Journal articles: 'TIB'

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Harfouche, Tieme Breternitz, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Marieli Ruza, and Alexandre Behling. "USO DE APLICATIVOS EM SMARTPHONE PARA MEDIÇÕES DE ÁRVORES." BIOFIX Scientific Journal 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/biofix.v4i1.62532.

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Este trabalho visou verificar a precisão de aplicativos de smartphone para medir indiretamente a altura de árvores e a distância entre o operador e a árvore. Como testemunha para medir altura, adotou-se o Hipsômetro Vertex IV (T0a) e, para distância, a variável medida com trena (T0b). Foram selecionadas 30 árvores isoladas do Campus da Universidade Federal do Paraná em Curitiba - PR e 30 árvores pertencentes à um plantio de Eucalyptus sp. na Fazenda Experimental Canguiri em Pinhais – PR. Foram 7 tratamentos testados para altura: Smart Measure (T1a), sMeasure (T2a), Distance meter (T3a), Hypsometer (T4a), 3D-Prumo (T5a), Height and Distance (T6a) e Tree-H (T7a). Foram 8 tratamentos para medir distância: Smart Measure (T1b), sMeasure (T2b), Distance meter (T3b), Hypsometer (T4b), 3D-Prumo (T5b), Height and Distance (T6b), Easy Measure (T7b) e Smart Distance (T8b). Avaliou-se a precisão dos aplicativos com o teste t de Student pareado com 5% de significância em relação às testemunhas e cálculo dos erros. Para altura em árvores isoladas, o tratamento T2a apresentou diferença estatística a probabilidade de 5%. O tratamento T6a obteve menor erro (2,48 m). No plantio de Eucalyptus sp., os tratamentos T1a, T6a e T7a apresentaram diferenças significativas e T3a obteve menor erro (2,99 m). Para a medição de distância em árvores isoladas, os tratamentos T4b e T6b não apresentaram diferença e T4b apresentou menor erro (2,28 m). No plantio, todos apresentaram diferença estatística. A incorporação de aplicativos para smartphones é alternativa para uso em inventários florestais para alturas. Para distâncias, deve-se ter cautela.

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Lindenthal, Christoph, and Eric A. Elsinghorst. "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli TibA Glycoprotein Adheres to Human Intestine Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.1.52-57.2001.

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ABSTRACT Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is capable of invading epithelial cell lines derived from the human ileum and colon. Two separate invasion loci (tia and tib) that direct noninvasive E. coli strains to adhere to and invade cultured human intestine epithelial cells have previously been isolated from the classical ETEC strain H10407 . The tib locus directs the synthesis of TibA, a 104-kDa outer membrane glycoprotein. Synthesis of TibA is directly correlated with the adherence and invasion phenotypes of the tib locus, suggesting that this protein is an adhesin and invasin. Here we report the purification of TibA and characterization of its biological activity. TibA was purified by continuous-elution preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified TibA was biotin labeled and then shown to bind to HCT8 human ileocecal epithelial cells in a specific and saturable manner. Unlabeled TibA competed with biotin-labeled TibA, suggesting the presence of a specific TibA receptor in HCT8 cells. These results show that TibA acts as an adhesin. Polyclonal anti-TibA antiserum inhibited invasion of ETEC strain H10407 and of recombinantE. coli bearing tib locus clones, suggesting that TibA also acts as an invasin. The ability of TibA to direct epithelial cell adhesion suggests a role for this protein in ETEC pathogenesis.

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Lindenthal, Christoph, and Eric A. Elsinghorst. "Identification of a Glycoprotein Produced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 4084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.8.4084-4091.1999.

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ABSTRACT Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain H10407 is capable of invading epithelial cell lines derived from the human ileocecum and colon in vitro. Two separate chromosomally encoded invasion loci (tia and tib) have been cloned from this strain. These loci direct nonadherent and noninvasive laboratory strains of E. coli to adhere to and invade cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. The tib locus directs the synthesis of TibA, a 104-kDa outer membrane protein that is directly correlated with the adherence and invasion phenotypes. TibA is synthesized as a 100-kDa precursor (preTibA) that must be modified for biological activity. Outer membranes of recombinant E. coliexpressing TibA or preTibA were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted to nitrocellulose. The presence of glycoproteins was detected by oxidization of carbohydrates with periodate and labeling with hydrazide-conjugated digoxigenin. Only TibA could be detected as a glycoprotein. Complementation experiments with tib deletion mutants of ETEC strain H10407 demonstrate that the TibA glycoprotein is expressed in H10407, that the entire tib locus is required for TibA synthesis, and that TibA is the only glycoprotein produced by H10407. Protease treatment of intact H10407 cells removes the carbohydrates on TibA, suggesting that they are surface exposed. TibA shows homology with AIDA-I from diffuse-adhering E. coliand with pertactin precursor from Bordetella pertussis. Both pertactin and AIDA-I are members of the autotransporter family of outer membrane proteins and are afimbrial adhesins that play an important role in the virulence of these organisms. Analysis of the predicted TibA amino acid sequence indicates that TibA is also an autotransporter. Analysis of the tib locus DNA sequence revealed an open reading frame with similarity to RfaQ, a glycosyltransferase. The product of this tib locus open reading frame is proposed to be responsible for TibA modification. These results suggest that TibA glycoprotein acts as an adhesin that may participate in the disease process.

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Cui, Hai Long, Zhong Min Zhao, Long Zhang, and Xue Gang Huang. "Microstructure and Fracture Behavior of the Joint of Solidified TiB₂ Ceramic with Ti-6Al-4V Achieved by Reaction Fusion Bonding in Ultrahigh-Gravity Field." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.90.

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Based on taking combustion synthesis in ultrahigh-gravity field to prepare solidified TiC-TiB2 ceramic, laminated composite of TiC-TiB2 to Ti-6Al-4V was successfully obtained by fusion bonding, and within the joint there achieved multi-scale (micron-submicron-micro-nano) and multi-level (TiC1-x-TiB-TiB2 + TiB2-Ti-TiC1-x-TiB + TiB2-TiC1-x-TiB-Ti + TiB-TiC1-x-Ti + TiC1-x-Ti + Ti) composite structures characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB phases. As micro-nano TiB2, TiB platelets and needle-like nano TiB grains at the joint area initiated residual stress toughening and pinning at crack tip, while Ti phases initiated ductile phase toughening and subsequent bridging in crack-tip wake, a typical delayed fracture under external stress was manifested obviously in the joint of TiC-TiB2 to Ti-6Al-4V. As a result, the shear fracture of the joint of ceramic toTi-6Al-4V alloy usually occurred in solidified area of Ti alloy rather than the joint, and the shear strength between the ceramic and Ti alloy was maintained at 375 ± 55 MPa.

