Journal articles on the topic 'Ticket fares'
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Goude, Rabba Gundu Devender, and Dr Bhuvana J. "Implementation of Cloud Computing Technology for M-Ticket Booking." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41057.
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Abstract: The current railway or bus ticket booking system is human dependent and tedious with regards to the ticket booking process. The core objective of our project is to develop the web-application which will serve as a medium for students/employees/anyone to book the tickets to travel through trains or bus. The principle motive force of this web-application is to ease the process of ticket booking by avoiding the hectic and boisterous process to stand in a queue and book the ticket for the short distance for travelling in the trains. Several applications are available in the market which gives information about the travelling destinations and their fares. However, none of these applications incorporate the ticket booking process coordinated for both train and bus. Our application contrasts from such a lot of existing applications as it would book the ticket as well as save the ticket in the cloud database for both train and bus. This website is for railway and bus ticket booking and one can easily validate those booked tickets using mobile. Ticket can be bought with the help of smart phone, laptop using the web-application where your railway tickets can be carried in your phone. The ticketing information of the user is securely stored in the cloud database. Additionally, the ticket checker is given the checker application which is utilized for the approval of the ticket appeared by the user. This framework gives the ticket checker web-application to look for the user's ticket with the ticket number or other appropriate information in the cloud database for checking purposes. Consider that the user's display is being damaged and not able to show the ticket due to other reasons like battery failure we have another safeguard alternative to check the ticket by searching in the ticket database with the ticket number or user’s other relevant information for validation purpose. Keywords: Ticket Booking, Railway, Mobile, Cloud Database, Ticket Checker.
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Yashaswini, Uppupedda, and Pallavi V. Patil. "Implementation of Cloud Computing Technology for Ticket Booking." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41901.
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Abstract: The current railway or bus ticket booking system is human dependent and tedious with regards to the ticket booking process. The core objective of our project is to develop the web-application which will serve as a medium for students/employees/anyone to book the tickets to travel through trains or bus. The principle motive force of this web-application is to ease the process of ticket booking by avoiding the hectic and boisterous processto stand in a queue and book the ticket for the short distance for travelling in the trains. Several applications are available in the market which gives information about the travelling destinations and their fares. However, none of these applications incorporate the ticket booking process coordinated for both train and bus. Our applicationcontrasts from such a lot of existing applications as it would book the ticket as well as save the ticket in the clouddatabase for both train and bus. Ticket can be bought with the help of smart phone, laptop using the web-application where your railway tickets can be carried in your phone. The ticketing information of the user is securely stored in the cloud database.Additionally, the ticket checker is given the checker application which is utilized for the approval of the ticket appeared by the user. This framework gives the ticket checker web-application to look for the user's ticket with the ticket number or other appropriate information in the cloud database for checking purposes. Consider that the user's display is being damaged and not able to show the ticket due to other reasons like battery failure we have another safeguard alternative to check the ticket by searching in the ticket database with the ticket numberor user’s other relevant information for validation purpose. Keywords: Ticket Booking, Railway, Cloud Database, Ticket Checker.
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Sengupta, Anirban, and Steven N. Wiggins. "Airline Pricing, Price Dispersion, and Ticket Characteristics On and Off the Internet." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 272–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.1.272.
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This paper uses transaction data to investigate the effects of Internet purchase on airline fares. Our data include ticket characteristics, restrictions, flight load factors, and dates and channel of purchase. Controlling for ticket and flight characteristics, online purchasers pay about 11 percent less than offline purchasers, which seems rooted in more efficient shopping. The results do not support a spillover in terms of reduced fares or dispersion from greater Internet shopping. The paper also uses the data to reevaluate the relationship between market concentration and fares, but fails to identify any statistically significant, robust relationship. (JEL D83, L11, L86, L93)
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Mukane, Janhvi, Siddharth Pawar, Siddhi Pawar, and Gaurav Muley. "Aircraft Ticket Price prediction using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40253.
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Abstract: With ever increasing air route connectivity throughout the world, air travel has become a common, integral and faster way to travel. Predicting fares for airlines is an important as well as challenging task since a constant fluctuation in fares is observed and it is known to be dependent on varied set factors. With tremendous study in area, it is observed that using Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning techniques an estimation of flight fares at a given time can be obtained within seconds. In this paper, we use a Machine Learning Regression approach to predict flight fare by providing basic details of departure date and time, arrival time, source, destination, number of stops and name of the airline. The results show that Random Forest Regression Model provides highly optimal results. Keywords: Machine Learning, Random Forest, Prediction models, Airfare Prices, data analytics
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Czerliński, Mirosław, and Michał Sebastian Bańka. "Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport." Archives of Transport 57, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041.
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Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics re-garding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differen-tial. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities bounda-ries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the math-ematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of regression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The pro-posed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.
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Yan, Zhenying, Pingting Zhang, Yujia Zhang, Hui Liu, Chenxi Feng, and Xiaojuan Li. "Joint Decision Model of Group Ticket Booking Limits and Individual Passenger Dynamic Pricing for the High-Speed Railway." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091128.
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Rail operators in many countries discount group tickets to improve revenue by increasing price-driven demand. For individual passengers, dynamic pricing is beneficial for maximizing revenue based on the price discrimination principle. Usually, group fares are cheaper than individual fares. If too many group tickets are sold, there will not be enough tickets available to meet high-priced individual demand; by contrast, if not enough group tickets are sold and there is insufficient individual demand, the unsold seats will not have value once the train departs. Therefore, for railway operators, it is worth looking for a balance between group discounts and dynamic pricing to maximize benefits. Essentially, rail operators need to find the symmetry point of the expected revenue between accepting group bookings and reserving tickets for individuals when making decisions. In this study, we formulated a joint decision model of group ticket booking control and dynamic pricing and investigated the effect of the joint decision. The results of numerical experiments showed that incorporating group discounts into dynamic pricing can improve expected revenue when passenger demand is weak, and compared to setting fixed quantities for group tickets, dynamically controlling the limit of group bookings can effectively increase expected revenue. Further analysis of the impacts of time, number of tickets sold, and group demand was helpful to implement the proposed joint policy.
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Marabucci, Alessio. "A new proposal for fare differentiation for the Integrated Time Ticket in the city of Rome." European Transport/Trasporti Europei 78, ET.2020 (June 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48295/et.2020.78.3.
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The purpose of this work is to assess the possibility for the Rome city council and ATAC, the company which manages Local Public Transport (LPT) in the capital, to introduce a fare differentiation for the Integrated Time-Ticket (ITT), meaning by this the definition of two distinct fares for the ticket in question, one referring to the peak time and the other to the soft off peak time. These fare schemes are very widespread in other European countries, but also in Italy this approach to the redesign of fare offers is gaining ground; in fact, even in Milan there are already monthly and annual subscriptions (facilitated for over 65s) that are valid only in specific "off peak" time slots). The theoretical concept underlying the fare discrimination is rooted in the microeconomic theory relating to the possibility for the monopolist, who knows the function of demand of the market (or markets) of his interest, to be able to offer goods and services at different prices, depending on the band of users concerned, depending on the different elasticity of demand at the price. In this study, the possible effects of the abovementioned price differentiation are quantified economically by estimating appropriate demand elasticities; in this way, it can be demonstrated, under specific assumptions, that differentiating the price of ATAC tickets can increase revenues from ticket sales and, at the same time, sell more tickets.
