Relevant bibliographies by topics / Timber cupping

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Timber cupping'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 November 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Timber cupping"

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Ebner, David Hans, Marius-Catalin Barbu, Vladimír Gryc, and Petr Čermák. "Surface charring of silver fir wood cladding using an enhanced traditional Japanese Yakisugi method." BioResources 17, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 2031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2031-2042.

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The aim of this work was to better understand the ignition method of timber charring in order to improve the industrial process. Three silver fir boards were tied together to make a triangular prism, which acted as a chimney. To start the charring process, the traditional Yakisugi method uses an ignitor paper ball. This ignitor paper ball was in this research replaced with a gas burner. The gas burner supplies the required energy in an even level and provides airflow in the upward direction. The surface temperature of the samples increased from 10 to 500 °C in approximately 40 to 80 s at all recorded positions, which is considerably faster than when using a traditional method. The thickness of the charred layer and the resulting cupping effect were investigated as an indicator of the quality of the process. The charred layer produced by the gas burner method was not as thick as was achieved with the traditional method, which can be attributed to a shorter charring time. Approximately half the specimens showed cupping to the charred side, which may be related not only to a shorter charring time than previous studies, but also to the annual ring orientation of the timber. Further research should be performed on the charred layer thickness and cupping to define all relevant parameters.
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Ebner, David Hans, Marius-Catalin Barbu, Josef Klaushofer, and Petr Čermák. "Surface Modification of Spruce and Fir Sawn-Timber by Charring in the Traditional Japanese Method—Yakisugi." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101662.

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The traditional Japanese method of wood surface charring was studied. To perform the surface charring, three sawn Norway spruce and Silver fir wood boards of dimension 190 × 24 × 4000 mm3 were tied together to act as a chimney and charred in a short time (3–4 min) with open flame at a temperature above 500 °C. Temperature inside the chimney was recorded on the three different positions during the charring process. Surface temperature of spruce increased from 0 °C to 500 °C in approx. 120–300 s while fir increased in approx. 100–250 s. The thickness of the charred layer and the resulting cupping effect were investigated at the different heights of the chimney to evaluate its variability. Temperature achieved during the charring process was sufficient to get a significant charred layer of 2.5 and 4.5 mm on average for spruce and fir samples, respectively. The analyzed samples showed a significant cupping effect to the charred side with no difference between the annual ring orientation of sawn boards. Spruce exhibit a more significant cupping effect when compared to fir, i.e., 3.2–6 mm and 2.2–4.5 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the pH values of charred samples increased significantly, which could be an indication of improved resistance against wood-decay fungi. For better insight into the traditional charring method, further studies should be carried out to execute the charring process in a consistent quality and therefore fully exploit its potential.
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Fortino, Stefania, Petr Hradil, Keijo Koski, Antti Korkealaakso, Ludovic Fülöp, Hauke Burkart, and Timo Tirkkonen. "Health Monitoring of Stress-Laminated Timber Bridges Assisted by a Hygro-Thermal Model for Wood Material." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010098.

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Timber bridges are economical, easy to construct, use renewable material and can have a long service life, especially in Nordic climates. Nevertheless, durability of timber bridges has been a concern of designers and structural engineers because most of their load-carrying members are exposed to the external climate. In combination with certain temperatures, the moisture content (MC) accumulated in wood for long periods may cause conditions suitable for timber biodegradation. In addition, moisture induced cracks and deformations are often found in timber decks. This study shows how the long term monitoring of stress-laminated timber decks can be assisted by a recent multi-phase finite element model predicting the distribution of MC, relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) in wood. The hygro-thermal monitoring data are collected from an earlier study of the Sørliveien Bridge in Norway and from a research on the new Tapiola Bridge in Finland. In both cases, the monitoring uses integrated humidity-temperature sensors which provide the RH and T in given locations of the deck. The numerical results show a good agreement with the measurements and allow analysing the MCs at the bottom of the decks that could be responsible of cracks and cupping deformations.
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Cai, Chenyang, Antti Haapala, Mohammad Habibur Rahman, Markku Tiitta, Valtteri Tiitta, Laura Tomppo, Reijo Lappalainen, and Henrik Heräjärvi. "Effects of two-year weather exposure on thermally modified Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Fraxinus excelsior wood." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 11 (November 2020): 1160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0446.

