Journal articles on the topic 'Tian'an Men (Beijing, China)'
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1
Huang, Dacang, Jinfeng Wang, and Tengfei Yang. "Mapping the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mainland China: A Web-Based Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051469.
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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rate for men who have sex with men (MSM) has rapidly increased in recent years in China and the migrant population accounts for a large proportion of this increase. The migration of MSM not only poses difficulties for government departments charged with treating the disease, but also increases the spread of HIV in geographical space, so it is important to understand the geographical distribution and migrant patterns of MSM. We searched the largest dating website in China to obtain open information from all users in the Chinese mainland from January 2006 to August 2017. For the analysis, the datasets were merged according to units of time and administrative regions. In total, 1,356,609 records were obtained for this study. The main users of the website were single males aged 18–35 years old. Most of the users were located in the large and mid-sized cities of East China. The distribution of MSM was strongly associated with the distribution of the development of service industry in geographical space. The main flow of MSM are mainly located inside the province as internal flow. For those MSM who prefer to migrate to other provinces, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan and Chongqing area were their primary destinations. The interprovincial migration behavior of MSM was closely related to an increased average income. MSM prefer to migrate to cities with developed economies and open cultures. It is important to strengthen the management of migrant MSM and increase their basic understanding of HIV.
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Xia, Changfa, Rongshou Zheng, Hongmei Zeng, Maigeng Zhou, Lijun Wang, Siwei Zhang, Xiaonong Zou, et al. "Provincial-level cancer burden attributable to active and second-hand smoking in China." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6 (October 15, 2018): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054583.
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BackgroundUnderstanding disparities in the burden of cancer attributable to smoking is crucial to inform and improve tobacco control measures. In this report, we estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers deaths attributable to smoking at the national and provincial levels in China.MethodsUsing cancer mortality data from 978 counties, smoking data from a nationwide survey and relative risks from a prospective study of 0.5 million adults in China, we calculated the absolute (non-standardised) and standardised numbers and proportions of cancer deaths among adults 30 years and older attributable to active and second-hand smoking in 2014 across all 31 provinces in Mainland China.ResultsThe estimated number of cancer deaths attributable to smoking in China in 2014 was 342 854 among men and 40 313 among women, of which second-hand smoking accounted for 1.8% and 50.0%, respectively. Among men, the absolute PAF in China was 23.8%, ranging from 14.6% in Xinjiang to 26.8% in Tianjin; the overall standardised PAF was 22.2%, ranging from 15.7% in Xinjiang to 26.0% in Guizhou. Among women, the overall absolute and standardised PAFs were 4.8% and 4.0%, ranging from 1.8% and 1.6% in Jiangxi to 14.9% and 9.6% in Heilongjiang, respectively. Overall, provinces with the highest standardised PAFs among men were located in Southwest China and among women in the Northeast.ConclusionsComprehensive smoke-free policies in China should expand to all provinces, notably those with a higher burden of cancer attributable to smoking, instead of being mostly limited to Beijing and some other metropolitan areas.
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Meng, Wenjun, Qirui Zhong, Yilin Chen, Huizhong Shen, Xiao Yun, Kirk R. Smith, Bengang Li, et al. "Energy and air pollution benefits of household fuel policies in northern China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34 (August 5, 2019): 16773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904182116.
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In addition to many recent actions taken to reduce emissions from energy production, industry, and transportation, a new campaign substituting residential solid fuels with electricity or natural gas has been launched in Beijing, Tianjin, and 26 other municipalities in northern China, aiming at solving severe ambient air pollution in the region. Quantitative analysis shows that the campaign can accelerate residential energy transition significantly, and if the planned target can be achieved, more than 60% of households are projected to remove solid fuels by 2021, compared with fewer than 20% without the campaign. Emissions of major air pollutants will be reduced substantially. With 60% substitution realized, emission of primary PM2.5 and contribution to ambient PM2.5 concentration in 2021 are projected to be 30% and 41% of those without the campaign. With 60% substitution, average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in living rooms in winter are projected to be reduced from 209 (190 to 230) μg/m3 to 125 (99 to 150) μg/m3. The population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations can be reduced from 140 μg/m3 in 2014 to 78 μg/m3 or 61 μg/m3 in 2021 given that 60% or 100% substitution can be accomplished. Although the original focus of the campaign was to address ambient air quality, exposure reduction comes more from improved indoor air quality because ∼90% of daily exposure of the rural population is attributable to indoor air pollution. Women benefit more than men.
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Qi, Mengxi, Lei Jiang, Yixuan Liu, Qiulin Xiong, Chunyuan Sun, Xing Li, Wenji Zhao, and Xingchuan Yang. "Analysis of the Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM2.5 in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang Region, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071483.
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PM2.5 samples from Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang were simultaneously collected from 20 November 2016 to 25 December 2016, and the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content in the samples were measured and analyzed. The pollution characteristics and sources of OC and EC in atmospheric PM2.5 for three adjacent cities were discussed. The average mass concentrations of OC in PM2.5 in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang were 27.93 ± 23.35 μg/m3, 25.27 ± 12.43 μg/m3, and 52.75 ± 37.97 μg/m3, respectively, and the mean mass concentrations of EC were 6.61 ± 5.13 μg/m3, 6.14 ± 2.84 μg/m3, and 12.06 ± 6.81 μg/m3, respectively. The average mass concentration of total carbon (TC) accounted for 30.5%, 24.8%, and 49% of the average mass concentration of PM2.5 in the atmosphere. The total carbonaceous matter (TCA) in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang was 51.29, 46.57, and 96.45 μg/m3, respectively. The TCA was the main component of PM2.5 in the region. The correlation between OC and EC in the three cities showed R2 values of 0.882, 0.633, and 0.784 for Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang, respectively, indicating that the sources of urban carbonaceous aerosols had good consistency and stability. The OC/EC values of the three sampling points were 4.48 ± 1.45, 4.42 ± 1.77, and 4.22 ± 1.29, respectively, considerably greater than 2, indicating that the main sources of pollution were automobile exhaust, and the combustion of coal and biomass. The OC/EC minimum ratio method was used to estimate the secondary organic carbon (SOC) content in Beijing, Tianjin and Langfang. Their values were 10.73, 10.71, and 19.51, respectively, which accounted for 38%, 42%, and 37% of the average OC concentration in each city, respectively. The analysis of the eight carbon components showed that the main sources of pollutants in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang were exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles, but the combustion of coal and biomass was relatively low. The pollution of road dust was more serious in Tianjin than in Beijing and Langfang. The contribution of biomass burning and coal-burning pollution sources to atmospheric carbon aerosols in Langfang was more prominent than that of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Huang, Ruogu, Xiangyang Li, Yang Liu, Yaohao Tang, and Jianyi Lin. "Decomposition of Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Typical East Chinese Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010409.