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Alfaro Navarro, José-Luis, María-Encarnación Andrés Martínez, and Jean-François Trinquecoste. "AIRLINE FARES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SPANISH AND FRENCH TRAVEL AGENCIES." Journal of Air Transport Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v7i1.54.
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The existence of different types of intermediaries - e-tailers, traditional or offline retailers and multichannel retailers - engaged in the sale of airline tickets has enabled consumers to find different prices if they spend time searching for information. This has prompted internet marketing research to increasingly focus on the issue of pricing, analyzing the differences between these retailers with respects to price levels, price dispersion, pricing strategies, etc. Moreover, there are also studies examining the effects of culture on prices. However, there is no literature on the effects of the culture from the supplier point of view. This paper attempts to fill in the gap by studying whether the geographical locations of the travel agencies affect airline ticket prices. In particular, the study compares the price behavior of French and Spanish intermediaries operating exclusively online and those operating simultaneously in travel agencies and on the internet (offline and online). To this end, we consider three routes that connect Madrid, Paris and New York, with data starting four months prior to the departure date (December 16, 2013). The results show several differences in the price levels and price dispersion between intermediaries in relation to the type of retailer and their geographical locations.
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Krishna, S. Manoj, G. Sharitha, P. Madhu Ganesh, G. V. Ajith Kumar, and G. Karthika. "Flight Ticket Price Prediction Using Regression Models." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41058.
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Abstract: Many people nowadays choose to travel by flights. The cost of an airline ticket has a significant impact on a traveller’s decision on which mode of transportation to use. A wide number of factors influence the price of an airline ticket, including social, competitive, marketing, and financial factors, among others. Every airline has a different technique for determining ticket prices. We can uncover the rules that airlines may use to model their fare variation using Machine Learning. In this project paper, we propose developing a web-based application for projecting the price of a flight ticket using Kaggle data, where the dataset contains various data related to 10,000 flights. The framework proposed will be used to simulate several regression algorithms for estimating projected flight fares. The model that will produce extremely accurate forecasts will be finalized, and it will solely be utilised to forecast the price. Keywords: regression, machine learning, model, prediction, algorithms
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Zheng, Jinzi, Jun Liu, and David B. Clarke. "Ticket Fare Optimization for China’s High-Speed Railway Based on Passenger Choice Behavior." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6237642.
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Although China’s high-speed railway (HSR) is maturing after more than ten years of construction and development, the load factor and revenue of HSR could still be improved by optimizing the ticket fare structure. Different from the present unitary and changeless fare structure, this paper explores the application of multigrade fares to China’s HSR. On the premise that only one fare grade can be offered for each origin-destination (O-D) at the same time, this paper addresses the questions of how to adjust ticket price over time to maximize the revenue. First, on the basis of piecewise pricing strategy, a ticket fare optimization model is built, which could be transformed to convex program to be solved. Then, based on the analysis of passenger arrival regularity using historical ticket data of Beijing-Shanghai HSR line, several experiments are performed using the method proposed in the paper to explore the properties of the optimal multigrade fare scheme.
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Yang, Ke, and Jun Fang Jia. "Urban Rail Transit Network Fare Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.753.
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This article analyzes the relevant factors of urban rail transit fare pricing. Some cities with metro network were selected to study the level of rail transit fares. By analyzing and comparing the characteristics of the networks, this article draws some conclusions and recommendations about the ticket pricing of urban rail transit.
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Chen, Xing, and Lei Shan Zhou. "The Research on Urban Rail Transit Ticket Pricing Based on System Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2166.
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Urban rail transit is occupying assume an increasingly important role in urban traffic areas as a means of urban public transport. This paper will analyze the various factors impacting the subway fares, and research the relationship between all the factors based on system dynamics, ultimately some suggestions formulated.
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Jamkatelsh, Bishnu Prasad. "An Analysis of the Customer Satisfaction from Service Quality of Himalaya Airlines." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 5, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v5i2.19641.
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The main objective of the study was to find out customer satisfaction of Himalaya airlines and analyzed the factors affecting customer satisfaction level. One hundred structured closed ended questionnaires were developed and distributed among the passengers who travelled through Himalaya airlines at Tribhuvan International airport (Kathmandu, Nepal) to collect data for result. In order to examine the effect, customer satisfaction was taken as dependent variable and ticket fares, airport services, employee behaviors, flight reliability and in-flight services were taken as independent variable. The users of Himalaya airlines in general were satisfied. It is suggested to the management to focus on fares in comparison with competitors.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-2: 69-71
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Bradley, Sebastien, and Naomi E. Feldman. "Hidden Baggage: Behavioral Responses to Changes in Airline Ticket Tax Disclosure." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 58–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190200.
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We examine the impact of a January 2012 enforcement action by the US Department of Transportation that required US air carriers and online travel agents to modify their web interfaces to incorporate all ticket taxes in up-front, advertised fares. We show that the more prominent display of tax-inclusive prices is associated with significant reductions in consumer tax incidence, demand, and ticket revenues along more heavily taxed itineraries. In particular, the fraction of unit taxes that airlines passed onto consumers fell by roughly 75 cents for every dollar of tax. These results present evidence of consumer inattention in a novel institutional setting featuring quasi-experimental variation in tax salience, economically significant tax amounts, and endogenous price responses. (JEL D91, H22, H25, H31, L84, L93)
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Tsai, Tsung-Hsien. "Homogeneous service with heterogeneous products: Relationships among airline ticket fares and purchase fences." Journal of Air Transport Management 55 (August 2016): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.05.008.
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Siniutsich, K. V. "Development of Public Transport Fare Payment Systems in the Republic of Belarus." Science & Technique 21, no. 4 (August 3, 2022): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-4-349-356.
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The Republic of Belarus uses traditional and modern systems of fare payment for public passenger transport. In the traditional system, paper tickets are used as proof of payment; such a system is common in all settlements of the country. Electronic tickets generated in mobile applications of various electronic systems, on physical media – contactless smart cards, as well as records of relevant transactions from bank card accounts are used in modern fare systems to confirm payment for a transport service. Both single trips and multiple travel tickets can be recorded in the form of an electronic ticket or an electronic entry on the contactless smart cards. The paper proposes measures aimed at increasing the level of payback of public passenger transport, analyzes the volume of passenger traffic for 2016–2020, the decisions of local authorities in force in the cities of Belarus that establish regulatory and cost indicators for fares in public passenger transport. The comparison of modern fare payment systems implemented in cities is carried out. TapXphone and T-PAY systems are recommended for distribution on public passenger transport in Belarusian cities on the basis of the comparison of the positive аnd negative aspects of the functioning of electronic fare collection systems from the position of a passenger and a carrier.
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Doundoulakis, Emmanouil, and Spiros Papaefthimiou. "Estimation of Air Emissions Externalities Due to Shipping: Analytical Methodological Framework." Climate 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10070100.
