 999–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-022-2132-1.

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Perković, Nikola, and Vlatka Rajčić. "Mechanical and Fire Performance of Innovative Hollow Glue-Laminated Timber Beams." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 3381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163381.

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Fire safety greatly contributes to feeling safe, and it is a key parameter for the selection of building materials. The combustibility of timber is one of the main reasons to have the strict restriction on timber for use as a building material, especially for multistory buildings. Therefore, the main prerequisite for the use of timber in buildings is to ensure adequate fire resistance, using passive and active fire protection measures. This article contains the results of mechanical and fire experimental tests of both normal and innovative hollow glued laminated timber beams. A total of 10 timber beams were tested at ambient temperature, and 3 timber beams in fire conditions, which differed in cross-section type but also in the applied fire protection. The first beam was a normal GL beam without fire protection, the second a hollow beam covered by intumescent paint, while the third was also hollow, additionally protected by mineral wool infill inside the holes. The load-carrying capacity of the hollow beam in ambient conditions was estimated at 65% of the load-carrying capacity of a normal GL beam. Fire tests indicated that hollow timber beams with both intumescent paint and mineral wool infill failed at a similar time as a normal GL beam without fire protection. One-dimensional β0 and notional charring rates βn were obtained. Time to the protective material failure was 17 min. The main cause of failure of hollow beams was the appearance of delamination due to the reduction of the lamella bonding surface.

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Sirimanna, Chamila Sampath, Md Mainul Islam, and Thiru Aravinthan. "Polymer Based Filler Materials as Infill for GFRP Pile Connector." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.763.

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Recently glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubular piles have been developed for civil engineering applications instead of conventional concrete piles. Considering their suitable applications, the new polymer based filling materials are being developed at the University of Southern Queensland as a part of work done for timber pile rehabilitation. This ongoing project aims to replace portion of the deteriorated timber pile by using GFRP piles. Due to good compressive strength, pumpability and workability, the new polymer base materials are to be filled in between GFRP pile and existing timber pile base. An ongoing research program has been initiated to improve fundamental understanding of these materials and to provide the knowledge required for their broad utilization. In this development, sample trial mixes were considered based on several weight percentages of polymer resin, fly ash and sand. Material parameters such as compressive strength, stiffness, shrinkage and gel time were achieved from the experimental investigation. It has been found that most polymer based trial mixed fillers have high compressive strength and considerable plastic region with more than 10% strain. These results imply that the polymer based filling materials are suitable for both compression and tensile loading situations. However, the behaviour of fillers with GFRP pile connector under different loading conditions is yet to be fully understood.

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Rubio de Hita, P., F. Pérez Gálvez, M. J. Morales Conde, and C. Rodríguez Liñán. "Reuse of Ceramic Demolition Waste in the Reconstruction of Planked Timber Floor Slabs." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010124.

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The aim of this work, mainly an experimental study, is to develop a new infill piece by reusing ceramic waste from demolition works. The piece is intended for use in floors as part of the rehabilitation of a type of building in which such materials were originally used, and forms part of the repair process of infill slabs characteristic of domestic architecture. It also enables the reuse of existing wooden beams that still retain their strength capacity. Various test models to reproduce the geometry and structural characteristics of these slabs were developed, and experiments with the proportions of mortar and geometries were performed to achieve the required strength capacity for their use on site. As a result, an infill piece was produced with a strength capacity of up to 457 kgf, which exceeds the values required for prefabricated concrete slabs according to current regulations. Finally, it should be noted that this new piece contributes to the conservation of the original vertical supporting structure based on masonry walls, while the horizontal structure is rendered lighter thanks to these new slabs.

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Aktas, Erdem, Yasemin Didem, Ahmet Turer, Baris Erdil, Uğurhan Akyüz, and Guchan Neriman Sahin. "Testing and Seismic Capacity Evaluation of a Typical Traditional Ottoman Timber Frame." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.629.

