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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber drying'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

McDonald, A. G., J. S. Gifford, D. Steward, P. H. Dare, S. Riley, and I. Simpson. "Air emission from timber drying: high temperature drying and re-drying of CCA treated timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 62, no. 4 (June 17, 2004): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0494-x.

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2

Goreshnev, M. A., A. N. Kazarin, V. V. Lopatin, F. G. Sekisov, and O. V. Smerdov. "Combined Timber Drying Method." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 86, no. 2 (March 2013): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-013-0838-7.

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3

Wu, Guo Feng, Qian Lang, Shu Ping Song, and Jun Wen Pu. "Impregnation and Drying Schedule of Eucalyptus Wood." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.860.

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The aim of this research was to define a rapid and simple test that would indicate the probable performance of a pretreated wood species in a hot-press drying process and the kiln schedule. The drying rate (mass/time) and the remaining mass of water were measured at different moisture intervals. The moisture of timber decreased rapidly and the drying rate was 3.7% per day in the early five days. The timbers were B grade after drying used the hot-press drying kiln in 16 days. The moisture content of timber reached 9.20% after the drying process with the standard deviation of 0.92%. The gradient of the moisture content was 3.40%. The moisture content standard deviation in the thickness of timber was 2.70% and the residual stress was 1.38%. The mechanical properties of impregnation wood improve significantly compared to the untreated wood. The basic density of impregnation wood improved by 17.1%, the over-dried density increased to 0.55 g·cm-3 from 0.49 g·cm-3. The scanning electron microscopy explained the wood modifier has been permeated into the wood fiber which reacted with the wood composition.

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4

Gayvas, B. I., V. A. Dmytruk, M. M. Semerak, and T. I. Rymar. "Solving Stefan's linear problem for drying cylindrical timber under quasi-averaged formulation." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 8, no. 2 (2021): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2021.02.150.

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The plain problem of drying of a cylindrical timber beam in average statement is considered. The thermal diffusivity coefficients are expressed in terms of the porosity of the timber, the density of the components of vapour, air, and timber skeleton. The problem of mutual phase distribution during drying of timber has been solved using the energy balance equation. The indicators of the drying process of the material depend on the correct choice and observance of the parameters of the drying medium.

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5

Pruss, Boris, Viktor Romanov, Yaroslav Prozorov, and Olga Pleskacheva. "COMPUTER MODELING OF THE STRUCTURE OF FOREST DRYING CHAMBERS, REDUCING HEAT LOSS." Automation and modeling in design and management 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2020-4-60-67.

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The paper presents the theory of calculating heat loss through the fences of timber drying chambers. The software for computer modeling of the process of transferring heat energy through the fences of the drying chamber, consisting of various heat-insulating materials, for calculating heat losses during drying of sawn timber is described. The efficiency of the use of modern heat-insulating materials to reduce heat losses during drying of sawn timber has been experimentally confirmed.

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6

Milic, Goran, Nebojsa Todorovic, and Ranko Popadic. "Influence of steaming on drying quality and colour of beech timber." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 112 (2015): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1512083m.

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This paper presents the results of an analysis of influence of the ?light? steaming process on conventional drying and colour of beech timber. A stack consisting of steamed and unsteamed boards was dried. Moisture content and moisture content profiles were recorded, and at the end of drying final moisture content, moisture content difference across thickness, case-hardening and colour were determinated. No statistically significant difference between steamed and unsteamed timber was established in any of the examined parameters (MC, ?MC, gap). The results indicate that equal (or even) better drying quality can be expected with steamed beech timber than with unsteamed timber, given the same drying schedule. Dry steamed timber was darker and more reddish than the unsteamed one. An imprecision of measurement by probes in the kiln was noticed in measuring steamed and unsteamed beech timber having a moisture content of between 7% and 15%, and a solution for overcoming this problem was given.

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7

Phonetip, Khamtan, Barbara Ozarska, Benoit Belleville, and Graham Ian Brodie. "Comparing two intermittent drying schedules for timber drying quality." Drying Technology 37, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2018.1445638.

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8

Курьянова, Tatyana Kuryanova, Платонов, Aleksey Platonov, Киселева, and Aleksandra Kiseleva. "Energy and resource saving timber drying." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6288.

