Journal articles: 'Timber connections'

1

Madsen, Borg. "Reliable timber connections." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 1, no. 3 (April 1998): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.2260010305.

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Ali Chew, Amirah, Nurul Atikah Seri, Wan Nur Syazni Wan Shaari, Mohd Hanafie Yasin, and Rohana Hassan. "Tensile Resistance of GFRP Wrapped Steel-Dowelled Half-Lap Timber Connection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.11 (July 21, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11.15938.

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Generally, the use of timber mainly focuses on simple structures or structures that can take small loads. This paper report on tensile resistance of steel dowelled timber connection wrapped with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). It involved experimental work in laboratory designed to determine the tensile strength behaviour for half-lap timber connections with steel dowel as the mechanical fasteners. Bintangor species representing strength group 5 and Yellow Meranti species representing strength group 6 were tested in the conditions of with and without the GFRP wrapping. The performances of the connections were observed using the European Yield Model (EYM) as the guideline. The EYM theory is generally used to determine the load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber, panel-to-timber and steel-to-timber connections, reflecting all possible modes of failures. All half-lap connection members were tested at the rate 0.0006 mm/min using the universal testing machine. As a result, it was found that the steel-dowelled half-lap timber connection with GFRP wrapping performed better than the timber connection without the wrapping. The ultimate load of GFRP wrapped connections made of Bintangor and Yellow Meranti species were found increased at 17% and 44% higher compared to the connection without the GFRP wrapping accordingly.

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Pranata, Yosafat Aji, Anang Kristianto, and Olga Pattipawaej. "Beam-Column Timber Joint Connection Behavior Due to Nail and Modified-Washer Reinforcement Tests." Wood Research Journal 10, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2019.10.1.6-10.

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Timber connection capacity, in case of beam-column joint connection provides significant impact on the wooden building structures. Strength and stiffness of timber connections using reinforcement technique of wooden building structures have not been studied intensively. This paper studies the use of nails and modified-washer to improve wood connection’s performance. The experimental tests were conducted in the laboratory by comparing the partial connection between test specimen timber without reinforcement (standard type) and the reinforcement (PRP type). The testing was conducted based on partial connection beam-column joint test using Universal Testing Machine’s with a modified holder. Wood studied includes Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Mersawa (Anisoptera spp.). PRP type connection was using nails and modified-washer strengthening, and standard type connection was using a classic washer. Parameters studied were strength and stiffness of the connection, reviewed both: proportional limit load and ultimate limit load conditions. Result obtained from this research indicates that the use of nails and modified-washer make a positive contribution to improving the performance of the beam- column timber joint connections, in terms of strength capacity (both of proportional limit and ultimate limit loads) and stiffness capacity (displacement ductility ratio). Meranti beam-column timber joint is more brittle than Mersawa beam column timber joint, it has an impact on the results. PRP-type of Mersawa timber connection produces a higher ductility than the standard type, while the PRP-type of Meranti timber connection produces a similar ductility to the standard type.

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Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.

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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.

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5

Kuklík, Petr, Anna Kuklíková, and Anna Gregorová. "Timber-Concrete Composite Structures with Semi-Rigid Connections." Key Engineering Materials 677 (January 2016): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.677.282.

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This paper deals with behavior of timber-concrete composite structures with mechanical connection systems. The paper is focused to two different connection systems: using dowel-type fasteners and using special surface connector. Behavior of dowel-type connection system is based on modification of Johansen ́s equations valid for timber to timber connections. Behavior of connection system with special surface connector is evaluated by experiments and numerical simulations.

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6

Madsen, B. "Behaviour of timber connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-016.

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Han, Fang, Jinwei Jiang, Kai Xu, and Ning Wang. "Damage Detection of Common Timber Connections Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Active Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112486.