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In Turkey, as well as in Balkan countries, examples of an extant housing tradition namely hımış, which was formed during Ottoman period, can still be observed. In spite of minor local differences according to geographical locations, these Ottoman hımış houses are distinguished with a number of common architectural and technical peculiarities that is worth to preserve. They have similar timber frame construction system with different infill materials. There are numerous reports claiming that the hımış houses are seismically more resistant than other construction types such as reinforced concrete and/or masonry structures. However, nearly all such reports are based on observations made after historical or contemporary earthquakes and lack quantitative engineering approach. For these reasons, within the framework of an ongoing research project, supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), coded 106M499, the seismic resistance of traditional timber frame houses in Turkey was investigated. A number of timber frames were tested in the laboratory under cyclic and reverse lateral loading, with and without infill. The results were reproduced with pertinent analytical work. As a result, it was shown that connections that were traditionally made with the sole use of standard nails were always the location of failure. In this paper, the results obtained for one of these frames is presented together with its capacity curve analysis to see whether strengthening is needed or not from seismic design point of view.

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Ghanbari Ghazijahani, Tohid, Hui Jiao, and Damien Holloway. "Rectangular steel tubes with timber infill and CFRP confinement under compression: Experiments." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 114 (November 2015): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.07.015.

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Ghazijahani, Tohid Ghanbari, Hui Jiao, and Damien Holloway. "Concrete-Filled Circular Steel Tubes with a Timber Infill under Axial Compression." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 7 (July 2017): 04017037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001757.

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Ferdous, Wahid, Allan Manalo, Choman Salih, Peng Yu, Rajab Abousnina, Tom Heyer, and Peter Schubel. "Behaviour of Polymer Filled Composites for Novel Polymer Railway Sleepers." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081324.

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A novel concept of polymer railway sleeper is proposed in this study that has the potential to meet static performance requirements within the cost of hardwood timber. The existing challenges of composite sleepers, such as low performance or high cost, can be overcome using this innovative concept. Such a proclamation is proven through limit state design criteria and a series of experimentations. Results show that polyurethane foam as an infill material can provide sufficient strength and stiffness properties to the sleeper, but the inadequate screw holding capacity could be a problem. This limitation, however, can be overcome using a particulate filled resin system. The findings of this study will help the railway industry to develop a timber replacement sleeper.

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Trummer, J., M. Schneider, M. Lechner, T. Jarmer, T. Demoulin, G. Landrou, F. Nagler, S. Winter, and K. Dörfler. "Digital Design and Fabrication Strategy of a Hybrid Timber-Earth Floor Slab." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012062.

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Abstract The production of floor slabs with their high requirements for fire protection, thermal mass, and sound insulation is a central challenge in multi-storey timber construction. The research presented in this paper explores the possibilities of a timber-earth slab (T.E.S.) that can meet such high demands while being fully recyclable. T.E.S. comprises a hybrid structure, which aims to combine the strong tensile properties of wood with the beneficial properties of earth in terms of thermal mass, thermal activation capabilities, fire resistance, and sound insulation. It integrates a novel material technology capable of casting earth with low water content and combines it with robotic technology that enables the bespoke fabrication of a filigree wooden structure tailored to mechanically interlock with the earth infill. The proposed method makes it possible to place the earth infill in the lower part of the floor slab and thus expose it to the interior space, whereby its storage mass and component activation can be fully utilized. This paper presents the concept and design principles, initial findings on the system’s loadbearing behaviour, as well as the experimental validation of the novel fabrication process in 1:4 and 1:1-scale demonstrators, in which the general feasibility of the system in assessed. The paper finally discusses the proposed methods and results of the experiments and outlines further steps for transferring the system into building practice.

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Tasligedik, A. S., S. Pampanin, and A. Palermo. "Damage states and cyclic behaviour of drywalls infilled within RC frames." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.2.84-94.

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Drywalls are the typical infill or partitions used in new structures. They are usually located within structural frames and/or between upper and lower floor slabs in buildings. Due to the materials used in their construction, unlike masonry blocks, they can be considered as light non-structural infill/partition walls. These types of walls are especially popular in New Zealand and the USA. In spite of their popularity, little is known about their in-plane cyclic behaviour when infilled within a structural frame. The cause of this lack of knowledge can be attributed to the typical assumption that they are weak non-structural elements and are not expected to interact with the surrounding structural system significantly. However, recent earthquakes have repeatedly shown that drywalls interact with the structure and suffer severe damage at very low drift levels. In this paper, experimental test results of two typical drywall types (steel and timber framed) are reported in order to gather further information on; i) their reverse cyclic behaviour, ii) inter-storey drift levels at which they suffer different levels of damage, iii) the level of interaction with the surrounding structural frame system. The drywall specimens were tested using quasi-static reverse cyclic testing protocols within a full scale precast RC frame at the Structures Laboratory of the University of Canterbury.