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Water scarcity has put pressure on city development in China. With a particular focus on urban and rural effects, logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) was used to analyze the water footprint per capita (WFP) of food consumption in five East China cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Xiamen) from 2008 to 2018. Results show that the WFP of food consumption exhibited an upward tendency among all cities during the research period. Food consumption structure contributed the most to the WFP growth, mainly due to urban and rural residents’ diet shift toward a livestock-rich style. Except in Beijing, the food consumption level mainly inhibited the WFP growth due to the decrease in food consumption level per capita in urban areas. Urbanization had less influence on WFP growth for two megacities (Beijing and Shanghai) due to the strictly controlled urban population inflow policy and more positive effects for other cities. The water footprint intensity effect among cities was mainly due to uneven water-saving efficiency. Meanwhile, Beijing and Tianjin have achieved advancement in water utilization efficiency.
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Ye, Cong, Xuesong Han, Yiming Chen, Fei Liu, Hao Ma, Yu Yang, Yang Liu, et al. "Stroke prevention of thoracoscopic left atrial appendage clipping in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke and bleeding: study protocol for a non-randomised controlled clinical trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e063931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063931.
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IntroductionNon-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is a high-risk factor for ischaemic stroke. The 2016 European Society of Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation Management guidelines recommend oral anticoagulants (OACs) to prevent stroke in men with CHA2DS2-VASc scores ≥2 and women ≥3. However, in patients with a high risk of stroke and a high risk of bleeding (HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly (> 65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly) score≥3), OAC had a higher risk of bleeding. Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is non-inferior to OAC as a means of preventing stroke in several studies. As a minimally invasive intervention to prevent stroke, transthoracic LAAC (TS-LAAC) has a high successful closure rate, but there is a lack of literature reports directly comparing it with OAC. Our research compares TS-LAAC with novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and provides an appropriate programme for stroke prevention in a specific population.Methods and analysisThis is a non-randomised controlled trial study protocol, and we will conduct this study from April 2022 to April 2025. The study included 186 patients with confirmed NVAF, 93 of whom completed thoracoscopic LAAC, and the control group treated with NOACs. The primary outcome was the incidence of stroke and systemic embolism, as well as the composite endpoint events (stroke, systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, bleeding, cardiovascular death, etc). Secondary outcomes were ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, any bleeding events, death from cardiovascular causes, death from all causes, residual root rate in the surgery group, device-related thrombosis in the surgery group, changes in blood pressure, cardiac chamber size changes, etc. Each subject completed at least 1 year of follow-up.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (approval number: KY2022-013-02). The results from this study will be disseminated through manuscript publications and national/international conferences.Trial registration numberChiCTR2200058109.
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Asciutti, Elena. "Diritti umani in Cina. Evoluzione storica di un concetto: 1899-1998." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 2 (July 2009): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-002003.
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- After the repression of the pro-democracy movement in Tian'An Men Square in 1989 by the Chinese army, human rights have become a controversial issue for the People's Republic of China. In 1991, the Chinese government decided to publish the White Book on Human Rights, the first official document where China recognised human rights as a fundamental legal institution of the People's Republic. Starting from the analysis of the attitude of the Chinese government towards human rights, this paper aims at verifying whether a concept of an undoubted Western origin can be adapted and be relevant in a different cultural and political context. The method of inquiry is the historical reconstruction, which allows to analyse the process of translation of human rights in Chinese characters as well as the practical application of the concept in the socio-political and legal Chinese context.
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Liu, Yang, Jianyi Lin, Huimei Li, Ruogu Huang, and Hui Han. "Driving Forces of Food Consumption Water Footprint in North China." Water 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060810.
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The water footprint (WF) vividly links water resources with virtual water of food, providing a novel perspective on food demand and water resources management. This study estimates the per capita WF of food consumption for six provinces in North China. Then, the study applies the logarithmic mean Divisia index method to decompose the driving forces of their WF changes. Results show that the per capita WF of food consumption in Beijing, Tianjin, and Inner Mongolia increases significantly in 2005–2017, whereas that in the other three provinces in North China varies slightly. All provinces have shown the same trend of food structure changes: the grain decreased, whereas the meat increased. In general, the urban effect was positive, and the rural effect was negative for all regions. The urban effects in Beijing and Tianjin played a leading role, whereas the rural effects in the other four provinces played a leading role from 2005–2009. However, the urban effects in all provinces played a leading role in 2010–2017. The WF efficiency increased in each province, and the effect in urban areas is stronger due to the higher water use efficiency. For most provinces, the consumption structure was positive because the diet shifted toward more meat consumption. The food consumption per capita effect was the major driving force in Beijing and Tianjin due to the increased consumption level, whereas the population proportion effect exerted a weak effect. To alleviate the pressure on water resources, further improving water use efficiency in food production and changing the planting structure should be emphasized for all regions in North China.
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Wang, Jing-min, Yu-fang Shi, Xue Zhao, and Xue-ting Zhang. "Factors Affecting Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1524023.
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Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is a typical developed region in China. The development of economy has brought lots of carbon emissions. To explore an effective way to reduce carbon emissions, we applied the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model to find drivers behind carbon emission from 2003 to 2013. Results showed that, in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, economic output was main contributor to carbon emissions. Then we utilized the decoupling model to comprehensively analyze the relationship between economic output and carbon emission. Based on the two-level model, results indicated the following: (1) Industry sector accounted for almost 80% of energy consumption in whole region. The reduced proportion of industrial GDP will directly reduce the carbon emissions. (2) The carbon factor for CO2/energy in whole region was higher than that of Beijing and Tianjin but lower than that of Hebei. The impact of energy structure on carbon emission depends largely on the proportion of coal in industry. (3) The energy intensity in whole region decreased from 0.79 in 2003 to 0.40 in 2013 (unit: tons of standard coal/ten thousand yuan), which was lower than national average. (4) The cumulative effects of industrial structure, energy structure, and energy intensity were negative, positive, and negative, respectively.
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Zhao, Yongqiang, Xuefeng Wang, Qiulan Ding, Xuqian Wei, Tienan Zhu, Florentia Kaguelidou, Renchi Yang, et al. "Antithrombin, Protein C, Protein S and Activated Protein C Resistance in the General Healthy Chinese Population: Normal Plasmatic Ranges and Genetic Defects." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3982.3982.