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The main objective of this paper is to present an analytical methodological framework for the estimation of the external costs of air emissions from passenger ships. We used as a case study the two main ports of Crete (Souda and Heraklion) and studied all passenger ferries and cruise vessels that visited these ports in the last 5 years (2017–2021). A detailed inventory was created containing all technical details for 10 passenger ferries (owned by three different shipping companies) operating every day, following various itineraries all year around, and 88 different cruise vessels (which approached both ports mainly during the summer period). The estimated external costs due to air emissions cover health effects, materials and building damages, biodiversity and crop losses. Two levels of calculations for the total external costs per pollutant were implemented. At the first level, a bottom-up approach was applied to accurately calculate the total annual air emissions (CO2, SOX, NOX, PM2.5, PM10), while for the second level, the cost factors per pollutant were used as input values to estimate the annual total external costs. One of the most important findings is that externalities comprise a significant amount of shipping companies’ revenues (about 25–35%), thus, implying a substantial revenue loss in the case that they would be asked to bear these costs. Assuming that ship owners will pass these costs on to ticket fares, an attempt is made to allocate the “externalities surcharge” (i.e., the burden of external costs) to ticket fares per transportation category.
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Brodeur, Jean-Paul. "Collective Punishment: Criminological Assessment: A Reply to Lipnowski's “A Partial Rehabilitation of the Principle of Collective Punishment”." Canadian journal of law and society 8, no. 1 (1993): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100002817.
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One of the former members of the U.S. Sentencing Commission was an economist who proposed the following reasoning during a conference on sentencing held in Ottawa in 1988. Since there was no doubt that doubling all fares for air travel would result, at least momentarily, in fewer customers using air transportation, it was presumed to follow at least as clearly that noticeably increasing the punishment for crime would result in fewer persons willing to engage in crime. What the economist had overlooked was that the probability that you would have to pay for your plane ticket at the increased rate is very high; actually, you cannot fly unless you have bought a ticket. In contrast, the probability that a criminal will be caught and suffer the consequences of his or her behavior is perceived to be rather low in the case of most criminals, and with regard to certain crimes, such as break and enter, is actually quite low. Hence, increasing criminal punishments will not deter criminals as automatically as raising the cost of air travel will deter potential customers.
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Sohet, Benoît, Olivier Beaude, Yezekael Hayel, and Alban Jeandin. "Optimal Incentives for Electric Vehicles at e-Park & Ride Hub with Renewable Energy Source." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040070.
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As electric vehicles’ penetration increases, more impacts on urban systems are observed and related to both driving (e.g., on traffic congestion and reduced pollution) and charging (e.g., on the electrical grid). Therefore, there is a need to design coupled incentive mechanisms. To propose and numerically evaluate such incentives, a game theory model is adopted. Its originality comes from the coupling between the charging cost and the driving decisions: to drive downtown or to charge at an e-Park & Ride hub with solar panels and then take public transport, in order to reach destination. Optimal ticket fares and solar park’s size are computed using real photovoltaic production data.
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Chou, Jui-Sheng, Citra S. Ongkowijoyo, Ngoc-Tri Ngo, and Shih-Yun Chen. "Evolutionary bi-level model for optimizing ticket fares and operations profit of Taiwan high-speed rail." Research in Transportation Business & Management 37 (December 2020): 100548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100548.
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Firmansyah, Nur Aldi, Achmad Wicaksono, and Muhammad Ruslin Anwar. "Evaluation of Penataran Train Fares During The Covid-19 Pandemic Using ATP-WTP Methods." Rekayasa Sipil 16, no. 3 (October 11, 2022): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2022.016.03.7.
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Indonesian Railways Company must increase the fare for the Penataran Train due to additional operational costs in providing the COVID-19 health protocol. On the other hand, people experience a reduction in monthly income due to the lack of activities outside the home. Ticket prices must be adjusted to determine the number of subsidies borne by the government. This study aims to evaluate the fare of the Penataran Train using the Ability To Pay (ATP) and Willingness To Pay (WTP) methods. Questionnaires have been distributed to 417 respondents using the Google Form application. The results showed that the ATP was higher than the WTP 1 without passenger expectations, and the ATP was lower than the WTP 2 with passenger expectations. Restriction of seating capacity is the most expected service by respondents. The recommended fare is IDR 33,478.00/trip, and the public service obligation is IDR 54,816.00/trip.
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Lee, Joonkyum, and Bumsoo Kim. "Airline Booking Limit Competition Game Under Differentiated Fare Structure." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i3.9950.
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We address a two-firm booking limit competition game in the airline industry. We assume aggregate common demand, and differentiated ticket fare and capacity, to make this study more realistic. A game theoretic approach is used to analyze the competition game. The optimal booking limits and the best response functions are derived. We show the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium and provide the closed-form equilibrium solution. The location of the Nash equilibrium depends on the relative magnitude of the ratios of the full and discount fares. We also show that the sum of the booking limits of the two firms remains the same regardless of the initial allocation proportion of the demand.
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Nasution, Abdillah Arif, Zul Azmi, Ikhsan Siregar, and Ikhsan Erlina. "Impact of Air Transport on the Indonesian Economy." MATEC Web of Conferences 236 (2018): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823602010.
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This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between air transportation and economic growth in Indonesia. The data used are annual time series data from 1990 to 2017 obtained from World Bank. Data analysis method used is method of Vector Error Corection Model (VECM). The results show that there is a relationship between air transport tax and economic growth in Indonesia. Where is the tax of air transport (passenger and goods) and economic growth (GDP). Based on the granger variable or passenger variables test results and the GDP variable indicates that it remains granger-related with significant 1 percent action. Based on these findings it is hoped that further research is suggested to examine the effect of ticket prices or air fares in order to improve economic growth in Indonesia.
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Dargay, J., and S. Pekkarinen. "Public Transport Pricing Policy: Empirical Evidence of Regional Bus Card Systems in Finland." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1604, no. 1 (January 1997): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1604-17.
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A research project is concerned with evaluating the effects of new integrated fare and ticket policies on bus use in Finland. The objective of the policy is to reduce energy consumption and the environmental effects of transport by encouraging a modal shift from cars to public transport. The scheme is based on introduction of a monthly regional bus card that offers a substantial discount on normal fares and that is valid from city center to smaller independent communities. The regional bus card is subsidized by local authorities and the state government. Estimates are presented of the fare elasticities of the demand for bus services in two regions in Finland—Oulu and Kuopio—where the regional bus card system has been introduced. The demand for bus cards and for travel with these cards is analyzed. The models used take into account different fare structures as well as the levels of fares, income, car-use costs, and service quality. The estimated elasticities indicate that in the medium-sized Finnish communities analyzed, the demand for both regional bus cards and trips when these cards are used are highly sensitive to price and income. The results are to be used in conjunction with other survey data for a preliminary assessment of the effect of the bus card system on bus patronage and car use.
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Currie, Graham, Alexa Delbosc, and James Reynolds. "Modeling Dwell Time for Streetcars in Melbourne, Australia, and Toronto, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2275, no. 1 (January 2012): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2275-03.