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Crayssac, Emile, Xiaobin Song, Yajie Wu, and Kai Li. "Lateral performance of mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames with wood panel infill." Engineering Structures 161 (April 2018): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.022.

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Aldrebi, Ziad Ahmad. "Seismic Resistance of Historic Buildings with Timber Frame and Stone Infill in Europe." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 3 (June 25, 2022): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2618-9283-2022-3-40-54.

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Palermo, Dan, Ioan Nistor, Murat Saatcioglu, and Ahmed Ghobarah. "Impact and damage to structures during the 27 February 2010 Chile tsunami." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 8 (August 2013): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0553.

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Damage to structures and infrastructure due to the Chile tsunami of 27 February 2010, is presented. Robust, modern engineered structures performed well during this tsunami and, generally, damage only to non-structural components was evident. The majority of damage was sustained by non-engineered residential homes located within the inundation zone. These dwellings consisted of either light timber frame construction or concrete frame construction with brick masonry infill walls. Many of the dwellings incorporated sheet metal as exterior cladding or roofing. The hydrodynamic (drag) forces, impulsive loading, hydrostatic forces, buoyant forces, and debris impact loading were probable sources during the tsunami causing the observed damage. Failures included punching of brick masonry infill walls, partial and complete collapse of load bearing elements such as columns, and sliding and unseating failures of second storey levels and roofs. A discussion of the state of the art in tsunami design practice is also provided.

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Bezabeh, M. A., S. Tesfamariam, and S. F. Stiemer. "Equivalent Viscous Damping for Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 142, no. 1 (January 2016): 04015080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001316.

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Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, A. Polastri, A. Ceccotti, and L. Daudeville. "Experimental analysis of seismic resistance of timber-framed structures with stones and earth infill." Engineering Structures 69 (June 2014): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.020.

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Tesfamariam, S., S. F. Stiemer, C. Dickof, and M. A. Bezabeh. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Hybrid Steel-Timber Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with CLT Infill." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 6 (April 23, 2014): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.916240.

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Wadi, H., S. Amziane, E. Toussaint, and M. Taazount. "Lateral load-carrying capacity of hemp concrete as a natural infill material in timber frame walls." Engineering Structures 180 (February 2019): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.046.

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Gouny, F., F. Fouchal, P. Maillard, and S. Rossignol. "New Mortar for Clay Masonry Structures." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.3.

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Construction system using timber frame with earth brick infill shows the formation of cracks at their interface with the fluctuation of temperature and humidity. Geopolymer binder has been identified to create good adhesion between these two materials. The aim of the study is to characterize the pullout and shear mechanical behavior of laboratory masonry assemblies of wood, geomaterial binder and extruded earth brick. Compression test on the brick were also performed. Full-field deformation of double shear test sample werecarried-out by digital image correlation (DIC) in order to better describe and understand the mechanical behavior. The geopolymer binder show good adhesion properties with mean shear test results around 1.5 MPa and pullout test result around 0.82MPa.

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Zuluaga, Simon Sanchez, Stylianos Kallioras, and Anastasios Tsiavos. "Optimization of Synergetic Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Based on Timber Beams and Bio-Based Infill Panels: Application to an Existing Masonry Building in Switzerland." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081126.