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Need of small woodworking companies in the efficient dryers of small capacity is very high. Used in industry dryers are very diverse in types and energy. Given that the processes of hydro-thermal treatment of wood are the most energy-intensive in woodworking technology, solutions to this problem are highly relevant. One of the most promising and low-cost ways is a combined method of drying timber with pre-atmospheric drying of wood. Natural wood drying is cheaper than chamber one. There are no expenses for the coolant, one of the major costs in drying chamber. One of the drawbacks of this dryer is the long duration and dependence on meteorological conditions. The solution to this problem is to create an incentive air circulation for material to be dried. For these purposes, the use of simple and cheap prefabricated elements of flow or dead-end type of shield materials, fitted with a fan, is possible. This design can also be the buffer stock for storing timber. Pre-drying of wood is made to a moisture content of 40-45%. Tests of this design have shown its high efficiency. The duration of subsequent chamber drying in the climatic conditions of Voronezh reduces by an average in 1,5 times, which is also reflected in the cost of the material being dried. In this case, the production capacity of the drying section of the company is increased by 20-35% depending on the species, the cross section of the material, the initial and transition humidity. Reduction of the specific heat consumption per 1 kg of evaporated moisture is about 10%. Drying of the wood becomes more equal, which helps to reduce shrinkage, reduce the value of internal residual stresses, which are one of the indicators of the quality of drying, as well as increased dimensional stability.

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9

Kolin, Branko, Goran Milic, and Igor Golic. "Velocity and uniformity of air circulation in conventional kilns for sawn timber." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 106 (2012): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1206129k.

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This paper presents the results of a research of velocity of air circulation in the conventional kiln drying of sawn timber and its influence on the uniformity of final moisture content. The data showed that the air velocity (between 0.8 - 1.2 m?s -1) is significantly lower than the one that is optimal for timber drying of coniferous species (3 - 4 m?s-1). This results in a reduction in the capacity of installations for drying, increased energy (thermal and electrical) consumption and thereby increase in the cost of drying. The correlation between the speed of air circulation and the final MC of timber due to prolonged drying was not established. Recommendations that should eliminate the identified deficiencies are also given.

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10

Pinchevska, Olena, Andriy Spirochkin, Denys Zavialov, and Rostislav Oliynyk. "Influence of Temperature Fields on the Quality of Dried Wood Products." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.336.

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The reasons of white spots appearance in the middle of oak timber are determined. These white spots reduce the cost of the lamina made of oak timbers - the front covering of floorboards. It is proposed to intensify the drying process by using oscillating drying schedules to avoid this defect. A method for calculating the duration of such drying is proposed. This method includes the peculiarities of heating and cooling periods kinetics of oak timbers with 25 mm and 30 mm thickness. The inexpediency of using the oscillation of the drying agent parameters in the range of wood moisture content below 20% has been established. An adequate model for calculating wood temperature and air humidity during wood heating and cooling periods has been developed using heat and mass transfer criteria and experimentally determined oak wood moisture conductivity coefficient. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies oscillating drying schedules of different thickness oak timbers are offered. Tests of the proposed schedules in industrial conditions showed no discoloration of the central layers of European oak (Quercus robur) timbers. The drying process duration was reduced by 1.5–2.4 times and energy consumption were reduced by 1.53 times.

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11

Leggate, William, Chandan Kumar, Robert L. McGavin, Adam Faircloth, and Mark Knackstedt. "The effects of drying method on the wood permeability, wettability, treatability, and gluability of southern pine from Australia." BioResources 16, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 698–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.698-720.

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Drying has a major impact on the viability of sawn timber production, particularly through its influence on productivity, energy usage, and product quality. Traditionally, plantation-grown southern pine structural grade timber from Australia has been dried using high temperature (≥ 180 °C) conventional batch kilns. However, the Australian industry is showing increasing interest in continuous drying kilns because of reported cost savings and potential improvements in product quality. This study investigated the differences between continuous drying and conventional drying schedules on the radial permeability, wettability, gluability, and treatability of southern pine timber from Queensland plantations. The high temperature drying resulted in significantly lower liquid permeability compared to low temperature drying; however, there were no significant differences between drying schedules for gas permeability. For combined wood surface and core data, there were no significant differences in liquid permeability between low temperature drying and continuous drying or between continuous drying and high temperature drying schedules. For earlywood after surface machining, continuous drying resulted in the greatest wettability (based on K-values), whereas for latewood after surface machining, low temperature drying produced the greatest wettability. Earlywood had greater wettability compared to latewood. Continuous drying resulted in better gluability and treatability compared to conventional drying schedules.