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Previous research indicates that dwell time is a major factor influencing transit competitiveness. Streetcars have particularly uncompetitive running times, but no research has explored influences on streetcar dwell time. There is also no analytical research on dwell time effects of stop design despite anecdotal evidence showing that platform stops have reduced streetcar dwell time. This paper presents an empirical study of factors affecting dwell time on streetcars in Melbourne, Australia, and Toronto, Canada. It focuses on tram stop design. Results show that payment of fares to drivers on entry in Toronto increases dwell time compared with onboard self-ticket validation in Melbourne (β = .26). For a typical case of 10 passengers boarding and five alighting, the Melbourne approach saves 9.4 s (48%) of dwell time compared with Toronto. Tram stop design, notably platform stops, was the next most significant factor affecting streetcar dwell time (β = -.18). For a typical case of 10 passengers boarding and five alighting, platform stops reduce dwell time by 6.6 s or 25%. A positive link between the number of doors on trams and dwell time was found; however, this is thought to result from insufficient examples of high boarding numbers on four-door trams. The results suggest that off-vehicle or postboarding ticket purchase and validation are significant strategies for reducing dwell time. Providing platform stops is also a potential strategy for reducing dwell time. Areas for future research are suggested.
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Tan, Shuman, Eun Sug Park, and Jinuk Hwang. "Impact of Fare Policy Changes on Paratransit Travel Options: METROLift Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119842126.
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The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County’s METROLift program implemented several revised fare policies on travel options available to eligible riders at the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. Fares changed on the METROLift paratransit single ticket and passes. A premium fare for the expanded service area and a smartcard—Freedom Q Card—that allows free ride on METRO’s fixed-route services were introduced. This paper documents analyses to determine the impact of the revised METROLift fare policies on travel patterns and travel frequency of METROLift riders. The authors used a linear segmented regression analysis to analyze data from an interrupted time series design. The results suggest that the revised fare policies controlled the growth of percentage of riders who use METROLift paratransit service in total ADA-eligible riders, while improved the awareness and willingness to use supplementary paratransit travel options, especially the fixed-route service in the base service area and the subsidy taxi service in the expanded service area.
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Cyril, Anila, Raviraj H. Mulangi, and Varghese George. "Bus Passenger Demand Modelling Using Time-Series Techniques- Big Data Analytics." Open Transportation Journal 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010041.
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Background: Public transport demand forecasting is the fundamental process of transport planning activity. It plays a pivotal role in the decision making, policy formulations and urban transport planning procedures. In this paper, public bus passenger demand forecasting model is developed using a novel approach. The empirical passenger demand for a bus depot is modelled and forecasted using a data-driven method. The big data generated by Electronic Ticketing Machines (ETM) used for issuing tickets and collecting fares is sourced as the data for demand modelling. This big data is time indexed and hence has the potential for use in time-series applications which were not previously explored. Objectives: This paper studies the application of time-series method for forecasting public bus passenger demand using ETM based time-series data. The time-series approach used is the four Holt-Winters’ modeling methods. Holt-Winters’ additive and multiplicative models with and without damping have been empirically compared in this study using the data from the inter-zonal buses. The data used in the study is a part of the transaction on ticket sales by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) maintained at the Trivandrum City depot of an Indian state Kerala, for the period between 2010 and 2013. The forecasting performance of four time-series models is compared using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the model goodness of fit is determined using information criteria. Conclusion: The forecasts indicate that multiplicative models with and without damping, which better account for seasonal variations, outperform the additive models.
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Kroes, Eric, and Fons Savelberg. "Substitution from Air to High-Speed Rail: The Case of Amsterdam Airport." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (April 3, 2019): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839952.
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In this paper we present the results of a study that aims to establish the potential for high-speed train travel as a substitute for short distance air travel at Amsterdam Airport. We investigated the 13 most important destinations that offer direct flights to and from Amsterdam Airport. Almost 40% of the air passengers travelling to/from these destinations are transfer passengers. Empirical evidence reveals that high-speed trains dominate the market for journeys of 2 hours or less, such as between Paris and Brussels. However, trains claim only a tiny market share of journeys longer than 5 to 6 hours; air travel dominates that market segment. Using these findings, we developed a model to estimate the substitution of air travel with high-speed train travel. The explanatory variables in this model are travel time, daily departure options, fares, and the inconvenience associated with transferring at airports. In a “minimum” scenario, we predict that in 2030 high-speed trains could replace approximately 1.9 million air journeys. This calculation is based on feasible reductions of train travel times and increased train frequencies for part of the rail network. In this scenario, Amsterdam–London accounts for more than three-quarters of the predicted substitution. In a “maximum” scenario, substitution could increase up to 3.7 million air journeys per year, provided that inconveniences for passengers when transferring at airports from plane to train are resolved and train ticket fares are reduced by 20%. These two scenarios imply a reduction of 2.5 to 5% of all flights to/from Amsterdam Airport in 2030.
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Xue, Yunqiang, Hongzhi Guan, Jonathan Corey, Huanmei Qin, Yan Han, and Jiaqi Ma. "Bilevel Programming Model of Private Capital Investment in Urban Public Transportation: Case Study of Jinan City." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/498121.
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Increasing public transportation subsidies have created fiscal pressures for governments. To ease this financial pressure, Chinese government strongly encourages private capital investment in public transportation. However, previous private capital investments in public transportation operations have largely failed, mainly due to low ticket fares that cannot support sustainable operations. To address this issue, several previous research projects have developed methods to facilitate private capital investment. The majority of the research focuses on qualitative analysis and value for money analysis. Our research proposed a new method of private capital investment in public transportation operations based on the concept of “passenger value.” The feasibility of the proposed method of private investment was analyzed quantitatively by constructing a bilevel programming model. The model was verified based on a sample analysis of Jinan city traffic. Results showed that effective private capital investment increases the total societal benefit from the public transportation system and additionally that the investment method considering “passenger value” is superior to the traditional one. A quantitative tool was provided by the model to evaluate private capital investment effects, design investment policies, and develop further research.
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Oka, I. Gusti Agung Ayu Mas, Dwi Chandra Yuniar, Dian Anggraini Purwaningtyas, and Nabilla Azzahra. "Analysis of Saturated Capacity on the Runway Based on Advisory Circular 150/5060-5 As a Study Material for Airport Management Learning." Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research 3, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v3i3.120.