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The use of thermally modified timber (TMT) in outdoor applications is well established, but its performance against the stresses of outdoor conditions is not comprehensively understood. This study investigates the changes in density, surface chemical composition, color, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), checking, hardness, and cupping of thermally modified boards of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) during a two-year weather exposure test in Eastern Finland. Unmodified pine, spruce, and ash and copper salt impregnated pine boards were used as controls. The results show that a two-year weather exposure period causes degradation of hydrophobic lignin, and the leaching of the degraded compounds changed the color, increased the EMC, and decreased the hardness of specimens. Although the EMC of TMT specimens was lower compared with unmodified and impregnated ones during weathering, the changes were more obvious in TMT than in the controls. More checks occurred in the TMT specimens than in unmodified ones after the exposure. On the other hand, the TMT specimens had a lower degree of cupping. These findings also indicate that an increase in modification temperature induces more checks but improves the durability of all studied species by reducing the chemical degradation, color change, cupping, and hygroscopicity during weather exposure.
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Díez, M. R., J. I. Fernández-Golfín, and E. Hermoso. "Warp in structural timber. Causes and control." Forest Systems 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/723.

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Over a sample of 948 boards with dried dimensions of 150 X 50 X 3,000 mm, coming from 22 trees felled in 4 different areas of the National Park of «Cazorla y Segura» (Jaen, Spain), was studied the influence of site, tree and position of boards within the tree on bow, spring, twist and cupping of timber, measured according to the methodology of the Spanish standard UNE 56.544. The relationship between the percentage of rejected timber and the average twist in every log along the stem was studied, analysing the influence of site, tree and log on such a relation. The influence of every factor is studied, concluding that the main sources of variability are the intralog variability (> 50 %) and the intertree variability (>40 %). Site factor explain not more than the 2 % of the total observed variability in the percentage of rejected timber for excessive warp. Possible methods of control to increase industrial yield are discussed, concluding that an improvement of sawing and log grading methods are needed.
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Suranto, Yustinus, and Mugiyana Mugiyana. "Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan dan Jenis Sortimen Kayu Suren terhadap Kecepatan dan Cacat Pengeringan." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.929.

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Effect of Drying Method and Lumber Dimension on Drying Rate and Defects of Suren WoodEfforts to improve productivity of wood industry must be supported by increasing supply of wood as raw materials. The limited wood supply due to natural forest degradation can be increased by wood harvested from plantation forests, including wood of suren (Toona sureni Merr) as one species composing the forests. In timber processing wood drying is an important aspect determining product quality. This study aimed to identify the effect of drying method and sortimen dimension on drying character of suren wood.Trunks of 3 suren trees of seven to nine years old were cut from Manggihan village, Getasan district, Semarang regency. The bolts were sawn (using blambangan method) to obtain sortimen papan wood of 3 cm (thickness), 8 cm (width), and 210 cm (length) and sortiment usuk wood of 4 cm, 6 cm and 210 cm. Beside two levels of sortimen size, two levels of drying method, e.g. natural and solar drying were also used in this research. Resulted data were analyzed with factorial complete randomized design. Measured parameters consisted of drying rate, dimension shrinkage and some drying defects e.g. bowing, cupping, end check, surface check and fungi infection.Research results showed that drying methods significantly affect drying rate, but not other parameters. Also, product dimension affects significantly to drying rate, but not other parameters. Interactions between the two factors did not give any significant effect on all parameter. To produce the same drying level on the same product size, solar drying method is faster than natural one. To reach dry wood with 14% moisture content in solar drying method, sortimen papan and usuk needs 23 and 26.8 drying days respectively, while in natural drying method, the same product size needs 44.6 and 48.50 days of drying respectively.
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Grabner, Michael, Sebastian Nemestothy, and Elisabeth Wächter. "Wooden Roofing: Split Shingles versus Sawn Boards." International Journal of Wood Culture, March 7, 2022, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27723194-bja10002.