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Abstract Introduction: The inherited risk factors for venous thromboembolism differ between Caucasians and Chinese, antithrombin (AT), protein (PC) and protein (PS) deficiencies being the most common in Chinese patients. However, the age- and gender-related normal activity ranges of AT, PC, PS and the prevalence of their deficiencies in the general Chinese population remained to be determined. Methods: 3493 healthy volunteers, 1759 women and 1734 men, blood donors or individuals taking routine health checkup, were recruited in four Chinese medical centers, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Suzhou, between February and May 2006. The inclusion criteria were: informed consent, normal renal and liver functions, no anticoagulant, contraceptive or hormonal substitutive therapy, no previous thrombosis. The plasma levels of AT, PC, PS activities and APC-R were measured with the same batches of reagents and the same type of analyzer (Stago). For the individuals with low activities, mutations of PROC gene, PROS1 gene or SERPINC1 gene were determined by direct sequencing analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed in those APC-R positive samples to detect 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FV gene, including R306T, R306G, R506Q, H1299R and I359T. Results: The plasma activities (mean±SD) were: AT 109.4%±10.1%, PC 110.2%±20.4%, PS 95.4%±21.6% and APC-R 155sec±20sec. The normal ranges (mean±2SD) were: AT 89–130%, PC 69–151%, PS 52–139% and APC-R 114–195sec. Using multiple linear regression models, we identified significant (p<0.05) effects of age and gender on plasma activities and APC-R. Therefore, age- and gender- related normal ranges were further estimated by using the simplified parametric method. Gene analysis allowed identification of 15 individuals with nucleotide mutation: 3 in SERPINC1 gene, 10 in PROC gene and 2 in PROS1 gene. No recurrent gene mutation was found. Four PROC gene mutations, W41R, A121T, P247S and T315A, and two mutations of PROS1 gene, L216F and R314C, were novel. Based on the results of gene analysis, the estimated prevalence of inherited AT, PC and PS deficiency was 0.86 per 1000, 2.86 per 1000 and 0.57 per 1000, respectively. None of the 5 selected SNPs in FV gene was detected in APC-R positive subjects. Conclusions: This is the largest population study ever conducted in China to determine the normal activity levels of the three main natural anticoagulants in the healthy population and their genetic deficiencies. The prevalence of the genetic deficiency of the three proteins was 4.3 per 1000. Contrary to previous studies in China and other Asian areas, PC deficiency was most frequent, followed by PS deficiency and AT deficiency. Six novel mutations were found and there was no recurrent mutation. It has been confirmed again that the common SNPs in FV gene responsible for APC-R in the Caucasians were not detectable in Chinese population. The normal plasmatic ranges according to age and gender should be considered when evaluating the thrombotic risk or events in the Chinese population.
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Liu, Jun, Denise L. Mauzerall, Qi Chen, Qiang Zhang, Yu Song, Wei Peng, Zbigniew Klimont, et al. "Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 28 (June 27, 2016): 7756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604537113.
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As part of the 12th Five-Year Plan, the Chinese government has developed air pollution prevention and control plans for key regions with a focus on the power, transport, and industrial sectors. Here, we investigate the contribution of residential emissions to regional air pollution in highly polluted eastern China during the heating season, and find that dramatic improvements in air quality would also result from reduction in residential emissions. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry to evaluate potential residential emission controls in Beijing and in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH) region. In January and February 2010, relative to the base case, eliminating residential emissions in Beijing reduced daily average surface PM2.5 (particulate mater with aerodynamic diameter equal or smaller than 2.5 micrometer) concentrations by 14 ± 7 μg⋅m−3 (22 ± 6% of a baseline concentration of 67 ± 41 μg⋅m−3; mean ± SD). Eliminating residential emissions in the BTH region reduced concentrations by 28 ± 19 μg⋅m−3 (40 ± 9% of 67 ± 41 μg⋅m−3), 44 ± 27 μg⋅m−3 (43 ± 10% of 99 ± 54 μg⋅m−3), and 25 ± 14 μg⋅m−3 (35 ± 8% of 70 ± 35 μg⋅m−3) in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces, respectively. Annually, elimination of residential sources in the BTH region reduced emissions of primary PM2.5 by 32%, compared with 5%, 6%, and 58% achieved by eliminating emissions from the transportation, power, and industry sectors, respectively. We also find air quality in Beijing would benefit substantially from reductions in residential emissions from regional controls in Tianjin and Hebei, indicating the value of policies at the regional level.
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Geng, Guo-Zhu, Ge Gao, Yu-Hua Ruan, Ming-Run Yu, and Yun-Hua Zhou. "Behavioral Risk Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China." Chinese Medical Journal 129, no. 5 (March 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.177003.
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Luo, Qianqian, Zunyou Wu, Zihuang Chen, Yue Ma, Guodong Mi, Xuejiao Liu, Jie Xu, Keming Rou, Yan Zhao, and Sarah R. Scott. "App use frequency and condomless anal intercourse among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 12 (September 27, 2019): 1146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419860293.
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Gay dating applications (apps) are popular among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. This study examined the relationship between gay dating app use frequency and condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in a sample of MSM in Beijing. In October 2017, a web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among MSM from Beijing, China. Demographics, frequency of app use, and sexual behaviors were collected and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the association between app use frequency and CAI. Of the 9280 participants, the proportion of CAI within one month prior to the survey was 43.3%, and 43.7% logged onto the app ≥11 times per week. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, logging onto the app 6–10 times per week and ≥11 times per week were inversely associated with CAI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.88 [95%CI, 0.78–0.99]; AOR = 0.88 [95%CI, 0.82–0.97], respectively). Among those 40 years of age or older, logging onto the app ≥11 times per week was associated with lower rates of CAI (AOR = 0.57 [95%CI, 0.40–0.81]). Results indicate that frequent app use was associated with lower odds of CAI among MSM in Beijing, China. Innovative interventions, which take advantage of this popular media platform, should be developed as such apps have been found to reduce the odds of CAI in Beijing.
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Li, Dongliang, Xueying Yang, Zheng Zhang, Xiao Qi, Yuhua Ruan, Yujiang Jia, Stephen W. Pan, et al. "Nitrite Inhalants Use and HIV Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/365261.
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Objective. This is the first study in China to examine the use of nitrite inhalants and its correlates among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China.Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2012. Structured interviews collected data on demographics, sexual and drug use behaviors, and the use of HIV services. Blood specimens were collected and tested for HIV and syphilis.Results. A total of 400 MSM eligible for the study were between 19 and 63 years of age and overall HIV prevalence was 6.0% (9.0% among nitrite inhalant users and 3.3% among nonusers). Nearly half (47.3%) of them reported ever using nitrite inhalants and 42.3% admitted using nitrite inhalants in the past year. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed that ever using nitrite inhalants in the past was independently associated with being aged≤25years, having higher education attainment, seeking sex via Internet, having casual partners in the past three months, and being HIV positive.Conclusion. The use of nitrite inhalants was alarmingly prevalent among MSM in Beijing. The independent association of the nitrite inhalant use with more casual sex partners and HIV infection underscored the need for intervention and prevention of nitrite inhalant use.
