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Perlis, Michael, Knashawn Morales, Michael Grandner, Donn Posner, Ivan Vargas, Mark Seewald, Alexandria Muench, Julia Boyle, and Jason Ellis. "0461 Does “TIB” Differentiate Between Good Sleepers and Subjects That Develop Acute or Chronic Insomnia? A 2nd Analyses." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.458.
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Abstract Introduction According to the 3P model of insomnia, the variable that mediates the transition from acute to chronic insomnia is “sleep extension” (the behavioral tendency to expand sleep opportunity to compensate for sleep loss). Recently, this proposition was prospectively evaluated by assessing how Time-in-Bed (TIB) varied, week-by-week, relative to the incidence of acute insomnia in four groups, those that: maintained good sleep (GS,n=911), recovered good sleep (AI-REC,n=244); had persistent poor sleep (AI-PPS,n=65); and developed chronic insomnia (AI-CI,n=23)). Significant differences for pre-to-post acute insomnia TIB were not detected for the insomnia groups (as compared to one another or as compared to GSs). The observed trends suggested that the increases in TIB observed were minor (< 15 min overall, at 2 weeks, and at 12 weeks post AI). In the present analysis, a more granular evaluation was undertaken to assess whether sleep extension occurs on the nights following poor sleep bouts. Methods The same data set and subject groups were modeled for TIB occurring on the night following a poor night’s sleep (≥ 30 min for SL or WASO or EMA) for the post-acute insomnia interval (by weekday and weekend). Linear mixed effects model was used to account for up to 1 year of repeated nights per subject. Results During the weekdays, the groups did not differ with respect to TIB following a poor nights’ sleep. On average, the four groups (including good sleepers) did not vary TIB by more than 5 minutes. During the weekends, all four groups tended to restrict TIB. In this instance, AI-CI subjects restricted TIB the least (AI-CI -17.2[5.11]; (GS -25.7[SE 1.58]; AI-PPS -27.6[6.1]; AI-REC -32.3[1.9]. Conclusion As with the prior analysis, the transition to CI does not appear to be triggered by sleep extension. In the present analysis there is some evidence to support the notion that AI-CI subjects restrict TIB less. This counterintuitive finding needs to be further evaluated taking into account sleep timing. That is, time-to-bed and time-out-of-bed may vary (show the attempt to extend sleep opportunity) while TIB does not change appreciably (owing to limitations in sleep ability [plasticity]). Support (If Any) Support: R01AG041783;K24AG055602;R01AT003332
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Kaizi-Lutu, M., C. Jones, A. Mange, M. Basner, and D. F. Dinges. "0105 Working Memory Impairment Due to Chronic Sleep Restriction, Dose Response to Recovery and Re-Exposure." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.103.
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Abstract Introduction Chronic sleep restriction negatively effects working memory. Recovery sleep following sleep restriction partially restores working memory performance. This study examines the impact of chronic sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep dose on the N-Back Task (N-Back), a valid measure of working memory. Methods N=223 participants (29.9±6.9 years; 48.4% female), completed two baseline nights of 8h time in bed (TIB), followed by five nights of 4h TIB, and were then randomized to a sleep dose of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 h TIB. A subset of participants (n=73) were re-exposed to another five nights of 4h TIB. Participants completed the three versions of the N-Back (i.e. 1-Back, 2-Back, and B-back) every two hours during wakefulness and daily averages were computed. Mixed effects and linear regression models were used to assess the impact of sleep restriction and the sleep dose response on percent correct on the N-Back corrected for baseline. Results N=219 participants had valid working memory data. The 2-Back (β =-4.5%; P<0.0001) and the 3-Back (β =-12.5%; P<0.0001) were more difficult than the 1-Back. Working memory performance declined across days of sleep restriction for all N-Backs: 1-Back (β =-1.10%; P<0.0001), 2-Back (β =-0.99%; P<0.0001), and 3-Back (β =-1.10%; P<0.0001). The sleep dose analysis revealed a positive association with N-Back performance for all N-Back versions, 1-Back (β =0.99%; P=0.0002), 2-Back (β =1.46%; P<0.0001), and 3-Back (β =1.43%; P<0.0001). Re-exposure to only one night of 4h TIB following recovery sleep resulted in performance decrements equal to performance prior to recovery sleep for all N-Back versions (Ps>0.41). Conclusion These data indicate that working memory is adversely impacted by sleep restriction, and that sufficient recovery sleep, possibly across consecutive days, is necessary to maintain optimal working memory performance. Support Funded by National Institute of Health NIH R01NR004281 and National Space and Biomedical Research Institute NSRBI NCC 5–98
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Belyaev, A. E., N. S. Boltovets, V. N. Ivanov, A. B. Kamalov, L. M. Kapitanchuk, R. V. Konakova, Ya Ya Kudryk, O. S. Lytvyn, V. V. Milenin, and M. U. Nasyrov. "Thermal-resistant TiB x -n-GaP Schottky diodes." Semiconductors 42, no. 4 (April 2008): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782608040143.
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Spaeth, Andrea M., Namni Goel, and David F. Dinges. "Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092694.
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Sleep restriction (SR) reliably increases caloric intake. It remains unknown whether such intake cumulatively increases with repeated SR exposures and is impacted by the number of intervening recovery sleep opportunities. Healthy adults (33.9 ± 8.9y; 17 women, Body Mass Index: 24.8 ± 3.6) participated in a laboratory protocol. N = 35 participants experienced two baseline nights (10 h time-in-bed (TIB)/night; 22:00–08:00) followed by 10 SR nights (4 h TIB/night; 04:00–08:00), which were divided into two exposures of five nights each and separated by one (n = 13), three (n = 12), or five (n = 10) recovery nights (12 h TIB/night; 22:00–10:00). Control participants (n = 10) were permitted 10 h TIB (22:00–08:00) on all nights. Food and drink consumption were ad libitum and recorded daily. Compared to baseline, sleep-restricted participants increased daily caloric (+527 kcal) and saturated fat (+7 g) intake and decreased protein (−1.2% kcal) intake during both SR exposures; however, intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. Similarly, although sleep-restricted participants exhibited substantial late-night caloric intake (671 kcal), such intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. By contrast, control participants showed no changes in caloric intake across days. We found consistent caloric and macronutrient intake increases during two SR exposures despite varying intervening recovery nights. Thus, energy intake outcomes do not cumulatively increase with repeated restriction and are unaffected by recovery opportunities.
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Lin, Yinghua, Haibo Wang, Mingxing Zhang, Hui Lin, Dengqiang Yan, Qinghua Lin, Xin Kang, and Xinlin Wang. "Gradient Coating of Laser Cladding TiB2/Ti-Based Alloy on Titanium Alloy Surface." Coatings 13, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040743.
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The technology of the TiB2/TiB cladding layer addresses the issue of the insufficient wear resistance of cup-shaped parts composed of titanium alloy materials. In order to eliminate the cracking problem of laser cladding TiB2/Ti-based alloy, 30%TiB2/Ti-based alloy gradient coating was prepared on the surface of titanium alloy by laser cladding in this study. The results revealed that the microstructure of the matrix and the cladding layer is metallurgically bonded. The microstructures of the cladding layer appear as rod-like and coarse-grained features on the surface, and fine needle-like and small-grained morphologies inside. The fine needle-like TiB precipitated in situ from the melt has a flat interface with Ti and exhibits a low degree of interfacial mismatch, while the interface between small particle-like TiB and Ti is wavy and has a high degree of interfacial mismatch. The gradual increase in the amount of TiB is present from the surface to the bottom of the cladding layer, while the amount of unmelted TiB2 particles decreases. The chemical structure of the cladding layer is mainly presented as TiB2, TiB and α-Ti phases. The maximum hardness of the cladding layer is 725 HV0.2, where it is more than twice the hardness of the substrate. The fretting wear resistance of the cladding layer is better than that of the titanium alloy substrate under low loads (50 N–100 N), while a high load (more than 150 N) triggers a reverse outcome.
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Li, Xiao-Jing, and Wei-Jun Yan. "Co(II) and Cu(II) coordination polymers: Crystal structures and treatment effect on acute lung injury treatment by inhibiting inflammatory response." Main Group Chemistry 19, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mgc-190898.
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Two coordination polymers named [Co(tib)(H2O)3]· ipa·2H2O (1, H2ipa = iso-phthalic acid) and [Cu3(tib)2(BTB)2]·DMF·2H2O (2, H3BTB = 4,4′,4′′-gbenzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were constructed using a solvothermal method by reaction of metal salts with the 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene (tib) ligands and different carboxylate linkers as the co-ligands. The two complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction as well as the elemental analyses. Subsequently, the protective effect of compounds 1 and 2 on the acute lung injury and its related mechanism was explored. Firstly, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the release of the inflammatory cytokines. Then, the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was measured with blood gas analysis.
