Academic literature on the topic 'Timber Infill'
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Journal articles on the topic "Timber Infill"
1
Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.
Full textAbstract:
Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls when no infill is present, i.e. considering only the timber frame, and then compare the results with those of the infill walls. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame walls and appropriate strengthening solutions have been applied in order to test the walls in a retrofitted condition, namely (1) steel plates with different configurations and (2) steel flat bars inserted with the NSM technique.
2
Shen, Yinlan, Xingchen Yan, Piyong Yu, Hui Liu, Guofang Wu, and Wei He. "Seismic Resistance of Timber Frames with Mud and Stone Infill Walls in a Chinese Traditional Village Dwelling." Buildings 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120580.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional Chinese wood residences consist of timber frames with masonry infill walls or other types of infill, representing valuable heritage. A field investigation of traditional village dwellings in northern China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls was conducted. Their construction characteristics are reported, and static cyclic tests were performed on two full-size wood-stone hybrid walls with different configurations (exterior transverse wall and internal transverse wall) and no openings (doors or windows). Their failure mechanics and seismic capacity, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results are compared with a previous experimental study of two full-size timber frames with the same traditional structure but no infill to determine the effect of the mud and stone infill on the lateral resistance. The experimental results indicate that the stone infill has a critical influence on the lateral performance of traditional village buildings, resulting in a high lateral stiffness, high strength (>20 kN), and a high ductility ratio (>10). An increase in the vertical load leads to an increase in the lateral resistance of the timber frame with infill walls, larger for the internal transverse wall than the external gable wall. The incompatibility of the deformation between the timber frame and stone infill is the main failure reason, resulting in falling stones and collapse with undamaged timber frames. Suggestions are provided for the protection and repair of traditional wood residences in northern China.
3
Rashid, Hafiz Muhammad, Shaukat Ali Khan, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, and Junaid Ahmad. "Lateral Load Performance Analysis of Dhajji Dewari Using Different Infills." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2018070101.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes Dhajji Dewari which is a non-engineered traditional construction method mostly used in the northern parts of Pakistan. This method consists of a timber frame filled with the stones in a mud slurry. This article is aimed to assess the effects of different infills on the lateral load capacity of Dhajji Dewari. For this purpose, three full scale Dhajji Dewari panels were constructed and unidirectional in-plane lateral load was applied. One panel was without infill, two other panels with different type of infills. Results of the experimentation showed that the infill presence effects the lateral load resisting performance of the Dhajji Dewari.
4
Bağbancı, M. Bilal, and Özlem Köprülü Bağbancı. "The Dynamic Properties of Historic Timber-Framed Masonry Structures in Bursa, Turkey." Shock and Vibration 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3257434.
Full textAbstract:
Timber-framed masonry structures are known as an effective earthquake load resisting system in high seismicity regions such as Bursa, Turkey. Intense earthquakes have occurred throughout history; however, many of the traditional timber structures have been able to survive without significant damage until the present day. In this study, six historic two-storied timber-framed masonry structures dating from the nineteenth century in Bursa City are investigated by using laboratory and in situ structural health monitoring tests. Although the houses have the same construction techniques, different masonry infill materials are used inside the timber frames. Stone, adobe, and brick are used as infill materials. Mud and lime mortars are used as binding materials. Mud mortar is used with stone and adobe materials. Lime mortar is used with brick material. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic parameters such as density, specific gravity, porosity, elastic modulus, frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of the studied structures were investigated and the results were comparatively discussed. It is understood that the use of different infill materials affects the dynamic behaviors of these structures.
5
Bezabeh, Matiyas A., Solomon Tesfamariam, Siegfried F. Stiemer, Marjan Popovski, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of a Novel Hybrid Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (August 2016): 1565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101514eqs159m.
Full textAbstract:
This study proposes an iterative direct displacement based design method for a novel steel-timber hybrid structure. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels as an infill in steel moment-resisting frames. The proposed design method is applied to design three-, six-, and nine-story hybrid buildings, each with three bays and a CLT-infilled middle bay. Nonlinear time history analysis, using 20 earthquake ground motion records, is carried out to validate the performance of the design method. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively controls the displacements due to seismic excitation of the hybrid structure.
6
Quinn, Natalie, and Dina D’Ayala. "Assessment of the Realistic Stiffness and Capacity of the Connections in Quincha Frames to Develop Numerical Models." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.526.
Full textAbstract:
Peru is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, this fact highlighted by several destructive earthquakes in recent years. The centre of Lima has a large number of historic structures with a ground floor in adobe, and their upper storeys in quincha, a traditional technique consisting of a timber frame with an infill of canes and mud. Despite the existence of a large number of buildings containing this technique, very little is known about its seismic performance. In order to investigate this, a series of experimental tests on quincha frames, with and without the infill, have been carried out previously, with the aim of quantifying the lateral behaviour and identifying vulnerable areas. The present paper details work carried out to develop a finite element model of the test frames without infill. This model of the timber frame will enable an accurate representation of the frame behaviour to be developed before adding the infill of canes and mud to the model. As the behaviour of the infill material and its connection to the frame is difficult to determine, characterising the timber frame with a high degree of accuracy ensures that the contribution of the infill can be globally quantified from the overall experimental results. The beams and posts are connected by cylindrical mortice and tenon joints, with a diagonal bracing member providing some lateral restraint. The connections have been modelled semi-rigid springs, with the stiffness calculated using variations of the component method. This was found to give very similar results to those obtained experimentally.
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Aktaş, Yasemin Didem, Uğurhan Akyüz, Ahmet Türer, Barış Erdil, and Neriman Şahin Güçhan. "Seismic Resistance Evaluation of Traditional Ottoman Timber-Frame Hımış Houses: Frame Loadings and Material Tests." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 4 (November 2014): 1711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/011412eqs011m.
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Traditional Ottoman timber-frame houses (“ hımış”) form the major part of the cultural heritage structures in Turkey. There are many studies in the literature regarding the seismic performance of hımış houses, which claim that these structures have an inherent seismically resistant property. However, these studies lack a quantitative engineering approach and are based on observations made after contemporary earthquakes. This study presents the results of the seismic resistance evaluation of traditional Ottoman houses, made by means of reverse cyclic frame tests conducted on six yellow pine and two fir frames with and without infill (brick and adobe) or cladding ( bağdadi and şamdolma). The experimental study, which was intended to differentiate the effects of infill materials, frame geometry, and timber type, has revealed that frames with bağdadi cladding and adobe infill resulted in the best and worst structural performances, respectively, while high ductility and good energy dissipation capacity characteristics were determined.
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Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, C. Belinga Nko'ol, E. Bertrand, J. C. Duccini, C. Faye, and L. Daudeville. "Experimental Analysis of a Shake Table Test of Timber-Framed Structures with Stone and Earth Infill." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 3 (August 2017): 1075–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010516eqs002m.
Full textAbstract:
The seismic performance of timber-framed structures filled with stones and earth mortar has been analyzed by introducing the structural subscales (cell, wall, house) at which monotonic and cyclic loadings were considered. This article aims to present the dynamic behavior of a house as determined through shaking table tests. Based on this experimental multiscale analysis, this paper confirms that timbered masonry structures offer effective seismic resistance; moreover, such a comprehensive analysis helps enhance understanding of the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill. This paper also aids ongoing development of a numerical tool intended to predict the seismic-resistant behavior of this type of structure.