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Timber structures have been widely used due to their low-cost and environmental-friendly properties. It is essential to monitor connection damage to ensure the stability and safety of entire timber structures since timber connection damage may induce catastrophic incidents if not detected in a timely manner. However, the current investigations on timber connections focus on mechanical properties and failure modes, and the damage detection of timber connection receives rare attention. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the damage detection of four common timber connections (i.e., the screw connection, the bolt connection, the decussation connection, and the tooth plate connection) by using the active sensing method. The active sensing method was implemented by using a pair of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers: one PZT patch is used as an actuator to generate stress waves, and the other works as a sensor to detect stress waves after propagating across the timber connection. Based on the wavelet packet energy analysis, the signal energy levels of received stress waves under different damage extent are quantified. Finally, by comparing the signal energy between the intact status and the damage status of the timber connection, we find that the energy attenuates with increasing severity of the connection damage. The experimental results demonstrate that the active sensing method can realize real-time monitoring of timber connection damage, which can guide further investigations.

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Daly, Aoife. "Ships and their timber source as indicators of connections between regions." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.264.

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The precise dating and determination of the source of timbers in shipwrecks found around the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, through dendrochronology allows us to see connections between north and south, east and west throughout the region and to a high chronological precision. In this paper we take a look at results of recent analyses of timber from ships, and timber and barrel cargoes, to try to draw a chronological picture, from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries, of links between regions, through transport in oak ships and trade of timber. Archaeological finds of oak from timber cargos in shipwrecks and fine art objects (painted panels and sculpture) show the extent to which timber was shipped from Hanseatic towns along the southern Baltic coast, to western and north-western Europe.

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Ceraldi, C., C. D’Ambra, M. Lippiello, and A. Prota. "Restoring of timber structures: connections with timber pegs." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 75, no. 6 (April 1, 2017): 957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1179-6.

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10

Huang, Haoyu, Wen-Shao Chang, and Ke Chen. "Study of SMA-dowelled timber connection reinforced by densified veneer wood under cyclic loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927501015.

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This study explores the dynamic behaviours of shape memory alloy (SMA)-dowelled timber connection with densified veneer wood (DVW) reinforcement, so as to provide resilience to the timber structure. The performance of the SMA bar under cyclic bending is firstly studied, and it is found that it has superior self-centring effect and large ductility compared with that of the steel. By testing the SMA-dowelled timber connections and the conventional steel-dowelled timber connections under cyclic loading at various displacement levels, it is shown that SMA can provide better self-centring effect and larger ductility to the connection. The DVW reinforcement can enhance the self-centring and improve the strength. However, the energy dissipation capacity of the SMA-dowelled timber connection is lower than that of the steel-dowelled connection because of the smaller hysteresis area of the SMA. In the further study, the effect of the temperature control on SMA should be investigated to improve the damping capacity of the SMA-dowelled timber connection.

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11

Shekhorkina, Svitlana, Alexander Kesariisky, Mykola Makhinko, Tetiana Nikiforova, and Oleksandr Savytskyi. "Experimental Investigation and FEM Modeling of Glued Timber Connections with Slotted-In Steel Plates." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2019-0027.

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Abstract The study is focused on the mechanical behavior and finite element method (FEM) modeling of glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates. Standard tests accompanied by a physical optics investigation method were used in order to obtain information about the mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior of glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates. As such a methodology provides information on the stress-strain state over the surface of a connection, it was used as a verification criterion for a 3D finite-element model. Small-scale glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates were tested in parallel-to-grain tension to investigate their load-carrying capacity and the load-slip performance of the connection. A three-dimensional finite-element model of the glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates was developed using existing FE software and verified using the holographic interferograms obtained during step-by-step loading as well as the test results.

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12

Popovski, Marjan, Helmut G. L. Prion, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Shake table tests on single-storey braced timber frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 1089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-060.

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Concentrically braced timber frames are often used as lateral load resisting systems in wood buildings where large open spaces are required. For application in high-risk earthquake zones, however, the ductility of the system is a concern, since energy absorption is typically limited to the connection region. In this paper, results are presented from a series of shake table tests conducted on single-storey braced frame models with different connections. Diagonal braces with five different connection types were tested, four of which used bolts as fasteners, while one brace had timber riveted connections. Four of the connections had a matching set with an identical configuration that was previously tested quasi-statically. Findings from the tests are presented along with some comments on the seismic behavior of this type of structural system. It was found that the seismic response of the braced frames is highly influenced by the brace connections. Braced frames with small diameter (slender) bolts and timber rivets showed desirable seismic performance, as they were able to dissipate the highest amount of the seismic input energy. A comparison of the quasi-static and shake table tests revealed slight differences in the load–deformation properties of the brace connections.Key words: braced timber frames, seismic response, connections, timber rivets, bolts, ductility, shake table tests.