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12

ISHIDA, HIDEO. "Artificial drying of CCA-treated timber." Wood Preservation 16, no. 6 (1990): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.16.302.

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13

TANIGUCHI, Yoshiaki, and Shigeru NISHIO. "Drying of box-hearted square timber." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 39, no. 444 (1990): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.39.1192.

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14

Taylor, J. M., D. J. Lavery, and K. Cronin. "Energy related aspects of timber drying." International Journal of Ambient Energy 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1996.9675214.

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15

G. Brodie. "Microwave Treatment Accelerates Solar Timber Drying." Transactions of the ASABE 50, no. 2 (2007): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22630.

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16

Musch, H. E., G. Barton, T. Langrish, and A. Brooke. "Model Predictive Control of Timber Drying." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 1 (June 1996): 6674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58754-6.

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17

Pinchevskaya, E., R. Oleynik, and A. Spirochkin. "Drying of timber, as relaxation process." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 3 (June 2, 2014): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4406.

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18

Cronin, K., P. Baucour, K. Abodayeh, and A. Barbot Da Silva. "Probabilistic Analysis of Timber Drying Schedules." Drying Technology 21, no. 8 (January 10, 2003): 1433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-120024487.

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19

Kumar, Chandan, Adam Faircloth, William Leggate, and Adam Redman. "Impact of continuous drying method on drying quality of southern pine sawn timber." BioResources 17, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 574–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.574-591.

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The continuous drying of timber is attracting increasing international interest for softwood drying because of several reported advantages, e.g., improved energy efficiency and improved grade recovery. This study aimed to investigate the impact of continuous drying kiln technology on the quality of dried Queensland plantation-grown southern pine timber, compared to the current ultra-high temperature batch drying process adopted by many softwood processors. End matched boards were dried using continuous and high-temperature drying schedules. The moisture content and moisture gradient of each board was assessed in accordance with AS/NZS standard 1080.1 (2012), AS/NZS standard 2796.3 (1999), respectively, while the drying stress was assessed in accordance with AS/NZS standard 4787 (2001). The boards dried with continuous drying schedules resulted in slightly lower bow and spring values and similar cup and twist values compared to the high temperature dried boards. The moisture gradient and drying stress were significantly lower in boards using continuous drying kiln technology compared to the high temperature dried boards. This study will allow the Australian softwood industry to better understand the dried timber quality obtained using new continuous drying technology to make informed investment decisions.

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20

Dzurenda, Ladislav. "Drying of Steaming Maple Timber in Drying Kilns, While Preserving the Color Acquired by the Wood Steaming Process." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032804004.

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The paper presents a mode for drying steaming maple timber of thickness h = 38 mm from moisture W1 = 50 % to W2 = 10 %, while preserving the color of wood obtained by the steaming process. The drying process is divided into two parts. Evaporation of free water from wet wood at drying medium temperatures td = 35 - 40 °C and evaporation of water from wood below the hygroscopicity limit W ≤ 25 % at drying medium temperatures td = 70 - 80 °C. Total color difference ΔE* determined by the difference in values on the CIE L*a*b* color space coordinates dried by the proposed mode for steaming maple timber and the reference values ΔE* = 1.03. According to the categorization of wood color changes in thermal processes by work (Cividini et al. (2007), this change belongs to the category of small color changes. A negative aspect of this drying mode is the approx. 25 % increase in timber drying time.

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21

Phonetip, Khamtan, Graham Ian Brodie, Douangta Bouaphavong, Latsamy Boupha, and Somxay Khambouddaphan. "Drying Tectona grandis boards using the simulating solar kiln conditions technique." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 9075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9075-9087.