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M., Asif. "An empirical study on life cycle assessment of double-glazed aluminium-clad timber windows." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 37, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 547–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-01-2019-0001.
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Purpose Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to determine the environmental performance of materials and products. The purpose of this paper is to undertake the LCA of double-glazed aluminium-clad timber windows in order to determine their environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach The scope of the LCA study covers the production and the use of windows over a 30-year life span. The LCA exercise has been carried out by auditing the materials and processes involved in the making of the windows. Windows production facilities were visited to investigate the respective quantities and embodied energy of the major constituting materials, i.e. timber, aluminium, glass, infill gases and auxiliary components. The main processes involved, i.e. powder coating of aluminium cladding profiles, glazing unit production and window assembly, were also examined. SimaPro software was used to calculate the environmental impacts associated with the windows for three types of glazing infills: Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe). Findings Embodied energy of a standard sized (1.2 m×1.2 m) double-glazed aluminium-clad timber window is found to be 899, 1,402 and 5,400 MJ for Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) infill gases, respectively. It is also found that an Argon-filled window can lose 95,130 kWh of energy resulting into over 37,000 kg of CO2 emissions. Originality/value Besides carrying value for research community, the findings of this study can help the building and construction industry adopt windows that are energy-efficient and environmentally less burdensome. It can also help the concerned legislative bodied.
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Mukherjee, Agnita, and Colin MacDougall. "Structural benefits of hempcrete infill in timber stud walls." International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2093761x.2013.834280.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Timber Infill"
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Aktas, Yasemin Didem. "Evaluation Of Seismic Resistance Of Traditional Ottoman Timber Frame Houses." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613716/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the seismic resistance of traditional Ottoman timber frame &ldquohimis&rdquo
structures, which form the major part of Turkey&rsquo
s cultural heritage, from an engineering point of view. On the other hand, the seismic resistance of traditional Ottoman timber frame structures was not evaluated from an engineering perspective. For the aim of seismic resistance evaluation of traditional Ottoman timber frame houses, the TUBITAK (the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) project numbered 106M499 was carried out. Within this framework, 16 tests were carried out in the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of Middle East Technical University, by means of 8 1-1 scale timber frames of different geometrical configurations and material, carefully selected from traditional houses in Safranbolu, representing Ottoman timber frame &ldquo
himis&rdquo
technique. The frames were tested without and with different infill/covering types, and parameters that directly or indirectly indicate the behavior of a structure under earthquake loading were derived from the results obtained at the end of experimental work. In addition, capacity calculations were carried out for each test, using ATC-40 procedure. The results demonstrated that Ottoman timber frame &ldquo
himis&rdquo
houses are seismically resistant, and yet there are a number of important points that should be obeyed in their construction regarding size of diagonal elements, size and placement of openings, intervals between vertical studs, as well as connection details. It is also seen that certain infill/covering materials/methods are more advantageous than the others
for example, covering techniques results in a higher amount of maximum lateral load that the frame can bear under the same displacement. Infill with masonry blocks results in a larger increase in weight than in load bearing capacity. The conclusions drawn are intended to be used not only in the conservation of such structures but they are also expected to direct modern seismically resistant constructions.
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Tran, Tram Anh Teresa. "Convergence: A New Future for the Samuel Madden Homes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90881.
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Housing in prosperous American cities is becoming increasingly expensive, forcing many municipal governments to re-evaluate how they will continue to serve lower-income residents and ensure equitable access to housing and resources. In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) has worked in recent years to partner with private developers to convert its existing stock of low-density, designated-affordable housing into more dense, mixed-income communities. This is possible because many of its existing communities sit on land in now-prime locations where the City currently allows the most density, as well as bonus density through a variety of mechanisms.
While these projects have succeeded to some extent, the City is unfortunately still seeing a rapid rise in rents accompanied by a rapid decrease in available affordable housing of all types, in both privately-developed and publicly-subsidized communities. Increasing income disparity is also simultaneously driving lower-income to middle-class residents to suburban and exurban sites where limited access to municipal resources and public transportation can be highly detrimental to quality of life.
While additional density is the knee-jerk response to many of affordability's challenges, often the resulting built solutions seem incomplete – achieving the basic goal of housing more residents, but failing to build thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. After all, the pragmatics of building generally point towards maximizing square footage, monetary return, and speed of delivery by using conventional and commonly-accepted solutions, with less energy given to resident outcomes, and how people might be affected by the change to their living environments and communities.
As Jan Gehl and Jane Jacobs examined in Cities for People and The Death and Life of Great American Cities respectively, simple pragmatics do not make for livable environments. A truly humanist approach to design for living in cities requires not only good policy, practice, and engagement, but also architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings.
Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments.
Its primary objectives are:
• Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings.
• Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project.
• Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost.
• Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process.
• Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs.
• Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change.Master of Architecture
In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) owns several affordable housing sites in desirable locations that it has been working to convert into more dense, mixed-income housing in partnership with private developers. While these projects have succeeded to some extent, housing in the City continues to become increasingly expensive, and wages for low-income and lower-middle class residents are not keeping pace with the increase in cost of living. This phenomenon is pushing many long-time and/or lower-wage residents to the suburbs and exurbs, limiting access to municipal resources and public transportation, and reducing quality of life. As a result, communities and families with long histories in the City are breaking apart and dispersing. Many advocates, policymakers, designers, and developers have turned to additional density as the most immediate response to these concerns. However, additional density isn’t enough; new buildings may house more people, but fail to address the other aspects of building thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. Good housing and good communities need more than square footage, so it is time to look beyond conventional solutions. New approaches are needed to respond to how people are affected by changes to their living environments and communities, and create the kinds of positive outcomes that should be part of any new housing project. Therefore, if we want to design for living in cities, we have to have good policies, practices, and engagement, but we also need architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings. Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments. Its primary objectives are: • Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings. • Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project. • Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost. • Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process. • Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs. • Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change.
3
Bezabeh, Matiyas. "Lateral behaviour and direct displacement based design of a novel hybrid structure : cross laminated timber infilled steel moment resisting frames." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50200.
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Recently, an innovative hybrid structure has been developed as an alternative lateral-load resisting system at The University of British Columbia. The hybrid structure incorporates Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) shear panels as an infill in steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs). In order to increase the applicability of the proposed system, in this thesis, a direct displacement based design methodology has been developed and analytically validated.
Initially, a nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) was carried out to study the lateral behaviour of the proposed hybrid structure. For this purpose, a total of 162 different hybrid buildings were modeled and analyzed in OpenSees by using twenty earthquake ground motions (2% probability exceedance in 50 years). Post-earthquake performance indicators (Maximum Interstory Drift (MISD) and Residual Interstory Drift (RISD)) were obtained from the analyses. To assist the post-seismic safety assessment of the hybrid buildings, surrogate models for MISD and RISD were developed using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). By using the ANN surrogate models as fitness functions for the Genetic Algorithm, optimal modeling parameters of the hybrid system were obtained.
Secondly, to represent the energy dissipative capacity of the hybrid system, an equivalent viscous damping (EVD) equation was developed. To formulate the EVD equation, 243 single-storey single-bay CLT infilled SMRF models were developed and subjected to monotonic static and semi-static cyclic analysis. The EVD of each model was calculated from the hysteretic responses based on Jacobsen's area based approach and later calibrated using NLTHA.