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13

Lokaj, Antonín. "Round Timber Bolted Joints with Steel Plates under Static and Cyclic Loading." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.29.

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Aim of this paper is in presentation of results of static and dynamic tests of round timber bolted connections with slotted – in steel plates. Round timber joints static tests in tension were made on pressure machine. Round timber joints multicyclic (fatigue) tests in tension were made on pulsator. Results of laboratory tests have been statistically evaluated and completed by graphical records of deformation response on loading. Samples of round timber bolt connections with slotted - in steel plates were tested for carrying capacity and deformation of a single tension – up to the failure of connection.

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14

Domański, Tomasz, and Kamil Kmiecik. "Load-bearing capacity of the steel-to-timber connections in fire temperature." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926209005.

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Connections are usually the weakest parts in most structures, especially in fire conditions. The load-bearing capacity of timber structures is often limited by the resistance of steel connection between timber structural members. The temperature distribution in the cross-section as well as the influence of steel fasteners on the charring of the timber members is necessary to predict the fire resistance of the connection. This paper presents a summary of results from numerical studies on the fire behaviour of the steel connections between timber structural members. To make the three-dimensional thermal models of the joints, the FE (finite element) programme SAFIR was used. Then, the finite element models of the connections were used to analyse the temperature distribution inside cross-sections under standard ISO-fire exposure. The failure modes from the literature were used to predict the load-bearing capacity of the steel connections at elevated temperatures. The reduction of the cross-section caused by charring, the reduction of embedment strength and the reduction of steel strength at fire conditions were taken into account in the calculations.

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15

Lam, F., M. Gehloff, and M. Closen. "Moment-resisting bolted timber connections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 163, no. 4 (August 2010): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.4.267.

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16

Schober, Kay-Uwe, and Thomas Tannert. "Hybrid connections for timber structures." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1024-3.

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17

Fan, Xin Hai, Sheng Dong Zhang, and Wen Jun Qu. "Load-Carrying Behaviour of Dowel-Type Timber Connections with Multiple Slotted-in Steel Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.43.

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The multiple-shear dowel connection with slotted-in steel plates is one of the most efficient joints for large cross section timber structures. Experiments were performed on dowel-type timber connections with one, two and three slotted in steel plates under lateral loads parallel to the grain. Test variables include the number of steel plates, the spacing of the steel plates, and the dowel diameter. Results show that the load-carrying capacity of the dowel-type connection increased as the number and spacing of steel plates in the same thickness of timber specimens. Finally, a model of the load-carrying capacity of multiple shear steel-to-timber connections is presented, which showed good agreement with the results obtained in the experiment.

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18

Zhao, Ze, Pengcheng Chen, En Zhang, and Guoyun Lu. "Health Monitoring of Bolt Looseness in Timber Structures Using PZT-Enabled Time-Reversal Method." Journal of Sensors 2019 (March 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2801638.

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A prestressed bolt connection is one of the crucial connection types in timber structures. The daily checking and maintenance of bolt connections have to be carried out in order to avoid the collapse of timber structures due to bolt looseness. Real-time health monitoring of bolt connections can not only reduce the daily maintenance cost of timber structures, but it can also avoid property loss and casualties by giving early warning if the bolt connection is loosened in timber structures. This paper proposes a method of prestress monitoring of bolt joints in timber structures by pasting lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches on the surface of timber structures, and the time-reversal method is applied to denote the connection status of bolts in timber structures. The prestress loss index of timber structural bolts based on wavelet analysis is designed to quantify the bolt looseness of the timber structure. The experimental timber specimen was fabricated consisting of two timber panels, one bolt, and two PZT patches. One of the PZT patches acted as an actuator to emit the stress waves, and another one acted as a sensor to receive the stress wave propagating through the connection interface. The experimental results showed that the amplitude of the focused signal increases significantly with the increase of the prestress value of the bolts, which verify that the proposed method can be utilized to monitor the looseness of bolts in timber structures. The analysis results of the focused signal is proof that the prestress loss index of timber structural bolts designed based on wavelet analysis can reflect the looseness of timber structural bolts.