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This paper presents an optimization process for the design of a novel synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting strategy that combines the favorable mechanical properties of timber and the attractive thermal insulation properties of bio-based materials. The novel method, defined as Strong Thermal and Seismic Backs (STSB), comprises the attachment of timber frames and bio-based thermal insulation panels on the vertical envelope and the facade walls of existing masonry buildings, thus improving both the seismic behavior and the energy performance of these buildings. This strategy is integrated and visualized in a novel synergetic framework for the holistic evaluation of the seismic behavior, the energy performance and the carbon footprint of existing buildings, defined as the Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Scoreboard (SERS). The benefit of the novel retrofitting strategy is quantified based on the numerical simulation of the seismic behavior of an unreinforced masonry building located in Switzerland, an assessment of the energy performance of the building and an evaluation of the carbon footprint of the proposed retrofit solution. Three retrofitting alternatives are investigated for the synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting of the building, comprising timber beams and two different bio-based materials for the thermal insulation of the vertical envelope of the building: cork and recycled natural grass. The optimal seismic and energy retrofitting strategy for the building among the alternatives assessed in this study is chosen based on a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) procedure.

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Fritsch, E., Y. Sieffert, H. Algusab, S. Grange, P. Garnier, and L. Daudeville. "Numerical analysis on seismic resistance of a two-story timber-framed structure with stone and earth infill." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 820–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1479804.

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Xie, Qifang, Long Wang, Shengying Li, Lipeng Zhang, and Weibing Hu. "Influence of wood infill walls on the seismic performance of Chinese traditional timber structure by shaking table tests." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 10 (June 10, 2020): 5009–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00886-0.

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Volovár, Maroš. "TRADITIONAL TIMBER-FRAMED CONSTRUCTION, CASE STUDY: THE RABBI FAMILY HOUSE IN KOROMĽA, SLOVAKIA." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 1 (44) (June 27, 2021): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.233152.

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Timber-framed structures are of particular cultural significance. Their wide global and historical occurrence is proved by the oldest prehistory era recorded by archaeological finds to its actual boom in contemporary residential architecture. From ancient times until today, the reasons for their popularity are the low financial costs and fast construction process, and, in some regions, earthquake and flood resistance. The predominance of stone or brick-walled buildings we are surrounded with is relatively recent compared with the historical prevalence of timber structures. In this paper, the traditional construction nature of settlements in the lowland and hilly countryside of the upper Tisa region basin will be illustrated by the example of already a rare residential monument preserved on the eastern edge of Slovakia, close to the current borders with Ukraine, in the former Ung County. Single-storied cellar-less house Nr. 114 in Koromľa (Sobrance District, Košice Region) has timber-framed construction with post and plank infill, a double-wide floor plan, and six rooms. In addition to the walls' technological uniqueness, the house is the last remembrance of the once considerable Jewish minority of the village and a broader region. The object is relatively recent, built at the end of the 19th century, but represents the characteristic wall construction of the previous centuries in the lowland and hilly countryside of the upper Tisa basin region spreading at the confines of Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary. Last objects with similar wall construction still can be found in some villages of the multicultural region. They are most often in a similar, poor state of decay. However, in three countries, except for Slovakia, several such buildings are registered as architectural monuments or protected in open-air museums.

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Wu, Ya-Jie, and Xiao-Bin Song. "Semi-mechanism-based hysteretic model for traditional heavy timber frames with forked column foot joints and various wood panel infill." Engineering Structures 267 (September 2022): 114708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114708.

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Elias-Ozkan, Soofia Tahira, and Francoise Summers. "THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THREE DIFFERENT STRAWBALE BUILDINGS AT THE KERKENES ECO-CENTER." Journal of Green Building 8, no. 4 (September 2013): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.4.110.

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By and large, straw is not considered to be a building material, yet in comparison with traditional materials, building with straw bales is definitely more energy-efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost; qualities that are desirable in sustainable buildings. This paper presents information on three different straw bales buildings at the Kerkenes Eco-Center, which is located in the village of Sahmuratli in central Anatolia, Turkey. The first of these was constructed with load-bearing straw bale walls; the second with straw bales as infill in a timber-frame structure; while the third utilized straw bales in combination with Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks. This last was a hybrid wall construction that has been tried for the first time to take advantage of the thermal-insulation property of straw combined with the humidity-regulating property of mud plaster inside and the weather-resistance property of AAC outside. These three buildings are being monitored for their temperature and humidity variances with the help of data loggers; this data is also presented herein.

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Lehmann, Steffen. "DEVELOPING A PREFABRICATED LOW-CARBON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM USING CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS FOR MULTISTOREY INNER-CITY INFILL HOUSING IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 3 (July 2012): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.3.131.