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Ma, N., C. S. Zhao, A. Nowak, T. Müller, S. Pfeifer, Y. F. Cheng, Z. Z. Deng, et al. "Aerosol optical properties in the North China Plain during HaChi campaign: an in-situ optical closure study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 12 (June 23, 2011): 5959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5959-2011.
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Abstract. The largest uncertainty in the estimation of climate forcing stems from atmospheric aerosols. In early spring and summer of 2009, two periods of in-situ measurements on aerosol physical and chemical properties were conducted within the HaChi (Haze in China) project at Wuqing, a town between Beijing and Tianjin in the North China Plain (NCP). Aerosol optical properties, including the scattering coefficient (σsp), the hemispheric back scattering coefficient (σbsp), the absorption coefficient (σap), as well as the single scattering albedo (ω), are presented. The diurnal and seasonal variations are analyzed together with meteorology and satellite data. The mean values of σsp, 550 nm of the dry aerosol in spring and summer are 280±253 and 379±251 Mm−1, respectively. The average σap for the two periods is respectively 47±38 and 43±27 Mm−1. The mean values of ω at the wavelength of 637 nm are 0.82±0.05 and 0.86±0.05 for spring and summer, respectively. The relative high levels of σsp and σbsp are representative of the regional aerosol pollution in the NCP. Pronounced diurnal cycle of $σsp, σap and ω are found, mainly influenced by the evolution of boundary layer and the accumulation of local emissions during nighttime. The pollutants transported from the southwest of the NCP are more significant than that from the two megacities, Beijing and Tianjin, in both spring and summer. An optical closure experiment is conducted to better understand the uncertainties of the measurements. Good correlations (R>0.98) are found between the values measured by the nephelometer and the values calculated with a modified Mie model. The Monte Carlo simulation shows an uncertainty of about 30 % for the calculations. Considering all possible uncertainties of measurements, calculated σsp and σbsp agree well with the measured values, indicating a stable performance of instruments and thus reliable aerosol optical data.
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Jiang, Meichen, Shufang Tian, Zhaoju Zheng, Qian Zhan, and Yuexin He. "Human Activity Influences on Vegetation Cover Changes in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2015." Remote Sensing 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9030271.
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For centuries, the rapid development of human society has already made human activity the dominant factor in the terrestrial ecosystem. As the city of greatest importance in China, the capital Beijing has experienced eco-environmental changes with unprecedented economic and population growth during the past few decades. To better understand the ecological transition and its correlations in Beijing, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to investigate vegetation coverage changes using a dimidiate pixel model. Piecewise linear regression, bivariate-partial correlation analysis, and factor analysis were applied to the probing of the relationship between vegetation coverage changes and climatic/human-induced factors. The results showed that from 2000 to 2005, 2005 to 2010, and 2010 to 2015, Beijing experienced both restoration (6.33%, 10.08%, and 12.81%, respectively) and degradation (13.62%, 9.35%, and 9.49%, respectively). The correlation analysis results between climate and vegetation changes demonstrated that from 2000 to 2015, both the multi-year annual mean temperature (r = −0.819, p < 0.01) and the multi-year annual mean precipitation (r = 0.653, p < 0.05) had a significantly correlated relationship with vegetation change. The Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project (BTSSCP) has shown beneficial spatial effects on vegetation restoration; the total effectiveness in conservation areas (84.94 in 2000–2010) was much better than non-BTSSCP areas (34.34 in 2000–2010). The most contributory socioeconomic factors were the population (contribution = 54.356%) and gross domestic product (GDP) (contribution = 30.677%). The population showed a significantly negative correlation with the overall vegetation coverage (r = −0.684, p < 0.05). The GDP was significantly negatively correlated with vegetation in Tongzhou, Daxing, Central city, Fangshan, Shunyi, and Changping (r = −0.601, p < 0.01), while positively related in Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu, Mentougou and Yanqing (r = 0.614, p < 0.01). These findings confirm that human activity is a very significant factor in impacting and explaining vegetation changes, and that some socioeconomic influences on vegetation coverage are highly spatially heterogeneous, based on the context of different areas.
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Wang, Chengjun, Meng Zhao, Jia Wang, Shuo Wang, Dong Zhang, Kai Wang, and Jizong Zhao. "Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis for Pediatric Moyamoya Disease: A Single-Center Experience With 67 Cases in China." Journal of Child Neurology 33, no. 14 (September 24, 2018): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073818798515.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the surgical results and long-term outcomes of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis for moyamoya disease in pediatric patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of 67 pediatric patients with moyamoya disease who underwent encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in Beijing Tiantan Hospital. The case series included 36 boys and 31 girls. All the patients underwent surgical revascularization, and a total of 93 encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedures were performed (41 unilateral, 26 bilateral). The mean follow-up period after surgery was 30 months. During follow-up, ischemic stroke events were detected in 5 patients and the stroke rate for pediatric patients who underwent encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis procedure was 7.1% per patient-years. At the last follow-up, favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2) were observed in 65 cases (97.0%). Our study suggests that long-term surgical outcome of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in pediatric moyamoya disease patients is satisfactory, and this technique has a positive impact on the prevention of stroke recurrence.
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Chang, Qinxue, Keyun Wang, Honglu Zhang, Changping Li, Yong Wang, Huaiqi Jing, Shanshan Li, Yuming Guo, Zhuang Cui, and Wenyi Zhang. "Effects of daily mean temperature and other meteorological variables on bacillary dysentery in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China." Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 27 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.21-00005.
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Wen, Jiqun, Xiaowei Chuai, Shanchi Li, Song Song, Yuanwei Li, Mengjie Wang, and Shuosheng Wu. "Spatial Heterogeneity of the Carbon Emission Effect Resulting from Urban Expansion among Three Coastal Agglomerations in China." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174590.