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Timber cracking, drying stress residuals, and the change of moisture content profile were investigated during the drying of Tectona grandis boards in a conventional laboratory kiln. The study applied a technique that simulated solar kiln conditions using a conventional laboratory kiln to dry timber, based on Vientiane’s climatic conditions (Laos). The theoretical recharge and discharge model was used to generate the potential drying schedule for the Vientiane area; then the drying schedule was mimicked in a conventional laboratory kiln. Timber cracking and drying stress residual were monitored and measured using Image J software, and the change of moisture content profile was determined, based on the oven dry method. Measured moisture content data were compared with the theoretical drying model. The results showed that teak boards, of 25 mm thick, had no cracking. The drying stress residual was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm with the maximum of 1.53 mm. The initial average moisture content of 62% decreased to 12% within 16 d, while the case and core moisture contents reached 12% and 14%, respectively. The drying model described the changes of moisture content profile during drying, with a maximal error of 5%.

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22

Bengtsson, C., and R. Kliger. "Bending Creep of High-Temperature Dried Spruce Timber." Holzforschung 57, no. 1 (January 8, 2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2003.015.

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Summary In this paper, bending creep test results from high-temperature (HT) dried Norway Spruce timber are presented. The results are compared with creep tests of conventional low-temperature (LT) dried timber. The HT drying was performed at 115°C and the LT drying was performed at 70°C. The creep tests were performed in a varying climate with 20°C and 30–90% relative humidity. A total number of 24 specimens, 45 × 70 × 1100 mm, were loaded in bending during approximately 240 days. Both the HT-dried and the LT-dried material were cut from the same four trees to have as equal raw material as possible for the two drying methods. The results show smaller bending creep deformations of HT-dried timber (approximately 30%) as compared to the LT-dried timber. The variation in magnitude of creep for HT-dried timber was equal to or smaller than for LT-dried timber. Additionally, the variation in deformation between the moisture cycles was smaller for HT-dried timber. These observations indicate a less pronounced mechano-sorptive effect for HT-dried timber. The free shrinkage in the grain direction was significantly smaller for the HT-dried material than for the LT-dried material.

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23

Elustondo, D., S. Avramidis, and L. Oliveira. "Estimation of green moisture content distribution in hemfir timber by stochastic simulation." Holzforschung 58, no. 4 (July 7, 2004): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.062.

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AbstractThis paper describes an improved stochastic model designed to simulate systems, such as green timbers, that cannot be analyzed as a unit but as a collection of a large number of similar components. The stochastic model provides a piecewise green moisture content frequency distribution curve by using nondestructive measurements such as of timber weight. A new, relatively simple two-parameter function was designed to describe the log-normal moisture concentration distribution above the fiber saturation point, and the parameters of this function were determined by fitting the experimental timber weights with the results of the stochastic model. The simulated green moisture content distributions showed good agreement with the experimental data for Pacific coast hemlock (hemfir) timbers, thus providing a piece of information that is indispensable for applying stochastic simulation to industrial drying of timbers.

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24

Lee, Chang Jin, and Chang-Deuk Eom. "Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments on high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers." BioResources 16, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 8184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8184-8196.

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Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments were analyzed relative to the high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers with cross-sections less than 15 cm. Specimens were prepared as round and square timbers with thicknesses of 9, 12, and 15 cm. They were divided into four groups: control, longitudinal kerf, knife-incised, and a combination of knife-incised and longitudinal kerf. Some results from this study, such as commercial availability and application methods of drying schedules, have immense commercial importance. The incising and kerfing treatment can be used not only to improve drying quality but also as a tool for deriving an optimal drying schedule. The kerfing treatment noticeably reduced the surface checks in square timber. However, the incising treatment caused a phenomenon in which the incisions connect to each other and develop into surface checks. The wood characteristics, such as species, type, thickness, and initial MC, had more influence on determining the drying defects than the pretreatments. For the commercial use of the drying schedule used in this study, it can be useful to determine the appropriate drying time in the third step according to the species, thickness, and shape.

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25

Schmidt, Evan, and Mariapaola Riggio. "Monitoring Moisture Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Building Elements during Construction." Buildings 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9060144.