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He, Min Juan, Yi Zhao, and Ren Le Ma. "Lateral Resisting Experiment of Prestressed-Tube Bolted Connection for Post-and-Beam Timber Construction." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.631.

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Connections are key elements and the weak points for timber structures. The most commonly used bolted timber connections with slotted in steel plate have low lateral stiffness and poor ductility in post-and-beam construction. This paper introduces the prestressed-tube bolted connection to alleviate this problem. To evaluate its lateral resisting performance, the failure mode, strength, lateral stiffness, ductility, hysteresis curve and equivalent viscous damping ratio of the ordinary and improved connections, as determined by the monotonic and reversed cyclic loading test, are compared. The results demonstrate that the lateral stiffness of the prestressed-tube bolted connection has been significantly improved, and its ductility is also better than the normal bolted connection with no decrease in the ultimate moment resisting capacity. It is believed that the semi-rigid prestressed-tube bolted connection, as an alternative to current bolted solutions, may provide reasonable lateral stiffness and has good potential for use in post-beam timber construction.

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20

Savytskyi, Mykola, Svitlana Shekhorkina, Alexander Kesariiskyi, Valeriy Kondrashchenko, and Stanislav Dukát. "Investigation of Nailed Timber Connections Using the Laser Interferometry Method." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2018-0026.

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Abstract The paper presents an adapted methodology of laser holographic interferometry for an investigation of the stress-strain state of nailed timber connections. During the study the possibility of detecting local deformations in the connection were verified. The optimum conditions for fixing the samples and the loading ranges to ensure an optimal interference pattern were determined. An investigation of the peculiarities of the interaction between the elements and the stress-strain behavior of nailed timber connections was performed. The experimental data obtained on the stress-strain behavior of a nailed timber connection using the laser holographic interferometry method have sufficient repeatability between different series and can also be used as a criterion verification for a finite-element model.

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21

Palma, Pedro, Andrea Frangi, Erich Hugi, Paulo Cachim, and Helena Cruz. "Fire resistance tests on timber beam-to-column shear connections." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-03-2016-004.

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Purpose This paper aims to present the results of an extensive experimental programme on the fire behaviour of timber beam-to-column shear connections, loaded perpendicularly to the grain. Design/methodology/approach The experimental programme comprised tests at normal temperature and loaded fire resistance tests on beam-to-column connections in shear. Twenty-four full-scale tests at normal temperature were performed covering nine different connection typologies, and 19 loaded fire resistance tests were conducted including 11 connections typologies. Findings The results of the fire resistance tests show that the tested typologies of steel-to-timber dowelled connections reached more than 30 and even 60 minutes of fire resistance. However, aspects such as a wider gap between the beam and the column, reduced dowel spacing, and the presence of reinforcement with self-drilling screws all have a negative influence on the fire resistance. Originality/value The experimental programme addressed the fire behaviour of timber beam-to-column shear connections loaded perpendicularly to the grain in a systematic way testing a wide range of common connection typologies significantly enlarging their experimental background.

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GEČYS, Tomas, and Alfonsas DANIŪNAS. "ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS DETERMINATION OF THE SEMI-RIGID TIMBER-STEEL CONNECTION." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23, no. 8 (November 20, 2017): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1374305.

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In this research, the component method implementation for determination of the rotational stiffness of timber-steel connection is shown. Component method is one of the most commonly used methods for determination of the bending moment-rotation relation which later may be used in the practical analysis of the connection. The component method is not widely used for the analysis of the semi-rigid timber connections. There are only several investigations previously done on the component method implementation for the timber connections and most of them are based on only one basic component, i.e. timber compression or glued-in steel rod in tension. This article presents a new investigation of rotational stiffness determination algorithm of the semi-rigid timber-steel connection, which is based on the component method. The component method’s mechanical model of the connection combines all components which have influence on the rotational stiffness of the connection. The analysed timber-steel connection is subjected to pure bending. Stiffness coefficients of the steel part components are determined according to the Eurocode 3: design of steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints. The timber part components are derived from the full-scale laboratory experiments and finite element modelling results, presented in the previous publications of the authors. The presented rotational stiffness determination results are well in line with the experimental and finite element modelling results, published in the previous publications.