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Qu, Zhe, Andreea Dutu, Jiangrong Zhong, and Jingjiang Sun. "Seismic Damage to Masonry-Infilled Timber Houses in the 2013 M7.0 Lushan, China, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 3 (August 2015): 1859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/012914eqs023t.

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Masonry-infilled timber frames are widely used for residential houses in underdeveloped rural and mountainous areas in southwestern China. As suggested by the identified dynamic properties of three typical timber houses of this type, the structure can be taken as a dual system in which the masonry infills provide the most lateral resistance, while the timber frame withstands the vertical loads. The seismic damage to the houses, either of masonry or of masonry-infilled timber structures, in a small town near the epicenter of the 2013 M7.0 Lushan earthquake in southwestern China was inspected and compared, in order to show that the masonry-infilled timber houses exhibited much better seismic performance than the unreinforced masonry ones during the earthquake.

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Contiguglia, Carlotta Pia, Angelo Pelle, Zhichao Lai, Bruno Briseghella, and Camillo Nuti. "Chinese High Rise Reinforced Concrete Building Retrofitted with CLT Panels." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179667.

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Cross laminated timber (CLT) panels have been gaining increasing attention in the construction field as a diaphragm in mid- to high-rise building projects. Moreover, in the last few years, due to their seismic performances, low environmental impact, ease of construction, etc., many research studies have been conducted about their use as infill walls in hybrid construction solutions. With more than a half of the megacities in the world located in seismic regions, there is an urgent need of new retrofitting methods that can improve the seismic behavior of the buildings, upgrading, at the same time, the architectural aspects while minimizing the environmental impact and costs associated with the common retrofit solutions. In this work, the seismic, energetic, and architectural rehabilitation of tall reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using CLT panels are investigated. An existing 110 m tall RC frame building located in Huizhou (China) was chosen as a case study. The first objective was to investigate the performances of the building through the non-linear static analysis (push-over analysis) used to define structural weaknesses with respect to earthquake actions. The architectural solution proposed for the building is the result of the combination between structural and architectonic needs: internal spaces and existing facades were re-designed in order to improve not only the seismic performances but also energy efficiency, quality of the air, natural lighting, etc. A full explanation of the FEM modeling of the cross laminated timber panels is reported in the following. Non-linear FEM models of connections and different wall configurations were validated through a comparison with available lab tests, and finally, a real application on the existing 3D building was discussed.

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Kamaruddin, Kartini, and Siti Hawa Hamzah. "Optimisation of Calcium Silicate and Sand Cement Bricks in Masonary Bearing Walls." Scientific Research Journal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v3i2.5669.

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Design and construction of buildings used to be on framed structure incorporating reinforced concrete, steel or timber as structural member to transmit load to the foundation. Bricks are normally used as infill materials in these framed structures. However, research has shown that bricks can also be used as external and internal masonry bearing walls. With the use of structural masonry construction method, cheaper and faster construction can be achieved. Savings are obtained by using less formwork and reinforcing steel, reducing construction time as lesser frames or none are used, and eliminating waiting time for the structural concrete to cure or gain their strength. Calcium silicate and sand cement bricks were tested for their mechanical properties. Investigations were carried out on six masonry bearing walls. Each unit measured 1000 mm × 1000 mm and a half brick thick. The structural behaviour due to compressive axial load was investigated and it shows that both bricks satisfy the requirement as load bearing wall. However, the study concluded that sand cement brick wall showed better performance, with maximum lateral displacement of 3.81mm, vertical deflection of 6.63 mm and ultimate load of 448.13 kN.

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Wang, Pu Qing, Yuan Ming Dou, Yan Tao Li, and Jing Jing Zhang. "Full-Size Seismic Experiment Analysis on the Timber Structure in Rural Areas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 724 (January 2015): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.724.48.

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Timber structure seismic analysis is an important problem in structure design and safety of building. In this paper, full-size pseudo-static tests of two single-storey and single bay timber frame with and without infilled wall were carried out. Failure process, failure form and deformation capacity were investigated. The test results indicate that the timber frame has better capability of dissipation of seismic energy. The infilled wall can increase the seismic ability of the whole timber frame structure. There is a good collaborative mechanism between the infilled wall and frame under some construction measures.