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The demand for air transportation from year to year until 2018 continues to increase. However, in 2019 it decreased as a result of the increase in air ticket fares, as well as in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although demand is experiencing a decline, knowing airport capacity is important in airport planning, which is one of the disciplines studied in airport management. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the saturation capacity of the runway at Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin International Airport (SMB) II, using the method developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and specified in the Advisory Circular 150/5060-5. The results of this study can be used as study material in learning the field of airport management science. Based on the data obtained and processed, the results show that the saturation capacity of the runway per hour for runway 11 directions is 53 for Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and 49 Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Meanwhile, the direction of runway 29 is 50 in VFR conditions and 46 in IFR conditions. So that the average saturation capacity for both runway directions is 51 in VFR conditions and 48 in IFR conditions. This runway capacity calculation method cannot accommodate differences in the flight separation rules applied, so that this capacity will be achieved if Airnav Indonesia, Palembang Branch as the manager of flight navigation services at SMB II Airport applies the same rules as the FAA. The currently applied separation rules are relatively larger than those set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and also the FAA. As an ICAO member country, it is still possible to lower the separation rules set by ICAO to increase runway capacity.The conclusions of the research have been obtained from the analysis of the saturated capacity of the runway based on the advisory circular 150/5060-5 which has been used as a study material for learning in the field of airport management science.
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Marković Pavlović, Mirna. "Nastavak obrazovanja u uslovima neizvjesnosti - ulaznica za biro za zapošljavanje ili dobra menadžerska strategija?" Obrazovanje odraslih/Adult Education 13, no. 2 2013 (2013): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53617/issn2744-2047.2013.13.2.21.
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One of the, with increased regularity accented, interpretations of the bosnian-herzegovinian context suggests that institutions of higher education and the labour market implement two (innappropriately) separated policies. At the same time, young people try to improve their chances on the labour market through own assessment of risks and possibilities which might emerge if they continue their education. Is this investment (of time, material resources, enthusiasm) really convenient or at least proportional to the value of the expected outcome? It seems that this hypothesis will not be seiously considered before a person faces the (im)possibility of finding a job in her/his profession or faces the challenge of keeping a job, once she/he entered the labour market.
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Zakharenko, Volodymyr. "Модель побудови автоматизованої системи оплати проїзду та обліку пасажирів в міському громадському транспорті." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2022.4.11.
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The subject of research in this article is the management processes of the modern local public transportation system in that part of it, which directly relates to the direct interaction between the participants in the transportation process - passengers and transport companies. And specifically that part of it, which is responsible for the payment of residents' fares and the timely accounting of various categories of citizens, including those with benefits, which enables local budgetary institutions to more effectively perform financial settlements with carriers and, as a result, to increase the level of providing transport services to city residents. Modern reforming of transport systems in the city, primarily passenger ones, requires not only the regulation of the activities of transport enterprises by the state, but also the justification of methods and means of optimizing their activities. The current study proposes a modern model of an automated system of fare payment and passenger registration in public transportation, which includes several structural levels and material components. It is based on the use of contactless cards, which, according to the experience of recent years, are more effective in terms of reliability, security, speed, and cost. The material part of the system consists of a network of payment terminals, where the passenger can purchase a card or top up it, and a network of equipment on the transport, with the help of which the fare is paid. Each level of the system hierarchy, such as the level of executive devices, the level of automated workstations for administration, and the level of the central server node, allows you to get complete information about the state of the system in the shortest possible time, to generate the necessary reports, to make and as soon as possible to apply decisions on its management. Among the expected results of the implementation of this system is an increase in the level of accounting for passenger transportation services, the provision of complete and detailed information about the performed transport work, and one hundred percent accounting of the transportation of preferential categories of passengers. Conclusions. In a significant part, this system was implemented in the city of Kharkiv as an "Electronic ticket" system, which made it possible to receive complete, reliable and detailed information about passenger journeys by category by various modes of transport and routes; reduced operating costs of transport enterprises and introduce new products and means of payment. Among the most important prospects for the further development of research in this direction is the study of the possibility of using a virtual medium (mobile application) instead of a contactless card and the possibility of replenishing it in the user's personal account with the help of an appropriate online payment system.
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Wang, Feng Chao, Zhen Xiu Mo, and Cui Li. "Tickets Sales Policy for Two-Stage Fares Airline Considering Unidirectional Substitution of Cabin and Swapping Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4541.
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Tickets sales policy of two routes for two-stage fares airline are studied under the following three conditions in this paper: neither unidirectional substitution of cabin nor swapping applications is considered, only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, both unidirectional substitution of cabin and swapping applications are considered. We formulate the corresponding decision model and derive the optimal tickets amount and expected revenue. It shows that compared with the condition that neither unidirectional substitution of cabin nor swapping applications is considered, when only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, the expected optimal tickets amount and expected revenue increase; compared with the condition that only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, when both unidirectional substitution of cabin and swapping applications are considered, the expected optimal tickets amount and expected revenue increase.
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Sri Utari, MG Endang, and Dyah Maya Nihayah. "Analisis Permintaan Perjalanan Pengguna Jasa Kereta Api Eksekutif Rute Semarang-Jakarta." Economics Development Analysis Journal 5, no. 3 (March 14, 2018): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v5i3.22154.
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Penelitian ini berjutuan menganalisis pengaruh pendapatan konsumen, harga tiket kereta api, persepsi harga tiket pesawat, kualitas layanan, jenis kereta api, dan adanya tiket promo pesawat terhadap permintaan kereta api eksekutif Argo Muria dan Argo Sindoro Rute Semarang-Jakarta. Populasi penelitian ini adalah rata-rata penumpang Argo Muria dan Argo Sindoro per har, sedangkan jumlah sampel 160 orang diambil menggunakan rumus slovin dan teknik simple random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis menggunakan analisis regresi Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan konsumen, harga tiket kereta api Argo Muria dan Argo Sindoro serta adanya tiket promo pesawat berpengaruh terhadap jumlah permintaan kereta api eksekutif Argo Muria dan Argo Sindoro.
Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) this paper aims to analyze the effect of: railway passenger’s income, railway fares, perception of air travel fares, railway service performance, types of trains and air promo travel tickets to the demand of executive class railway route Semarang-Jakarta. The population of this research are passenger of Argo Muria and Argo Sindoro an average each day, amount of sample are 160 people was taken by slovin formula and simple random sampling. The method of accumulating data used questionnaire, interview and documentation. The result shows that the railway passenger’s income have positive income to executive railway demand. An increase executive railway fares will result in decrease executive railway demand. The air promo travel tickets have positive effect to difference of executive class railway demand caused passenger’s decision to move in air plane or unturned by railway.
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Zebua, Yakub Anuyuta, Daniel Ryan Hamonangan Sitompul, Stiven Hamonangan Sinurat, Andreas Situmorang, Ruben Ruben, Dennis Jusuf Ziegel, and Evta Indra. "PREDIKSI PENETAPAN TARIF PENERBANGAN MENGGUNAKAN AUTO-ML DENGAN ALGORITMA RANDOM FOREST." Jurnal Teknik Informasi dan Komputer (Tekinkom) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.37600/tekinkom.v5i1.508.
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With so many airlines competing with each other, airlines are competing to become the consumer/market's main choice, but to achieve this, there is no airline strategy that can predict the price of airline tickets according to market needs. To meet the needs of airlines, we need a way to determine the price of airline tickets according to market needs with the help of the influence of technology and information. This research method was carried out using Google Collaboratory as a media to create a data model automated machine learning (AutoML) with the Random Forest, Logistic Regression and Gradient Boosting Regressor algorithms. In this study, the model that produced the highest R2 value and the lowest RMSE was a random forest with an R2 value of 83.91% and an RMSE of $175.9. However, from the three models, Random Forest got a change in accuracy of 1.96% to 85.87. To assist in predicting the determination of flight fares, airline companies can more easily and be alert to determine flight fares that are in accordance with the market. Therefore, Random Forest can be declared better than Logistic Regression and Gradient Boosting models. The Random Forest model that has been created can be used to predict in real-time using Machine Learning.