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23

Razak Abdul Karim, Abdul, Pierre Quenneville, Norazzlina M.Sa’don, and Mahshuri Yusof. "Investigating the Meraka Hardwood Failure in Bolted Connections Parallel to the Timber Grain." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.18 (August 2, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.16675.

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The present study was performed to investigate the ductile failure mode of timber bolted connections, specifically in Meraka hardwood. This was done to initiate an effort in developing a comprehensive guideline in designing the timber bolted connections for the purpose of strengthening the wall-diaphragm connections of the Malaysia unreinforced masonry buildings. A series of experimental tests was conducted on the steel-wood-steel (SWS) with a single row connection type. A total of eight different bolted connection configurations or groups with ten replicates for each group was tested. The Meraka hardwood was selected in this study as it was found to be one of the most hardwood species that are commonly used in the construction of floor and roof diaphragms in the existing Malaysia unreinforced masonry buildings. From the experimental results obtained, the effectiveness of the Malaysian timber code of MS544 and European Yield Model (EYM) in predicting the bolted connection strength was verified. It was determined that the MS544 is too conservative in estimating the bolted connection strength with an average ratio of 0.38 compared to the test results. Thus, the use of the EYM is recommended to complement the timber code as the average ratio of 0.81 was identified in comparison to the test data.

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Sandanus, Jaroslav, Kristián Sógel, Tomáš Klas, and Michal Botló. "Experimental Verification of the Stiffness of a Semi-Rigid Timber Connection." Key Engineering Materials 832 (February 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.832.63.

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Modern fasteners offer new options for the design of timber load-bearing structures. In the design, the traditional hinged connections are increasingly being replaced with semi-rigid connections. Nevertheless, there is no feedback from the actual structures with this kind of connection regarding the accuracy of static calculations. The authors therefore decided to test one connection and compare the results with those obtained from calculation models. The paper presents the experimental verification of the frame connection in which the semi-rigid action was achieved by combining the aluminium Sherpa connector and total thread Rothoblaas screws. The timber samples were provided by Latti Extra.

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Schiro, Gianni, Ivan Giongo, Wendel Sebastian, Daniele Riccadonna, and Maurizio Piazza. "Testing of timber-to-timber screw-connections in hybrid configurations." Construction and Building Materials 171 (May 2018): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.078.

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Andreolli, Mauro, Maurizio Piazza, Roberto Tomasi, and Riccardo Zandonini. "Ductile moment-resistant steel–timber connections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 164, no. 2 (April 2011): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.9.00098.

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BAINBRIDGE, R. J., K. HARVEY, C. J. METTEM, and M. P. ANSELL. "Fatigue Performance Of Structural Timber Connections." IABSE Symposium Report 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137801796349178.

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Stahl, Douglas C., Ronald W. Wolfe, and Marshall Begel. "Improved Analysis of Timber Rivet Connections." Journal of Structural Engineering 130, no. 8 (August 2004): 1272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1272).

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29

Dorn, Michael, Karin de Borst, and Josef Eberhardsteiner. "Experiments on dowel-type timber connections." Engineering Structures 47 (February 2013): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.010.

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Quenneville, J. HP, and M. Mohammad. "Design method for bolted connections loaded perpendicular-to-grain." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-059.

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A new design approach to evaluate the resistance of bolted timber connections loaded perpendicular-to-grain is presented in this paper. The design method consists of calculating the resistances of the ductile failure modes, based on the original European yield model, and that of the splitting mode, and of using the smallest of the two. The splitting calculations are adapted from the wood resistance calculation for timber rivet connections. The new design method is based on the assumption that the bolted connection is forming a cluster considered to be equivalent in dimension to a cluster of timber rivets. The rivet design equations were modified to reflect the fact that bolts extend to the full thickness of the wood members, whereas rivets do not. In this paper, the research program is described, results are presented and the alternative design approach is proposed to predict the failure modes and the ultimate strengths of steelwoodsteel, woodwoodwood, and woodsteelwood bolted connections.Key words: connections, strength, design, bolt, connection, prediction, failure, perpendicular-to-grain.

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31

Za'ba, N. E. L., Z. Ahmad, and A. Ibrahim. "Bond Strength of Glued-in Rods in Malaysian Tropical Timber as Influenced by Adhesive, Diameter and Glueline Thickness." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 29, no. 1 (June 20, 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.46.