Finally, an iterative direct displacement based design method was developed for the proposed hybrid structure. A detailed description of the proposed methodology is presented with a numerical example. In order to verify the proposed method, hybrid buildings with 3-, 6-, and 9- storey heights were designed. A calibrated EVD-ductility relationship was used to obtain the energy dissipation of the equivalent SDOF system for all case study buildings. Nonlinear time history analysis using twenty ground motion records was used to validate the performance of the proposed design methodology. The results indicate that the proposed design method effectively controls the displacements resulting from the seismic excitation of the hybrid structure.Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate
4
Cornelio, Tony Justin. "Effect of infill panels on the seismic response of a typical R.C. frame." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2868/.
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Three structural typologies has been evaluated based on the nonlinear dynamic analysis (i.e. Newmark's methods for MDFs: average acceleration method with Modified Newton-Raphson iteration). Those structural typologies differ each other only for the infills presence and placement.
In particular, with the term BARE FRAME: the model of the structure has two identical frames, arranged in parallel. This model constitutes the base for the generation of the other two typologies, through the addition of non-bearing walls.
Whereas with the term INFILLED FRAME: the model is achieved by adding twelve infill panels, all placed in the same frame.
Finally with the term PILOTIS: the model has been generated to represent structures where the first floor has no walls. Therefore the infills are positioned in only one frame in its three upper floors.
All three models have been subjected to ten accelerograms using the software DRAIN 2000.
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Vieux-Champagne, Florent. "Analyse de la vulnérabilité sismique des structures à ossature en bois avec remplissage : essais expérimentaux - modélisation numérique - calculs parasismiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI085/document.
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Les séismes constituent une source d’aléas importante pour l’étude de la vulnérabilité d’unbâtiment. Le comportement parasismique des bâtiments à ossatures en bois est particulièrementintéressant. Deux familles de structure à ossature en bois peuvent être distinguées : les ossaturesutilisant les produits industriels que sont les panneaux en bois reconstitué servant à contreventerla structure et les connecteurs métalliques, et les ossatures traditionnelles avec remplissage reposantsur des techniques de construction anciennes et dépendantes du contexte local. L’efficacitédu comportement parasismique des bâtiments à ossature en bois traditionnels avec remplissagereste encore peu reconnue en raison du manque de résultats issus des travaux de recherche.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent ainsi à améliorer les connaissances sur le comportementparasismique de cette typologie constructive. Partant de l’hypothèse selon laquellece comportement est gouverné par la réponse des assemblages par connecteurs métalliques, uneapproche multi-échelles, couplant études expérimentales et études numériques est développée.Elle détaille l’analyse à l’échelle 1 de la connexion, en passant par l’échelle 2 des cellules élémentaires,constitutives des murs, par l’échelle 3 des murs de contreventement pour se finaliserà l’échelle 4 du bâtiment dans son ensemble.Sur le plan expérimental, cette approche permet d’une part, de réaliser des études paramétriqueset ainsi d’appréhender l’influence de la réponse de chaque élément (bois, clous, feuillard,remplissage, contreventement, ouvertures) sur le comportement local (échelles 1 et 2) et global(échelles 3 et 4) de la structure. D’autre part, elle permet de fournir une base de données pourla validation des modélisations numériques aux différentes échelles.Sur le plan de la modélisation numérique, cette approche multi-échelles est fondée sur la priseen compte du comportement non-linéaire hystérétique des assemblages à l’échelle supérieure, parl’intermédiaire d’un macro-élément, développé dans la cadre de la méthode des éléments finis.Ainsi, grâce à une modélisation simplifiée (assemblage des macro-éléments), le calcul est rapide,aussi bien à l’échelle du mur qu’à celle du bâtiment, et intègre les phénomènes non-linéaire locaux.Le modèle peut ainsi prédire de manière relativement précise le comportement dynamique de lastructure complète à l’échelle 4, testée sur table vibrante.L’étude présentée dans ce manuscrit fait partie des travaux précurseurs relatifs à l’analysede la vulnérabilité sismique des ossatures bois avec remplissage. Cette étude débouche sur denombreuses perspectives pour l’analyse de cette typologie constructive. Elle confirme que les bâtimentsà ossatures en bois avec remplissage ont un comportement parasismique très performantThe seismic vulnerabilty is an important issue in the design of a building. The seismicresistant behavior of timber-framed structures is particularly relevant. Two types of timberframedstructures can be distinguished : the timber-framed structures using industrial products,such as wood-products panels used to brace the structure or metal fasteners, and traditionaltimber-framed structures included infill made of natuarl materials (earth or stones masonry).The seismic resistant behavior efficiency of traditional structures remains poorly recognizedbecause of the lack of research results on this kind of construction.Therefore, the thesis aims at improving the seismic behavior knowledge of timber-framedmasonry. Based on the assumption that their behavior is driven by the response of the metalfasteners connections, a multi-scale approach is proposed. It couples experimental and numericalstudies. At the scale 1 of the connection, at the scale 2 of the elementary constitutive cell ofwalls, at the scale 3 of structural elements such as shear walls and finally at the scale 4 of theentire building.In regards to the experimental work, this method allows, on the one hand, to perform parametricstudies and to analyze the influence of each element (wood member, nails, steel strip,infill, bracing, openings) on the local behavior (scales 1 and 2) and on the global behavior(scales 3 and 4) of the structure. On the other hand, it allows to provide a database to validatethe numerical modeling at each scale.In regards to the numerical work, this multi-scale approach allows to take into account thehysteretic behavior of joints in the development of a macro-element at the scale 2. Thus, thanksto a simplified finite element modeling (macro-element assembly), the computational cost islimited and it allows to take into account the local phenomena. The model is able to predictrelatively accurately the dynamic behavior at the scale 4 of the building, tested on a shakingtable.The study, presented herein, is one of the pioneer work that deals with the analysis of theseismic vulnerability of timber-framed structures with infill panels. This study provides outlookfor the analysis of this type of buildings. It confirms that the timbered masonry structures havea relevant seismic resistant behavior
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Ngo, Thoi-Nhan. "Contrôle optimal en temps discret et en horizon infini." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E062/document.