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Law, Rob, Basak Denizci Guillet, and Rosanna Leung. "An Analysis of The Lowest Fares and Shortest Durations for Air-Tickets on Travel Agency Websites." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 27, no. 6 (September 3, 2010): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.507159.
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Feys, Torsten. "Prepaid tickets to the New World: the New York Continental Conference and transatlantic steerage Fares 1885–1895." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, no. 2 (2008): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000318.
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RESUMENEste artículo examina la situación de los cárteles del transporte naviero (conferencias) que regularon el transporte migratorio transatlántico del continente europeo a los Estados Unidos. El objetivo del artículo es identificar las presiones internas y externas subyacentes a estos acuerdos, así como las estrategias empleadas para neutralizar estas presiones. El autor llega a la conclusión de que un acuerdo sobre la división del mercado en quatos (market shares) era esencial para la eficacia de la Conferencia, que era al mismo tiempo una forma de integración horizontal que regulaban la competencia entre las compañías de transporte naviero, así como una integración vertical para obtener el control sobre la red de agentes transatlánticos de venta de billetes a la emigración. El autor correlaciona también la eficacia de los acuerdos con las tarifas para emigrantes y los costes de la migración.
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Wang, Xunhua, and Hua Lin. "PAKE on the Web." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 3, no. 4 (October 2009): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2009100103.
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Unlike existing password authentication mechanisms on the web that use passwords for client-side authentication only, password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocols provide mutual authentication. In this article, we present an architecture to integrate existing PAKE protocols to the web. Our integration design consists of the client-side part and the server-side part. First, we implement the PAKE client-side functionality with a web browser plug-in, which provides a secure implementation base. The plug-in has a log-in window that can be customized by a user when the plug-in is installed. By checking the user-specific information in a log-in window, an ordinary user can easily detect a fake log-in window created by mobile code. The server-side integration comprises a web interface and a PAKE server. After a successful PAKE mutual authentication, the PAKE plug-in receives a one-time ticket and passes it to the web browser. The web browser authenticates itself by presenting this ticket over HTTPS to the web server. The plug-in then fades away and subsequent web browsing remains the same as usual, requiring no extra user education. Our integration design supports centralized log-ins for web applications from different web sites, making it appropriate for digital identity management. A prototype is developed to validate our design. Since PAKE protocols use passwords for mutual authentication, we believe that the deployment of this design will significantly mitigate the risk of phishing attacks.
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Zadorozhnyi, Zenovii-Mykhaylo, Volodymyr Muravskyi, Mariya Shesternyak, and Anna Hrytsyshyn. "Innovative NFC-validation system for accounting of income and expenses of public transport enterprises." Marketing and Management of Innovations 1, no. 1 (2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.1-06.
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To control pricing in passenger transportation, monitor the functioning of urban transport networks, reduce direct contacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is advisable to implement a system of NFC validation of fares. NFC (Near-Field Communication) technology provides primary information on public transport and travel fares. The article aims to improve the method of application of the technology of automated NFC-validation of fares in urban passenger transport to account for and control provided transport services. The tasks include research of mechanisms of the automated identification and counting of quantity of the transported passengers to account incomes of the motor transport enterprises; selection of calculation units for automated determination of the cost of provided transport services; development of control methods of drivers work, the operation of vehicles, transportation of privileged categories of citizens, pricing, etc. Theoretical and methodological aspects of NFC-validation technologies for public transport fares for accounting purposes have been studied based on general research methods – institutional and innovative; economic and mathematical methods of analysis and polynomial trend using Excel spreadsheets were used to predict the pace of implementation of NFC-devices; methods of bibliographic and comparative analysis using the information resource «ResearchGate»– to determine promising areas for new technologies in the provision of transport and passenger services. It is proved that the most effective unit of cost calculation of transport services is «passenger-kilometer», which corresponds to the peculiarities of the functioning of urban passenger transport, as it takes into account the number of passengers and distance of travel. The procedure for distribution of income from the sale of electronic tickets and budget subsidies between carriers based on information on the total number (including privileged categories) of transported passengers has been developed. The method of automated cost accounting by the «passenger-kilometer» meter for fuels and lubricants, staff salaries, depreciation of vehicles, and its current repairs, which define the cost of transport services, is improved. Implementing NFC fare validation technology will facilitate automated accounting of costs, revenues, and cash receipts from transport services, the introduction of effective control over the work of drivers, vehicles, concessional transportation, pricing, timeliness, and reliability taxes on urban transport.
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Póvoa, Helena, and Alessandro V. M. Oliveira. "Econometric analysis to estimate the impact of holidays on airfares." Journal of Transport Literature 7, no. 2 (April 2013): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2238-10312013000200015.
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The number of air transportation passengers during the holidays in Brazil has grown notably since the late nineties. One of the reasons is greater competition in airfares made possible by economic liberalization. This paper presents an econometric model of airline pricing aiming at estimating the impacts of holiday periods on fares, with special emphasis on three-day holiday events. It makes use of a database with daily collected data from the internet between 2008 and 2010 for the major Brazilian city, São Paulo. The econometric panel data model employs a two-way error components "within" estimator, controlling for airline/airport-pair fixed effect along with quotation and departure months effects. The decomposition of time effects between quotation and departure month effects is the main methodological contribution of the paper. Results allow for a comparative analysis of the performance of São Paulo's downtown and international airports -respectively, Congonhas (CGH), and Guarulhos (GRU) airports. As a result, the price of tickets bought 60 days in advance for flights with two stops leaving from the downtown airport fell by most.
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Figueroa B., Eugenio, and Elena S. Rotarou. "Island Tourism-Based Sustainable Development at a Crossroads: Facing the Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 10081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810081.
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Tourism is often seen as the ‘golden ticket’ for the development of many islands. The current COVID-19 pandemic, however, has ground global tourism to a halt. In particular, islands that depend heavily on tourist inflows—including mass-tourism islands, and small island developing states (SIDS)—have seen their revenues diminish significantly, and poverty rates increasing. Some alternative-tourism islands have fared better, as they have focused on providing personalized, nature-based experiences to mostly domestic tourists. This article focuses on the experiences of mass-tourism islands, SIDS, and alternative-tourism islands during the COVID-19 pandemic, and offers possible post-pandemic scenarios, as well as recommendations for sustainable island tourism development. Although the pandemic has largely had a negative impact on the tourism sector, this is a unique opportunity for many islands to review the paradigm of tourism development. In this newly emerging world, and under a still very uncertain future scenario, the quadriptych of sustainability is more important than ever. Responsible governance and management of islands’ natural resources and their tourism activities, addressing climate change impacts, the diversification of islands’ economies, and the promotion of innovative and personalized tourist experiences are all necessary steps towards increasing islands’ resilience in case of future economic downturn or health- and environment-related crises.