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Hooghiemstra, Henry, Thomas Olijhoek, Menno Hoogland, Maarten Prins, Bas van Geel, Timme Donders, William Gosling, and Corinne Hofman. "Columbus’ environmental impact in the New World: Land use change in the Yaque River valley, Dominican Republic." Holocene 28, no. 11 (August 18, 2018): 1818–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618788732.

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Columbus’ arrival in the New World in AD 1492 on the northern coast of Hispaniola was followed by a suite of changes in land-use. We reconstruct environmental change from a 225-cm-long sediment core from site Los Indios from an abandoned and sediment-filled meander of the Yaque River, Cibao Valley, northeastern Dominican Republic. The sediment record starts ca. AD 195 (ca. 1755 cal. yr BP) and the history of the meander infill was monitored by changing grain size distributions, organic matter concentration and pollen from wetland plants. From ca. AD 200 to ca. AD 1525, the pollen record indicates a diverse forest assemblage; however, the presence of pollen from potential crop plants suggest nearby small-scale subsistence crop cultivation. More abundant charcoal after ca. AD 1410 shows Amerindians increasingly used fire. The record of grain size distributions shows that the meander was temporarily part of a low energetic drainage system in which bedload and suspended sediments accumulated. After European colonization of Hispaniola increasing spores of coprophilous fungi evidence that Europeans had introduced during the first decades of colonization cattle in the Cibao Valley which gradually resulted in more open forest. The charcoal record around ca. AD 1650 reflects intensive forest clearing, suggesting that small-scale Pre-Colonial practice of crop cultivation became replaced by large-scale agriculture on the moist and nutrient rich soils along the Yaque River. Further deforestation and signals of erosion suggest that the population of colonists and introduced enslaved labour force must have increased rapidly. After ca. AD 1740 charcoal influx decreased suggesting that last deforestation activities used selective cutting to produce fire wood and timber for construction, rather than burning forest in situ. Two centuries after European colonization, by the 18th century, land-use within the Cibao Valley had become a balance between substantial livestock and crop cultivation (pollen grains have evidenced cereals, maize, and potentially also sugar cane, amaranthaceous crops and tobacco). After ca. AD 1950, swamp vegetation of Typha and Cyperaceae decreased, pointing to an almost fully terrestrialized meander with only few bodies of standing water, reflecting the present-day setting. This multiproxy reconstruction of anthropogenic environmental change shows a clear differentiation between an immediate introduction of livestock and after some 150 years the development of a European style agriculture, providing a context for archaeological investigations.

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Yang, Deshan, Ming Xu, and Zhongfan Chen. "Seismic performance of Chinese traditional timber frames." BioResources 16, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 6135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.6135-6146.

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Chinese traditional timber frames are known for their mortise-tenon joints and wooden planks shear walls. To investigate the seismic behavior of the structural system, three full-scale timber frames were subjected to in-plane quasi-static loading. The hysteresis characteristics, lateral load-carrying capacities, lateral stiffnesses, and energy dissipation capacities of the timber frames were investigated. The results showed that the hysteretic loops of all specimens exhibited pinching, and the column and beam components were nearly intact after the test. The traditional wooden frames had large deformability. The installation of the infilled timber shear wall brought great improvements in lateral resistance and energy dissipation to the bare frames. The initial stiffness of the timber frame infilled with timber shear wall was 0.113 kN/mm, which was 56.9% and 11.9% greater than those of the bare frame specimen F1 and specimen F2, respectively. The results from the experimental analyses can serve as a technical basis for the development of seismic design methods and strengthening designs of such structures in practical engineering.

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Antolinc, David, Vlatka Rajčić, and Roko Žarnić. "ANALYSIS OF HYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF GLASS INFILLED WOODEN FRAMES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.899265.