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There are currently no standards regulating water management for mass timber elements during construction, little knowledge of impacts of moisture exposure (wetting and drying performance, dimensional stability, checking), and few precedents serving as guidelines for monitoring moisture response of mass timber. To address these gaps, a hygrothermal monitoring study was devised to track moisture performance of U.S. made cross laminated timber (CLT) and glulam at a three-story mass timber building. This paper discusses moisture measurements that were collected during the first six months of construction at a CLT rocking shear wall and a timber floor connection. Despite the limited number of structural systems monitored during construction, the distribution and number of sensors in these elements allow to draw some important conclusions. The data confirmed that moisture distribution and wetting/drying rates varied based on local conditions and details (aspect, coatings, connections, etc.), with measurements at an uncoated, north-facing area showing the highest moisture levels (reaching fiber saturation at multiple ply depths and locations). Most locations rarely exceeded 16% moisture content for more than a few months. Certain moisture-trapping details consistently showed higher moisture levels (i.e., above 16%) and poorer drying. Some interior plies continued to show slow increases in MC even after months of drying conditions. These observations suggest preventative approaches implementable in the design (e.g., avoiding moisture trapping details), during fabrication (e.g., localized coating), and construction (e.g., sequencing installation to minimize exposure and allow drying).

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26

Goreshnev, M., and E. Litvishko. "Math Modeling of Vacuum Conductive Timber Drying." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.478.

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The article is devoted to the mathematical modeling of vacuum conductive timber drying. Analysis of known mathematical models allowed revealing their advantages and disadvantages. The modeling block diagram based on the drying periods is proposed. Lykov’s equations have been selected to solve heat and mass transfer problems. The comparison of experimental and calculated data has been conducted.

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27

Kato, Shigeru, Naoki Wada, Kazuki Shiogai, Takashi Tamaki, Tomomichi Kagawa, Renon Toyosaki, and Hajime Nobuhara. "Automatic Classification of Crack Severity from Cross-Section Image of Timber Using Simple Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 8250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168250.

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Cedar and other timbers used for construction generally undergo a high-temperature drying process after being harvested to maintain their quality. However, internal cracks occur during this process. This is an issue because it deteriorates the structural performance, such as buckling strength and joint durability of the timber. Since preventing these internal cracks is difficult, their severity must be examined manually. Currently, the length, thickness, and area of the cracks on a cross-sectional surface of square timber are measured using calipers. However, this process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, we employed a convolutional neural network (CNN), widely used in artificial intelligence applications, to automatically evaluate the severity of cracks from cross-sectional images of timber. A novel CNN was constructed and experimentally evaluated in this study. The average classification accuracy was 85.67%.

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28

Salin, J. G. "A Theoretical Analysis of Timber Drying in Oscillating Climates." Holzforschung 57, no. 4 (June 26, 2003): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2003.063.

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Summary In this study the influence of oscillating climates on the drying of timber is investigated theoretically. First, the effect of oscillations superimposed on an ordinary drying schedule is examined by solving the corresponding partial differential equations. It is shown that the average drying rate is not affected by the oscillations. Second, properly selected oscillation amplitudes and frequencies can result in enhanced mechano-sorptive creep in the board surface layer, which enables increased external driving forces with an unchanged risk of checking. This method is analysed by using a drying simulation model. It is shown that substantial reductions in the drying time can be obtained in theory. From a practical point of view the benefit is probably rather marginal.

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29

Gan, Xue Fei, Zheng Bin He, and Song Lin Yi. "Contrast Studies on the Solar Drying Schemes of Eucalypt Timber." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3042.

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This research takes Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla timber as materials, making them drying with five kinds of schemes. Five experimental schemes are taken as follows: natural air drying, solar energy with storing heat, solar energy without storing heat, solar energy with electric heating during the day, solar energy during the day and electric heating during the night. Experiments have found that: in normal sunny weather conditions, the temperature of solar drying completely satisfies eucalyptus wood drying demand. Energy saving ratio is above 60%; In weaker solar radiation intensity conditions, drying needs to use auxiliary power. Energy saving ratio is about 47.1%. The period of Solar drying is 3/4~1/3 shorter than that of natural air drying. Dry defects were obviously reduced. It has the good prospects for development.

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30

Alam, Rabiul, Azharul Islam, S. M. Feroz, Shamima Nasrin, Tanay Biswas, Khandkar-Siddikur Rahman, and Lulu Rayhan Khushi. "Drying Schedule and Effect of Seasoning on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Three Available Timber Species in Bangladesh." Global Journal Of Botanical Science 4, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-858x.2016.4.2.3.