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Cette thèse contient des contributions originales à la théorie du Contrôle Optimal en temps discret et en horizon infini du point de vue de Pontryagin. Il y a 5 chapitres dans cette thèse. Dans le chapitre 1, nous rappelons des résultats préliminaires sur les espaces de suites à valeur dans et des résultats de Calcul Différentiel. Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions le problème de Contrôle Optimal, en temps discret et en horizon infini avec la contrainte asymptotique et avec le système autonome. En utilisant la structure d'espace affine de Banach de l'ensemble des suites convergentes vers 0, et la structure d'espace vectoriel de Banach de l'ensemble des suites bornées, nous traduisons ce problème en un problème d'optimisation statique dam des espaces de Banach. Après avoir établi des résultats originaux sur les opérateurs de Nemytskii sur les espaces de suites et après avoir adapté à notre problème un théorème d'existence de multiplicateurs, nous établissons un nouveau principe de Pontryagin faible pour notre problème. Dans le chapitre 3, nous établissons un principe de Pontryagin fort pour les problèmes considérés au chapitre 2 en utilisant un résultat de Ioffe-Tihomirov. Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux problèmes de Contrôle Optimal, en temps discret et en horizon infini, généraux avec plusieurs critères différents. La méthode utilisée est celle de la réduction à l'horizon fini, initiée par J. Blot et H. Chebbi en 2000. Les problèmes considérés sont gouvernés par des équations aux différences ou des inéquations aux différences. Un nouveau principe de Pontryagin faible est établi en utilisant un résultat récent de J. Blot sur les multiplicateurs à la Fritz John. Le chapitre 5 est consacré aux problèmes multicritères de Contrôle Optimal en temps discret et en horizon infini. De nouveaux principes de Pontryagin faibles et forts sont établis, là-aussi en utilisant des résultats récents d'optimisation, sous des hypothèses plus faibles que celles des résultats existantsThis thesis contains original contributions to the optimal control theory in the discrete-time framework and in infinite horizon following the viewpoint of Pontryagin. There are 5 chapters in this thesis. In Chapter 1, we recall preliminary results on sequence spaces and on differential calculus in normed linear space. In Chapter 2, we study a single-objective optimal control problem in discrete-time framework and in infinite horizon with an asymptotic constraint and with autonomous system. We use an approach of functional analytic for this problem after translating it into the form of an optimization problem in Banach (sequence) spaces. Then a weak Pontyagin principle is established for this problem by using a classical multiplier rule in Banach spaces. In Chapter 3, we establish a strong Pontryagin principle for the problems considered in Chapter 2 using a result of Ioffe and Tihomirov. Chapter 4 is devoted to the problems of Optimal Control, in discrete time framework and in infinite horizon, which are more general with several different criteria. The used method is the reduction to finite-horizon initiated by J. Blot and H. Chebbi in 2000. The considered problems are governed by difference equations or difference inequations. A new weak Pontryagin principle is established using a recent result of J. Blot on the Fritz John multipliers. Chapter 5 deals with the multicriteria optimal control problems in discrete time framework and infinite horizon. New weak and strong Pontryagin principles are established, again using recent optimization results, under lighter assumptions than existing ones
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Ouazzani, Sabrina. "Construction de liens entre algorithmique et logique par du calcul à temps infini." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT280.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte du calcul en temps infini. Par cette désignation, nous faisons référence au temps indicé par des ordinaux, ces derniers possédant de bonnes propriétés pour ``compter''en leur long. En 2000, le modèle des machines de Turing à temps infini fut proposé par Hamkins et Lewis. Ce modèle généralise le processus de calcul des machines de Turing aux étapes de temps représentées par des ordinaux. Dans ce modèle de calcul, les étapes sont indicées par des ordinaux dénombrables, bien que le ruban soit toujours indicé par des entiers naturels. Les entrées du modèle sont donc les suites infinies de lettres. Un certain nombre de comportements nouveaux et étonnants apparaissent avec ces machines. Dans notre thèse, nous nous intéressons à certains de ces comportements.Naturellement, plus les temps de calcul sont longs, plus le modèle est puissant, et plus il devient possible de décider de nouveaux ensembles.À partir d’ordinaux assez grands, de nouvelles propriétés structurelles apparaissent également. L'une d'entre elles est l'existence de brèches dans les temps possibles d'arrêts de programmes. Lorsque ces brèches furent découvertes, de premiers liens entre elles et le caractère admissible des ordinaux qui les commencent furent établis. Notre approche utilise l'algorithmique pour préciser les liens entre les propriétés logiques des ordinaux et les propriétés calculatoires de ces machines à temps infini.Plus précisément, grâce à des des algorithmes spécifiques, nous découvrons et prouvons de nouvelles propriétés sur ces brèches,amenant à une meilleure compréhension de leur structure. Nous montrons notamment que les brèches peuvent être de toutes les tailles (limites) écrivables, qu'il en existe même de taille au moins aussi grande que leur ordinal de début. Jusqu’à la première brèche ayant cette caractéristique, la structure des brèches est assez proche de celle des ordinaux : elles apparaissent en ordre croissant en fonction de leur taille. Nous montrons également que jusqu'à cette brèche spéciale, si les ordinaux admissibles sont exactement les ordinaux débutant les brèches, au-dessus, des ordinaux admissibles peuvent apparaître au milieu de très grandes brèches et la structure des brèches devient désordonnéeThis thesis is centred on the study of infinite time computations. Infinite time here means having a time axis indexed by ordinals — the ordinals are convenient objects along which we can count. The infinite time Turing machine model was introduced by Hamkins and Lewis in 2000. This model generalises the Turing machine computation model to ordinal time. In this model, stages are indexed by (countable) ordinals, even though the tape is indexed by the integers as in the classical model. This model can thus now have infinite strings as input. The main focus of this thesis is the study of some of the new and surprising behaviours that these machines exhibit. Naturally, the longer, i.e., the greater ordinal, the computations run, the more powerful the model is, i.e. it computes/recognizes more sets. If the computations run beyond certain ordinal times, new structural properties also appear. One of these properties is the existence of gaps in the halting times of the machines. When these gaps had been discovered, some first links had been established between these gaps and the admissible character of the ordinals starting them. Our approach uses algorithmics as a mean to emphasize the links between the logical properties of the ordinals involved and the computational properties of the infinite time Turing machines. Moreover, thanks to some specific algorithms, we discover and prove new properties of these gaps, leading to a better understanding of their structure. We show in particular that gaps can have precisely every possible writable ordinal size and that there are gaps whose length is greater or equal than their starting ordinal point. Until the first of such a gap, the gaps appear in increasing sizes. We also show that even if, before this special gap, admissible ordinals only appear at the beginning of gaps, the gaps structure becomes quite disordered beyond that point, with admissible ordinals appearing not only at the beginning but also inside some (huge) gaps
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Tan, Mustafa Tumer. "Seismic Strengthening Of A Mid-rise Reinforced Concrete Frame Using Cfrps: An Application From Real Life." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610562/index.pdf.