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Cui, Hai Long, Zhong Min Zhao, and Long Zhang. "Composite of TiC-TiB₂ Ceramic with Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared by Combustion Synthesis in Ultrahigh Gravity Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.134.

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Based on taking combustion synthesis into high-gravity field to fabricate high-hardness bulk solidified TiC-TiB2 composite, layered composite of solidified TiC-TiB2 ceramic to Ti-6Al-4V alloy was obtained by the introduction of Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates at the bottom of graphite crucible. XRD, FESEM and EDS results showed that the layered composite was achieved in multi-scale (micron/submicron/micro-nanometer) and multi-level (TiC1-x-TiB-TiB2 + TiB2-Ti-TiC1-x-TiB + TiB2-TiC1-x-TiB-Ti + TiB-TiC1-x-Ti + TiC1-x-Ti + Ti) graded microstructure between the ceramic and Ti alloy, which was characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB, thereby paving a new way for developing light-weight materials for special engineering.

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Sahay, S. S., K. S. Ravichandran, R. Atri, B. Chen, and J. Rubin. "Evolution of microstructure and phases in in situ processed Ti–TiB composites containing high volume fractions of TiB whiskers." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 11 (November 1999): 4214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0571.

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A series of titanium composites, with varying volume fractions of titanium monoboride (TiB) whiskers, were made by mixing various proportions of titanium (Ti) and titanium diboride (TiB2) powders followed by hot pressing. The phases present were identified by x-ray diffraction. Microstructural examination revealed three different types of TiB whisker morphologies: (i) long and needle-shaped TiB whiskers that are isolated and randomly oriented in the Ti matrix at relatively low volume fractions (0.3), (ii) colonies of refined and densely packed TiB whiskers from intermediatevolume (0.55) to high volume (0.73 and 0.86) fractions, and (iii) coarse and elongated TiB particles with a few needle-shaped whiskers at the highest volume fraction (0.92). In all the composites, TiB was found to be the predominant reinforcement. However, in Ti–TiB composites with 0.86 and 0.92 volume fractions of TiB, a significant amount of TiB2 was also present. The relative volume fractions of Ti, TiB, and TiB2 phases were estimated from the integrated intensities of diffraction peaks by the direct comparison method employing the calculated structure factors and Lorentz polarization factors. The composite microstructure, as well as the evolution of different morphologies, of TiB whiskers is discussed.

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Ding, Long-Xian, Keijiro Nakasa, Masahiko Kato, and Takashi Tachiyama. "Fabrication of TiB-TiC, TiB-TiN and TiB₂-TiC Composites and Their Bonding to Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by Spark and Resistance Sintering." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 66, no. 6 (2002): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.66.6_597.

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8

Zherebtsov, S., M. Ozerov, M. Klimova, D. Klimenko, V. Sokolovsky, and N. Stepanov. "Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-based metal-matrix composites during hot deformation." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 12016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032112016.

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Two Ti-based composites, viz. Ti/TiB and Ti-15Mo/TiB were produced by spark plasma sintering using a Ti-10wt.%TiB2 powder mixture at 1000°C or Ti-14.25(wt.)%Mo-5(wt.)%TiB2 powder mixture at 1400°C, respectively. Specimens of the metal-matrix composites (MMCs) were subjected to uniaxial compression in the temperature range from 500 to 1050°С to determine processing window. Processing maps for both MMCs were constructed and analyzed. Mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of both MMCs during multiaxial forging (MAF) at 700°C and at a strain rate 10-3 s-1 were studied. The flow stress for the Ti-15Mo/TiB MMC during MAF was ∼2 times higher than that for the Ti/TiB composite. Microstructure evolution during MAF of Ti/TiB MMC was associated with continuous dynamic recrystallization of the titanium matrix and shortening of TiB whiskers by a factor of ~3. The Ti-15Mo/TiB composite microstructure after did not demonstrate the development of recrystallization.

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Song, Ya Lin, Bao Jun Wu, Long Zhang, and Zhong Min Zhao. "Ballistic Performance of Laminated Composite with TiB₂ Based Ceramic to Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Continuously-Graded Microstructure." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.357.

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Laminated composite of TiB2 based ceramic to Ti-6Al-V alloy in graded microstructure were achieved by combustion synthesis in ultra-high gravity field. XRD and FESEM results showed the presence of the graded microstructures at the joint which was characterized by multilevel (TiC1-x-TiB-TiB2 + TiB2-Ti-TiC1-x-TiB + TiB2-TiC1-x-TiB-Ti + TiB-TiC1-x-Ti + TiC1-x-Ti) and multiscale (micro-submicro-nano) of the size and the distribution of TiB2 phases and TiB phases. It was considered that liquid fusion, atomic interdiffusion and a series of metallurgical reaction during solidification were reasoned for the continuously-graded microstructure from the ceramic to Ti alloy. Ballistic mass effectiveness coefficients of TiB2 based ceramic and the laminated composite with TiB2 based ceramic to Ti alloy were calculated to be 3.25 and 7.35 respectively by DOP test. The continuously-graded microstructures at the joint from the ceramic to Ti ally was considered to effectively reduce acoustic impedance mismatch between the ceramic and the metal, resulting in the enhanced ballistic performance of the target against the projectile by initiating intensive shear coupling effect.

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Leite, C. A. L., L. S. Assis, I. M. G. Araújo, G. R. Sampaio, P. T. C. Guimarães, and A. J. Borelli. "Técnicas radiográficas intra e extrabucal na avaliação dentária de cães com doença periodontal." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, no. 5 (October 2011): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352011000500009.

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Foram avaliadas as técnicas radiográficas dentárias intra (TIB) e extrabucal (TEB) em 50 cães com doença periodontal, no intuito de padronizar os procedimentos de diagnóstico dessa síndrome. A TIB revelou que 16 animais não apresentaram lesões ósseas visíveis, enquanto a TEB apontou que 39 pacientes foram negativos para as mesmas lesões. Em resumo, a TIB foi mais eficaz na detecção de sinais radiográficos, especialmente as chamadas lesões finas, que a TEB, sendo a técnica de escolha na síndrome periodontal.