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Devine, Jaime, Caio Garcia, Audrey Simoes, Jake Choynowski, Marina Guelere, Bruno de Godoy, Philipe Pacheco, and Steven Hursh. "286 Pilot Sleep During Brazil-to-China COVID-19 Humanitarian Mission Flights Compared to Biomathematical Predictions of Sleep." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A114—A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.285.
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Abstract Introduction n response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Azul Airlines organized and conducted five separate humanitarian missions to China between May and July, 2020. Each mission consisted of 4 flight legs between 11-15 hours long crewed by a team of 8 pilots. Each pilot was given a 9-hour sleep opportunity during the flight period. Prior to conducting the missions, a sleep-prediction algorithm (AutoSleep) within the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) model Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST) was used to predict in-flight time in bed (TIB) and total sleep time (TST). During missions, pilots wore a wrist actigraph and completed a sleep diary. These analyses compare the accuracy of SAFTE-FAST AutoSleep predictions against pilots’ sleep diary and actigraphy from Azul’s COVID-19 humanitarian missions. Methods Pilots wore a sleep-tracking actigraphy device (Zulu Watch, Institutes for Behavior Resources), and reported the TIB and sleep quality of their in-flight rest periods using a sleep diary. Diary TST was estimated from TIB and sleep quality. AutoSleep, diary, and actigraphy measures were compared using paired samples t-tests. Agreement was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results Twenty (n=20) pilots flying across 5 humanitarian missions provided sleep diary and actigraphy data. AutoSleep predictions of TIB (235±20 minutes) and TST (193±16 minutes) were significantly lower than diary (TIB: 330±123, t=6.80, p≤0.001; TST: 262±108, t=5.60, p≤0.001) and comparable to actigraphy (TIB: 246±127, t=0.78, p=0.43; TST: 212±113, t=1.59, p=0.12). ICC values were >0.90, indicating excellent agreement, for TIB (0.94) and TST (0.91). Conclusion Biomathematical predictions of in-flight sleep during unprecedented humanitarian missions were in agreement with actual sleep patterns during flights. These findings indicate that biomathematical models may retain accuracy even under extreme circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic. Pilots may overestimate the amount of sleep that they receive during extreme flights-duty periods, which could constitute a fatigue risk. Support (if any) NA
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Simpson, Norah S., Siobhan Banks, and David F. Dinges. "Sleep Restriction Is Associated With Increased Morning Plasma Leptin Concentrations, Especially in Women." Biological Research For Nursing 12, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800410366301.
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Study Objectives: We evaluated the effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in a large, diverse sample of healthy participants, while allowing free access to food. Methods: Prospective experimental design. After 2 nights of baseline sleep, 136 participants (49% women, 56% African Americans) received 5 consecutive nights of 4 hours time in bed (TIB). Additionally, one subset of participants received 2 additional nights of either further sleep restriction (n = 27) or increased sleep opportunity (n = 37). Control participants (n = 9) received 10 hr TIB on all study nights. Plasma leptin was measured between 10:30 a.m. and 12:00 noon following baseline sleep, after the initial sleep-restriction period, and after 2 nights of further sleep restriction or recovery sleep. Results: Leptin levels increased significantly among sleep-restricted participants after 5 nights of 4 hr TIB (Z = -8.43, p < .001). Increases were significantly greater among women compared to men (Z = -4.77, p < .001) and among participants with higher body mass index (BMI) compared to those with lower (Z = -2.09, p = .036), though participants in all categories (sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and age) demonstrated significant increases. There was also a significant effect of allowed TIB on leptin levels following the 2 additional nights of sleep restriction (p < .001). Participants in the control condition showed no significant changes in leptin levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that sleep restriction with ad libitum access to food significantly increases morning plasma leptin levels, particularly among women.
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Kishman, Erin, Joshua Sparks, Shawn Youngstedt, and Xuewen Wang. "0069 Trajectories of Sleep Characteristics in Black and White Women During the First Year Postpartum." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.067.
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Abstract Introduction In the postpartum period, many women experience sleep deficiency due to caring for their infant. Racial disparities exist in sleep characteristics in the adult population, with Black adults having shorter total sleep time (TST) and worse sleep efficiency (SE) than White adults. However, few studies have investigated sleep changes in postpartum Black and White women. The purpose of this study was to examine trajectories of sleep characteristics from 6-8 weeks to 12 months postpartum in Black and White women. Methods Black (n=48) and White (n=86) women who gave birth to a singleton infant at ≥37 weeks gestation, wore an Actiwatch Spectrum Plus (Phillips Respironics, Inc) at 6-8 weeks, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum. Participants were instructed to wear the monitor, complete a sleep diary, and to maintain their normal daily activities over 7 days. Daily time in bed (TIB), TST, SE, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) were determined. Results Trajectories of TIB, TST, SE and WASO were not different between Black and White women from 6-8 weeks to 12 months postpartum. However, Black women had shorter TIB and TST, and lower sleep efficiency (p<0.001 for all). WASO was similar between Black and White women. For the entire sample, TIB significantly decreased from 470±74 (mean±SD) minutes at 6-8 weeks to 459±54 minutes at 12 months (p=0.0038). TST significantly increased from 347±86 minutes at 6-8 weeks to 369±70 minutes at 4 months (p=0.0085) but did not change at the later timepoints. SE increased from 80±8% at 6-8 weeks to 83±7% at 6 months (p=0.0034) but did not change at the later timepoints. WASO decreased from 54±24 minutes at 6-8 weeks to 46±21 minutes at 4 months (p<0.0001) but did not change at later timepoints. Conclusion In the first year postpartum, Black and White women had similar trajectories for sleep characteristics, but Black women had shorter TIB and TST and lower SE than White women. TIB and WASO decreased while TST and SE increased over time. The first 4 to 6 months show the greatest changes. Support (If Any) NIH Grant R21MD012740
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Aly, Shaza H., Mahmoud A. El-Hassab, Sameh S. Elhady, and Haidy A. Gad. "Comparative Metabolic Study of Tamarindus indica L.’s Various Organs Based on GC/MS Analysis, In Silico and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activities." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010087.
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The chemical composition of the n-hexane extract of Tamarindus indica’s various organs—bark, leaves, seeds, and fruits (TIB, TIL, TIS, TIF)—was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. A total of 113 metabolites were identified, accounting for 93.07, 83.17, 84.05, and 85.08 % of the total identified components in TIB, TIL, TIS, and TIF, respectively. Lupeol was the most predominant component in TIB and TIL, accounting for 23.61 and 22.78%, respectively. However, n-Docosanoic acid (10.49%) and methyl tricosanoate (7.09%) were present in a high percentage in TIS. However, α-terpinyl acetate (7.36%) and α-muurolene (7.52%) were the major components of TIF n-hexane extract. By applying a principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) to GC/MS-based metabolites, a clear differentiation of Tamarindus indica organs was achieved. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, the wound healing potential for the n-hexane extract of various plant organs was assessed using the in-vitro wound scratch assay using Human Skin Fibroblast cells. The tested extracts showed considerable anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL, TIL showed the highest nitric oxide (NO) inhibition by 53.97 ± 5.89%. Regarding the wound healing potential, after 24 h, TIB, TIL, TIS, and TIF n-hexane extracts at 10 g/mL reduced the wound width to 1.09 ± 0.04, 1.12 ± 0.18, 1.09 ± 0.28, and 1.41 ± 0.35 mm, respectively, as compared to the control cells (1.37 ± 0.15 mm). These findings showed that the n-hexane extract of T. indica enhanced wound healing by promoting fibroblast migration. Additionally, a docking study was conducted to assess the major identified phytoconstituents’ affinity for binding to glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β), matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Lupeol showed the most favourable binding affinity to GSK3-β and iNOS, equal to −12.5 and −13.7 Kcal/mol, respectively, while methyl tricosanoate showed the highest binding affinity with MMP-8 equal to −13.1 Kcal/mol. Accordingly, the n-hexane extract of T. indica’s various organs can be considered a good candidate for the management of wound healing and inflammatory conditions.
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Frigon, Alain, and Serge Rossignol. "Plasticity of Reflexes From the Foot During Locomotion After Denervating Ankle Extensors in Intact Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (October 2007): 2122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00490.2007.