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Land-use change, particularly urban expansion, can greatly affect the carbon balance, both from the aspects of terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic carbon emissions. Coastal China is a typical region of rapid urban expansion, and obvious spatial heterogeneity exists from the north to south. However, the different urban change characteristics and the effect on carbon balance remain undetermined. By unifying the spatial-temporal resolution of carbon source and sink data, we effectively compared the carbon budgets of three coastal urban agglomerations in China. The results show that all of the three urban agglomerations have undergone an obvious urban expansion process, with the built-up area increasing from 1.03 × 104 km2 in 2000 to 3.06 × 104 km2 in 2013. For Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the built-up area gradually expanded. The built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) gradually changed before 2007 but rapidly grew thereafter. The built-up expansion of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) passed through three growing stages and showed the largest mean patch size. Carbon emission spatial patterns in the three urban agglomerations are consistent with their economic development, from which the net ecosystem production (NEP) spatial patterns are very different. Compared to carbon emissions, NEP has a carbon sink effect and can absorb some carbon emissions, but the amounts were all much lower than the carbon emissions in the three urban agglomerations. The carbon sink effect in the Yangtze River Delta is the most obvious, with the Pearl River Delta following, and the lowest effect is in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei. Finally, a scientific basis for policy-making is provided for viable CO2 emission mitigation policies.
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Liang, Yi, Dongxiao Niu, Weiwei Zhou, and Yingying Fan. "Decomposition Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China: A Weighted-Combination Model Based on Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index and Shapley Value." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072535.
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The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (B-T-H) region, who captures the national strategic highland in China, has drawn a great deal of attention due to the fog and haze condition and other environmental problems. Further, the high carbon emissions generated by energy consumption has restricted its further coordinated development seriously. In order to accurately analyze the potential influencing factors that contribute to the growth of energy consumption carbon emissions in the B-T-H region, this paper uses the carbon emission coefficient method to measure the carbon emissions of energy consumption in the B-T-H region, using a weighted combination based on Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and Shapley Value (SV). The effects affecting carbon emissions during 2001–2013 caused from five aspects, including energy consumption structure, energy consumption intensity, industrial structure, economic development and population size, are quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that: (1) The carbon emissions had shown a sustained growth trend in the B-T-H region on the whole, while the growth rates varied in the three areas. In detail, Hebei Province got the first place in carbon emissions growth, followed by Tianjin and Beijing; (2) economic development was the main driving force for the carbon emissions growth of energy consumption in B-T-H region. Energy consumption structure, population size and industrial structure promoted carbon emissions growth as well, but their effects weakened in turn and were less obvious than that of economic development; (3) energy consumption intensity had played a significant inhibitory role on the carbon emissions growth; (4) it was of great significance to ease the carbon emission-reduction pressure of the B-T-H region from the four aspects of upgrading industrial structure adjustment, making technological progress, optimizing the energy structure and building long-term carbon-emission-reduction mechanisms, so as to promote the coordinated low-carbon development.
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Wang, Chao, Xingqin An, Qing Hou, Zhaobin Sun, Yanjun Li, and Jiangtao Li. "Development of four-dimensional variational assimilation system based on the GRAPES–CUACE adjoint model (GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var V1.0) and its application in emission inversion." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-337-2021.
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Abstract. In this study, a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system was developed based on the GRAPES–CUACE (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System – CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environmental Forecasting System) atmospheric chemistry model, GRAPES–CUACE adjoint model and L-BFGS-B (extended limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno) algorithm (GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var) and was applied to optimize black carbon (BC) daily emissions in northern China on 4 July 2016, when a pollution event occurred in Beijing. The results show that the newly constructed GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var assimilation system is feasible and can be applied to perform BC emission inversion in northern China. The BC concentrations simulated with optimized emissions show improved agreement with the observations over northern China with lower root-mean-square errors and higher correlation coefficients. The model biases are reduced by 20 %–46 %. The validation with observations that were not utilized in the assimilation shows that assimilation makes notable improvements, with values of the model biases reduced by 1 %–36 %. Compared with the prior BC emissions, which are based on statistical data of anthropogenic emissions for 2007, the optimized emissions are considerably reduced. Especially for Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and Henan, the ratios of the optimized emissions to prior emissions are 0.4–0.8, indicating that the BC emissions in these highly industrialized regions have greatly reduced from 2007 to 2016. In the future, further studies on improving the performance of the GRAPES–CUACE-4D-Var assimilation system are still needed and are important for air pollution research in China.
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Zhai, Shixian, Daniel J. Jacob, Xuan Wang, Lu Shen, Ke Li, Yuzhong Zhang, Ke Gui, Tianliang Zhao, and Hong Liao. "Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) trends in China, 2013–2018: separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 16 (August 29, 2019): 11031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019.
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Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a severe air pollution problem in China. Observations of PM2.5 have been available since 2013 from a large network operated by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC). The data show a general 30 %–50 % decrease in annual mean PM2.5 across China over the 2013–2018 period, averaging at −5.2 µg m−3 a−1. Trends in the five megacity cluster regions targeted by the government for air quality control are -9.3±1.8 µg m−3 a−1 (±95 % confidence interval) for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, -6.1±1.1 µg m−3 a−1 for the Yangtze River Delta, -2.7±0.8 µg m−3 a−1 for the Pearl River Delta, -6.7±1.3 µg m−3 a−1 for the Sichuan Basin, and -6.5±2.5 µg m−3 a−1 for the Fenwei Plain (Xi'an). Concurrent 2013–2018 observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) show that the declines in PM2.5 are qualitatively consistent with drastic controls of emissions from coal combustion. However, there is also a large meteorologically driven interannual variability in PM2.5 that complicates trend attribution. We used a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model to quantify this meteorological contribution to the PM2.5 trends across China. The MLR model correlates the 10 d PM2.5 anomalies to wind speed, precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and 850 hPa meridional wind velocity (V850). The meteorology-corrected PM2.5 trends after removal of the MLR meteorological contribution can be viewed as being driven by trends in anthropogenic emissions. The mean PM2.5 decrease across China is −4.6 µg m−3 a−1 in the meteorology-corrected data, 12 % weaker than in the original data, meaning that 12 % of the PM2.5 decrease in the original data is attributable to meteorology. The trends in the meteorology-corrected data for the five megacity clusters are -8.0±1.1 µg m−3 a−1 for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (14 % weaker than in the original data), -6.3±0.9 µg m−3 a−1 for the Yangtze River Delta (3 % stronger), -2.2±0.5 µg m−3 a−1 for the Pearl River Delta (19 % weaker), -4.9±0.9 µg m−3 a−1 for the Sichuan Basin (27 % weaker), and -5.0±1.9 µg m−3 a−1 for the Fenwei Plain (Xi'an; 23 % weaker); 2015–2017 observations of flattening PM2.5 in the Pearl River Delta and increases in the Fenwei Plain can be attributed to meteorology rather than to relaxation of emission controls.
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Fan, Wensheng, Lu Yin, Han-Zhu Qian, Dongliang Li, Yiming Shao, Sten H. Vermund, Yuhua Ruan, and Zheng Zhang. "HIV Risk Perception among HIV Negative or Status-Unknown Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/232451.