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Failure in wood structure is mainly caused by improper connection design, construction (fabrication) details, or serviceability. Besides using traditional bolting methods such as nails, screws and bolts to join members, timber members also can be connected by using bonded-in joints. However, current knowledge in the use of this type of timber connection is still limited. This study investigated the performance of bonded-in pultruded rods in timber as connections by exploring the effect of a few parameters such as rod type, diameter of the rod, adhesive type and thickness of the glueline. Pull-out tests were used to characterize the strength of the bonded-in connections. From the results of this study, it was found that strength increased as glueline thickness increased, while strength decreasedas the diameter of the rod increased.

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32

Musílek, Josef, and Karel Kubečka. "Reliability of Timber Structure Bolt Connection Subjected to Double Unequal Shears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.652.

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The paper deals with reliability in ultimate limit state of timber structure bolted connections subjected to unequal double shear with thin plates as outer members and inner timber member. There are derived equations for calculation of the reliability of this connection type in the ultimate limit state.

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Hampson, J. A., H. G. L. Prion, and F. Lam. "The effect of end distance on the moment resistance of timber rivet connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-050.

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The results of an experimental study on moment connections with timber rivets are reported. The end distance for a four-rivet moment connection is varied in an attempt to determine the effect on the moment capacity and the failure mode. Varying the end distance did not seem to induce the occurrence of a brittle failure mode, but a slight reduction in the strength and stiffness of joint was observed. This was confirmed for specimens made with glued-laminated timber (glulam), laminated-veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel-strand lumber (PSL).Key words: wood, timber, moment, connection, brittle, end distance, glulam and rivet.

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Dolan, J. D., and B. Madsen. "Monotonic and cyclic nail connection tests." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-010.

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The results of monotonic and cyclic nail connection lateral tests are presented. The tests are part of an extensive experimental and analytical study to investigate the behaviour of timber shear walls subjected to earthquakes. The results from the nail connection tests were used in a larger study of timber shear walls. The nonlinear load–deflection curves were used for modelling the nail connection between the sheathing and the framing of the shear walls. The dependency of the nail connection on the grain orientation of the timber materials is investigated along with the evidence that the material properties of the nails are the primary parameters for the load–displacement characteristics of the connection made with hot-dipped, galvanized common nails. Both the monotonic and cyclic lateral behaviours of the connections are established. The premise that the hysteresis for the nail connection is contained within an envelope defined by the monotonic load–displacement curve is confirmed. These connection characteristics translate into similar behaviour in nailed timber shear walls. Therefore, an improved undertanding of the principal connection used in the construction of shear walls will also improve the understanding of the behaviour of shear walls. Key words: connections, nails, plywood, waferboard, monotonic, cyclic, shear wall.

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Tomić, Igor, Francesco Vanin, Ivana Božulić, and Katrin Beyer. "Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms." Buildings 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050205.

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Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber floors made of planks and beams, which are supported on recesses in the masonry walls and can slide when the friction resistance is reached. Using equivalent frame models, we capture the effects of both the diaphragm stiffness and the finite strength of wall-to-diaphragm connections on the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. To do this, we use a newly developed macro-element able to simulate both in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the masonry walls and non-linear springs to simulate wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections. As an unretrofitted case study, we model a building on a shake table, which developed large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. We then simulate three retrofit interventions: Retrofitted diaphragms, connections, and diaphragms and connections. We show that strengthening the diaphragm alone is ineffective when the friction capacity of the wall-to-diaphragm connection is exceeded. This also means that modelling an unstrengthened wall-to-diaphragm connection as having infinite stiffness and strength leads to unrealistic box-type behaviour. This is particularly important if the equivalent frame model should capture both global in-plane and local out-of-plane failure modes.

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Popovski, Marjan, Helmut G. L. Prion, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Seismic performance of connections in heavy timber construction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-020.