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Although sensory feedback is important in regulating the timing and magnitude of muscle activity during locomotion few studies have evaluated how it changes after peripheral nerve lesions. To assess this, reflexes evoked by stimulating a nerve before and after denervating other nerves can be quantified to determine changes. The aim of this study was to investigate consequences of denervating ankle extensor muscles, the lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus (LGS) on reflexes from the plantar foot surface evoked by stimulating the tibialis (Tib) nerve. Three cats ( n = 3) were trained to walk on a treadmill and chronically implanted with electrodes in 14 hindlimb muscles bilaterally to record EMG activity. A stimulating cuff electrode was placed around the left Tib nerve (Tib) nerve at the ankle to evoke reflexes. Several control values of EMGs, limb kinematics, and Tib nerve reflexes were obtained during locomotion for at least 3 wk before the left LGS nerve was cut. We found that the locomotor EMG bursts of several muscles was altered, with a large increase in amplitude in the early days postneurectomy followed by a gradual decrease toward intact values later on. There were changes in the stimulated locomotor EMG bursts (Tib nerve reflexes) of ipsilateral flexors and extensors and of contralateral ankle extensors, which dissociated from changes in baseline locomotor EMG (e.g., nonstimulated bursts during reflex trials). The functional significance of these changes in muscle activity and reflex pathways on the recovery of locomotion after denervating ankle extensors is discussed.
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Wright, J. S., R. Khanna, D. P. Norton, S. J. Pearton, F. Ren, and I. I. Kravchenko. "Thermally Stable TiB[sub 2] Ohmic Contacts on n-ZnO." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9, no. 5 (2006): G164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2184488.
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Lyons, Samuel M., Jeffery J. Morgan, Salinda K. Chan, and Emily A. Kraus. "Altered Joint Powers During Running After Tibial Bone Stress Injury." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00493.
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Background: Tibial bone stress injuries (tib-BSI) are common in adolescent runners. Previous research has examined running mechanics as possible risk factors for tib-BSI’s and implications have been observed for both kinematic and kinetic measures. Combining these measures to examine power absorption and production of the lower extremity can provide context on mechanical differences in individuals with a history of tib-BSI. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine total limb power and percent joint contribution in healthy adolescent runners compared to peers with a history of tib-BSI. It was hypothesized that runners with a history of tib-BSI would have a greater contribution of power production and absorption at the ankle, and less at the hip and knee joints, with no difference in total power. Methods: Twenty-six runners were divided into groups: history of tib-BSI (n=14; male=10, female=4; age=16±2) and healthy controls (n=12; male=5, female=7; age=18±7). Data were collected using 3D motion capture with embedded force plates during overground running at self-selected pace. Total limb power and percent joint contribution were calculated from joint work. Positive and negative joint work was summed from the integrations of the joint power-time curve in each plane. Joint work was divided by step-time to obtain total joint power. Joint powers for the hip, knee, and ankle were summed to determine total limb power and percentage of limb power was calculated for each joint. Variables were grouped by control limb (CON), uninvolved limb (UNI), and involved limb (BSI). Both limbs in the healthy controls were averaged to generate the CON group. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the variables of limb and joint power. Results: There were no significant differences between BSI and UNI limbs for any variables measured. The CON group exhibited significantly greater hip negative power compared to the BSI group (p=0.047), and significantly less ankle negative power compared to the BSI (p=0.001) and UNI groups (p=0.002). Despite a significant difference in total positive power between groups (p=0.04), there were no differences in joint positive power. Variables are presented in Table 1. Conclusion: This study is preliminary evidence that adolescent runners with a history of tib-BSI can present with adaptations in running mechanics that are not limited to the injured leg. Negative power may be more sensitive to change with the ankle increasing its contribution, comparatively. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of this adaptation after injury as it may influence treatment.
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Rachuri, Yadagiri, Bhavesh Parmar, Kamal Kumar Bisht, and Eringathodi Suresh. "Mixed ligand two dimensional Cd(ii)/Ni(ii) metal organic frameworks containing dicarboxylate and tripodal N-donor ligands: Cd(ii) MOF is an efficient luminescent sensor for detection of picric acid in aqueous media." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 18 (2016): 7881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt00753h.
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Boudreau, Douglas B., Liza-Anastasia DiCecco, Olufisayo A. Gali, and Afsaneh Edrisy. "Fatigue Behaviour of Additive Manufactured Ti-TiB." MRS Advances 3, no. 62 (2018): 3641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.618.
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ABSTRACTFatigue behaviour of titanium reinforced with TiB particles fabricated by ‘plasma transferred arc solid freeform fabrication’ (PTA-SFFF) technique was investigated. Rotation bending fatigue tests were conducted following the MPIF 56 standard using the staircase method approach. Experimental data is used to calculate the fatigue strength and construct S-N curves, where the results were compared to a powder metallurgy FC0205 as a benchmark material. The titanium samples were found to exhibit superior fatigue behaviour in comparison to the reference FC0205 material, performing well above 1/3 of its ultimate tensile strength with a 90% survival fatigue strength of 244 +/- 98.3 MPa versus 141 +/- 17.4 MPa. Fatigue failure mechanisms of samples were identified by examination of the fracture surfaces through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as using transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) analysis techniques. Fatigue crack propagation was either arrested or deflected when propagation occurred within the vicinity of the TiB intermetallics. Fracture surfaces of the titanium matrix displayed evidence of striations while the TiB intermetallic experience cleavage fracture.
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Centofanti, S., L. Heilbronn, G. Wittert, A. Coates, J. Dorrian, D. Kennaway, C. Gupta, et al. "P007 Eating in alignment with the circadian clock: A strategy to reduce the metabolic impact of nightwork." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A23—A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.056.
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Abstract Nightwork disrupts circadian rhythms and impairs glucose metabolism, increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated eliminating or reducing the amount of food consumed during simulated nightwork as a countermeasure to reduce the impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism. N=52 healthy, non-shiftworking participants (24.4±4.9 years; 26 Females; BMI 23.8±2.5kg/m2) underwent a 7-day laboratory protocol with an 8h TIB baseline sleep, followed by 4 simulated nightshifts with 7h TIB daytime sleep and an 8h TIB recovery sleep in groups of 4 participants. Each group was randomly assigned to a meal-at-midnight (n=17, 30% energy requirements), snack-at-midnight (n=16, 10% energy requirements) or no-eating-at-midnight (n=19) condition. Total 24h energy and macronutrient intake were constant across conditions. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted on day2 (baseline), and day7 (recovery). Plasma was sampled at -15, 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mins, assayed for glucose and insulin. Area under the curve (AUC) was the calculated. Mixed model analyses of glucose AUC found a condition-by-day interaction (p<0.001). Glucose responses to OGTT did not change with nightwork in the no-eating-at-midnight condition (p=0.219) but worsened in the meal-at-midnight (p<0.001) and snack-at-midnight (p=0.022) conditions. Insulin AUC was different by condition (p=0.047). Insulin was highest after nightwork in the no-eating-at-midnight compared to meal-at-midnight (p=0.014) but not snack-at-midnight (p=0.345). Glucose tolerance was impaired by eating-at-midnight, associated with a lower than expected insulin response. Further work is required to determine the effect of meal or snack composition as a strategy to mitigate adverse metabolic effects of nightwork.
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Mange, A., C. W. Jones, M. Kaizi-Lutu, M. Basner, and D. F. Dinges. "0291 Recovery Sleep Alleviates Mood Disturbance Following Chronic Sleep Restriction, Albeit Transiently and in a Dose-Dependent Manner." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.288.
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Abstract Introduction Fatigue is one contributor to mood disturbance observed following sleep restriction; however, the contribution of other factors remains unclear. This study examined contributions to mood disturbance resulting from sleep restriction beyond that of fatigue, evaluated the benefit of recovery sleep, and assessed whether recovery sleep buffered the re-emergence of mood disturbance upon re-exposure to sleep restriction. Methods N=223 healthy participants (48% female; n=108) approximately 30-years-old (SD=6.89, range=22–45 years) completed two baseline nights of 8h time in bed (TIB), followed by five nights of 4h TIB, and were then then randomized to one of 7 sleep recovery opportunities (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 hours TIB). Following the sleep period, a subset of participants (n=72) were re-exposed to five consecutive nights of 4h TIB. The profile of mood states (POMS) was completed every 2h during wakefulness and daily averages were calculated. The POMS total mood disturbance (TMD) score without the fatigue subscale (i.e., mood disturbance = TMD - fatigue) was the primary outcome to isolate changes in mood disturbance beyond fatigue. Individual growth curve models were applied to the trajectory of mood disturbance. General linear models were used to evaluate the dose-response function of mood disturbance after recovery sleep. Results Mood disturbance (absent the POMS fatigue scale) increased with each day of sleep restriction (β=1.550 per day; P<0.0001), and decreased with longer recovery sleep durations in a dose-dependent manner (β=-1.614 for every 2h increase; P<0.0001). The benefits of recovery sleep were abated by the second night of 4h sleep during re-exposure, where mood disturbance was slightly higher than that observed before recovery, but this difference was not statistically significant (β=0.046; P=0.85). Conclusion The study findings suggest that fatigue is not the only contributor to mood disturbance following sleep restriction. Recovery sleep attenuates mood disturbance in a dose-dependent manner, albeit transiently. Candidate pathways linking sleep restriction and mood include the immune system and the dynamics of sleep physiology. Support This work was funded by National Institute of Health NIH R01NR004281 and National Space and Biomedical Research Institute NSRBI NCC 5–98.