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Huang, Xue Gang, Zhong Min Zhao, Long Zhang, and Lei Sun. "Microstructures and Crack Propagation in the Joint of Solidified TiC-TiB₂ to Ti-6Al-4V Prepared by Reactive Fusion Bonding in Ultrahigh Gravity Field." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.484.

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By taking combustion synthesis in ultrahigh gravity field to prepare solidified TiC-TiB2 composite ceramic, laminated composite of the ceramic to Ti-6Al-4V was achieved by fusion bonding and atomic inter-diffusion, and within the joint there formed the unique microstructure of multiscale (micrometer-micro/nanometer-nanometer) and multilevel characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB due to the presence of a series of metallurgical reaction including peritectic reaction of solidified and Ti liquid, direct growth of TiB solids from liquid Ti and subsequent eutectic reaction of TiB solids and liquid Ti. FEMSEM images of crack propagation paths at the joint showed despite the contribution from crack bridging of micro-nanometer TiB2 and TiB platelets to crack propagation resistance, residual stress toughening and subsequent crack pinning by micro-nanometer TiB2 ,TiB platelets and needle-like nanometer TiB grains as well as ductile phase toughening and bridging toughening by Ti metallic phases became the primary resistances to crack propagation, thereby presenting the delayed fracture behavior in the joint, so that shear fracture usually occurred at the solidified Ti alloy rather than the joint, and shear strength of 375 ± 55 MPa was achieved between the solidified ceramic and Ti alloy.

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Ota, Akinori, Masahiro Yamazaki, and Hiroshi Izui. "Effects of Raw Powder Morphology and Size on Tensile Properties of SPS-Consolidated TiB/Ti Composites." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.276.

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Titanium matrix composites (TMC) exhibit excellent specific strength and corrosion resistance. TiB whiskers can be formed in titanium by solid-state reaction between titanium and TiB2 powders. The formation of TiB whiskers results in the improvement of tensile strength, Young's modulus and Vickers hardness. In this study, TiB reinforced pulverized or gas atomized pure titaniums were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. We focus on the effects of the powder morphology and size on the tensile properties of TiB/Ti composites. We will investigate the sintering performance and microstructures of TiB/Ti composites.

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Wang, Ke-Jing, Tetsuro Yamashita, Masao Watanabe, and Yoshihito Takahata. "Genetic characterization of a novel Tib-derived variant of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor detected in wild soybean (Glycine soja)." Genome 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-087.

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A novel variant of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) was detected in 530 lines of wild soybean (Glycine soja). This variant showed an intermediate electrophoretic mobility between the Tia and Tic types. In isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels containing urea, this variant had a similar isoelectric point as that of Tia. The genetic analysis of SKTI bands in F2 seeds from crosses of the new variant type with Tia or Tic type showed that this variant type is controlled by a codominant allele at the SKTI locus. We propose the genetic symbol Tif for this novel variant. When the nucleotide sequence of the Tif gene was compared with those of other types of SKTI genes (Tia, Tib, and Tic), the sequence of Tif was identical to that of Tib with the exception of one A[Formula: see text]G transitional mutation occurring at position 676 of Tif. This mutation resulted in an amino acid change from Lys to Glu at the 178 residue. These results suggest that this variant is derived from Tib through a point mutation. In addition, we settled an inconsistency in the number of amino acid differences between Tia and Tib (eight or nine). Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that Tib was different from Tia by nine amino acids.Key words: soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, polymorphism, gene sequence, soybean, wild soybean.

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Kikuchi, Genki, Hiroshi Izui, Yuya Takahashi, and Shota Fujino. "Spark Plasma Sintering of Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo (SP-700)." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.819.

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In this study, we focused on the sintering performance of Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700) and mechanical properties of SP-700 reinforced with titanium boride (TiB/SP-700) fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). TiB whiskers formed in titanium by a solid-state reaction of titanium and TiB2 particles were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The TiB/SP-700 was sintered at temperatures of 1073, 1173, and 1273 K and a pressure of 70 MPa for 10, 30, and 50 min. The volume fraction of TiB ranged from 1.7 vol.% to 19.9 vol.%. Tensile tests of TiB/SP-700 were conducted at room temperature, and the effect of TiB volume fraction on the tensile properties was investigated.

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Ding, Wen Feng, Yang Min Liang, Jian He, Li Tang, Jie Yu, and Zhi Wu Liu. "Microstructure Characterization of the Reaction Interface between CBN Grain and Titanium-Deposited Film." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.166.

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Cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive grains with surface titanium-deposited film were heat-treated during 550-950°C for 60 min under high vacuum circumstance. Detailed interfacial compounds analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS), differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicates that the interfacial reactions are much dependent on the heating temperature to some extents, and the reaction products, TiN, TiB2 and TiB chiefly form the network structure. In particular, at 950°C the transition layers with excellent performance, CBN/TiB2/TiB/(TiB+TiN)/TiN/CBN, is realized.

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Zhou, Yu, Hai Bo Feng, and De Chang Jia. "In Situ TiB Reinforced Titanium Metal Matrix Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.189.

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In situ synthesized TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites of Ti-B and Ti-TiB2 systems have been prepared by spark plasma sintering at 800-1200 °C under 20 MPa for 5 min. The effects of sintering temperature and reinforcement volume fraction on flexural strength, Young’s modulus and fracture toughness of the composites were investigated. The in situ synthesized TiB reinforcements are randomly and uniformly distributed in titanium matrix. The TiB whiskers are aligned along [010] direction, and the crystallographic planes of the TiB needles are always of the type (100), (101) and (10 1) . The parallel TiB were observed in β-Ti grains in both of the investigated composites. The in situ TiB needle is likely to grow along [010] direction which is parallel to [111] direction of cubic lattice of β-Ti phase.

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Jung, Taek Kyun, Sung Chul Lim, Hyouk Chon Kwon, and Mok Soon Kim. "Fabrication and Properties of TiB₂ Reinforced Cu Composites by Electromagnetic Stirring." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.297.

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Cu-Ti and Cu-B alloys were separately cast in vacuum arc melting furnace for alloying. These alloys were added to the copper melt of 1500K in the induction furnace and performed electromagnetic stirring at 1000rpm. The cast ingot(dia : 70mm, length : 100mm) was hot extruded with the extrusion ratio of 13:1 after heating at 1073K for 1 hour. The TiB 2 precipitates were observed in the extruded materials and the mean size of TiB 2 precipitates was found to be about 1.5µm. The volume fraction of TiB 2 varies due to the density difference between the TiB2 and the copper melt. With the increasing of TiB2 contents from 3 to 8 vol.%, the hardness and the tensile strength increased from 951 to 140Hv and from 248 to 278MPa, respectively, and the electrical conductivity decreased from 82 to 70%IACS. However, the mean size of TiB 2 particle was not increased despite increasing an annealing temperature.