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Results from monotonic and quasi-static cyclic tests on connections used in heavy timber construction are presented for two types of fasteners: steel bolts and glulam rivets. Bolted connections with three different diameter bolts, arranged in several configurations, as well as two different configurations of glulam rivet connections were tested. All configurations included a main glulam member and two steel side plates. For bolted connections, the seismic behaviour was found to be primarily dependent on the bolt slenderness ratio. Bolted connections with higher slenderness ratios (smaller diameter bolts) exhibited more ductile behaviour with considerable steel yielding and wood crushing before failure. Glulam riveted connections, which were designed in rivet failure mode, showed superior seismic performance when compared to bolted connections for similar design load levels. Riveted connections were also able to dissipate the highest amount of input energy before the failure was reached.Key words: timber connections, glulam rivets, bolts, ductility, timber, wood, braced frames, seismic performance, heavy timber construction.

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Audebert, M., D. Dhima, M. Taazount, and A. Bouchaïr. "Thermo-mechanical behaviour of timber-to-timber connections exposed to fire." Fire Safety Journal 56 (February 2013): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.01.007.

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Stojic, Dragoslav, and Radovan Cvetkovic. "Design of connections in composite timber-concrete structures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 4, no. 2 (2006): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0602127s.

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This work deals with composite timber concrete structures. By combining timber and concrete in new type of composite material and using the best properties both materials, the high tensile strength of a timber and the high compressive strength of a concrete, depending of different building conditions we can find a lot o reasons for decision to apply this type of the structure in comparison to concrete or steel structure. Here, design methods and procedures for determination of load bearing capacity bar shaped connectors (fasteners) very often used as element connecting timber and concrete in composite structures will be given. The procedure will be exposed and explained according to the new fashioned methods collected as set of Euro-norms in Eurocode 5. The design equations in Eurocode 5 derived from Johansen's work are based on a rigid plastic behavior of the fastener under bending moments and the timber under embedding stresses and take into account the plastic moment capacity of the fastener.

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Chen, Jiawei, Honghong Wang, Yabin Yu, Ying Liu, and Dong Jiang. "Loosening of Bolted Connections under Transverse Loading in Timber Structures." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080816.

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Bolted joints are widely used in timber structures, and the loosening of bolt connections will reduce the structural performance. In this paper, a mechanical model of bolt connection for timber structures is established, and the process of bolt loosening under a transverse load is investigated. By using the finite element method to construct an accurate thread model with a helix angle, the thread contact state during the bolt loosening procedure was analyzed in detail, and the factors such as load amplitude, load frequency, load location, and different timber materials on bolt loosening are also studied. In the timber structure, the load amplitude is the main factor affecting the bolt loosening, the decay rate of the preload in the bolted joint is positively correlated with the amplitude of the cyclic transverse load. The frequency of the loading has a smaller effect on the looseness, the preload decreases as the frequency increases. When the load is applied to the smooth rod part of the bolt, the preload force will decrease rapidly, and the distance between the load position and the bolt has no effect on the change in looseness. The decreasing range of the preload is different with different timber material, but the decreasing law is the same. The model can be applied to analyze the loosening rule of bolted connections in timber structures.

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Guo, Junting, and Zhan Shu. "Theoretical Evaluation of Moment Resistance for Bolted Timber Connections." MATEC Web of Conferences 303 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930303003.

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Timber construction is nowadays becoming more and more favorable due to multiple advantages. In this paper, the connection type and material of timber building were first highlighted. Then, the bolted joints with slotted-in steel plates were systematically tested and analyzed. A typical slotted-in bolted glulam connection was simulated using the software Abaqus. Furthermore, a few important design variables were measured and used to numerically estimate the embedment strength, the shear force per plane, and the ultimate moment capacity of the connections. At last, multiple configurations of joint design were compared in the paper, and a parametric design was made. The results were systematically explained.

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Cui, Zhaoyan, Liuhui Tu, Ming Xu, Zhongfan Chen, and Qingfeng Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Load-Carrying Capacity of Steel-to-Laminated Bamboo Dowel Connection I: Single Fastener with Slotted-In Steel Plate under Tension." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 16, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683589.