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Abstract Wooden shingles have been known in Europe and other regions worldwide for several thousands of years. They are usually split, and according to handicraft rules, as well as historical literature, a split surface has many advantages. It is more flexible, more elastic, stronger, and less exposed to cupping than a sawn surface because no fibers have been cut. It also follows wood rays; it is more durable than a sawn surface because cut fibers absorb more moisture, creating good conditions for fungal growth. However, because sawing is the main procedure for dividing logs into timber, sawn boards are currently used for roofing. The short life span of such roofing has often been discussed by craftsmen. In this study, a 37-year-old roofing was evaluated to determine the important parameters of high-durability sawn boards. Results showed that the presence of juvenile wood, fiber deviations, and knots reduced the durability of these boards. Therefore, sawn boards of the same wood quality as split shingles may have the same durability.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Timber cupping"

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Johansson, Martin. "Hårdgörning av Asp." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2291.

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Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.

Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.

Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.


To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.

Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.

The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.

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Books on the topic "Timber cupping"

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Yang, Jingduan, and Daniel A. Monti. Adjunctive Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0017.

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Acupuncture is one of the major therapeutic modalities in the system of ancient Chinese medicine, and it must be used in the context of Chinese medicine as an effective and complete clinical discipline. The other modalities of ancient and modern times that are based on Chinese medical theories and practices are considered here as adjunctive therapies. They include Chinese herbal medicine, moxibustion, Tui Na, Gua Sha, cupping, auricular acupuncture, scalp acupuncture, and neuro-emotional techniques. They are used in conjunction with body acupuncture and as an alternative when acupuncture is not available. Among them, Chinese herbal medicine is discussed in greatest detail because it dominates Chinese medical practice today in China and is often misunderstood and misused by modern medical professionals and consumers.
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Book chapters on the topic "Timber cupping"

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Wallace, Daniel J., and Janice Brock Wallace. "Behind the Hype: Unproven, Experimental, Herbal, and Innovative Remedies." In All About Fibromyalgia. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195147537.003.0034.

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Advocates of practical though controversial lifestyle approaches have always found a sympathetic ear in the United States since the time folk practitioner Sylvester Graham’s principles of health, nutrition, and fitness (in addition to inventing the Graham cracker) achieved cult status in the 1840s. Heroic, misguided therapies were administered by allopathic (mainstream) physicians throughout the nineteenth century. This created fertile ground for promoters of patent medicines and nostrums to those escaping organized medicine’s use of leeches, cupping, phlebotomy (blood drawing) knives, and brutal laxative regimens. During the Progressive Era, medicine started to improve with the establishment of postgraduate training programs at Johns Hopkins University just before the turn of the century and the regulation of medicines as part of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The final revolution occurred when two-thirds of the medical schools in the United States closed following revelations of their inadequacies by the investigative Flexner Report funded by the Carnegie Foundation in 1910. Despite these changes, however, the appeal of alternative therapies to the American public continues unabated. The previous two chapters have described how mainstream, organized, conventional medicine approaches fibromyalgia. Even though their therapies usually provide significant relief of symptoms and signs, traditional physicians to some extent must regard themselves as failures. In the United States, one person in three has consulted a complementary medicine practitioner. These individuals spend $23 billion a year on this approach, $13 billion of which is out-of-pocket and not reimbursed by insurance. This exceeds all expenditures on hospital care in the United States. A 1996 Canadian study found that of several hundred fibromyalgia patients, 70 percent purchased unproven over-the-counter rubs, creams, vitamins, or herbs; 40 percent sought help from alternative medicine practitioners such as chiropractors, massage therapists, homeopaths, reflexologists, or acupuncturists; and 26 percent went on special diets. Since it is logical to believe that people who are tired and hurt want to get better, it follows that some fibromyalgia patients will try anything that is not harmful to improve their medical condition. This chapter is dedicated to patients who wish to “look before they leap” into nontraditional therapies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Timber cupping"

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Barreiros, Ricardo Marques, Walter de Souza Júnior, and Kelly Bossardi Dias. "Quality of guanandi wood (Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.) after heat treatment." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-044.