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Campbell, I. G., A. Cruz Basilio, Z. Y. Zhang, N. Darchia, and I. Feinberg. "0324 Effect of Sleep Restriction on Sleep Electroencephalogram Waveforms in Adolescents." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.321.
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Abstract Introduction Over the past 18 years, our laboratory has been carrying out longitudinal studies of sleep and sleep need across adolescence. Our current study uses a dose-response design to examine daytime performance and sleep EEG after varied sleep durations. Here we present results for 1-30 Hz EEG power in NREM and REM sleep. Methods Home EEG recording in children 10-16 years old (N=77, mean age = 13.2). Adhering to their habitual rise time participants kept an assigned TIB schedule of 7, 8.5, or 10 hours for four consecutive nights. Participants completed all three conditions each year of the 3 year study. EEG recordings from the fourth night of each condition were scored and analyzed with FFT. Results Reducing TIB from 10 to 7 hours effectively decreased total sleep time (TST) from an average of 531 min to an average of 407 min. Decreasing TIB (from 10 to 7 h) produced a small increase (4.6%, p=0.0004) in delta (1-4 Hz) power and a larger decrease (9.0%, p=0.0032) in alpha (8-11 Hz) power in the first 5 h of NREM sleep. In REM periods 2 and 3, the same TIB reduction also increased (12.1%, p<0.0001) delta power and decreased (14.2%, p<0.0001) alpha power. Decreasing TIB reduced (11%, p<0.0001) sigma (11-15 Hz) power in the first 5h of NREM sleep and reduced (28%, p<0.0001) all night NREM sigma energy. Conclusion Reducing TST changes EEG power in several frequency bands. The increase in NREM delta power, expected from homeostatic models, may be too small to be biologically significant. The larger loss of sigma power may be of greater consequence. Sigma frequency activity is an indicator of sleep spindles which have been affected in aging, learning, memory and psychopathology. The sigma response to sleep restriction could be used to study these relations. Support PHS grant R01 HL116490 supported this work.
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Yang, Zhigang, Zhijia Zhao, Jianbo Yu, and Zhongming Ren. "Effect of TiB 2 addition on grain orientation of porous Si 3 N 4 ‐TiB 2 composites by magnetic field alignment technology." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 1381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13187.
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McCauley, M. E., H. Van Dongen, S. Banks, and D. F. Dinges. "0300 The Circadian Timing of Sleep Affects the Rate of Accumulation of Neurobehavioral Impairment Across Days of Sleep Restriction." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A113—A114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.297.
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Abstract Introduction Chronic restriction of nighttime sleep to less than ~8h/day leads to build-up of neurobehavioral impairment across days. Although it is known that sleep loss effects depend on the circadian timing of sleep, it is not known how the timing of restricted sleep influences the accumulation of neurobehavioral impairment over days. Here we studied the accumulation of impairment across days of restricted sleep placed in the morning or afternoon. Methods N=71 healthy young adults (39% female; ages 21-45y, mean±SD: 27.9±6.6y) completed a 14-day laboratory study. After two baseline days with nighttime sleep (8h TIB: 23:30-07:30), subjects were randomized to 10 consecutive days of A) morning sleep at 4h, 6h, or 8h TIB ending at 11:30 each day (n=18, 8, 8, respectively), or B) afternoon sleep at 4h, 6h, or 8h TIB ending at 19:30 each day (n=13, 17, 7, respectively). Subjects were tested on the 10min psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) every ~2 hours during scheduled wakefulness. Daily averages for PVT lapses (RTs>500ms) observed between 2h and 14h after awakening were analyzed with non-linear mixed-effects regression to investigate differences in the neurobehavioral impairment build-up rate between sleep restriction conditions. Results Afternoon sleep conditions showed a significant sleep dose-response effect (p<0.001), with the fastest accrual of PVT performance deficits across days in the 4h condition, and slow-to-negligible accumulation (p=0.36) of PVT performance deficits in the 8h condition. However, morning sleep resulted in no significant sleep dose-response effect (p=0.96). All 3 morning sleep doses displayed negligible (p≥0.12) accumulation of impairment across days. Conclusion In this sample of young adults, sleep dosages ending in the morning (at 11:30) appear to provide considerable protection against cumulative performance deficits from sleep restricted to 4h-6h/day over 10 days, suggesting that the afternoon circadian promotion of wakefulness can sustain behavioral alertness even over multiple days of repeated sleep restriction. Support NIH grants R01-NR04281 and M01-RR00040
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Wang, Wei Fu. "Nanoparticulate-Reinforced Ti-Base Composites Prepared by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 497 (April 2012): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.497.311.
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With preplaced Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V + BN powder mixtures, the Ti-base composite coatings with in-suit synthesis nano particulates were obtained by laser cladding on titanium alloy substrate. The microstructures, fracture morphology, phase composition and mechanical property were studied by SEM, XRD and micro-hardness tests. The results show that, there are two kinds of typical nano particulates in the composites, i.e. the TiB with a diameter of ~400nm and the Ti2N with a diameter of ~10 nm. Both the TiB and Ti2N reinforced particulates are uniformly distributed in the composites. As a result, the average hardness of the composites were ~360HV0.05 which is about 20% higher than the substrate. In the composites, the distribution of Ti2N particulates shows a peculiar characteristic of dendrite-like morphologies. The analysis shows that the Ti2N precipitates out from the solid state α-Ti(N) is the reason why Ti2N is only of a diameter of ~10nm and distributes in a certain way of dendrite-like morphologies.
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Belyaev, A. E., A. V. Sachenko, N. S. Boltovets, V. N. Ivanov, R. V. Konakova, Ya Ya Kudryk, L. A. Matveeva, V. V. Milenin, S. V. Novitskii, and V. N. Sheremet. "Effect of microwave irradiation on the resistance of Au-TiB x -Ge-Au-n-n +-n ++-GaAs(InP) ohmic contacts." Semiconductors 46, no. 4 (April 2012): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782612040021.
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Carmona, Nicole, and Colleen Carney. "647 Adolescent and Young Adult Sleep and Sleep-Related Behaviour Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.645.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance, poor sleep quality, and dissatisfaction with sleep are common among adolescents and young adults (AYAs; e.g., Becker et al., 2018; Hicks et al., 2002; Hysing et al., 2013). Environmental and behavioural factors (e.g., early school start times, evening technology use and social pressures) are barriers to healthy sleep among AYAs that contribute to a “perfect storm” of sleep disturbance during this period (Carskadon, 2011; Crowley et al., 2018). Notwithstanding, few AYAs have access to sleep treatments. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns decreased academic and scheduling demands, providing an opportunity to study unconstrained AYA sleep and potentially facilitating better access to sleep interventions (Simpson & Manber, 2020). This study evaluated differences in baseline sleep and sleep-related behaviour change (i.e., how AYAs use an evidence-based app for sleep disturbance) before vs. during the lockdown. Methods Participants between the ages of 15 and 24 (M=20.66, SD=2.38) completed a 4-week feasibility study evaluating a free, transdiagnostic sleep self-management app (DOZE) before the lockdown (“Pre-Lockdown”; n=51) or during the lockdown (“Lockdown”; n=29). After 2 weeks of completing baseline sleep diaries, participants could set goals based on feedback and access tips, followed by 2 more weeks of completing sleep diaries. Results Compared to Pre-Lockdown, Lockdown demonstrated less variability in their sleep schedules (ps≤.011), less napping (p=.002), but increased time in bed (TIB; p<.001) and total wake time (p=.007). Total sleep time, lingering in bed in the morning, and sleep efficiency did not differ between groups. Relative to Pre-Lockdown, Lockdown showed a greater tendency to set goals to reduce schedule variability (p=.010) and to restrict excessive TIB (p=.005). Rates of goal setting for lingering in bed in the morning, sleepiness, naps, and sleep-interfering substance use did not differ between groups. Rates of accessing tips did not differ between groups. Conclusion Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on AYA sleep included less variability in their schedule and a decreased need for naps, but negative effects on TWT and TIB. As a result, AYAs set different goals during the COVID-19 lockdowns, focusing more on restricting excessive TIB than on schedule variability. Support (if any) Canadian Institutes of Health Research eHealth Innovation Partnership Program (#143551).