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Objective.To evaluate HIV risk perception and its associated factors among Chinese MSM.Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM with an HIV negative or unknown status in Beijing, China, between 2011 and 2012. A questionnaire interview was conducted and a blood sample was collected for HIV and syphilis testing.Results.Of 887 MSM who reported they were HIV negative or did not know their HIV status before recruitment, only 7.3% reported a high risk of HIV infection, 28.0% medium risk, 52.2% low risk, and 12.5% no risk. In multivariate logistic regression models using those who reported a medium self-perceived risk as a reference group, self-reported high risk of HIV perception was associated with minority ethnicity (odds ratio [OR]: 2.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–8.19), self-reported history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.25–4.10), and HIV testing times since the last HIV testing (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26–0.84); low self-perceived risk of HIV infection was related to full-time employment (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.15–2.18) and illicit drug use (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10–0.75).Conclusions.The HIV/AIDS epidemic is rapidly rising among Beijing MSM, but more than half MSM did not perceive this risk.
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Hu, Maogui, Chengdong Xu, and Jinfeng Wang. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Mainland China: Social App Capture-Recapture Method." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): e14800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14800.
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Background In China, the cases of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men (MSM) have increased more than tenfold since 2006. However, the MSM population size, geographical distribution, and migration patterns are largely unknown. Objective Our aim is to estimate the number, spatial distribution, and migration of MSM populations in mainland China using big data from social networking. Methods We collected 85 days of data on online users of a social networking MSM app in mainland China. Daily online MSM users and their migration across the country were investigated during a holiday period and a nonholiday period. Using the capture-mark-recapture model, we designed an experiment consisting of two independent samples to estimate the total provincial MSM population. Results The estimate of MSM in mainland China was 8,288,536 (95% CI 8,274,931-8,302,141), accounting for 1.732% (95% CI 1.729%-1.734%) of adult men aged 18 to 64 years. The average daily number of MSM social networking online across mainland China was 1,198,682 during the nonholiday period. The five provinces (including municipalities) with the highest average number of daily online MSM numbers were Guangdong (n=141,712), Jiangsu (n=90,710), Zhejiang (n=72,212), Shandong (n=68,065), and Beijing (n=66,057). The proportion of daily online MSM among adult men in different cities varied from 0.04% to 0.96%, with a mean of 0.20% (SD 0.14%). Three migrating centers—Guangdong, Beijing, and the Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai-Zhejiang-Jiangsu)—accounted for 57.23% of MSM migrants in the county. Conclusions The percentage of MSM among adult men in mainland China is at the middle level compared with other Asia and Pacific countries. However, the number of MSM is very large, and the distribution is uneven. Both MSM distribution and migration are highly affected by socioeconomic status.
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Sun, Wei, Yonghua Sun, Xiaojuan Li, Tao Wang, Yanbing Wang, Qi Qiu, and Zhitian Deng. "Evaluation and Correction of GPM IMERG Precipitation Products over the Capital Circle in Northeast China at Multiple Spatiotemporal Scales." Advances in Meteorology 2018 (December 13, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4714173.
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Accurate remote-sensed precipitation data are crucial to the effective monitoring and analysis of floods and climate change. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite product offers new options for the global study of precipitation. This paper evaluates the applicability of GPM IMERG products at different time resolutions in comparison to ground-measured data. Based on precipitation data from 107 meteorological stations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, GPM products were analysed at three timescales: half-hourly (GPM-HH), daily (GPM-D), and monthly (GPM-M). We use a cumulative distribution function (CDF) model to correct GPM-D and GPM-M products to analyse temporal and spatial distributions of precipitation. We came to the following conclusions: (1) The GPM-M product is strongly correlated with ground station data. Based on five evaluation indexes, NRMSE (Normalized Root Mean Square Error), NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe), FAR (False Alarm Ratio), UR (Underreporting Rate), and CSI (Critical Success Index), the monthly GPM products showed the best performance, better than GPM-HH products and GPM-D products. (2) The performance of GPM products in summer and autumn was better than in winter and spring. However, the GPM satellite’s precision in undulating terrain was poor, which could easily lead to serious errors. (3) CDF models were successfully used to modify GPM-D and GPM-M products and improve their accuracy. (4) The range of 0–100 mm precipitation could be corrected best, but the GPM-M products were underestimated. Corrected GPM-M data in the range >100 mm were overestimated. According to this analysis, the GPM IMERG Final Run products at daily and monthly timescales have good detection ability and can provide data support for long-time series analyses in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
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Ruan, Yuhua, Dongliang Li, Xinxu Li, Han-zhu Qian, Wei Shi, Xiaoxi Zhang, Zhenkai Yang, et al. "Relationship Between Syphilis and HIV Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Beijing, China." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 34, no. 8 (August 2007): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000253336.64324.ef.
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Li, Xuefeng, Hongyan Lu, H. F. Raymond, Yanming Sun, Yujiang Jia, Xiong He, Song Fan, et al. "Untested and undiagnosed: barriers to HIV testing among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China." Sexually Transmitted Infections 88, no. 3 (December 8, 2011): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050248.
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Song, Yan, Xiaoming Li, Liying Zhang, Xiaoyi Fang, Xiuyun Lin, Yinjie Liu, and Bonita Stanton. "HIV-testing behavior among young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China." AIDS Care 23, no. 2 (January 22, 2011): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.487088.
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Zhang, Heng, Tao Teng, Hongyan Lu, Yuejuan Zhao, Hongjie Liu, Lu Yin, Zheya Sun, et al. "Poppers use and risky sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 160 (March 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.037.
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Li, Guiying, Hongyan Lu, Xuefeng Li, Yanming Sun, Xiong He, Song Fan, Willi McFarland, et al. "Mutual HIV Disclosure among HIV-Negative Men Who have Sex with Men in Beijing, China, 2010." Archives of Sexual Behavior 42, no. 7 (May 5, 2012): 1267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9944-4.
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Zhang, Z., X. Zhang, D. Gong, S. J. Kim, R. Mao, and X. Zhao. "Possible influence of atmospheric circulations on winter hazy pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, northern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2015): 22493–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22493-2015.