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The idea of the present study is to determine the performance of timber-glass hybrid shear wall exposed to monotone and cyclic horizontal in-plane load at the level of story height which is simulation of situation during earthquake or wind load. Fourteen quasi-static in-plane racking tests of shear wall specimens have been conducted where the specimens are composed of laminated timber frame and heat strengthened laminated glass panels, which are adhesive less, connected to wooden frame with friction only. For the evaluation of the experimental results the software (HYSPA+) was developed which is giving the information on normalised stiffness degradation and equivalent viscous damping coefficient based on the in-plane hysteresis response. The results are showing that described structural components are ductile with relatively high potential for dissipating of induced energy due to friction connection of glass panel and wooden frame. Observed damages were concentrated in timber frame joints, while glass panels remained entirely undamaged. In continuation of development of glass infilled wooden frames the configuration of frame joints will be modified to achieve its higher load bearing capacity and lower deformability.

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Hueto Escobar, Alicia, Camilla Mileto, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, and Maria Diodato. "Preliminary Analysis of Material Degradation Processes in Half-Timbered Walls with Earth Infill in Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020772.

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This analysis of the material degradation processes most commonly found in half-timbered walls with earth infill in Spain is part of a much broader line of research aiming to analyze, catalogue and understand their constructive techniques, state of conservation, and transformation in order to propose conservation guidelines. Systematic data collection and statistical analysis of material damage for 268 half-timbered walls with earth infill have made it possible to identify the most common degradation processes. The effect of these processes on this type of technique, as well as the relationship between them and any possible conditions contributing to their frequency, were examined. Almost half of the sample studied presents some type of material degradation, most frequently surface erosion, while the presence of vegetation is the least common pathology. Any future decisions about the most suitable maintenance and conservation actions should be based on the conclusions reached here concerning the frequency and scope of these degradation phenomena.

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Dutu, Andreea, Hiroyasu Sakata, Yoshihiro Yamazaki, and Tomoki Shindo. "In-Plane Behavior of Timber Frames with Masonry Infills under Static Cyclic Loading." Journal of Structural Engineering 142, no. 2 (February 2016): 04015140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001405.

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Hueto Escobar, A., M. Diodato, F. Vegas, and S. Manzano Fernández. "APPROXIMATION TO THE USE OF HALF-TIMBERED WALLS WITH EARTH INFILL IN SPANISH TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1033-2020.

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Abstract. The term "half-timbered walls with earth infill" refers to a wide number of techniques in which structural wooden elements are combined with enclosures made of earth. The use of these constructive systems dates back to prehistoric times and their evolution has differed based on the physical, social and cultural conditions of each place. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to define the concept of half-timbered walls with earth infill in the Spanish context and to understand the geographical, urban, architectural and constructive reasons that have favoured or hindered its use in traditional architecture. The methodology used is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the largest possible number of case studies. This allows a database to be set up for the purposes of performing global analysis and drawing objective and statistically valid conclusions. This information is managed using a study sheet with information ranging from general aspects of buildings with the presence of these techniques to detailed features of half-timbered walls. The data and conclusions presented in this paper focus on these half-timbered walls, including information on the geographical distribution of these techniques, the characteristics of the buildings in which they are used, the combination of mixed walls with other construction techniques, and the state of conservation and transformation of the buildings in which they are used. It has been established that these techniques are common in mountainous landscapes, where there is optimal woodland for construction, and in urban environments, where they are presented as optimum techniques to maximize the profitability of the buildable surface.

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Xue, Jianyang, Guoqi Ren, Liangjie Qi, Chenwei Wu, and Zhen Yuan. "Experimental study on lateral performance of glued-laminated timber frame infilled with cross-laminated timber shear walls." Engineering Structures 239 (July 2021): 112354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112354.

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Liang, Wei, Jie Lan, Zuyin Zou, Zhanyuan Zhu, Shuainan Zhai, You Mo, Xiaomei Li, Sihui Meng, and Yu Cai. "Seismic behavior of Chuan-dou timber frames with different infilled walls." Construction and Building Materials 327 (April 2022): 126906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126906.

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Navaratnam, Satheeskumar, Julian Thamboo, Keerthan Poologanathan, Krishanu Roy, and Perampalam Gatheeshgar. "Finite element modelling of timber infilled steel tubular short columns under axial compression." Structures 30 (April 2021): 910–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.087.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber Infill'

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