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SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF A
MID-RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME
USING CFRPs: AN APPLICATION FROM REAL LIFE
Tan, Mustafa Tümer M.S., Department Of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gü
ney Ö
zcebe Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. BariS Binici May 2009, 162 pages FRP retrofitting allows the utilization of brick infill walls as lateral load resisting elements. This practical retrofit scheme is a strong alternative to strengthen low to mid-rise deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures in Turkey. The advantages of the FRP applications, to name a few, are the speed of construction and elimination of the need for building evacuation during construction. In this retrofit scheme, infill walls are adopted to the existing frame system by using FRP tension ties anchored the boundary frame using FRP dowels. Results of experiments have previously shown that FRP strengthened infill walls can enhance lateral load carrying capacity and reduce damage by limiting interstory drift deformations. In previous, analytical studies, a detailed mathematical model and a simplified version of the model for compression struts and tension ties was proposed and verified by comparing model estimations with test results. In this study, an existing 9-storey deficient RC building located in Antakya was chosen to design and apply a hybrid strengthening scheme with FRPs and reduced number of shear walls. Linear elastic analysis procedure was utilized (force based assessment technique) along with the rules of Mode Superposition Method for the reftrofit design. FRP retrofit scheme was employed using the simplified model and design was conducted such that life safety performance criterion is satisfied employing elastic spectrum with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years according to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. Further analytical studies are performed by using Modal Pushover and Nonlinear Time-History Analyses. At the end of these nonlinear analyses, performance check is performed according to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, using the strains resulting from the sum of yield and plastic rotations at demand in the critical sections. CFRP retrofitting works started at October 2008 and finished at December 2008 for the building mentioned in this study. Eccentric reinforced concrete shearwall installation is still being undertaken. All construction business is carried out without evacuation of the building occupants. This project is one of the first examples of its kind in Turkey. Keywords: CFRP, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers, Masonry Infill Walls, Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls, Mid-Rise Deficient Structures, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, Modal Pushover Analysis, Nonlinear Time History Analysis, Linear Elastic Building Assessment
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Colla?o, Karlla de Morais Souza Lima. "Uso de habitat, or?amento temporal e influ?ncia da mar? da geomorfologia do fundo sobre o comportamento do boto Sotalia guianensis Van B?n?den, 1864 (Cetacea: Delphinidae) no Porto de Macei? - Alagoas, Brasil." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17277.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-12The physical and environmental factors presented by each habitat and the rhythm of behavior patterns strongly influence the ecology and behavior of the all living beings. At same time this factors may provide clues about the structure of a population and its ecological balance. The organizational structure, ecology and behavior of a species appraised in a region if we know be in balance when compared to the same type of appraisal made in a degraded area can provide a clear view of how the anthropogenic influences acted on these species and what steps can be taken in order to mitigate the effects and keep the population. The region where this study was conducted is, like most areas of port, subject to intense physical and environmental degradation. With the emerging interest of change in the quality of these environments also by the companies themselves that use the port services, the proposed study aimed to characterize the use of habitat, the distribution of behavioral activities carried out throughout the day and influence of geomorphology of the bed, depth and variation of tide on the expression of the behavior of Sotalia guianensis in the port of Maceio - Alagoas. From this information will be possible establish parameters for comparison with other populations of S. guianensis and establish conservation measures for the population occurring in the port of Maceio - AL, serving also as a basis for conservation actions future performed in other port regions
Os fatores f?sicos e ambientais apresentados por cada h?bitat e a ritimicidade dos padr?es comportamentais influenciam fortemente a ecologia e o comportamento dos seres vivos em geral. Ao mesmo tempo tais fatores podem fornecer pistas sobre a estrutura de uma popula??o e seu equil?brio ecol?gico. A estrutura organizacional, ecol?gica e comportamental de uma esp?cie avaliada em regi?es sabidamente em equil?brio quando comparada ? mesma avalia??o feita em ?reas degradadas pode fornecer um panorama claro de como as influ?ncias antr?picas agiram sobre estas esp?cies e que medidas podem ser tomadas no intuito de mitigar os efeitos nocivos e conservar a popula??o. A regi?o onde foi realizado esse estudo est?, assim como a maioria das ?reas de porto, sujeita ? intensa degrada??o f?sica e ambiental. Com o interesse emergente de mudan?a na qualidade desses ambientes por parte tamb?m das pr?prias empresas que utilizam os servi?os portu?rios, o estudo proposto visou caracterizar o uso do habitat, a distribui??o das atividades comportamentais realizadas ao longo do dia e a influ?ncia da geomorfologia do fundo, profundidade e das varia??es da mar? sobre a express?o dos comportamentos de Sotalia guianensis na regi?o do Porto de Macei? Alagoas. A partir dessas informa??es ser? poss?vel estabelecer par?metros para compara??o com outras popula??es de S. guianensis e delinear medidas de conserva??o para a popula??o ocorrente no Porto de Macei? AL, servindo ainda como base para a??es de conserva??o futuramente executadas em outras regi?es portu?rias
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Mure, Simon. "Classification non supervisée de données spatio-temporelles multidimensionnelles : Applications à l’imagerie." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI130/document.
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Avec l'augmentation considérable d'acquisitions de données temporelles dans les dernières décennies comme les systèmes GPS, les séquences vidéo ou les suivis médicaux de pathologies ; le besoin en algorithmes de traitement et d'analyse efficaces d'acquisition longitudinales n'a fait qu'augmenter. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une extension du formalisme mean-shift, classiquement utilisé en traitement d'images, pour le groupement de séries temporelles multidimensionnelles. Nous proposons aussi un algorithme de groupement hiérarchique des séries temporelles basé sur la mesure de dynamic time warping afin de prendre en compte les déphasages temporels. Ces choix ont été motivés par la nécessité d'analyser des images acquises en imagerie par résonance magnétique sur des patients atteints de sclérose en plaques. Cette maladie est encore très méconnue tant dans sa genèse que sur les causes des handicaps qu'elle peut induire. De plus aucun traitement efficace n'est connu à l'heure actuelle. Le besoin de valider des hypothèses sur les lésions de sclérose en plaque nous a conduit à proposer des méthodes de groupement de séries temporelles ne nécessitant pas d'a priori sur le résultat final, méthodes encore peu développées en traitement d'imagesDue to the dramatic increase of longitudinal acquisitions in the past decades such as video sequences, global positioning system (GPS) tracking or medical follow-up, many applications for time-series data mining have been developed. Thus, unsupervised time-series data mining has become highly relevant with the aim to automatically detect and identify similar temporal patterns between time-series. In this work, we propose a new spatio-temporal filtering scheme based on the mean-shift procedure, a state of the art approach in the field of image processing, which clusters multivariate spatio-temporal data. We also propose a hierarchical time-series clustering algorithm based on the dynamic time warping measure that identifies similar but asynchronous temporal patterns. Our choices have been motivated by the need to analyse magnetic resonance images acquired on people affected by multiple sclerosis. The genetics and environmental factors triggering and governing the disease evolution, as well as the occurrence and evolution of individual lesions, are still mostly unknown and under intense investigation. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop new methods allowing automatic extraction and quantification of lesion characteristics. This has motivated our work on time-series clustering methods, which are not widely used in image processing yet and allow to process image sequences without prior knowledge on the final results
Books on the topic "Timber Infill"
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Ali, Ayaan Hirsi. Infidel. New York: Free Press, 2008.
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Ali, Ayaan Hirsi. Infidel. New York: Free Press, 2007.
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Ranzi, Gianluca, ed. Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.
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<p>Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used throughout the world for buildings and bridges. A distinguishing feature of this form of construction is the combination of concrete and steel components to achieve enhanced structural performance. <p>The time-dependent response of concrete and its infl uence on the service behaviour and design of composite structures are the main focus of this SED. For the fi rst time, a publication combines a state-of-the-art review of the research with the available design specifi cations of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and USA. This publication intends to enhance the awareness of the service response of composite structures and of the latest research and standards’ developments. It is aimed at designers and researchers alike. <p>The review of research available in open literature is provided and arranged according to structural typologies, i. e. slabs, beams, and columns. It serves as background information for current service design rules and provides insight into the most recent research advancements. The review of available design guidelines presents the similarities and differences of the recommended service design procedures infl uenced by concrete time effects. Selected case studies of building and bridge projects show possible design approaches and the rationale required when dealing with the time-dependent response and design of composite structures. The authors of this publication are design engineers and academics involved in the service design and research on the time-dependent response of composite structures.
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Warner, H. R. “Hal.” The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9781613994214.