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Klingaman, Elizabeth, Mary Katherine Howell, Clayton Brown, Lan Li, Julie Kreyenbuhl, Maddison Taylor, Justine Glieger, and Anthony Vivino. "0347 CBT-I Leads to Changes in Actigraphy and Sleep Diary-Assessed Sleep Parameters in Veterans with Psychosis and Insomnia." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0347.
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Abstract Introduction Up to 80% of people with psychosis have insomnia. While insomnia worsens psychotic symptoms and functioning, treating insomnia may improve functioning and recovery. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective treatment, but there is limited research on CBT-I in people living with psychosis. We developed guidelines and materials for conducting CBT-I with people with psychosis and evaluated actigraphy and sleep diary-measured outcomes in Veterans who participated in an RCT of CBT-I for psychosis. Methods Forty-seven Veterans with insomnia and psychosis were randomized to either CBT-I using novel psychosis-specific guidelines and materials (n=26) or to an active treatment control, the Health and Wellness (HW) intervention (n=21). Participants completed both actigraphy and daily sleep logs for two weeks at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results Using a mixed effects model for repeated measures, mean change from baseline at post and follow-up was compared for CBT-I for psychosis and HW. For actigraphy-measured total sleep time (TST) and time in bed (TIB), and diary-measured TIB, there was a significant decrease in these parameters for the CBT-I group relative to an increase for HW at post (t(1082)=-2.41, p=.016, d=-.38; t(1082)=-2.19, p=.029, d=-.44; t(1318)=-3.19, p=.002, d =-.70, respectively) and in diary-measured TIB at follow-up (t(1318)=-1.97, p=.049, d=-.37. Sleep diary-measured sleep efficiency (SE) increased significantly more in CBT-I than in HW (t(1266)=1.99, p=.047, d=.54) at post. There were no group differences in actigraphy-measured SE, sleep onset latency (SOL), or WASO, or sleep diary-measured TST, SOL, WASO, or number of awakenings at post. There were no other group differences for actigraphy- or diary-measured sleep variables at follow-up, though underpowered due to sample size at the follow-up timepoint. Conclusion Results indicate that CBT-I tailored to the needs of people with psychosis can change several actigraphy- and diary-assessed common sleep variables of interest--TST, TIB, and SE. CBT-I for psychosis should be further investigated with a larger randomized controlled trial over a longer time period. Support (if any) Time supported by U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, RR&D-1IK2RX001836, PI: Elizabeth A. Klingaman.
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Lopez, Mateo, Adam Krause, Kathleen O'Hora, Beatriz Hernandez, Laura Lazzeroni, Jamie Zeitzer, Leah Friedman, et al. "0478 The Impact of Non-pharmacological Insomnia Therapy on Mood and Sleep in Morning and Evening Chronotypes in Older Adults." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A211—A212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.475.
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Abstract Introduction As individuals age, the circadian-driven timing of their sleep shifts to an earlier hour. Whether such a shift moderates the effectiveness of insomnia treatment on sleep disturbances and mood in older adults is unknown. Methods We tested the hypothesis that circadian preference moderates improvements in mood and insomnia symptoms following a non-pharmacological insomnia treatment. Older adults (N=111, age=69±6.4 years, female=65%) with insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score >10) received a 6-session treatment regimen. Circadian preference was measured at baseline with the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM mean score=41.2±7.3, median=42). Chronotypes were classified based on a median split of CSM scores. Depression, (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), insomnia severity (ISI), cognitive arousal (Glasgow Content of Thoughts Inventory, GCTI), and time in bed (TIB), total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (TST /TIB=SE) from sleep diaries were collected pre- and post-treatment. Tests of proportion were used to characterize differences in demographic variables between chronotypes. Ranked correlation tests were used to test associations between circadian preference and variables of interest at pre- and post-treatment. T-tests with unequal variance were used to examine whether treatment outcomes differed between chronotypes. Results In this study, 58% of females and 38% of males were later chronotypes (p=0.04). Later chronotype was associated with greater pre-treatment TIB (p=0.01), and earlier chronotype was associated with higher post-treatment cognitive arousal (p=0.04). Later chronotypes had greater reduction in depression symptoms (Cohen’s d=0.43, p=0.04), cognitive arousal (d=0.39, p=0.05), and a trend for greater reduction in TIB (d=0.37, p=0.07). Earlier chronotypes had a greater increase in TST (d=0.42, p=0.04). However, both chronotypes saw equivalent changes in SE (d=0.12, p=0.58). Conclusion Later chronotypes had a greater reduction in TIB, while earlier chronotypes demonstrated a significant increase in TST due to insomnia treatment, and both chronotypes had improved SE. These patterns suggest that treatment equivalently improves the consolidation of sleep, but the mechanism of this treatment effect differs by chronotype. That is, a moderating effect of circadian preference on the mechanism of improved sleep consolidation by insomnia treatment in older adults. These results suggest greater attention to age-related changes in chronotype in insomnia treatment. Support (If Any) NIMHR01MH101468-01; MIRECC at the VAPAHCS
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Dahlquist, D. T., E. D. Chinoy, R. R. Markwald, and S. A. Chabal. "0284 The Effects of a Circadian-Aligned Watchbill Shift Work Schedule on Sleep Quality and Quantity in U.S. Navy Submarine Personnel." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.282.
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Abstract Introduction Prior to 2014, the U.S. Navy Submarine Force operated on a non-circadian-aligned watchbill shift work schedule (18-hour day-length) that resulted in insufficient sleep. For instance, prior research reported that submariners received insufficient sleep on this schedule, and modest sleep restrictions can adversely affect performance, alertness, and, ultimately, negatively impact mission outcomes. Thus, the present study characterized sleep patterns of submariners operating on a newer, circadian-aligned 24-hour day-length watchbill. Methods Submariners (n=58; 27.8±5.9 years) of various ranks volunteered from a U.S. Navy submarine. Submariners wore a research-grade actigraphy watch over a 30-day underway mission, for objective sleep measurement of time in bed (TIB), total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE). Subjective sleep was measured from questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Insomnia Severity Index [ISI], Profile of Mood States [POMS-fatigue subscale]) that were taken pre- and post-underway. Results Compared with pre-underway, at post-underway submariners reported significantly higher scores on the ISI, PSQI global sleep quality, and POMS-fatigue (all p<0.05, indicating worse sleep and fatigue ratings). According to actigraphy, submariners acquired on average 6.7±1.0 hours TST, 7.5±1.1 hours TIB, and 88.9±3.9 % SE per day throughout the underway mission. Actigraphy-determined TIB and TST were variable compared with PSQI self-reported TIB and TST. Conclusion Study results indicate that submariners experience modest sleep restriction on a newly implemented 24-hour watchbill, which is an improvement in sleep relative to prior assessments of the former standard 18-hour watchbill. However, submariners endorsed lower sleep quality and higher fatigue levels from a month-long underway mission. This study is one of the first examinations of sleep under the 24-hour watchbill mandate that was instated in 2014. Future studies should further evaluate sleep and test fatigue mitigation strategies in different shift configurations of the 24-hour watchbill. Support Joint Program Committee-5 Fatigue Mechanisms and Countermeasures Working Group
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Larson, O. R., C. W. Jones, M. Basner, and D. F. Dinges. "0304 Greater Slow-Wave Activity is Associated with Deteriorating Mood Across Sleep Restriction." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.301.
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Abstract Introduction Mood progressively deteriorates over consecutive days of sleep restriction. The neurobiological processes active during sleep that influence the risk of mood disturbance are unknown. This study investigated the relationships between physiological sleep parameters (i.e., slow-wave activity (SWA), slow-wave energy (SWE), rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep duration and latency), and self-reported measures of mood across sleep restriction. Methods N=181 healthy participants (48.1% female; 30±6.8 yrs) had valid polysomnography (PSG) and mood data. The study design included two baseline nights (8h time in bed [TIB]) followed by five nights of 4h TIB. PSG (EEG derivations C3-A2, Fz-A1, O2-A1) was collected on the second baseline night (B2), first night of 4h TIB (SR1), and the fifth night of 4h TIB (SR5). The Profile of Mood States was assayed on days following PSG. Power spectral analysis for SWE and SWA was conducted (delta power; band: 0.5-4.5 Hz). General linear regression models were used to independently assess the slope of SWE, SWA, percent REM of total sleep time (TST), and REM latency on mood disturbance across sleep restriction. Results At baseline, higher SWE (unadjusted; r=0.21; P=0.004) and SWA (unadjusted; r=0.19; P=0.007) were associated with greater mood disturbance; these relations were attenuated when adjusted for age and sex. No relation was found between mood and REM latency or REM percent of TST. The slope of mood disturbance from B2 to SR5 was associated with greater percentage increases in C3 SWA on SR5 relative to B2 (β=0.039; P=0.008); this association was not observed for SWE (β=-0.016; P=0.48). The slope of REM latency and REM percent of TST were not associated with the slope of mood disturbance. Conclusion Our results indicate that greater SWA due to sleep restriction was associated with greater mood disturbance, suggesting that less SWA may confer resilience to mood disturbances resulting from sleep restriction. Support This work was supported by National Institute of Health NIH R01NR004281 and National Space and Biomedical Research Institute NSRBI NCC 5-98.