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Frage, N., M. P. Dariel, S. Kalabukhov, and E. Zaretsky. "Impact response of TiB2–TiB composites." International Journal of Impact Engineering 77 (March 2015): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.11.009.

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Zhao, Zhong Min, Long Zhang, Shuan Jie Wang, and Min Quan Wang. "Multiscale and Multilevel Composite of Solidified TiC-TiB₂ with Ti-6Al-4V Achieved by Fusion Bonding in High-Gravity Field." Advanced Materials Research 833 (November 2013): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.833.136.

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By putting Ti-6Al-4V plate at the bottom of the blend of (Ti+B4C) and the high-energy thermit, a novel laminated composite of TiC-TiB2 ceramic to Ti alloy is achieved by combustion synthesis in high-gravity field, and within the joint there presents multiscale and multilevel microstructures characterized by size and distribution of TiB2 and TiB phases, thereby showing microstructure evolution rather than a clear interface from the ceramic to Ti alloy. The reasons for the unique microstructures in the joint came is considered a result of fusion bonding and atomic interdiffusion between liquid TiC-TiB2 and liquid Ti in thermal vacuum circumstances, followed by a series of metallurgical reaction including peritectic reaction of TiB2 solid and Ti liquid, direct growth of TiB from Ti liquid and subsequent eutectic reaction of TiB and Ti, so a continuously-graded microstructure consisting of the multiphases in size from micrometer to nanometer is eatablieshed in the joint.

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Zherebtsov, Sergey, Maxim Ozerov, Margarita Klimova, Nikita Stepanov, Tatyana Vershinina, Yulia Ivanisenko, and Gennady Salishchev. "Effect of High-Pressure Torsion on Structure and Properties of Ti-15Mo/TiB Metal-Matrix Composite." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122426.

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The microstructure and microhardness evolution of a Ti-15(wt.%)Mo/TiB metal-matrix composite (MMC) during high-pressure torsion (HPT) at 400 °C was studied. The composite was fabricated by spark plasma sintering of a Ti, Mo and TiB2 powders mixture at 1200 °C. In the initial condition, the structure of the composite consisted mainly of body-centered cubic (bcc) Ti solid solution and TiB whiskers. An increase in dislocation density, a considerable decrease in a grain size in the bcc Ti matrix, and breaking/rearrangement of the TiB whiskers were observed during HPT. The (sub)grain size in the bcc Ti matrix attained after 1 revolution was ~75 nm and then gradually decreased to ~55 nm after 5 revolutions. The TiB particle sizes after 5 revolutions was found to be 130–210 nm. The microhardness increased with strain from 575 HV in the initial state to 730 HV after 5 revolutions. Various hardening mechanisms’ contributions in the Ti-15Mo/TiB were evaluated.

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Umeda, Junko, Lei Jia, Biao Chen, Ke Chen, Shufeng Li, Kazuki Shitara, and Katsuyoshi Kondoh. "Precipitation and Distribution Behavior of In Situ-Formed TiB Whiskers in Ti64 Composites Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040374.

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The precipitation and distribution behaviors of in situ-formed titanium boride whiskers (TiB) in TiBw-reinforced Ti-6%Al-4%V (Ti64) composites fabricated from an elemental mixture of Ti64 alloy powder and TiB2 particles by selective laser melting were investigated. The primary precipitation of TiB whiskers strongly depends on B content. For a B content of less than 2 mass%, when the liquid → β-phase transformation occurred and B atoms were discharged, the B-enriched area formed around the β-phase resulted in the generation of TiB whiskers and their agglomeration at the prior β-grain boundaries. When the B content was over 2 mass%, TiB whiskers directly precipitated from the liquid phase and moved to the molten pool boundary via Marangoni convection. As a result, the TiB whiskers were located along the boundary. Furthermore, B-enrichment caused a decrease in the liquidus temperature and thus obstructed β-grain coarsening, and as a result, fine equiaxed α’-grains formed during the phase transformation.

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Ajith Kumar, Kumaraswamy Kaliamma, Krishnaswamy Raghukandan, Uma Thanu Subramonia Pillai, Bellambettu Chandrasekhara Pai, and Madhusudan Chakraborty. "Processing and Microstructure of Magnesium In Situ Composite with Titanium and Boron Based Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.389.

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The present work is aimed to investigate the in-situ TiB/TiB2 particle formation in Mg and Mg-Al alloy via the chemical reaction between Mg, Al, K2TiF6 and KBF4. The feasibility to produce the Mg and Mg-Al matrix with in-situ TiB2 and TiB particles have been studied with respect to processing parameters. The XRD, optical microscopy and SEM-EDX analyses have been carried out on the synthesised composites. Significant improvement in the hardness values are obtained for the in-situ composite compared to the base alloys.

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Silva, Gilbert, Erika Coaglia Trindade Ramos, and Alfeu Saraiva Ramos. "Effect of Milling Parameters on the TiB and TiB₂ Formation in Ti-50at%B and Ti-66at%B Powders." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.135.

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This work discusses on the effect of milling parameters on the TiB and TiB2 formation in Ti-50at%B and Ti-66at%B powders, respectively. Both powder mixtures were processed in a planetary ball Fritsch P-5 ball mill under Ar atmosphere, varying the milling parameters: rotary speed (150 and 200 rpm), size of balls (10 and 19mm diameter) and ball-to-powder weight ratio (2:1 and 10:1). In order to obtain the equilibrium structures the milled powders were heated at 1200oC for 1h. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal analysis (DSC). XRD results indicated that extended Ti(B) solid solutions were formed during ball milling of Ti-50at%B and Ti-66at%B powders. After milling for 170h it was noted the TiB and TiB2 formation in Ti-50B and Ti-66B powders processed under higher-energy condition. DSC analysis revealed that the TiB2 formation was completed during heating of mechanically alloyed Ti-66at%B powders only. After heating at 1200oC for 1h, a large amount of TiB and TiB2 was found in Ti-B powders milled under higher energy condition.

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24

Zhu, De Gui, Hong Liang Sun, and Liang Hui Wang. "In Situ Synthesis of TiB₂-TiC_x Ceramic Matrix Composites by Hot Isostatic Pressing." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.251.