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The first edition of The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding was published in 1970 and written by Forrest F. Craig, Jr. At the time of publication, much of the theory of oil displacement by water had been developed and many laboratory studies completed; however, the ability to perform computer modeling of 3D fluid flow in reservoirs with complex geologic depositions was in its infancy. In addition, several of the earliest, large-scale field applications of pattern waterflooding had begun, but long-term performance results were not yet known, and various infill drilling programs had yet to be implemented. This second edition reviews the fundamentals of waterflooding theory, and the experimental studies undertaken to understand the water displacement of oil in one, two, and three dimensions.
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Strogatz, Steven H. Puissance infini: Comment le calcul infinitésimal révèle les secrets de l'univers. QUANTO, 2021.
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Erickson, Peter F. Absolute Space, Absolute Time, & Absolute Motion. Xlibris Corporation, 2006.
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Kovzun, I. G., V. A. Prokopenko, A. V. Panko, O. A. Tsyganovich, V. O. Oliinyk, O. M. Nikipelova, and Z. R. Ulberg. Nanochemical, nanostructural and biocolloidal aspects of transformations in dispersions of iron-aluminosilicate minerals. PH "Akademperiodyka", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.416.188.
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It was considered the modern ideas of colloidal and biocolloidal nanoscience concerning complex transformational processes in widespread dispersions of iron-aluminosilicates. It was shown for the fi rst time that they infl uence on catastrophic phenomena in marine turbiditic-pelitic sediments and soils consisting of iron-aluminosilicates. Th e fundamental study results of nano- and microstructure transformations of disperse ironaluminosilicate compositions are presented. And it was established the possibilities of their application in: constructing of protective structures; balneology and medicine; metallurgy; development of the problem of saving the ecological balance in the sea hydrosphere; developing the new branch of science — biocolloidal marine geoecology.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin, and M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Edited by I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.
Book chapters on the topic "Timber Infill"
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Sieffert, Yannick, Florent Vieux-Champagne, Stéphane Grange, Philippe Garnier, Jean-Charles Duccini, and Laurent Daudeville. "Traditional Timber-Framed Infill Structure Experimentation with Four Scales Analysis (To Connection from a House Scale)." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 287–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39492-3_24.
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"TEN TIMES MORE ABUSE (1776–1777)." In The Infidel and the Professor, 215–28. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77h5q.18.
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Duțu, Andreea. "An engineering view on the traditional timber frames with infills in Romania." In Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions, 377–420. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821087-1.00005-3.
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"Chapter 12. Ten Times More Abuse (1776– 1777)." In The Infidel and the Professor, 215–28. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400888467-016.
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Novak, James I., Mark Zer-Ern Liu, and Jennifer Loy. "Designing Thin 2.5D Parts Optimized for Fused Deposition Modeling." In Additive Manufacturing Technologies From an Optimization Perspective, 134–64. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9167-2.ch007.
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This chapter builds new knowledge for design engineers adopting fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology as an end manufacturing process, rather than simply as a prototyping process. Based on research into 2.5D printing and its use in real-world additive manufacturing situations, a study featuring 111 test pieces across the range of 0.4-4.0mm in thickness were analyzed in increments of 0.1mm to understand how these attributes affect the quality and print time of the parts and isolate specific dimensions which are optimized for the FDM process. The results revealed optimized zones where the outer wall, inner wall/s, and/or infill are produced as continuous extrusions significantly faster to print than thicknesses falling outside of optimized zones. As a result, a quick reference graph and several equations are presented based on fundamental FDM principles, allowing design engineers to implement optimized wall dimensions in computer-aided design (CAD) rather than leaving print optimization to technicians and manufacturers in the final process parameters.
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Vaughan, Theresa A. "The Legacy of the Trotula." In Women, Food, and Diet in the Middle Ages. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989382_ch06.
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The Trotula went on to influence many medical texts which addressed women’s health. Other texts which address diet and health, as well as gynaecology, are examined to trace how the recommendations found the Trotula changed over time. In addition, texts in the vernacular became more common, such as Platina’s On Right Pleasure and Good Health, the Tacuina sanitatis, or The Sykenesse of Wymmen. Cookbooks also became more common and can indicate some recipes used to treat the ill or infirm. Examination of these texts focuses on dietary advice for women.
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Kuuliala, Jenni. "Holy Infirmity and the Devotees." In Saints, Infirmity, and Community in the Late Middle Ages. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983373_holy.
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The final chapter of the book focuses on the saintly candidates’ devotees and their various encounters with the infirm saint, as well as the attempts and prospects for healing holy infirmity. It also analyses the cultural significances of holy suffering. While the devotees gave varying meanings to saints’ infirmities, they did not directly overlap with the documents we have of their own suffering. Saints valued and cherished their own infirmities, but they also helped, even medically, those of their devotees who were ill or suffering. At the same time, it is likely that the culturally internalized narratives of the benefits of infirmity and the valorization of suffering had a therapeutic function in the same way as miracle narratives.
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Moore, Cerwyn. "Indeed, Your Lord is Ever Watchful." In Al-Qaeda 2.0, edited by Donald Holbrook, 153–68. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856441.003.0011.
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In this second example of key texts from the Islamic State group, the IS spokesperson, Abu Mohamed al-Adnani presents his group as a force that emerged in defense of believers which will ultimately spread to conquer the world. He promises to defeat Rome, representing Christian-dominated hegemony, enslaving the infidel women and defeating its Arab ‘guard dogs’, such as the Saudi military. He speaks directly to Muslims in Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen and elsewhere, in direct competition with Zawahiri. Contrasting his stance, he welcomes the slaughter of nonbelievers and calls for IS loyalists to carry out attacks wherever they can. The disbeliever can be killed like a dog. This is sanctioned by God, Adnani insists. The contrast with Zawahiri’s message at this time, therefore is stark.
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Abulafia, David. "‘The Profit That God Shall Give’, 1100–1200." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0027.
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In 1095, preaching at Clermont in central France, Pope Urban II set in motion a movement that would transform the political, religious and economic map of the Mediterranean and Europe. His theme was the shame heaped on Christendom by the oppression of Christians in the Muslim East, the defeat of Christian armies fighting the Turks and the scandal that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the site of Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection, should now be in Infidel hands. What Pope Urban intended as a recruitment speech summoning southern French volunteers to go east and aid Byzantium against the Turks was understood as an appeal to the knighthood of Christendom to cease fighting one another (which they did in peril of their souls), and to direct their force against the Infidel, united in a holy pilgrimage, under arms, in the sure knowledge that those who died on the great journey would earn eternal salvation. Here was an opportunity to substitute for acts of penance imposed by the Church an act for which no one was better suited than the knightly class – warfare, but this time in the service of God. Only gradually did the concept of remission of all past sins for those who joined a crusading campaign become official doctrine. But popular understanding of what the pope had offered, in the name of Christ, leaped ahead of the more cautious formulations of the canon lawyers. The principal route followed by the First Crusade bypassed the Mediterranean and took the army overland through the Balkans and Anatolia; many crusaders never saw more of the sea than the Bosphorus at Constantinople until, much reduced in numbers through war, disease and exhaustion, they reached Syria. And even in the East their target was not a maritime city but Jerusalem, so that its conquest in 1099 created an enclave cut off from the sea, a problem which, as will be seen, only Italian navies could resolve. Another force left from Apulia, where Robert Guiscard’s son Bohemond brought together an army.
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Ray, Keith, and Julian Thomas. "Narratives for the fourth millennium." In Neolithic Britain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823896.003.0011.