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Reyes, Augustina. "Compulsory School Attendance: The New American Crime." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030075.
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A mom walks up to the District Attorney’s desk in the Justice of the Peace Court with a total of six tickets as a result of her low-income children’s truancy, three in her name and one for each of her three children. She faces the possibility of having to pay anywhere from $510 to $2010 in court costs and fines. Luckily for this mother, her children’s cases can be dismissed if she and the children comply with the Judge’s probation terms. In this Court, the court costs are actually at the lowest end of the range for the price established by the state; some judges can charge as much as $150 per case and $500 fines per offense. In this instance, the costs are $85 per person, $340 total for the mother and the three children. Those costs cannot be waived and must be paid, regardless of family income. The judge may waive the fine if the parent and the students complete the community service assigned by the judge.
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Puspitasari, Chory, Paryudi Prayudi, and Christina Rochayanti. "PENGEMBANGAN MODEL KOMUNIKASI DALAM PENGELOLAAN OBYEK WISATA." Paradigma: Jurnal Masalah Sosial, Politik, dan Kebijakan 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v24i1.5025.
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The development of the Lava Tour Merapi tourism object is a special attraction for tourists, but in its management the regency tourism office faces obstacles from local residents who first managed the tourism object after the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010. The research objective was to find the communication pattern of the Sleman Regency tourism office with local residents. tourism site. A qualitative approach, by conducting interviews, observation and data analysis. Groupthink Theory, which is a decision-making process that occurs in the manager of the Merapi Lava Tour and the Tourism Office. The results of this study indicate that the Tourism Office has maximally provided services, by not taking over tourism objects, instead the Tourism Office helps in collecting fees so that when there are things that are not desired, Jasa Raharja's insurance can apply when purchasing retribution tickets legally. The communication pattern carried out by the Tourism Office is indeed ineffective, because there is no clear flow between the Dinas and managers and community members.
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Wouters, Mia. "Simplification of the European Code of Conduct for Computer Reservation Systems (CRS)." Air and Space Law 36, Issue 1 (February 1, 2011): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2011005.
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No matter how good your product or service is, if you either lack the means of informing the public of its availability, or if you fail to have an efficient distribution system, your goods will remain on the shelf . . . unsold. Success will largely depend, first, on your ability to bring what you have to offer to the attention of a buyer and, second, to make it readily available for easy purchase. Air transport does not escape this basic principle of commerce. There is very little which is more vital to an airline than its ability to keep potential passengers informed of what is on offer and to facilitate the intended purchase. Airlines sell a service that may not be stored and is perishable in nature. Airline capacity has an exceptionally short shelf life; once an aircraft takes off, any empty seat is lost forever. Take this together with the high proportion of fixed and operational costs and it means that the loss or gain of only a few seats can often determine whether or not a flight will be profitable. Seat inventory constantly needs to be matched by demand before the seats perish. By matching passenger demand, airlines manipulate the number of seats for which discounts are offered and will adjust fares accordingly. The result is that fares on surplus seats change constantly. In an environment that is increasingly defined in terms of alliances and code sharing, Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) are probably the most well-adapted technological medium to satisfy the vending of tickets under such market requirements. A CRS consists of a database that holds information on schedules, seat availability, and fares of all its participating airlines. This database may be accessed by travel agencies having entered into a subscriber agreement with a CRS. Because of their high-speed processing and real-time links to most airlines, CRSs are capable of continually updating any fare for any given segment. CRSs hence became the prime marketing tools used to distribute the airline’s seat availability and its fares to the public. Ancillary products, such as hotel reservations, car rentals, and other modes of transport, were subsequently added to the CRS content. Since their inception in the 1980s, CRSs enjoyed a privileged marketing position for nearly two decades. It should, however, also be recognized that CRSs were the constant focus of investment by which they remained at the cutting edge of new technology. During the last decade, the steady position of the CRSs has started to show signs of weakness. Airlines, having set up the CRSs as an instrument to ensure effective distribution of their services, progressively abandoned their creation and actively looked for other, cheaper ways of distributing their services and products. At the onset of the airlines’ technological efforts to bypass or replace the CRSs, the airlines neglected to continually upgrade the technology of the CRSs. The technology did improve, however, largely because airlines started to integrate the existing CRS technology with other sales vehicles. This allowed the airlines to gain sales power offset the monopolistic trend of the CRSs. This trend, taken together with the disinvestment of airline ownership in the CRSs, spurred legislators to abandon or to relax the implementation of legal requirements when operating a CRS.
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Irmayani and Rahmi Usman. "CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF VAN DIJK ON VOI NEWS OF FORMULA E “JAKARTA E-PRIX” IN POLITICAL ISSUES." JLE: Journal of Literate of English Education Study Program 3, no. 01 (July 28, 2022): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/jle.v3i01.1081.
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This research aimed to explain about hot the news was constructed by reporter and also how media institution ideology and the narration an issue spread to public affect to the characteristic of certain news. The object of the research was five news about Formula E posted by online news portal, VOI where the tittles were: “A Condition That Must Be Fulfilled By Formula E If You Want To Get Support From PDIP,” “Sahroni Sindir No BUMN Sponsors Formula E: Sorry, BUMN Is Part Of The Republic Of Indonesia, Right?,” “Erick Thohir Reluctant to Comment on BUMN Not Sponsoring Formula E, Arya Sinulingga Gives Comprehensive Explanation,“ “Anies Baswedan: Formula E Has No Handlers!,” and ”Formula E Tickets Sold Out Ahmad Sahroni, Denny Siregar: There Must Be Saved Faces to be Nominated In 2024.” This research used critical discourse analysis in analyzing the texts through using Van Dijk’s theory. Van Dijk’s model focused on the text, social cognition and social context analysis. The result revealed that most of VOI news about Formula E is presented in political perspective and in presenting the news about Formula E, despite of had dynamic characteristic in particular perspective either the central government who represented by BUMN or Formula E committee and Anies Baswedan as Governor of DKI Jakarta, but VOI tend to bias in presenting particular person and group.
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Bennett, Neil G., David E. Bloom, and Maddalena Ferranna. "Factors underlying COVID-19 vaccine and booster hesitancy and refusal, and incentivizing vaccine adoption." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 22, 2022): e0274529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274529.