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TiB2-TiC ceramic matrix composites were fabricated by in situ synthesis under hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with 3TiH2-B4C and 11TiH2-3B4C being the raw materials, respectively. The XRD analysis indicates that the samples synthesized from 3TiH2-B4C have TiB2 and TiC phases, while those from 11TiH2-3B4C have not only TiB2 and TiCx phases, but also Ti3B4 phase. TiB2-TiCx ceramic matrix composites obtained from 11TiH2-3B4C have better mechanical properties than those from 3TiH2-B4C. The microstructures of the composites are investigated with SEM and TEM. TiB2 grains are platelet grains; Ti3B4 grains have two different morphologies. Ti3B4 phases are formed through two different paths: fine grain Ti3B4 is formed through TiB+B=Ti3B4 at low temperature; large plate-like grain Ti3B4 is formed through TiB2+TiB=Ti3B4 at high temperature.

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25

Hou, Jiabin, Lin Gao, Guorong Cui, Wenzhen Chen, Wencong Zhang, and Wenguang Tian. "Grain Refinement of Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si Alloy with the Rotation of TiB Whiskers by Powder Metallurgy and Canned Hot Extrusion." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010126.

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In situ synthesized TiB whiskers (TiBw) reinforced Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si alloys were successfully manufactured by pre-sintering and canned hot extrusion via adding TiB2 powders. During pre-sintering, most TiB2 were reacted with Ti atoms to produce TiB. During extrusion, the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) of β grains was promoted with the rotation of TiBw, and CDRXed grains were strongly inhibited by TiBw with hindering dislocation motion. Eventually, the grain sizes of composites decreased obviously. Furthermore, the stress transmitted from the matrix to TiBw for strengthening in a tensile test, besides grain refinement. Meanwhile, the fractured TiBw and microcracks around them contributed to fracturing.

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26

Roy, S. K., and A. Biswas. "Combustion synthesis of TiB and TiB2 under vacuum." Journal of Materials Science Letters 13, no. 5 (1994): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00420802.

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Kurita, Hiroki, Katsuyoshi Kondoh, Junko Umeda, and Noriharu Yodoshi. "Tensile Fracture of TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti Alloy Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1961.

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TiB whisker reinforced Ti alloy matrix (Ti–TiB) composites have attracted attention as the aerospace materials with their high specific mechanical properties for long time. However, strengthening mechanism of Ti–TiB composites has not been revealed because of the agglomeration and incomplete precipitation of TiB whiskers in the Ti alloy matrix yet. In this study, we addressed to fabricate fully-dense TiB whisker reinforced Ti-6Al-4V alloy matrix (Ti6Al4V–TiB) composites via powder metallurgical process, which have the microstructure to discuss their tensile properties with the theories for composite materials. The Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of Ti6Al4V–10 vol% TiB composite were 130 GPa and 1193 MPa, respectively. Note that the elongation of Ti6Al4V–10 vol% TiB composite was approximately 2.8 % although the elongations of Ti–TiB composite have been reported are few (; less than 1%) due to the agglomeration of TiB whiskers in Ti matrix.

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Zhou, Yu, Hai Bo Feng, De Chang Jia, and Qing Chang Meng. "Stacking Faults and Growth Mechanism of In Situ TiB Whiskers and Interface Structures in SPSed TiB/Ti(FeMo) Composites." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.936.

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In situ TiB whiskers reinforced Ti metal matrix composites have been fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Microstructure and stacking faults of in situ TiB whiskers in the composites were investigated in detailed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The TiB whiskers exhibit a hexagonal shape at the transverse section and grow along the [010]TiB direction. The crystallographic planes of the TiB whiskers at transverse section are always of the (100), (101) and (10 1 ) planes. The interfaces between the in situ TiB and Ti matrix are clean and faceted along (100)TiB side. However, small lateral growth steps are observed along (101) and (10 1 ) planes of TiB. The stacking faults in TiB whiskers are typically with a stacking fault plane of (100)TiB and displacement vectors of 0.5a±0.254c. The formation mechanism of stacking faults has been proposed and verified by HREM observations.

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29

Chen, Yuong, Chang Jiang Zhang, Rahoma Hasan K.S, Fan Tao Kong, Shu Long Xiao, and Zhi Guang Liu. "Effect of Forging on Microstruture and Mechanical Properties of In Situ TiB_w/Ti Composite." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.43.

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Ti-6Al-2.5Sn-4Zr-0.7Mo-0.3Si-0.3Y alloy matrix composite reinforced with 7%vol TiB whiskers was fabricated by Induction Skull Melting (ISM) technique and one-direction forged technology utilizing the reaction between titanium and TiB2. The microstructure, room temperature and high temperature mechanical properties have been presented and discussed. Microstructural analysis of the composites revealed that the microstructure was significantly refined and TiB whiskers were made to align the longitudinal direction after forging. It shows that the tensile strength and ductility of the composites has a significant improvement, especially at room temperature.

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30

Li, Feng Hua, Xiao Hong Yi, Jing Lei Zhang, and Zhan Guo Fan. "Study on Rare Earth Catalysis in the Boriding Process to Titanium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 1177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.1177.

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Solid powder boriding experiment was carried out on TC4 titanium alloy surface with method of RE(rare earth)-boriding at the temperature of over 1000°C. By means of XRD, SEM and EDS, phase composition, microstructure and morphology of TC4 titanium alloy after RE-boriding were investigated. The effect of rare earth on phase composition was discussed. Results of the experiment showed that the diffusion layer was composed of top-layer TiB2 and sub-layer TiB whiskers with the highest thickness being 25μm. The XRD results revealed TiB-TiB2 biphasic B-Ti compounds layer formed on the surface of TC4 after RE-boriding. The high content of B and Ce in the surface layer showed rare earth increased the absorption and concentration of B atoms.

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31

Cheng, Eric Jian Feng, Hirokazu Katsui, and Takashi Goto. "Lamellar and Rod-Like Eutectic Growth of TiB₂-TiC-TiN Composites by Arc-Melting." Key Engineering Materials 616 (June 2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.616.43.

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TiB2-TiC, TiB2-TiN and TiB2-TiCxN1-x composites were prepared by arc-melting mixtures of TiB2, TiC and TiN powders. 28TiB2-72TiC (mol%) composite showed a lamellar eutectic structure, while 55TiB2-45TiN (mol%) composite with a lamellar structure consisted of TiB2, TiN and TiB. 36TiB2-44TiC-20TiN (mol%) was a quasi-binary eutectic composite having a rod-like structure.