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Drying schedules for seasoning of Gmelina arborea (Gamar), Swietenia macrophylla (Mahagony) and Mangifera indica (Mango) timber with minimum drying defects were developed. The effects of the drying on physical and mechanical properties of timber of these species were studied. New drying schedules for these three species were compared with an accelerated drying schedule. Physical properties i.e., density, water absorption and thickness swelling, as well as mechanical properties i.e., modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) of the wood of these species seasoned by new drying schedules and accelerated drying schedule were tested. Lower water absorption and thickness swelling were found for G. arborea, S. macrophylla and M. indica wood dried with new drying schedules of A, B and C respectively. MOE and MOR of wood of G. arborea, S. macrophylla and M. indica were significantly higher when seasoned with new drying schedules compared to those of green wood, and seasoned with accelerated drying schedule. Though seasoning was slower by using new drying schedules compared to accelerated drying schedule, the former resulted in no drying defects.

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31

Terziev, N. "Industrial Kiln Drying and its Effect on Microstructure, Impregnation and Properties of Scots Pine Timber Impregnated for Above Ground Use. Part 1. Effects of Initial, Final Dryings and Preservative on Impregnation and Timber Quality." Holzforschung 56, no. 4 (June 27, 2002): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.066.

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Summary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The quality of drying was assessed by measuring the final moisture content and its gradient, deformations, checks and internal stress of planks. The timber was rearranged in three charges and impregnated in an industrial autoclave with copper-based preservatives for above ground use (class AB):Kemwood ACQ 1900, Tanalith E and Wolmanit CX-8. The moisture content was determined after impregnation and the planks were divided into two charges; the first was dried in an industrial conventional batch kiln while the second was air dried. Assessment of the final product quality after kiln and air drying was carried out as after the initial drying. The penetration of preservatives was measured as well. The data were analysed by a statistical mixed model to ascertain the effects of drying and preservatives on the impregnation and timber quality. A strong relationship was found between the initial drying of Scots pine timber and its quality after impregnation and drying. The conventional batch and high temperature kiln drying ensured similar drying quality regarding the final moisture content and gradient, bow, twist and checks, but the high temperature drying provided significantly better (94.4%of the total sapwood area) penetration of the preservatives tested. It is suggested that changes in wood structure could be provoked during the high temperature drying, thus improving the subsequent impregnation and secondary drying. The progressive and conventional batch kiln drying led to similar penetration of the preservatives; the conventional batch kiln drying ensured significantly lower final moisture content, less twist and surface checks of the timber than the progressive kiln drying. Wolmanit CX-8 penetrated significantly better into the pine sapwood (96.3%) than Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E (83.5 and 88.5%, respectively). The planks impregnated with Wolmanit CX-8 achieved the best quality regarding the final moisture content, its gradient and cup. The planks impregnated with Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E showed similar quality regarding the penetration and some deformations after drying, but Kemwood ACQ 1900 impregnated planks had highest moisture content and gradient.

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32

Gorokhovsky, A. G., V. V. Pobedinsky, E. E. Shishkina, and E. V. Pobedinskiy. "Modeling the Process of Sawn Timber Drying." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-1-154-166.

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Hao, B., and S. Avramidis. "Timber Moisture Class Assessment in Kiln Drying." Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 17, no. 3 (May 2006): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/wsc.2006.17.3.121.

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Musch, H. E., G. W. Barton, T. A. G. Langrish, and A. S. Brooke. "Nonlinear model predictive control of timber drying." Computers & Chemical Engineering 22, no. 3 (February 1998): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00235-4.

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Collignan, A., J. P. Nadeau, and J. R. Puiggali. "DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF TIMBER DRYING KINETICS." Drying Technology 11, no. 3 (January 1993): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939308916840.

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Chadwick, W. B., and T. A. G. Langrish. "A Comparison of Drying Time and Timber Quality in the Contihuous and Cyclic Drying of Australian Turpentine Timber." Drying Technology 14, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939608917130.

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Rahimi, Sohrab, Vahid Nasir, Stavros Avramidis, and Farrokh Sassani. "The Role of Drying Schedule and Conditioning in Moisture Uniformity in Wood: A Machine Learning Approach." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040792.