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Conte, Francesca, Oreste De Rosa, Benedetta Albinni, Daniele Mango, Alessia Coppola, Serena Malloggi, Davide Giangrande, Fiorenza Giganti, Giuseppe Barbato, and Gianluca Ficca. "Learning Monologues at Bedtime Improves Sleep Quality in Actors and Non-Actors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010011.
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Several studies show that pre-sleep learning determines changes in subsequent sleep, including improvements of sleep quality. Our aims were to confirm this finding using a more ecological task (learning a theatrical monologue) and to investigate whether the effect is modulated by expertise. Using a mixed design, we compared polysomnographic recordings of baseline sleep (BL, 9-h TIB) to those of post-training sleep (TR, with the same TIB but preceded by the training session), in one group of actors (N = 11) and one of non-actors (N = 11). In both groups, TR appears reorganized and re-compacted by the learning session, as shown, among others, by a significant decrease of WASO%, awakenings, arousals, and state transitions and by a trend towards an increased number of complete cycles and total cycle time. Concerning memory performance, the number of synonyms produced was significantly higher in the morning relative to immediate recall. No between-groups differences emerged either for sleep or memory variables. Our data confirm pre-sleep learning’s beneficial effect on sleep quality in an ecological context. While expertise appears not to influence memory-related sleep mechanisms, results on morning recall support the recent view that sleep’s role in memory processes consists in trace “transformation” for adaptive purposes, rather than rote consolidation.
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Karuna Purnapu Rupa, P., P. C. Chakraborti, and Suman K. Mishra. "Indentation Response and Contact Damage of Hard T-B-N Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 13, no. 1-2 (December 21, 2010): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj70.
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<p>Titanium-boron-nitride (Ti-B-N) films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering using a single TiB<sub>2</sub> target. The films were deposited under different Ar:N<sub>2</sub> ratios. The instrumented indentation technique (nanoindentation), is used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the films. A methodology is presented to evaluate the critical load to failure directly from the load depth curves. Significant effect of Ar:N<sub>2</sub> ratio was observed on the mechanical properties of the Ti-B-N films.</p>
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Mathew, G. M., S. M. Strayer, K. Ness, O. M. Buxton, and A. Chang. "0085 Vulnerability to Sleep Restriction is Associated with Decreased Working Memory Performance." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A34—A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.083.
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Abstract Introduction We investigated whether individuals with more lapses on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) after sleep restriction (SR) demonstrated poorer working memory compared to those with fewer PVT lapses. Methods Fifteen healthy men (22.3±2.8 years) participated in a 10-night inpatient protocol with three nights of 10-hour baseline time in bed (TIB), five nights of SR (5-hour TIB), then two recovery (10-hour TIB) nights. Participants completed the Visual Object Learning Task (VOLT) and Fractal 2-Back (F2B; visual n-back) measuring working memory and the PVT (Joggle Research® battery) approximately every two hours during wake. During the VOLT, participants indicated whether presented images had been shown previously. Outcomes included number of misses and false alarms. During the F2B, participants tapped the screen when an image appeared that had been shown 2 images previously. Outcomes included sensitivity and specificity. Median split of mean PVT lapses after the last night of SR was used to categorize participants into “vulnerable” (n=8) versus “resistant” (n=7) groups. Outcomes were analyzed in mixed models with the predictor day*vulnerability, excluding the first three baseline days to preclude practice effects. Results There was a significant interaction between day and attentional vulnerability for VOLT misses (p<.001); misses increased linearly across days in vulnerable (b=.18, p<.001) but not resistant (p=.956) participants. There was no interaction between day and vulnerability for VOLT false alarms, which did not change across days. There was a significant interaction between day and attentional vulnerability for F2B sensitivity (p=.002); sensitivity increased linearly across days in resistant (b=.02, p<.001) but not in vulnerable (p=.273) participants. There was no interaction between day and vulnerability for F2B specificity, which did not change across days. Conclusion Performance on the VOLT decreased in vulnerable participants only; performance on the F2B improved in resistant participants likely due to practice effects not seen in vulnerable participants. Findings indicate vulnerability to attentional lapses after SR is a marker of vulnerability to working memory decrements. Support This study was funded by grant UL1TR000127 from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Chang PI) and the College of Health and Human Development at the Pennsylvania State University.
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Mathew, G. M., S. M. Strayer, K. Ness, D. S. Bailey, O. M. Buxton, and A. Chang. "0296 Less Self-Reported Alertness and Motivation During Sleep Restriction are Associated with Decreased Attentional Performance." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.293.
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Abstract Introduction Some individuals demonstrate more performance decrements on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) after sleep restriction (SR). We investigated whether individuals who reported less alertness and/or less motivation after SR demonstrated poorer performance on the PVT. Methods Fifteen healthy men (22.3±2.8 years) participated in a 10-night inpatient protocol with three nights of 10-hour baseline time in bed (TIB), five nights of SR (5-hour TIB), then two recovery (10-hour TIB) nights. Participants completed the 10-minute PVT (Joggle Research® battery) approximately every two hours during wake. Outcomes included number of false starts (<100 ms reaction time, RT) and number of lapses (≥500 ms RT). Participants reported alertness and motivation levels after each PVT. Median splits were used to characterize changes in alertness (“sleepy,” n=8, versus “alert,” n=7) and motivation (“unmotivated,” n=7, versus “motivated,” n=8) from the last day of baseline to the last day of SR. Outcomes were analyzed in mixed models with the predictor day*alertness or day*motivation, excluding the first three baseline days to preclude practice effects. Results There were significant interactions between day and alertness (p=.025) and day and motivation (p=.043) for false starts. False starts followed a quadratic inverted-U shape across days in sleepy (b=-0.16, p=.003) and unmotivated (b=-0.16, p=.004) participants, but not in alert or motivated participants (p>.05). There was a significant interaction between day and alertness for lapses (p=.008); lapses followed a quadratic inverted-U shape across days with a stronger effect in sleepy (b=-0.43, p<.001) versus alert (b=-0.15, p=.031) participants. There was no interaction between day and motivation for lapses. Conclusion Participants reporting less alertness were more likely to make both false starts and lapses after SR; those reporting less motivation were more likely to make false starts, but not lapses. Findings suggest greater motivation is sufficient to preserve inhibitory control but not vigilance after sleep restriction. In contrast, greater alertness despite sleep restriction was sufficient to preserve inhibitory control and resulted in lower vigilance decrements. Support This study was funded by grant UL1TR000127 from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and the College of Health and Human Development at the Pennsylvania State University (Chang PI).
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Li, Meijuan, Kaka Ma, Lin Jiang, Hanry Yang, Enrique J. Lavernia, Lianmeng Zhang, and Julie M. Schoenung. "Synthesis and mechanical behavior of nanostructured Al 5083/n-TiB 2 metal matrix composites." Materials Science and Engineering: A 656 (February 2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.031.
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Greer, E., R. Matthews, S. Centofanti, C. Yates, J. Stepien, J. Dorrian, G. Wittert, M. Noakes, and S. Banks. "P041 The Impact of Simulated Night Shifts on Executive Functioning." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A34—A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.089.
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Abstract Nightwork is associated with fatigue, decreased sleep quality, and impairments in cognitive function. While attentional tasks have been widely investigated, there are limited data on more complex tasks, such as executive functioning during nightwork. Workers often need to rapidly shift between tasks, adapting to new and complex situations. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of nightwork on executive functioning. Healthy, non-shift working individuals (N=8; 5F, 24.8±5.0y) participated in a 7-day live-in laboratory study. Participants underwent an 8h TIB baseline sleep, followed by 4 consecutive simulated nightshifts with 7h TIB sleep during the day and an 8h TIB recovery sleep. Participants were assessed for executive function at 2000h, 2200h, 0100h and 0400h. Executive functioning was assessed with a mental flexibility switching task where a 3D rotation and math task were displayed simultaneously with an arrow indicating which task to complete in a random order. Resulting throughput data were analysed using linear mixed models. There was a main effect of time of night (F(3,77)=4.81,p=.004) on throughput such that there was a speed accuracy trade off over the night shift with slower switching ability later in the shift. There was also a main effect of nightshift (F(2,77)=54.33,p<.001) where participants’ performance improved on the task with each nightshift. This study suggests executive functioning is impaired on nightshift with worse performance at 0400h. Task improvements over consecutive nightshifts may have been due to learning or acclimation to nightwork. Understanding complex task performance on nightshift is important for tailoring countermeasures.