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Abstract. Using the daily records derived from the synoptic weather stations and the NCEP/NCAR and ERA-Interim reanalysis data, the variability of the winter hazy pollutions (indicated by the mean visibility and number of hazy days) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during the period 1981 to 2015 and its relationship to the atmospheric circulations in middle-high latitude were analyzed in this study. The winter hazy pollution in BTH had distinct inter-annual and inter-decadal variabilities without a significant long-term trend. According to the spatial distribution of correlation coefficients, six atmospheric circulation indices (I1 to I6) were defined from the key areas in sea level pressure (SLP), zonal and meridional winds at 850 hPa (U850, V850), geopotential height field at 500 hPa (H500), zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200), and air temperature at 200 hPa (T200), respectively. All of the six indices have significant and stable correlations with the winter visibility and number of hazy days in BTH. Both the visibility and number of hazy days can be estimated well by using the six indices and fitting and the cross-validation with leave-N-out method, respectively. The high level of the prediction statistics and the reasonable mechanism suggested that the winter hazy pollutions in BTH can be forecasted or estimated credibly based on the optimized atmospheric circulation indices. However, we also noted that the statistic estimation models would be largely influenced by the artificial control of a pollutant discharge. Thus it is helpful for government decision-making departments to take actions in advance in dealing with probably severe hazy pollutions in BTH indicated by the atmospheric circulation conditions.
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Zhao, Wei, Shangfeng Chen, Hengde Zhang, Jikang Wang, Wen Chen, Renguang Wu, Wanqiu Xing, et al. "Distinct Impacts of ENSO on Haze Pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region between Early and Late Winters." Journal of Climate 35, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 687–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0459.1.
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Abstract The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region has encountered increasingly severe and frequent haze pollution during recent decades. This study reveals that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has distinctive impacts on interannual variations of haze pollution over BTH in early and late winters. The impact of ENSO on the haze pollution over the BTH is strong in early winter, but weak in late winter. In early winter, ENSO-related sea surface temperature anomalies generate double-cell Walker circulation anomalies, with upward motion anomalies over the tropical central-eastern Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean, and downward motion anomalies over the tropical western Pacific. The ascending motion and enhanced atmospheric heating anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean trigger atmospheric teleconnection propagating from the north Indian Ocean to East Asia, and result in the generation of an anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia. The associated southerly anomalies to the west side lead to more serious haze pollution via reducing surface wind speed and increasing low-level humidity and the thermal inversion. The strong contribution of the Indian Ocean heating anomalies to the formation of the anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia in early winter can be confirmed by atmospheric model numerical experiments. In late winter, vertical motion and precipitation anomalies are weak over the tropical Indian Ocean related to ENSO. As such, ENSO cannot induce a clear anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia via atmospheric teleconnection, and thus has a weak impact on the haze pollution over BTH. Further analysis shows that stronger ENSO-induced atmospheric heating anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean in early winter are partially due to higher mean SST and precipitation there. Significance Statement There exist large discrepancies regarding the contribution of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events to the wintertime haze pollution over North China. Several studies have indicated that ENSO has a weak impact on the haze pollution over North China. However, some studies have argued that ENSO events can exert impacts on the occurrence of haze pollution over North China. In this study, we present evidence to demonstrate that ENSO has distinctive impacts on interannual variations of the haze pollution over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in North China in early and late winters. Specifically, ENSO has a strong impact on the haze pollution over BTH in early winter, whereas the impact of ENSO on the haze pollution over BTH is fairly weak in late winter. Results of this study could reconcile the discrepancy of previous studies about the impact of ENSO on the haze pollution over North China.
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Tang, Y., J. An, F. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Qu, Y. Chen, and J. Lin. "Impacts of an unknown daytime nitrous acid source on its daytime concentration and budget, as well as those of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals, in the coastal regions of China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2015): 807–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-807-2015.
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Abstract. Many field experiments have found high nitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios in both urban and rural areas during daytime, but these high daytime HONO mixing ratios cannot be explained well by gas-phase production, suggesting that an unknown daytime HONO source (Punknown) could exist. The formula Punknown &approx; 19.60 × NO2 × J(NO2) was obtained using observed data from 13 field experiments across the globe. The additional HONO sources (i.e. the Punknown, HONO emissions, and nighttime hydrolysis conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on aerosols) were coupled into the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) to assess the Punknown impacts on the concentrations and budgets of HONO and peroxy (hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy) radicals (ROx) (= OH + HO2 + RO2) in the coastal regions of China. Results indicated that the additional HONO sources produced a significant improvement in HONO and OH simulations, particularly in the daytime. Elevated daytime-mean Punknown values were found in the coastal regions of China, with a maximum of 2.5 ppb h−1 in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. The Punknown produced a 60–250% increase of OH, HO2 and RO2 near the ground in the major cities of the coastal regions of China, and a 5–48% increase of OH, HO2 and RO2 in the daytime meridional-mean mixing ratios within 1000 m above the ground. When the additional HONO sources were included, the photolysis of HONO was dominated in the OH production rate in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou before 10:00 LST with a maximum of 10.01 [7.26 due to the Punknown] ppb h−1 in Beijing, whereas the reaction of HO2 + NO (nitric oxide) was dominated after 10:00 LST with a maximum of 9.38 [7.23] ppb h−1 in Beijing. The whole ROx cycle was accelerated by the additional HONO sources, especially the Punknown. The OH production rate was enhanced by 0.67 [0.64] to 4.32 [3.86] ppb h−1 via the reaction of HO2 + NO, and by 0.85 [0.69] to 4.11 [3.61] ppb h−1 via the photolysis of HONO, and the OH loss rate was enhanced by 0.58 [0.55] to 2.03 [1.92] ppb h−1 via the reaction of OH + NO2 and by 0.31 [0.28] to 1.78 [1.64] ppb h−1 via the reaction of OH + CO (carbon monoxide) in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Similarly, the additional HONO sources produced an increase of 0.31 [0.28] to 1.78 [1.64] ppb h−1 via the reaction of OH + CO and 0.10 [0.09] to 0.63 [0.59] ppb h−1 via the reaction of CH3O2 (methylperoxy radical) + NO in the HO2 production rate, and 0.67 [0.61] to 4.32 [4.27] ppb h−1 via the reaction of HO2 + NO in the HO2 loss rate in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The above results suggest that the Punknown considerably enhanced the ROx concentrations and accelerated ROx cycles in the coastal regions of China, and could produce significant increases in concentrations of inorganic aerosols and secondary organic aerosols and further aggravate haze events in these regions.
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Ruan, Yuhua, Guohui Wu, Hongyan Lu, Yan Xiao, Yuejuan Zhao, Rongrong Lu, Xiong He, et al. "Sexual Partnerships with Men and Women Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing and Chongqing, China, 2010." AIDS and Behavior 18, no. 1 (May 12, 2013): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0505-1.
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Popovici, Ioana Elisabeta, Zhaoze Deng, Philippe Goloub, Xiangao Xia, Hongbin Chen, Luc Blarel, Thierry Podvin, et al. "Mobile On-Road Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties during MOABAI Campaign in the North China Plain." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010021.