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Monitoring the moisture content (MC) of wood and avoiding large MC variation is a crucial task as a large moisture spread after drying significantly devalues the product, especially in species with high green MC spread. Therefore, this research aims to optimize kiln-drying and provides a predictive approach to estimate and classify target timber moisture, using a gradient-boosting machine learning model. Inputs include three wood attributes (initial moisture, initial weight, and basic density) and three drying parameters (schedule, conditioning, and post-storage). Results show that initial weight has the highest correlation with the final moisture and possesses the highest relative importance in both predictive and classifier models. This model demonstrated a drop in training accuracy after removing schedule, conditioning, and post-storage from inputs, emphasizing that the drying parameters are significant in the robustness of the model. However, the regression-based model failed to satisfactorily predict the moisture after kiln-drying. In contrast, the classifying model is capable of classifying dried wood into acceptable, over-, and under-dried groups, which could apply to timber pre- and post-sorting. Overall, the gradient-boosting model successfully classified the moisture in kiln-dried western hemlock timber.

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Majka, Jerzy, and Wiesław Olek. "Application of the Response Surface Methodology for Designing Oscillation Drying of Beech Timber." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050541.

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Oscillation drying is one of the possible approaches for reducing drying time and limiting drying defects of hardwood timber. This study aimed to design oscillation-drying schedules for beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) timber using the response surface methodology (RSM) and to develop an empirical model describing relationships between drying time, drying rate, moisture content gradient after drying, and the parameters of oscillation drying, i.e., dry-bulb temperature increase, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decrease, and the duration of phase #1 in the drying schedule. The design employed 8 unique drying schedules for which early stage of drying was studied. The Gompertz model was used to describe the change in moisture flux as a function of moisture content, with estimated parameters of the model used to determine relations between the maximum flux at the initial moisture content, the maximum rate of flux change, and the critical moisture content for the maximum rate of flux change for each oscillation-drying schedule. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the decrease in EMC was the only factor significantly influencing oscillation drying. For the most intense oscillation-drying schedule, maximum moisture flow was ca. 75% higher compared with the control drying schedule. Drying processes that accounted for a decrease of EMC from 15% to 12% were characterized by significantly shorter drying time (by 35.8%), 52.6% higher drying intensity, and ca. two times larger moisture content gradient. These results confirm theoretical findings relating the increase of oscillation-drying intensity with the difference in wet-bulb temperature between phases of the drying processes.

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Samson Nnaemeka Ugwu, Zimuzo Uduji, Oji Achuka Nwoke, Emmanuel Amagu Echiegu, and Boniface Obi Ugwuishiwu. "Engineering properties of wood under different drying methods." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 118–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.3.0082.

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This project work focuses on the comparison of the engineering properties of Pyrus communis under solar and air-drying method. Green samples of the wood were dried simultaneously in both solar kiln and open air for 15 days. The daily moisture content reduction (%MC) under both drying conditions were observed and recorded. Mechanical tests (shear strength, compressive strength, hardness and tensile strength) were conducted. The results showed that open air-dried woods attained fibre saturation point (30-25%MC) within three days. Timbers dried in solar kiln attained lower %MC (12.9, 11.0, 14.3, 12.3) when compared to open-air dried samples (22.1, 18.5, 21.1, 17.1). For all the mechanical tests conducted, solar kiln dried timber had higher mechanical properties than the open air-dried woods.

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Wu, Guo Feng, Yi Fei Jiang, Hao Zhang, Bin Wang, He Yu Chen, and Jun Wen Pu. "Chemical and Physical Changes for Dimensionally Stability of Compressed Wood." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.46.

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The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and physical changes of chemical modified on poplar wood. The chemical modifier was impregnated into cell lumen space by pulse-dipping machine to improve the dimension stability and mechanical property of timber. The timbers were compressed and dried by the multilayer hot-press drying to produce the modified timber. The modified timber had better dimension stability than the natural wood when they were immerged water continuous eight-hour. Characteristics of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for modified were studied by the FTIR spectrometer. The intensity of hydroxyl absorption peak in the infrared absorption spectrogram decreased significantly, and that of carbonyl decreased lightly, which due to the bond of the function groups of -NHCH2OH of urea-formaldehyde prepolymer react with the wood carboxyl (C=O) and hydroxyl(-OH). The morphologic models of chemical within wood were discovered by SEM.

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Novytskyi, Serhii, Nataliia Marchenko, Olha Kovalenko, and Nataliia Buiskykh. "Wood Science Characteristics of Timber from Pine Deadwood Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.164.