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32

Guo, Z., N. Li, and J. Hu. "Cu-TiB metal matrix composites prepared by powder metallurgy route." Science of Sintering 47, no. 2 (2015): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1502165g.

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Titanium boride (TiB) is characterized by good conductivity, high strength and high melting point. In this work, TiB was used to make Cu-TiB metal matrix composites (MMCs). Amounts of TiB added into Cu matrix were 2wt.%, 5wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%. The samples were pressed at pressures of 500MPa, 600MPa, 700MPa and 800MPa and sintered at 820o and 920o, respectively. The properties of the sintered composites such as hardness and impact toughness were studied. Hardness and impact toughness of samples increased with increasing pressures and decreased with increasing contents of TiB. Composite with good mechanical properties and high conductivity was obtained from the sample containing 2wt.%TiB compacted at 800MPa and sintered at 920o. It was shown that 2wt.% TiB is a suitable content to make Cu-TiB MMCs with good mechanical properties and excellent conductivity.

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Yang, Shen, Zuoxing Guo, and Maosheng Xia. "Effect of TiB content on the properties of Al-TiB composites." Science of Sintering 50, no. 2 (2018): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1802237y.

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In this study, titanium boride (TiB) was used to make Al-TiB composites. The contents of TiB added into Al matrix were 1 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%, respectively. The composites were pressed at a pressure of 382 MPa and sintered at 600?C for 4 hours. The microstructures and properties of density, hardness and wear were investigated. Experimental results indicated that, the composite with 5 wt.% TiB owned the highest relative density and hardness among the three parameters. In addition, TiB particles dramatically improved the wear resistance of the Al matrix and the more TiB content the better of the wear resistance. That is, the composite with 10 wt.% TiB owned the best wear resistance.

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34

Wang, Li Fen, Zhao Hui Zhang, Tie Jian Su, and Fu Chi Wang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB-Ti/Ti-6Al-4V Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 782 (August 2015): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.782.107.

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TiB-Ti/Ti-6Al-4V composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique under a pressure of 50MPa, with sintering temperature of 1300 °C and heating rate of 100 °C /min. The effect of the TiB content in TiB-Ti composite layer on microstructures and mechanical properties of the TiB-Ti/Ti-6Al-4V composites were investigated. The results indicate that as an advanced welding method, SPS technique provided the excellent welding combination of TiB-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. The relatively excellent mechanical properties of the joints, including the relative density of 98.6%, micro-hardness of 10.2GPa, fracture strength of 177MPa were achieved as TiB content in TiB-Ti composite layer reaches 50%.

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Balaji, V. S., and S. Kumaran. "Microstructural Transformation of Titanium-Boron Carbide (B₄C) Powder Mixture during Spark Plasma Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.51.

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Present study investigates the microstructural evolution and in-situ formation of Ti/(TiB+TiC) composite. The sintered compacts are having near theoretical density. The relative density of Ti/(TiB+TiC) composites decreases with increasing TiB and TiC content.The phase evolutions of TiB and TiC according to the in-situ reactions are analyzed by X-Ray diffraction technique (XRD). Optical microscope (OM) and Energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) observations of the Ti/(TiB+TiC) composites shows the presence of TiC and TiB reinforcements as equiaxed and needle like structures respectively.

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Chen, C. L., W. Lu, L. L. He, and H. Q. Ye. "Orientation relationships between TiB (B27), B2, and Ti3Al phases." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 5 (May 2009): 1688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0220.

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The orientation relationships among TiB (B27), B2, and Ti3Al phases have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. By using the composite selected-area electron diffraction technique, the orientation relationship between TiB (B27) and B2 was determined to be [100]TiB[001]B2, (001)TiB(010)B2; and that between TiB (B27) and Ti3Al was . These orientation relationships have been predicted precisely by the method of coincidence of reciprocal lattice points.

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Meng, Qing Chang, Hai Bo Feng, De Chang Jia, and Yu Zhou. "Young’s Modulus of In Situ TiB Whiskers in Ti Metal Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.365.

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The TiB/Ti metal matrix composites (MMCs) with different volume fractions of in situ TiB reinforcements were spark plasma sintered at 1000 °C with a pressure of 20 MPa for 5 minutes in vacuum. The in situ synthesized TiB is whisker shape with a hexagonal transverse section and distributes uniformly and randomly in the Ti matrix. The Young’s modulus of TiB was back-calculated from the elastic properties of the composites using the Halpin-Tsai model. The Young’s moduli of all the composites were found to increase with the increase of TiB volume fraction. The calculated value of TiB Young’s modulus is about 489±83GPa. Values of Young’s moduli of TiB whisker obtained according to different methods were compared and discussed.

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38

Feng, Hai Bo, De Chang Jia, Yu Zhou, and Qing Chang Meng. "Microstructural Characterization of In Situ TiB Whiskers in Ti MMCs Fabricated by SPS." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1310.

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The in situ TiB whisker reinforced titanium matrix composites were prepared by mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of the TiB whiskers. The effect of sintering temperature on morphologies of in situ TiB whiskers was evaluated. With the increase of spark plasma sintering temperature, the average diameter of in situ TiB whiskers increased. The in situ TiB whiskers exhibited a hexagonal shape with (100), (101) and (10 1 ) planes at the transverse section and a growth orientation of [010]TiB direction.

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39

Kurita, Hiroki, Shiori Suzuki, Shoichi Kikuchi, Noriharu Yodoshi, Sophie Gourdet, and Fumio Narita. "Strengthening Mechanism of Titanium Boride Whisker-Reinforced Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Matrix Composites with the TiB Orientation Perpendicular to the Loading Direction." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152401.

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We fabricated fully dense titanium boride (TiB) whisker-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V alloy matrix (Ti6Al4V-TiB) composites, with a homogeneous dispersion, a TiB orientation perpendicular to the loading direction (; two-dimensional random direction) and an intimate Ti/TiB interface without an intermediate interfacial layer in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy matrix, by spark plasma sintering. Microstructural analysis allows us to present the tensile properties of the Ti6Al4V-TiB composites with the theories for discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites. The Ti6Al4V-TiB 10 vol.% composite yielded a Young’s modulus of 130 GPa, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1193 MPa and an elongation of 2.8%. The obtained experimental Young’s modulus and UTS of the Ti6Al4V-TiB composites were consistent with the theoretical values estimated by the Halpin-Tsai and Shear-lag models. The good agreement between our experimental results and these models indicates that the TiB whiskers behave as discontinuous fibers in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy matrix.