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LI, Zhanjiang, Chenglong ZHU, Bingjie CAI, Fa CHANG, Xiaoqiang LIU, Muhammad Zeeshan NAEEM, and Pinqiang DAI. "Effect of TiB2 content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)–TiB2–FeCoCrNiAl high-entropy alloys composite cermets." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 128, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.19154.
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Huang, Liqing, Ma Qian, Lihua Wang, Zhi-Gang Chen, Zhiming Shi, Van Nguyen, and Jin Zou. "High-tensile-strength and ductile novel Ti-Fe-N-B alloys reinforced with TiB nanowires." Materials Science and Engineering: A 708 (December 2017): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.09.136.
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Ibrahim, Ali, Kathy Knox, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, and Denni Arli. "Segmenting a Water Use Market." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417741277.
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Water scarcity due to climate change, low rainfall, and the damaging effects of human activity is a global concern. In the United Arab Emirates, water consumption rates are among the highest in the world. Recently, researchers have suggested social marketing might assist to change individual water consumption. Guided by the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB), this study sought to identify segments in one water use market, drawing on demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation bases. A cross-sectional theoretically based online survey was designed based on the TIB constructs to collect data about one residential population’s water knowledge/awareness attitudes, emotions, religiosity, habits, surrounding social norms, and facilitating factors. E-mail invitations to complete the survey were sent to the target population. Two-step cluster analysis was used to analyze the data ( N = 1350), and three major water user segments were identified (regular, conscious, and careless users), who could be characterized based on psychographic and water use (behavioral) determinants. Audience segmentation is often absent or done on the fly, and this article proposes that effectiveness could be improved by applying a rigorous and theoretically based approach. Opportunities for social marketers to develop interventions targeting specific user groups are subsequently identified, along with a future research agenda.
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Wisnujati, Andika, and Lalu Alpan Hafiz. "Analisis Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Poros Berulir (Screw) Untuk Pengupas Kulit Ari Kedelai Berbahan Dasar Aluminium Bekas dan Piston Bekas." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i1.99.
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Aluminum alloys in this study using a mixture of aluminum profiles and former piston. Former piston is used to get the high enough of element Si. The addition of TiB element (Titanium-Boron) as much as 0.02% at the time of casting expected to improve the mechanical and physical character of aluminum, so that expected the aluminum alloy has a strength that is much better than without the addition of any element. Aluminum alloy to manufacture screw will be casted by using sand molds on three types of variations mold temperature 200oC, 300oC and 400oC. The Test were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy and physical that are : tensile test, hardness test, and metallographic with an optical microscope. The maximum test result occurred in Al-Si alloy material with TiB addition 0.02% and a heating temperature mold 400oC produces maximum tensile stress of 628.86 N / mm², while for Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) gives the figure of 114 kg / mm2; and for the results obtained from the data metallographic structure formed hypereutectic silicon which form the primary silicon phase. That phase provides high wear resistance. Finally, it is evident that the Al-Si alloys mentioned above can improve the properties of aluminum to manufacture a screw.
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Leite, Marcelo Henrique Siqueira, Eduardo Guimarães Couto, Ricardo Santos Silva Amorim, Eduardo Lenza da Costa, and Lucas Maraschin. "Perdas de solo e nutrientes num latossolo vermelho-amarelo ácrico típico, com diferentes sistemas de preparo e sob chuva natural." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33, no. 3 (June 2009): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000300021.
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O processo erosivo é a principal causa de degradação dos solos, trazendo, como consequência, prejuízos ao setor agrícola e ao meio ambiente, com reflexos econômicos e também sociais. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de solo e nutrientes em diferentes sistemas de preparo num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico típico. Foram instaladas cinco parcelas experimentais contendo os seguintes tratamentos: preparo convencional e cultivo morro abaixo (CMA); preparo convencional e plantio em nível (CEN); preparo com uma grade aradora e uma niveladora e plantio em nível (CNiv); preparo com duas gradagens niveladoras, plantio em nível (NA) e cultivo mínimo em nível (CMN). As perdas de solo foram determinadas pelo método direto durante o ciclo da cultura de algodão, de dezembro de 2005 a junho de 2006. A cada coleta foram retiradas amostras de solo para quantificar as perdas dos nutrientes N, P, K e carbono orgânico (C-org) nos sedimentos. A diminuição no revolvimento do solo proporcionou menores perdas de sedimento, nutrientes e C-org, destacando o CMN como o mais eficiente. As perdas de N, P, K e C-org nos sedimentos apresentaram tendências semelhantes às das perdas de solo, e N, P e K variaram conforme as adubações utilizadas. O C-org foi encontrado em maior quantidade no sedimento. A taxa de infiltração básica (TIB) expressou diferença entre os tratamentos na seguinte ordem em valores crescentes: CMA < CEN<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> CNiv<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> NA < CMN, demonstrando que os sistemas de preparo que minimizam a movimentação do solo e incrementam C-org aumentam a TIB e diminuem o processo erosivo.
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Yang, Fang, Zhi Meng Guo, Jun Jie Hao, and Yong Liang Shi. "Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of TiB2-Ti(C, N) Cermets Composite Powder." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1247.
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The ultra-fine TiB2-Ti(C, N) composite powders were prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with Ti, BN and C powders as its starting materials. The morphology of the products was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed the composite powders were consisted of the mainly phases Ti(C, N), TiB2 and a small amount of TiN phase. With the Ni addition, the brittle phase Ni3B was appeared. SEM results revealed that the composite powders had a uniform particle size, a round grain-shaped structure and a narrow size distribution and the average particle size of which is less than 1μm.
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Kudryk, Ya Ya, and S. K. Abdizhaliev. "Specificities of temperature dependence of saturation current of forward-biased shottkey diodes TiB x -n-6HSiC." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 53, no. 1 (January 2010): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272710010103.
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Andrievski, R. A., V. T. Ivannikov, and V. S. Urbanovich. "Creep Studies in Si3N4 - TiB2 Materials." Key Engineering Materials 89-91 (August 1993): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.89-91.445.
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Christiansen, Taylor, Victoria Dionisos, Gina Mason, David Barker, Daniel Dickstein, Mary Carskadon, and Jared Saletin. "0182 ADHD traits and psychomotor vigilance after 5 nights of experimental sleep restriction in early adolescents: preliminary results." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A80—A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0182.