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The story of the Neolithic period in Britain as we so far understand it has been compiled from myriad individual archaeological encounters with the traces of human activity from the centuries concerned in different places within the landscape. These traces include the remains of partly earth-fast timber structures which often consist of recognizable features representing where the timbers had been pulled out of the ground, or had rotted in situ, or had been burned; areas of burning of ground-surfaces where hearth-fires had been laid; spreads of decayed materials that were formerly rubbish dumps or ‘middens’; large holes (usually referred to as ‘pits’) dug and backfilled with various deposits including whole or broken artefacts thrown or placed within them; and ditches that had been infilled or had silted up, and sometimes re-dug and redefined. The different episodes of construction and deposition that led to the formation of these traces are differentiated by those investigating them through the identification of thousands of isolable ‘events’. Some of these events were almost momentary (the digging of a pit, the removal of a post), while others (such as the gradual silting of a ditch) took place over an extended period. Archaeologists describe the isolable actions, events, and deposits resulting from such occupation of the land as ‘contexts’. Some materials retrieved from some of these contexts have been carefully selected by the archaeologists during their investigations to be datable using a variety of scientific dating techniques, and they provide individual site chronologies linked closely to the stratigraphic sequences involved. Repeated observed associations of different kinds of artefact with reliably dated contexts and site sequences allow comparative chronologies to be painstakingly constructed, and it is from this process that the possibility of a chronologically sound historical narrative for the Neolithic is gradually being built up. In these chapters entitled ‘narratives’, however, we are not only talking about the sketching out of a historical sequence, extremely important though it is. We are speaking also, if to a limited extent, about the teasing out of multiplicities of story from the material evidence.
Conference papers on the topic "Timber Infill"
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Whitman, Chris J., Oriel Prizeman, Pete Walker, Iain McCaig, and Soki Rhee-Duverne. "Hygrothermal Monitoring of Replacement Infill Panels for Historic Timber-Frame Buildings: Initial Findings." In 1st International Conference on Moisture in Buildings 2021. ScienceOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14293/icmb210067.
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Cronhjort, Y. "Urban densification in Finland: infill development and building extensions with timber based solutions." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2015, edited by A. Soikkeli, T. Tulamo, and J. Junnonen. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp150271.
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TANSEL, IBRAHIM, and ALIREZA MODIR. "NEW EXCITATION (MULTIPLE WIDTH PULSE EXCITATION (MWPE)) METHOD FOR SHM SYSTEMS—PART 1: VISUALIZATION OF TIME- FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36341.
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Structural health monitoring (SHM) of additively manufactured polymer parts is challenging due to the very strong attenuation of the surface waves. To excite the part surface at a very wide frequency band in a very short time, Multiple Width Pulse Excitation (MWPE) signal was introduced. MPWE was used to excite the surface of the structure for the implementation of the Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) method. A cross-shaped polymer part was fabricated additively for the identification of the hidden geometry of the infill. The part had four extensions with identical geometry but different internal designs. Two of the extensions had cross infills and the other two had square infills. For each type of infill, one extension had 1 mm and the other extension had 2 mm thick skin. The part was excited at the middle with WMPE excitation and the dynamic response was monitored at the end of each extension. The Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform (STFFT) was used for the analysis of the signal in the time-frequency domain. The two dimentional sum of the squares of the differences (2DSSD) was used for the classification of the signal. Compressive force and type of infill was identified accurately for all the test cases.
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Ahsan, AMM Nazmul, Triston Ihrke, and Bashir Khoda. "Novel Honeycomb Infill Fabrication Pattern for Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3010.
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Abstract In additive manufacturing (AM), porous structures are often used as infills to reduce the build time and cost. However, providing physical stability to the skin and mechanical integrity to the object is a functional requirement for any infill pattern. Prismatic closed cells, i.e. honeycomb structure, are often used as infill in AM parts. These cells are periodic in nature and uniform in density. In this research, a new fabrication pattern for honeycomb infill is proposed for additive manufacturing applications. The proposed pattern can accommodate controllable variational honeycomb infill while maintaining continuity with relative ease. First, the honeycomb unit cell geometry is defined for uniform and non-uniform voxel size. A continuous tool-path is then designed to achieve the honeycomb structure. Finally, the structures are fabricated with the variational and uniform pattern and are then compared to the traditional pattern using compression testing. The results show that the proposed designs perform better under compression load and can absorb more energy compared to the traditional counterpart.
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Irani, Mazda, Aubrey Tuttle, and Jesse Stevenson. "Performance Analysis of Infill Wells Adjacent to SAGD Well Pair: Non-Condensable Gas NCG Breakthrough." In SPE Thermal Integrity and Design Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203870-ms.
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Summary Late in the life of the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process, it has become common practice to drill a single, horizontal infill well (called a “Wedge Well™” by some) in the oil bank located between two mature SAGD well pairs to produce the bitumen that has been heated and mobilized but is unable to be effectively drained by gravity given the largely lateral location relative to that of the SAGD producers. Since this oil bank is surrounded by the large, depleted steam chamber created by the existing well pairs, it requires little heat to mobilize bitumen. One of the challenges, however, in producing infill wells is that non-uniform drainage and local hot spots can be readily created in the first year of their operation, that in many cases require completion retrofits, such as with Flow Control Devices (FCDs), to improve the drainage profile. Installation of FCDs in these wells is quite challenging since the dynamics of the infill wells is changing with time and there is limited time to achieve conformance. To maintain pressure in SAGD chambers the common practice is to inject non-condensable gas (NCG). NCGs, such as methane, which is most common, do not condense in the steam chamber. Some of these NCG can short-cut into the infill through the existing hot-spot. The main reason is that the hot sections of infills are locations that are closer to the SAGD steam chamber, and due to steam condensate encroachment and higher mobility create a pathway for NCG breakthrough. FCDs are designed to promote a more uniform flux distribution along the producer, and exposure to NCG can change the impact of the FCDs. The true hot-spot temperature after NCG injection is decreasing and this can be mistaken as FCD efficiency and steam blocking. In reality, this temperature reduction is due to partial pressure effects associated with NCG encroachment. In this study, a new thermodynamic model is created to explain the NCG encroachment into infill wells, and a new temperature profile along the producer as a function of NCG breakthrough is calculated. The purpose of this work is to create a productivity index (PI) relationship that is fit for purpose for infill wells adjacent to SAGD well-pairs with NCG breakthrough that can primarily be used for analysis and optimization of SAGD FCD completions. This model can also be used to evaluate FCD performance in infill wells pre- and post- NCG breakthrough.
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Terenzi, Gloria, Iacopo Costoli, and Stefano Sorace. "Redesign of a dissipative bracing-based retrofit intervention for an earthquake damaged school building." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0605.
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<p>A school building with reinforced concrete structure, seismically retrofitted in 2013 and damaged by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, is examined in this paper. A time-history assessment analysis is initially carried out in pre-rehabilitated conditions by simulating also the presence of the clay brick masonry infill perimeter walls and partitions in the finite element model of the structure. Based on the results of this analysis, a different retrofit solution is proposed, consisting in the incorporation of dissipative braces equipped with pressurized fluid viscous dampers. The verification analyses developed in this new configuration for the main shock records of the 2016 earthquake highlight slightly damaged and easily repairable response conditions of a little number of partitions — instead of the diffused moderate-to-severe damage surveyed in the building internal and perimeter infills</p><p>— and an elastic response of structural members.</p>
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van Mastrigt, P., B. Pramik, A. Mathur, S. Campbell, and A. Lubrano. "Infill decisions through real time seismic illumination modeling." In 8th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.168.arq_627.