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The dowel-type connection is widely applied in timber and bamboo structures. It is ambiguous regarding the calculation method of engineered bamboo connections completely referred to the timber design codes. The steel-to-laminated bamboo dowel connections with slotted-in steel plate tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical performance under tension based on the ASTM-D5652-15. The effects of the thickness, dowel diameter, and end distance on the yield load, ultimate load, initial stiffness, and ductility of the connections were studied. The difference in the yield load for different end distance is negligible. With the same thickness of the connections, the lower the thickness to dowel diameter, the larger the load-carrying capacity. The three typical yield modes and corresponding load-displacement curves of the connections are observed. By considering the rigid-plastic model, the theoretical equation for the connections is proposed and proven to fit well with the experimental results. It presents a better prediction for the load-carrying capacity of steel-to-laminated bamboo dowel connections with slotted-in steel plate.

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Brandon, Daniel, Cristian Maluk, Martin P. Ansell, Richard Harris, Pete Walker, Luke Bisby, and Julie Bregulla. "Fire performance of metal-free timber connections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 168, no. 4 (August 2015): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.14.00055.

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Broughton, J. G., and A. R. Hutchinson. "Adhesive systems for structural connections in timber." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 21, no. 3 (January 2001): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7496(00)00049-x.

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Wanninger, Flavio, Andrea Frangi, and Massimo Fragiacomo. "Long-Term Behavior of Posttensioned Timber Connections." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 6 (June 2015): 04014155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001121.

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Zhang, Chao, and Paul Gauvreau. "Timber-Concrete Composite Systems with Ductile Connections." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 7 (July 2015): 04014179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001144.

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Sansalone, Mary, and Richard N. White. "End‐Grain Dowel Connections for Laminated Timber." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 9 (September 1986): 2093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:9(2093).

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Johnsson, H., and L. Stehn. "Plug shear failure in nailed timber connections." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 62, no. 6 (October 29, 2004): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0523-9.

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Ma, Yu Rong, Xiao Bin Song, Tian Qi Xu, and Lie Luo. "Rotational Behavior of Bolted Glulam Beam-to-Column Connections Reinforced with Section Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.15.

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Bolted connections with slotted-in steel plates are commonly used to connect beams and columns in heavy timber structures. While due to the low tensile strength of wood in the perpendicular-to-grain direction, these connections are usually not able to present satisfying rotational performance. In order to solve this problem, a relatively new type of bolted connection, reinforced with section steel, was designed and tested in this paper. Two groups of total six specimens were tested under monotonic loading to investigate their rotational behavior. Tests showed that the brittle failure mode of wood splitting in the perpendicular-to-grain direction was fully restrained. Only slight cracks were observed in most specimens, except one that underwent bending failure in the beam member. Test results indicated an average increase of 78.7% in moment resistance and a 54.8% increase in ductility ratio for middle-storey connections, compared with conventional connections simply using slotted-in steel plates. Top-storey connections, without previous test results as comparison, also presented high moment-bearing capacity and reliable deformability. As a result, such connection may receive a broad application, especially in multi-storey heavy timber structures.

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Chiniforush, A. A., H. R. Valipour, and A. Ataei. "Timber-timber composite (TTC) connections and beams: An experimental and numerical study." Construction and Building Materials 303 (October 2021): 124493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124493.

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Manuello, A. "Semi-Rigid Connection in Timber Structure: Stiffness Reduction and Instability Interaction." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 07 (June 8, 2020): 2050072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420500728.

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Latticed shells and domes usually consist of hundreds, sometimes thousands, beam elements connected by rigid or semi-rigid joints. These connecting elements result, generally, very sophisticated, made with different materials and constituted by disparate connection systems. Recently, the stiffness connections were studied, numerically and experimentally, as one of the most important factors influencing significantly the structural response of space structures and domes. Very often, in the design process, the joints are assumed to be hinged or clamped. This assumption may result significantly far from the actual condition of in-service structure and components, leading to not understanding or not being able to prevent sudden catastrophic collapses (buckling, snap-through). Thus, the inclusion of joint stiffness reduction in the numerical model is necessary, more and more also due to the types of external loads, such as overloads that occur during the life of the structure or, especially, seismic solicitations. In this paper, the stability of an existent timber dome has been studied increasing the yieldingness of the connecting nodes according to an original approach. In addition, sensitivity of this kind of structure to the amplitude and the geometrical imperfections shape have been also considered. Numerical analyses have been conducted with local displacement controls, to take into account the geometric nonlinearity effects. Results evidenced that the dome is affected by instability interaction for particular slenderness and stiffness reduction of the connections.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber connections'

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