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The paper investigates the factors underlying COVID-19 vaccine and booster hesitancy in the United States, and the efficacy of various incentives or disincentives to expand uptake. We use cross-sectional, national survey data on 3,497 U.S. adults collected online from September 10, 2021 to October 20, 2021 through the Qualtrics platform. Results from a multinomial logistic regression reveal that hesitancy and refusal were greatest among those who expressed a lack of trust either in government or in the vaccine’s efficacy (hesitancy relative risk ratio, or RRR: 2.86, 95% CI: 2.13–3.83, p<0.001). Hesitancy and refusal were lowest among those who typically get a flu vaccine (hesitancy RRR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.21–0.36, p<0.001; refusal RRR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.05–0.13, p<0.001). Similar results hold for the intention to get a booster shot among the fully vaccinated. Monetary rewards (i.e., lottery ticket and gift cards) fared poorly in moving people toward vaccination. In contrast, the prospect of job loss or increased health insurance premiums was found to significantly increase vaccine uptake, by 8.7 percentage points (p<0.001) and 9.4 percentage points (p<0.001), respectively. We also show that the motivations underlying individuals’ hesitancy or refusal to get vaccinated vary, which, in turn, suggests that messaging must be refined and directed accordingly. Also, moving forward, it may be fruitful to more deeply study the intriguing possibility that expanding flu vaccine uptake may also enhance willingness to vaccinate in times of pandemics. Last, disincentives such as work-based vaccination mandates that would result in job loss or higher health insurance premiums for those who refuse vaccination should be strongly considered to improve vaccine uptake in the effort to address the common good.
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Lloyd, Sarah. "Pleasing Spectacles and Elegant Dinners: Conviviality, Benevolence, and Charity Anniversaries in Eighteenth-Century London." Journal of British Studies 41, no. 1 (January 2002): 23–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386253.
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As the number and interests of charitable institutions expanded throughout Britain during the eighteenth century, so special fund-raising events, anniversary celebrations, and meetings multiplied. During 1775, for example, the major metropolitan charities and a plethora of minor benevolent societies courted middle- and upper-class Londoners with invitations to concerts and exhibitions. Men could support various hospitals and other good causes by dining in taverns and City Livery Halls in company with civic and ecclesiastical dignitaries, even noble and royal dukes. Both men and women might attend charities' anniversary services, ornamented with special music and a sermon, choosing among dispensaries, hospitals, lying-in charities, religious societies, and various efforts to reform and reclaim the poor for public benefit. On Sundays, armed with tickets, special prayer books, and even keys to their rented pews, women and men might attend the chapel of a philanthropic institution. Alternatively, they could listen to a fund-raising sermon and watch charity-school children arrayed in the gallery of a parish church. Toward the end of the year, they might pay half a guinea each to hear Handel's Messiah in the Foundling Hospital Chapel or go to Covent Garden and Drury Lane to watch tragedies and farces. Charitable activity thus extended beyond churches, alms, and sermons into the theater. It spilled onto the streets as gentlemen processed to dinner; it accompanied art and music. Conversely, waves of fashion drove visitors to one philanthropic institution or another to see deserving recipients, hear a particularly popular preacher, or to be observed themselves.
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LEE, A. ROBERT. "US Multicultural Pathways." Journal of American Studies 39, no. 2 (August 2005): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875805009722.
Full textAbstract:
Emily S. Rosenberg, A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003, £18.95). Pp. 248. ISBN 0 8223 3206.Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, £12.95). Pp. 322. ISBN 0 674 01118 X.Tetsuden Kashima, Judgment without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003, $35.00). Pp. 336. ISBN 0 295 98299 3.Gerald Early, This Is Where I Came in: Black America in the 1960s (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, Abraham Lincoln Lecture Series, 2003, £11. 50). Pp. 144. ISBN 0 80302 1823 0.Deborah Davis Jackson, Our Elders Lived It: American Indian Identity in the City (DeKalb, IL: University of Northern Illinois Press, 2002, $20.00). Pp. 191. ISBN 0 87580 591 4.Yen Le Espiritu, Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2003, $21.95). Pp. 271. ISBN 0 520 23527 4.Elizabeth Boosahda, Arab-American Faces and Voices: The Origins of an Immigrant Community (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 2003, £18.95). Pp. 288. ISBN 0 292 70919 6.John Kerry, patrician Massachusetts liberal, war hero, and yet dissident from the Vietnam era, vies for the 2004 presidency against George Bush, White House dynastic Republican, self-nominated caring conservative, and yet hard-edged ideologue. Notwithstanding Kerry's Catholicism, or his Jewish family line, both candidates hold sway as heirs to WASP cultural style bolstered by considerable personal fortunes. Howard Dean, New York MD and former Vermont governor, and like Kerry and Bush a Yale graduate, storms the early polls by his activist left-liberal agenda and Internet fundraising. John Edwards, North Carolina senator, personal injuries lawyer, and up-from-the-ranks millionaire, his father a textile factory worker and his mother a postal office employee, conducts a widely agreed good race for the Democratic Party nomination before joining the ticket as would-be Vice President. Had multiculturalism led to any shift of paradigm in connection with canonical whiteness? Or, to put matters more plainly, were not the front-runners once again executive white men, whatever their respective merits or social origins?
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Morrissey, Amelia, and Tolu Oke. "Fare-Capping Impact Analysis Using Mobile Ticket Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, March 21, 2022, 036119812210825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981221082529.
Full textAbstract:
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, transit agencies experienced ridership and revenue losses alongside operating cost increases. At the same time, transit was further highlighted as an essential public good alongside essential workers who relied on transit to conduct a range of services in critical industries, thus emphasizing the role of transit in promoting accessibility, equity, and economic opportunity. In grappling with the current volatile environment, including the ongoing travel and financial uncertainties from the pandemic, transit agencies have attempted to delicately balance fares and financing. In turn, many have considered progressive fare policies such as fare capping. For transit agencies seeking innovative fare changes, fare impact and equity analyses are necessary to better understand how riders respond to fares and changes in fares, and how changes to fares and ridership affect accessibility, equity, revenue, and funding. With the increased use of mobile ticketing, small to mid-sized transit agencies now have access to detailed rider behavior data that can be used to estimate rider responses to fare structure changes. In this paper, we present a multinomial logit fare product choice model that uses rider insight from a sample of mobile ticketing data to account for switching between fare products. We apply the model to forecast the ridership response to incremental fare changes and fare capping.
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Khandelwal, Kunal, Atharva Sawarkar, and Swati Hira. "Novel Approach for Fare Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques." International Journal of Next-Generation Computing, November 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47164/ijngc.v12i5.451.
Full textAbstract:
A survey suggests that the Flight and Cab fares vary according to various factors like location, time of the day, etc. The airline companies put into effect dynamic pricing for the flight tickets. Also, it changes with the festival, holiday season and weekends. So, what’s an excellent time to buy a flight ticket? The same can be seen with cabs as well, where the fare depends upon the number of passengers, traffic, etc. The seller has information about all of the factors, but the buyers are able to access the information that is limited through which we cannot predict the tariffs. Considering the characteristics like time of departure, the number of days left for departure and time of the day, it’ll give the prime time to purchase the ticket. Likewise, the cab companies like Uber and Ola use factors like traffic in a particular location, demand and supply factors, for example when the demand for cabs is high there is a hike in prices but when the demand for cabs is not high the prices are calculated normally according to their algorithm. Availability of drivers and type of car to travel in are also crucial factors in determining the cab fares. The motive of the paper is to analyse the factors that influence the deviation within the tariffs and the way they’re associated with the change within the prices. The impetus for the research paper is to inspect the elements which have an impact on the deviations in the tariffs and how they could be related to the variation within the prices. Using this data, build an algorithm that can assist buyers to buy a ticket at an optimal time when they get the maximum benefits and minimum fares.