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40

Moormann, Corinna, Inga Benz, and M. Alexander Schmidt. "Functional Substitution of the TibC Protein of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains for the Autotransporter Adhesin Heptosyltransferase of the AIDA System." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 5 (May 2002): 2264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.5.2264-2270.2002.

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ABSTRACT The plasmid-encoded AIDA (adhesin involved in diffuse adherence) autotransporter protein derived from diffuse-adhering clinical Escherichia coli isolate 2787 and the TibA (enterotoxigenic invasion locus B) protein encoded by the chromosomal tib locus of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain H10407 are posttranslationally modified by carbohydrate substituents. Analysis of the AIDA-I adhesin showed that the modification involved heptose residues. AIDA-I is modified by the heptosyltransferase activity of the product of the aah gene, which is located directly upstream of adhesin-encoding gene aidA. The carbohydrate modification of the TibA adhesin/invasin is mediated by the TibC protein but has not been elucidated. Based on the sequence similarities between TibC and AAH (autotransporter adhesin heptosyltransferase) and between the TibA and the AIDA proteins we hypothesized that the AIDA system and the Tib system encoded by the tib locus are structurally and functionally related. Here we show that (i) TibC proteins derived from different ETEC strains appear to be highly conserved, (ii) recombinant TibC proteins can substitute for the AAH heptosyltransferase in introducing the heptosyl modification to AIDA-I, (iii) this modification is functional in restoring the adhesive function of AIDA-I, (iv) a single amino acid substitution at position 358 completely abolishes this activity, and (v) antibodies directed at the functionally active AIDA-I recognize a protein resembling modified TibA in ETEC strains. In summary, we conclude that, like AAH, TibC represents an example of a novel class of heptosyltransferases specifically transferring heptose residues onto multiple sites of a protein backbone. A potential consensus sequence for the modification site is suggested.

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41

Yoshihiro, Tatsuaki, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, and Setsuo Takaki. "Self-Division Behavier of TiB Particles in TiB/Ti Composite." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 45, no. 5 (2004): 1640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.1640.

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42

Zherebtsov, Sergey, Maxim Ozerov, Elizaveta Povolyaeva, Vitaly Sokolovsky, Nikita Stepanov, Dmitry Moskovskikh, and Gennady Salishchev. "Effect of Hot Rolling on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Ti-15Mo/TiB Metal-Matrix Composite." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010040.

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A Ti-15Mo/TiB metal matrix composite was produced by the spark plasma sintering process at 1400 °C using a Ti-14.25 wt.% Mo-5 wt.% TiB2 powder mixture. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite were studied after non-isothermal rolling of specimens heated to 1000 °C to a thickness strain of ~0.7. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray analysis were used for microstructure examination; mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile testing and microhardness measurement. In the initial condition, the Ti-15Mo/TiB composite consisted of 8.5 vol.% of TiB needle-like particles heterogeneously distributed within the β matrix. A small volume of fractions of the α″ and ω phases was also found in the microstructure. Microstructure evolution of the composite during hot rolling was associated with dynamic recrystallization of the bcc titanium matrix and shortening of the TiB whiskers by a factor of ~2. The Ti-15Mo/TiB composite after hot rolling showed considerable improvement in ductility without substantial loss of strength and hardness. The hot rolled specimen was not fractured during the compression test even after 45% thickness reduction, while in the initial condition, the compression ductility was 22%. The yield strength for both conditions was quite similar (~1350 MPa). The hot rolled composite also showed some improvement in ductility to ~12% elongation at elevated temperature (500 °C) compared to the initial condition, the tensile elongation of which did not exceed 2%. The observed difference in the mechanical behavior was associated with the presence of the metastable α″ and isothermal ω phases in the initial condition and the more stable α phase in the hot rolled condition.

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43

Kikuchi, Shoichi, Shunsuke Tamai, Takao Kawai, Yoshikazu Nakai, Hiroki Kurita, and Sophie Gourdet. "Effect of TiB Orientation on Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Propagation in TiB-Reinforced Ti-3Al-2.5V Matrix Composites Treated with Heat Extrusion." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223685.

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TiB-reinforced Ti-3Al-2.5V matrix composites, in which TiB whiskers are oriented parallel to the direction of heat extrusion, were fabricated via mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). To investigate the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation in TiB-reinforced Ti-3Al-2.5V matrix composites, stress intensity factor K-decreasing tests were conducted for disk-shaped compact specimens having two different orientations of TiB whiskers at force ratios from 0.1 to 0.8 under ambient conditions. The crack growth rates, da/dN, for the composites incorporating TiB whiskers oriented perpendicular to the direction of crack growth were constantly lower than those obtained in the case where the orientation was parallel at the same stress intensity range ΔK, while the threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth, was higher. This effect can be explained by the increase in the degree of roughness-induced crack closure resulting from the perpendicular TiB, because fatigue cracks preferentially propagated across the boundaries between the matrix and the TiB in certain regions. In contrast, the effective threshold stress intensity range, ΔKeff,th, for composites was unaffected by the TiB orientation at low force ratios.

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44

Nakajima, Tsuyoshi, Shinya Suzuki, Genki Futatsubashi, Hiroyuki Ohtsuska, Rinaldo A. Mezzarane, Trevor S. Barss, Taryn Klarner, E. Paul Zehr, and Tomoyoshi Komiyama. "Regionally distinct cutaneous afferent populations contribute to reflex modulation evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve during walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01011.2015.

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During walking, cutaneous reflexes in ankle flexor muscle [tibialis anterior (TA)] evoked by tibial nerve (TIB) stimulation are predominantly facilitatory at early swing phase but reverse to suppression at late swing phase. Although the TIB innervates a large portion of the skin of the foot sole, the extent to which specific foot-sole regions contribute to the reflex reversals during walking remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated regional cutaneous contributions from discrete portions of the foot sole on reflex reversal in TA following TIB stimulation during walking. Summation effects on reflex amplitudes, when applying combined stimulation from foot-sole regions with TIB, were examined. Middle latency responses (MLRs; 70–120 ms) after TIB stimulation were strongly facilitated during the late stance to mid-swing phases and reversed to suppression just before heel (HL) strike. Both forefoot-medial (f-M) and forefoot-lateral stimulation in the foot sole induced facilitation during stance-to-swing transition phases, but HL stimulation evoked suppression during the late stance to the end of swing phases. At the stance-to-swing transition, a summation of MLR amplitude occurred only for combined f-M&TIB stimulation. However, the same was not true for the combined HL&TIB stimulation. At the swing-to-stance transition, there was a suppressive reflex summation only for HL&TIB stimulation. In contrast, this summation was not observed for the f-M&TIB stimulation. Our results suggest that reflex reversals evoked by TIB stimulation arise from distinct reflex pathways to TA produced by separate afferent populations innervating specific regions of the foot sole.