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The scarcity of native forests and the national code that protects them have made it difficult to obtain timber considered as a good quality, thus making it necessary to discover new species or practices that make reforestation timber an alternative to reduce pressure on native forests. The objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of Guanandi wood ( Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.) regarding its physical properties when subjected to heat treatment and compare it to natural wood. In this work, boards were obtained from the basal logs of five 13-year-old trees, which were subjected to high temperatures, namely 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220°C, and their physical properties were analyzed, such as basic specific gravity, apparent specific gravity at 12% humidity, loss of mass of the heat treatment boards, swelling, as well as the presence of warping and surface and/or end cracks. The results showed that mass loss, basic density and anisotropy coefficient increased with increasing temperature, even in relation to natural wood. Density at 12% and linear and volumetric dimensions decreased with increasing temperature, even in relation to natural wood. Temperatures of 180, 200 and 220°C generally caused defects such as cracks in the direction of the pith and cupping, which were not present at lower temperatures or in the control.
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LV, WEN-TAO, CHENG-HUI ZHU, XIANG-WEN MENG, and HUI ZHI. "THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CUPPING THERAPY INTERVENING THE RABBIT MODEL OF COLD STAGNATION LEADING TO BLOOD STASIS SYNDROME BASED ON THE BIOCHEMICAL CRITERION." In 2021 International Conference on Education, Humanity and Language, Art. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/ehla2021/35719.

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Objective: Explore the partial mechanisms of cupping therapy by means of the cellular factors in the peripheral blood cells; methods: Replicate the rabbit model of cold stagnation leading to blood stasis by adopting the cold stimulation and randomly dividing 12 rabbits to three groups based on the weight. Observe the sign of the rabbits before and after cupping test, the content of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF)in the peripheral blood; Results: After replicated the model, the model group and the treatment group gradually appeared the sign of cold stagnation leading to blood stasis. After cupping treatment, the sign of cold stagnation leading to blood stasis of the rabbits gradually disappeared. Compared with the blank controlled group and the model group at the same time, the epidermal growth factor (EGF)in the peripheral blood of the treatment group was much higher after cupping and was statistically difference (p<0.05); Conclusion: The rabbit model of cold stagnation leading to blood stasis could be successfully replicated by the cold irritation; Cupping therapy could produce benign physical stimulation to the local skin through the expression of the cell factors, which might generate continuous weak stimulation, expand and improve the capillaries, thus formed the cascade reaction, and affected the entire microcirculation. Therefore this might be one of the mechanisms of “dredging collaterals”, effect that cupping therapy produced.
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Peli, Eli, Reed Augliere, and George Timberlake. "Fast Registration of Digital Retinal Images." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1987.md3.

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Registration, or alignment, of retinal images taken at different times is frequently required in image-processing applications. Images that need to be registered may be separated by a few years and may show slow changes in the retina. Such changes include drusen, nerve fiber layer damage, and changes in optic disc cupping and pallor. Registration may also be required for pictures taken only a fraction of a second apart, as in measurement of dilution curves in fluorescein angiography or at video rates required in fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO).
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Hetz, P. "Contact pressure-dependent friction compensation in upsetting tests with miniaturized specimens." In Sheet Metal 2023. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902417-26.

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Abstract. Components produced by sheet metal forming can so far only be characterized locally to a limited extent using conventional tests, such as the tensile test or the hydraulic cupping test, due to the size of the specimen. A new approach based on miniaturized upsetting specimens taken from the sheet plane allows to determine the material properties of semi-finished products locally, for example in radii. However, in addition to this specific advantage, challenges such as friction between the specimen and the tool also appear with this testing method. For an accurate determination of the material parameters, it is therefore necessary to correct the test force by the friction coefficient. According to the state of the art, a variety of tests for friction coefficient characterization exist. By using a novel numerical method, friction coefficients for upsetting tests can be calculated contact pressure-dependent by means of an experimental single layer upsetting test. Therefore, in this paper, this method will be used for the first time to compensate the friction part in an upsetting test with miniaturized specimens as a function the contact pressure. This can improve the experimental mapping of the material behavior in the uniaxial compression stress state with increasing strain and hardening, since share of friction force increases with a higher deformation in the upsetting test. In contrast, a friction coefficient compensation based on an average value is provided in order to analyze, whether or in which case a contact pressure-dependent friction compensation is appropriate. In particular, for upsetting tests with miniaturized specimens, these results are relevant, since a major advantage of this test compared to conventional tests besides the local component characterization is the determination of material properties at high strains.
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