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Abstract Introduction Chronic insufficient sleep is prevalent in early adolescence with potential neurobehavioral consequences. However, individual differences examining such outcomes are understudied. Using psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance, we examine ADHD traits as a potential factor contributing to the vulnerability of performance following insufficient sleep in youth. Methods A preliminary sample of 22 children (11F; 12.25±0.91yrs) were characterized as either high [n=10] or low [n=12] on Conners-3-Parent ADHD-Probability Index [>=/< 50%tile]. In our crossover at-home protocol, 5 stabilization nights (10h time-in-bed[TIB] set to habitual risetime) were followed by 5 nights of sleep optimization (SO; 10h TIB) or restriction (SR, 7.5h TIB; delaying bedtime and advancing risetime equally), then restabilization for 2-4 nights, and the reverse SO or SR condition. Sleep was monitored via wrist-worn actigraphy (Micro MotionLogger). Following SO or SR, participants completed a 10-minute PVT as part of a larger battery administered in the lab in late afternoon. Primary variables included: mean reciprocal reaction time (RRT), mean of the 10% fastest (FRRT), and 10% slowest (SRRT) RRTs. Results Mixed-effects ANOVA evaluating condition (SO vs. SR) and group (low- vs. high-ADHD) showed a significant main effect of condition (F(1, 20)=10.91, p=.004, ηp2=.35) with slowed RRTs after sleep restriction (m±sd(1/s): SO=3.31±¬0.46; SR=3.07±0.58), no main effect of group or group-by-condition interaction (ps>.42). No significant effects emerged for FRRT (ps>.13); however, a significant group-by-condition interaction on SRRT(F(1, 20)=4.78, p=.04, ηp2=.19) indicated that only the low-ADHD group demonstrated slower SRRT with SR (SO=1.84±0.45, SR=1.61±0.54), an effect not evident in the high-ADHD group (SO=1.64±0.50, SR=1.69±0.61). Conclusion These preliminary data indicate that sleep restriction on a simulated school-night schedule impairs vigilance in young adolescents as in adults. While overall SR reaction times were slower for all participants, SR impacted the slowest 10% of RTs specifically in the low-ADHD group. In ongoing analyses, we are evaluating two empirically testable explanations for this effect: (1) potential floor or ceiling effects in the high-ADHD group (2) a paradoxical hyperactivity following sleep loss in the high-ADHD group. Support (if any) R01HD103655; P20GM139743
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Shaw, L., R. Cohen, Y. Altman, S. Eyal, and A. Baharav. "0206 Sleep Opportunity and Duration are Related to Risk Injury in Elite Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A80—A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.204.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep is essential to musculoskeletal recovery, acquisition of new skills and emotional regulation in athletes. Insufficient sleep is detrimental to performance. Recent publications indicate that sleep duration is related to risk for injury in young athletes. We aimed at analyzing the relation between sleep opportunity and duration and the likelihood of an injury among adult elite athletes. Methods We studied 7,237 nights recorded with the Sleeprate application by 71 adult elite athletes from diverse sports, during the period September 2018-October 2019. Night recordings included perceived and measured sleep parameters. In addition, athletes reported their previous day nap duration, injuries and illness status. Out of the total number of nights, 4,205 included reported injury status with no injury and no illness for the previous night. Nightly total time in bed (TIB), TIB including reported naps (TIB24hr) and measured total sleep time (TST) were examined. Results Average TIB was significantly shorter (508±77 minutes, mean±STD) in healthy days preceding injuries than in healthy days preceding days with no injury (525±70 minutes, p<.001). Similar results were found when comparing the TIB24hr (injury: 517±83 minutes, no injury: 543±76 minutes, p<.001) and TST (injury: 443±72 minutes, no injury: 457±69 minutes, p<.001). Conclusion Average sleep opportunities of the elite athletes in this study were in accordance with their age and workouts load. The time athletes allow themselves as an opportunity for sleep is inversely correlated to the chances of developing an injury. These findings corroborate published research regarding sleep duration and risk of injury in athletes, yet our findings are based on real life data of elite athletes, and demonstrate the importance of sleep as part of the elite or professional athlete’s routine, suggesting that even as little as around 20 minutes of added sleep may be efficient in preventing injury. Support N/A
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Hong, J., H. Lee, and I. Yoon. "0845 The Difference in Sleep Characteristics of Chronic Insomnia Disorder According to Gender and Age." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.841.
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Abstract Introduction Impacts of age and gender on sleep have been reported in normal population, but rarely in chronic insomnia disorder (CID). This study aimed to investigate difference in sleep characteristics of CID according to gender and age. Methods The participants with drug-naïve CID and aged between 40 and 79 years were recruited. We compared subjective and objective sleep parameters between the middle-aged (40-64 years, N=86) and the elderly (65-79 years, N=50), and between men (N=45) and women (N=91). The subjective sleep quality and habitual sleep time were measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The participants were asked to wear an actigraph for 4 days to obtain objective sleep parameters. Results In the PSQI, the elderly reported earlier bedtime and wake-up time (p=0.018; p=0.026), reduced total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (p=0.003; p=0.011), and low sleep quality (p=0.034) compared to the middle-aged. However, according to the actigraphy, differences were observed only in the bedtime (p=0.016) and the wake-up time (p=0.002) between the two age groups. Between genders, the actigraphy showed that the male patients woke up earlier than the female group (p=0.015); except for this finding, there was no significant gender effect. Meanwhile, regarding gender and age interactions, the elderly women with CID showed longer time in bed (TIB) with increase in both TST and wake after sleep onset (WASO) compared to the middle-aged women. The elderly men showed decreased TIB and TST, and slightly decreased WASO than the middle-aged men. Conclusion The elderly with CID show more subjective sleep complaints than the middle-aged CID despite little difference in objective sleep characteristics, which suggests that the elderly CID may seek medical help more than the middle aged. As women with CID get older, they increase time spent in bed to maintain sleep time, but with resultant increase in wake. Support None
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Ernst, Lisa, Zoltan Czigany, Pascal Paschenda, Mareike Schulz, Lukas Breuer, Janosch Kunczik, Michael Czaplik, et al. "A Proof-of-Concept Preclinical Study Using a Novel Thermal Insulation Device in a Porcine Kidney Auto-Transplantation Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 13806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213806.
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Ischemia-reperfusion injury remains a fundamental problem during organ transplantation logistics. One key technical factor is the rapid allograft rewarming during the time of vascular reconstruction in the recipient. In this pilot study, a new thermal insulation bag (TIB) for organ transplantation was used. Insulation capacity, tissue compatibility, and usability were tested initially ex vivo on porcine kidneys (n = 24) followed by the first in vivo usage. Fourteen female German landrace pigs underwent kidney auto-transplantation after 24 h cold storage (4 °C). During the implantation process the kidney was either insulated with the new TIB, or it was not thermo-protected at all, which represents the clinical standard. In this proof-of-concept study, the usability (knife-to-skin-time) and the general thermal capacity (30 min warm storage at 38 °C ex vivo p < 0.001) was shown. The clinical outcome showed significant differences in the determination of CRP and pi-GST levels. Syndecan-1 Antibody staining showed clear significant higher counts in the control group (p < 0.01) indicating epithelial damage. However, the effect on renal outcomes in not severely pre-damaged kidneys does not appear to be conclusively significant. A close follow-up study is warranted, especially in the context of marginal organs or in cases where anastomosis-times are prolonged due to surgical complexity (e.g., multiple vessels and complex reconstructions).
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Liu, Yue, Chuan Zhen Huang, Han Lian Liu, Bin Zou, and Qiang Shi. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti(C,N)-TiB2-WC Composite Ceramic Tool Materials." Advanced Materials Research 500 (April 2012): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.500.673.
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Ti (C,N)-TiB2-WC composite ceramic tool materials with sintering aids such as Ni and Mo were fabricated at a temperature of 1550 °C for 1h sintering duration time in vacuum by a hot-press technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The composite ceramic tool materials were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The main phases were composed of Ti (C, N), TiB2, WC and MoC, which indicated that no severe chemical reactions occurred in the composite. The flexural strength, fracture toughness and hardness of Ti (C,N)- 20 wt.%TiB2-WC ceramic material were 795.7 MPa, 6.4 MPa·m1/2 and 19.2 GPa respectively.
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SHOBU, Kazuhisa, and Tadahiko WATANABE. "Sintering and Oxidation of Ti(C, N)-TiB2-MoSi2 Composites." Journal of the Ceramic Association, Japan 95, no. 1106 (1987): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1106_991.
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Belyaev, A. E., N. S. Boltovets, V. N. Ivanov, A. B. Kamalov, L. M. Kapitanchuk, V. P. Kladko, R. V. Konakova, et al. "Interphase interactions and the mechanism of current flow in Au-TiB x -AuGe-n-GaP ohmic contacts." Semiconductors 43, no. 11 (November 2009): 1428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782609110062.
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Dan, Atasi, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Harish C. Barshilia, and Bikramjit Basu. "Shifting of the absorption edge in TiB2/TiB(N)/Si3N4 solar selective coating for enhanced photothermal conversion." Solar Energy 173 (October 2018): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.002.
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Husu, Pauliina, Kari Tokola, Henri Vähä-Ypyä, Harri Sievänen, and Tommi Vasankari. "Accelerometer-Measured Physical Behavior and Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Indicators of Work Ability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7 (April 5, 2023): 5414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075414.
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Work ability (WA) reflects an individual’s resources, work demands, and related environment. Self-reports have shown that higher physical activity (PA) is associated with better WA. This study investigated associations of accelerometer-measured (24/7) physical behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with WA. In the FinFit2017-population-based study, the physical behavior of 20–69-year-old working Finns was measured in terms of PA, standing, and sedentariness using validated MAD-APE algorithms based on raw triaxial accelerometer data. During waking hours, the accelerometer was hip-worn, while during the time in bed (TIB), it was worn on the non-dominant wrist. CRF was measured with a 6 min walk test. WA was assessed by four questions excerpted from the Work Ability Index (WAI), called the short WAI (sWAI). Participants (n = 1668, mean age 46.6, SD = 10.9, 57% women) scored on average 23.3 on the sWAI (range 6–27), with a higher value indicating a better WA. More minutes in standing (p = 0.001) and in moderate (p = 0.004) and vigorous PA (p < 0.001) as well as a higher step number (p < 0.001) and better CRF (p < 0.001) were associated with a higher sWAI value. More time spent lying down (p < 0.001) and in high-movement (p < 0.001) and total TIB (p = 0.001) was associated with a lower sWAI. Detailed analysis of 24/7 physical behavior can be utilized in identifying individual-related indicators of WA.