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Ozerov, Maxim, Elizaveta Povolyaeva, Nikita Stepanov, Volker Ventzke, René Dinse, Nikolai Kashaev, and Sergey Zherebtsov. "Laser Beam Welding of a Ti-15Mo/TiB Metal–Matrix Composite." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030506.

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A Ti-15Mo/TiB metal–matrix composite was produced by spark plasma sintering at 1400 °C. The fractions of the elements in the initial powder mixture were 80.75 wt.% Ti, 14.25 wt.% Mo, and 5 wt.% TiB2. The initial structure of the synthesized composite was composed of bcc β titanium matrix and needle-like TiB reinforcements with an average thickness of 500 ± 300 nm. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite were studied after laser beam welding (LBW) was carried out at room temperature or various pre-heating temperatures: 200, 400, or 600 °C. The quality of laser beam welded joints was not found to be dependent noticeably on the pre-heating temperature; all welds consisted of pores the size of which reached 200–300 µm. In contrast to acicular individual particles in the base material, TiB whiskers in the weld zone were found to have a form of bunches. The maximum microhardness in the weld zone (~700 HV) was obtained after welding at room temperature or at 200 °C; this value was ~200 HV higher than that in the base material.

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46

Ahn, Chi-Won, Oh-Choon Kwon, Kurn Cho, Hong Yong Sohn, and Hyung-Bock Lee. "Phase characterization and burning rate in the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of titanium borides." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 12 (December 1995): 3179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.3179.

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Combustion synthesis of titanium borides from Ti and B binary powder mixtures having molar ratios B/Ti of 1.9 to 2.4 resulted in the formation of TiB2 as the primary phase and TiB as the secondary phase. The amount of TiB decreased when the particle size of the Ti in the powder mixtures became small and when the B content was increased. The results are discussed in terms of the homogeneity of reactant powder mixtures and the degree of boron saturation of the Ti-B melt. The burning rate increased from 11 to 15 mm/s as the titanium particle size decreased from −100 to −325 mesh with the same boron particle size of –325 mesh.

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47

Wexler, David, A. Fenwick, and Andrzej Calka. "Influence of Milling Mechanism on Synthesis of TiB₂ and TiB/TiB₂ Composites." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 15-16 (April 2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.15-16.199.

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Karim, Abdul Razak Abdul. "Penyakit Lelaki: Kajian Berdasarkan Kitab-Kitab Tib Melayu Terpilih." Manuskripta 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33656/manuskripta.v9i2.149.

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Abstract: One of the most well-known diseases in any of the scriptures is that of men. It can be said that there is no book on this issue that does not address the problem of this type of disease as most traditional practitioners are male. Therefore, men's disease is a priority and an important part of most Kitab Tib. In this paper we will discuss various men's diseases that are found in most tib books as well as the treatment methods and prohibitions that a patient should follow. In this study several books of tib are used, including the Tibetan Collection of the University of Malaya with MSS254 and MSS172, the National Library of Malaysia collection number MSS2219. Two books from Pontianak and also from Odor, Buton are also used in this research data. The selection of these manuscripts is a comparison to look at the similarities and differences between traditional medicine practitioners in dealing with men's disease. An analysis of the names of the diseases, the methods of treatment used and also the taboos found in these books of tib will be described in this paper. --- Abstrak: Salah satu daripada keuzuran atau penyakit yang popular dan banyak terdapat dalam mana-mana kitab tib ialah penyakit golongan lelaki. Boleh dikatakan tidak ada kitab tib yang tidak menyentuh masalah penyakit golongan ini memandangkan kebanyakan pengamal perubatan tradisional merupakan golongan lelaki. Oleh yang demikian, penyakit golongan lelaki menjadi keutamaan dan perkara penting dalam kebanyakan kitab-kitab tib.Dalam makalah ini akan dibincangkan pelbagai penyakit golongan lelaki yang terdapat dalam kebanyakan kitab tib dan juga kaedah rawatan serta pantang larang yang perlu dipatuhi oleh seseorang pesakit itu. Dalam kajian yang dilakukan beberapa buah kitab tib digunakan, antaranya Kitab Tib Koleksi Universiti Malaya dengan nombor MSS254 dan MSS172, kitab tib koleksi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia dengan nombor MSS2219. Dua buah kitab tib dari Pontianak dan juga dari Bau-bau, Buton juga digunakan dalam data kajian ini. Pemilihan naskah-naskah ini adalah sebagai perbandingan untuk melihat persamaan dan juga perbezaan pengamal perubatan tradisional dalam menangani masalah penyakit golongan lelaki. Analisis dari segi nama-nama penyakit, kaedah rawatan yang digunakan dan juga pantang larang yang terdapat dalam kitab-kitab tib ini akan dihuraikan dalam makalah ini.

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Zhang, Youfeng, Shasha He, Wanwan Yang, Jiangwei Ren, and Haijuan Kong. "Calculation of Volume Fractions of In Situ TiB and Residual Stress Distributions in Functionally Graded Composite of Ti–TiB–TiB2." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12234006.

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Ti matrix composite with a polylaminate structure was successfully fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. A temperature gradient field (TGF) was obtained during the sintering to form functionally graded material (FGM) in a vacuum under 40 MPa for 5 min. The actual volume fractions of TiB in the matrix were calculated based on the X-ray diffraction pattern. The target volume fractions of TiB were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The calculated TiB volume fractions were slightly higher than the target volume fractions in layers 2–4 and lower than the target volume fractions in layers 5–6 and the deviations in layers 4 and 5 were less than 5% of the target volume. Based on the elastic axial symmetry model, the residual stress distributions in the Ti matrix composite with a polylaminate structure were simulated, indicating a relatively low thermal residual stress in the FGM.

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Mensing, Petra. "Gartenkünstlerische, gartenkulturelle bzw. landschaftskulturelle Bestände in der TIB bzw. TIB/UB." Bibliotheksdienst 46, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bd.2012.46.10.903.

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Journal articles on the topic 'TIB'

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