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Ajisafe, Foluke, Mark Reid, Hank Porter, Lydia George, Rhonna Wu, Kira Yudina, Alejandro Pena, Efe Ejofodomi, and Pedro Artola. "Infill Well Completion Technologies Mitigate Well Interference and Optimize Production on Multiwell Pad." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204181-ms.
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Abstract Increased drilling of infill wells in the Bakken has led to growing concern over the effects of frac or fracture hits between parent and infill wells. Fracture hits can cause decreased production in a parent well, as well as other negative effects such as wellbore sanding, casing damage, and reduced production performance from the infill well. An operator had an objective to maximize production of infill wells and decrease the frequency and severity of frac hits to parent wells. The goal was to maintain production of the parent wells and avoid sanding, which had the potential to cause cleanouts. Infill well completion technologies were successfully implemented on multiwell pads in Mountrail County, Williston basin, to minimize parent-child well interference or negative frac hits on parent wells for optimized production. Four infill (child) wells were landed in the Three Forks formation directly below a group of six parent wells landed in the Middle Bakken. The infill well completion technologies used in this project to mitigate frac hits included far-field diverter, near-wellbore diverter, and real-time pressure monitoring. The far-field diverter design includes a blend of multimodal particles to bridge the fracture tip, preventing excessive fracture length and height growth. The near-wellbore diverter consists of a proprietary blend of degradable particles with a tetra modal size distribution and fibers used to achieve sequential stimulation of perforated clusters to maximize wellbore coverage. Hydraulic fracture modeling with a unique advanced particle transport model was used to predict the impact of the far-field diverter design on fracture geometry. Real-time pressure monitoring allowed acquisition of parent well pressure data to identify pressure communication or lack of communication and implement mitigation and contingency procedures as necessary. Real-time pressure monitoring was also used to optimize and validate the far-field diversion design during the job execution. The parent well monitored was 800 ft away from the closest infill well and at high risk for frac hits due to both the proximity to the infill well and depletion. In the early stages of the infill well stimulation, an increase in pressure up to 600 psi was observed in the parent well. The far-field diverter design was modified to combat the observed frac hit, after which a noticeable drop in both frequency and magnitude of frac hits was observed on the parent well. This is the first time the far-field diverter design optimization process was done in real time. After the infill wells stimulation treatment, production results showed a positive uplift in oil production for all parent wells at an average of 118%. Also, only two out of seven parent wells required a full cleanout, resulting in savings in well cleanup costs. Infill well production data was compared with the closest parent well landed in the same formation (Three Forks). At about a year, the best infill well production was only 10% less than the parent well with similar completion design and the average infill well production approximately 18% less than the parent well. Considering the depletion surrounding the infill wells, production performance exceeded expectations.
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Landrø, M., L. K. Strønen, P. Digranes, O. A. Solheim, and E. Hilde. "Time Lapse Seismic as a Complementary Tool for Infill Drilling." In IOR 1999 - 10th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406318.
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Strand, C., S. Campbell, and P. E. Dhelie. "Reducing Infill – Real Time Application of Geophysically Based Coverage Specifications." In 72nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2010. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201401185.
Full textReports on the topic "Timber Infill"
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Breitbarth, Marco, Anja Hentschel, and Simon Kaser. Kunststoffeinträge von Kunstrasenplätzen in Entwässerungssystem - Aufkommen, Rahmenbedingungen und Möglichkeiten der Eintragsminderung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627994.
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Plastics as an environmental problem have been in the focus of science, politics and the public for a long time. Various sources and pathways have already been identified and a wide range of measures have been developed to reduce and, if possible, avoid inputs into the environment. Artificial grass pitches represent a special source of plastic inputs into the environment. Artificial grass with different infill materials has been widely used for some time now on surfaces for a wide range of sports, both amateur and professional. It is characterised by various advantages over natural grass. However, the use of artificial grass on sports surfaces also has its downsides, especially for the environment. On the one hand, the synthetic grass fibres themselves, which become detached through wear, are problematic. On the other hand, synthetic granulate is used as infill material on these pitches to reduce the risk of injury to players, to support the blades of artificial grass and to improve the playing characteristics of the field. However, this granulate can enter the environment in various ways - indirectly via drainage systems or directly. The following comments reflect research results from the InRePlast project. In the following chapter 2, the results of our own investigations on the topic are presented. In Chapter 3, these are compared to other publications and evaluated with regard to their significance. Chapter 4 is devoted to technical and organisational measures to reduce discharges as well as legal approaches to regulation. Finally, Chapter 5 draws a conclusion. Among other things, the study concludes that artificial grass pitches are less relevant as a specific source of plastic inputs than previously discussed. It should also be noted that the input into drainage systems via the collection of dirty water has a significantly higher relevance than the input via the collection of precipitation at the edge of the pitch and that measures should therefore focus on the carry-over on players' clothing and shoes.
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Dafoe, L. T., G. L. Williams, K. Dickie, U. Gregersen, P. C. Knutz, G. Dam, G. K. Pedersen, H. Nøhr-Hansen, J. W. Haggart, and K. J. DesRoches. Overview of the stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and paleoceanography of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321853.
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The tectonic evolution of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway began with Early Cretaceous extension between Greenland and North America, resulting in the development of basins infilled with nonmarine and shallow-marine clastic strata. The Late Cretaceous was a time of continued rifting and local subsidence, with deposition of widespread deeper water marine mud and localized sand deposits. Seafloor spreading began in the south in the Latest Cretaceous and propagated throughout the seaway by the Early Paleocene. Regional seafloor spreading coincided with the onset of significant volcanism in the Davis Strait to central West Greenland region, as well as a regional regression. A change in the spreading direction around the Paleocene- Eocene boundary, was accompanied by strike-slip motion in the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, deformation and basin inversion, and development of regional unconformities. After seafloor spreading ceased in the late Eocene, the seaway was filled by upper Paleogene to Recent sediments, with clinoform progradation building the modern-day shelves.
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SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF NOVEL DEMOUNTABLE BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTOR FOR PREFABRICATED COMPOSITE BEAM. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.4.2.
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Bolted shear connectors offer alternatives to achieve steel-concrete composite action instead of conventional welded headed studs especially for prefabricated constructions and demountable composite structures. This paper firstly proposed a new type of demountable steel-concrete bolted shear connectors based on the double-nut friction-grip high strength bolted connector, which modify the upper nut into conical locking nut. This paper performed ten full scale push-out tests to study shear behaviors of the developed new type of connectors. Testing parameters included bolt configuration, strength, diameter of bolts and strength of infilled grout. Test results indicate that shear behaviors and slip capacity of the conventional bolted connectors are significantly improved when the bolted connector incorporating with conical locking nut. The influences of these studied parameters on shear behaviour of novel bolted shear connectors are revealed and discussed. The developed novel demountable connector exhibits an average 25% improvement in ultimate shear resistance over conventional bolted connectors. Moreover, the shear stiffness of the developed bolted connectors is about six times of the conventional bolted connector through eliminating the clearance between steel flange hole and bolt shank.