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During the last decade, the drying up of medieval, arriving and mature stands of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which is the dominant breed in domestic forests (33% of the total area, about 45% of the volume of logging), acquired a threatening scale in Ukraine. Dated 2019, the total area of arable crops has reached 413 thousand hectares (of which pines - 222 thousand hectares), or about 4% of the area of the forest fund of Ukraine. One of the main and most effective means of preventing the widespread pathological processes in forests, which cause their drying, is sanitary and other felling of forest care. As a result, a significant amount of untreated low-quality timber, which is classified as deadwood is formed. Timber from deadwood trees is characterized by features such as mycological and insecticidal lesions, cracks, etc., the impact of which on the strength and operational characteristics of timber products has not yet been studied. The interest of using of the wood in the construction as a material from renewable eco-friendly raw materials has traditionally increased. One of the possible uses pine deadwood trees may be the production of structural lumber. The lack of timber characteristics of such timber makes it impossible to predict its behavior during processing and operation and, accordingly, complicates the determination of directions of its rational use, especially in structures. The significantly lower cost of timber from pine deadwood trees, compared with timber from non-attenuated drying out pine trees, is an attractive feature of such raw materials from an economic aspect.

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DU, HONG SHUANG, CHENGYUAN LI, and CHUN WON KANG. "MEASURING THE ELECTRIC RESISTANCE OF AIR DRYING THICK RED PINE AND LARCH TIMBER." WOOD RESEARCH 67(5) 2022 67, no. 5 (October 19, 2022): 866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.5.866874.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the moisture profile and drying period of air drying the red pine and Japanese larch timbers with the cross section of 14.0 cm × 14.0cm and16.5 cm × 16.5cmby measuring the electricresistanceofthe wood. The drying curvesdetermined by measuring electricresistanceand by oven-dried method were nearly identical at last drying stage, and had almost same moisture profiles and same drying period after the end of air drying. Therefore, the drying curve determined by measuring electricresistancecan be used to predict the drying period and moisture profile of air drying the red pine and Japanese larch timbers with large cross sections.

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Holek, Kerolyn L., Paulo S. B. Zdanski, and Miguel Vaz Jr. "Application of Population-Based Techniques to Identification of Diffusive and Convective Parameters in Timber Drying." Defect and Diffusion Forum 412 (November 12, 2021): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.412.163.

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Timber drying consists of reducing the moisture content up to a level required by the intended application of the wood product. A proper drying operation is essential to reduce time and energy, as well as to prevent defects. Numerical simulation of this class of problems constitutes an important tool available to the process engineer to define the best drying schedule. However, a successful prediction requires knowledge of the wood properties and additional process parameters. This work is inserted within this framework and aims at discussing strategies do determine material and process parameters using inverse problem techniques. The timber drying process accounts for the fully coupled solution of the heat and mass (moisture) transfer problem, whereas the inverse problem is solved within the time domain based on population-based optimization techniques.

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Ogueke, N. V., P. C. Nwaizu, O. Nwufo, K. Nwaigwe, and E. E. Anyanwu. "Biomass Powered Natural Convection Kiln for Timber Drying." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9, no. 4 (February 5, 2015): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.9.1406.

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Şahin, Arzu Şencan, and Serkan Gök. "Determination of drying rates of different timber kinds." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 8 (April 17, 2016): 1075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.653623.

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Nijdam, J. J., T. A. G. Langrish, and R. B. Keey. "A high-temperature drying model for softwood timber." Chemical Engineering Science 55, no. 18 (September 2000): 3585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00042-7.

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47

Kärki, T. "Drying quality of European aspen (Populus tremula) timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 60, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-002-0325-x.

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Bux, M., K. Bauer, W. Mühlbauer, and T. Conrad. "Solar-assisted drying of timber at industrial scale." Southern African Forestry Journal 192, no. 1 (November 2001): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20702620.2001.10434136.

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Zhan, Jian-feng, Ji-you Gu, and Sheldon Q. Shi. "Rheological Behavior of Larch Timber during Conventional Drying." Drying Technology 27, no. 10 (October 22, 2009): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930903218412.

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Chen, Guangnan, Paul Bannister, and C. Gerald Carrington. "OPTIMUM AIR DRYING STRATEGY FOR DEHUMIDIFIER TIMBER DRYERS." Drying Technology 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2001): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-100001355.

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