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We present the mapping at fine spatial scale of aerosol optical properties using a mobile laboratory equipped with LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), sun photometer and in situ instruments for performing on-road measurements. The mobile campaign was conducted from 9 May to 19 May 2017 and had the main objective of mapping the distribution of pollutants in the Beijing and North China Plain (NCP) region. The highest AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) at 440 nm of 1.34 and 1.9 were recorded during two heavy pollution episodes on 18 May and 19 May 2017, respectively. The lowest Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) heights (0.5–1.5 km) were recorded during the heavy pollution events, correlating with the highest AOD and southern winds. The transport of desert dust from the Gobi Desert was captured during the mobile measurements, impacting Beijing during 9–13 May 2017. Exploring the NCP outside Beijing provided datasets for regions with scarce ground measurements and allowed the mapping of high aerosol concentrations when passing polluted cities in the NCP (Baoding, Tianjin and Tangshan) and along the Binhai New Area. For the first time, we provide mass concentration profiles from the synergy of LIDAR, sun photometer and in situ measurements. The case study along the Binhai New Area revealed mean extinction coefficients of 0.14 ± 0.10 km−1 at 532 nm and a mass concentration of 80 ± 62 μg/m3 in the PBL (<2 km). The highest extinction (0.56 km−1) and mass concentrations (404 μg/m3) were found in the industrial Binhai New Area. The PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of the total mass concentration profiles were separated using the columnar size distribution, derived from the sun photometer measurements. This study offers unique mobile datasets of the aerosol optical properties in the NCP for future applications, such as satellite validation and air quality studies.
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Bilal, Muhammad, Majid Nazeer, Janet Nichol, Zhongfeng Qiu, Lunche Wang, Max Bleiweiss, Xiaojing Shen, James Campbell, and Simone Lolli. "Evaluation of Terra-MODIS C6 and C6.1 Aerosol Products against Beijing, XiangHe, and Xinglong AERONET Sites in China during 2004-2014." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050486.
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In this study, Terra-MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collections 6 and 6.1 (C6 & C6.1) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals with the recommended high-quality flag (QF = 3) were retrieved from Dark-Target (DT), Deep-Blue (DB) and merged DT and DB (DTB) level–2 AOD products for verification against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 Level 2.0 AOD data obtained from 2004–2014 for three sites located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. These are: Beijing, located over mixed bright urban surfaces, XiangHe located over suburban surfaces, and Xinglong located over hilly and vegetated surfaces. The AOD retrievals were also validated over different land-cover types defined by static monthly NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values obtained from the Terra-MODIS level-3 product (MOD13A3). These include non-vegetated surfaces (NVS, NDVI < 0.2), partially vegetated surfaces (PVS, 0.2 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0.3), moderately vegetated surfaces (MVS, 0.3 < NDVI < 0.5) and densely vegetated surfaces (DVS, NDVI ≥ 0.5). Results show that the DT, DB, and DTB-collocated retrievals achieve a high correlation coefficient of ~ 0.90–0.97, 0.89–0.95, and 0.86–0.95, respectively, with AERONET AOD. The DT C6 and C6.1 collocated retrievals were comparable at XiangHe and Xinglong, whereas at Beijing, the percentage of collocated retrievals within the expected error (↔EE) increased from 21.4% to 35.5%, the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 0.37 to 0.24, and the relative percent mean error (RPME) decreased from 49% to 27%. These results suggest significant relative improvement in the DT C6.1 product. The percentage of DB-collocated AOD retrievals ↔EE was greater than 70% at Beijing and Xinglong, whereas less than 66% was observed at XiangHe. Similar to DT AOD, DTB AOD retrievals performed well at XiangHe and Xinglong compared with Beijing. Regionally, DB C6 and C6.1-collocated retrievals performed better than DT and DTB in terms of good quality retrievals and relatively small errors. For diverse vegetated surfaces, DT-collocated retrievals reported small errors and good quality retrievals only for NVS and DVS, whereas larger errors were reported for PVS. MVS. DB contains good quality AOD retrievals over PVS, MVS, and DVS compared with NVS. DTB C6.1 collocated retrievals were better than C6 over NVS, PVS, and DVS. C6.1 is substantially improved overall, compared with C6 at local and regional scales, and over diverse vegetated surfaces.
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Wang, Qian, Duo Li, and Tzu-Han Chang. "Energy and Health Efficiencies in China with the Inclusion of Technological Innovation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 31, 2019): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214225.
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The price people pay for low energy efficiency includes not only high manufacturing costs, but also public health. With technological innovation as the driving factor for improving energy efficiency, this study uses two-stage dynamic undesirable data envelopment analysis (TDU-DEA) under variable return to scale to evaluate energy and health efficiencies with inclusion of technological innovation in 30 provinces of China over the period 2013–2016. The results show that the mean overall efficiencies and ranks in the eastern region are significantly higher than those in the non-eastern region, with or without the inclusion of technological innovations, and that energy efficiency in most provinces is higher than health efficiency. The average technological innovation efficiencies for energy conservation are higher than those for respiratory medical treatment. The former gap between the eastern region and non-east region is also smaller than the latter. Lastly, regions with the best technological innovation efficiencies are Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
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Wang, Wanhai, Jianqing Xu, Shulin Jiang, Kai Yang, Zhefeng Meng, Yan Ma, Mingkui Li, et al. "The Dynamic Face of HIV-1 Subtypes Among Men who have Sex with Men in Beijing, China." Current HIV Research 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016211795569096.
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Xu, Xiaohua, Yu Sheng, Kaveh Khoshnood, and Kirsty Clark. "Factors Predicting Internalized Stigma Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV in Beijing, China." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2016.08.004.
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Deng, Lu, and Zhengjun Zhang. "Assessing the features of extreme smog in China and the differentiated treatment strategy." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2209 (January 2018): 20170511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0511.
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Extreme smog can have potentially harmful effects on human health, the economy and daily life. However, the average (mean) values do not provide strategically useful information on the hazard analysis and control of extreme smog. This article investigates China's smog extremes by applying extreme value analysis to hourly PM2.5 data from 2014 to 2016 obtained from monitoring stations across China. By fitting a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to exceedances over a station-specific extreme smog level at each monitoring location, all study stations are grouped into eight different categories based on the estimated mean and shape parameter values of fitted GEV distributions. The extreme features characterized by the mean of the fitted extreme value distribution, the maximum frequency and the tail index of extreme smog at each location are analysed. These features can provide useful information for central/local government to conduct differentiated treatments in cities within different categories and conduct similar prevention goals and control strategies among those cities belonging to the same category in a range of areas. Furthermore, hazardous hours, breaking probability and the 1-year return level of each station are demonstrated by category, based on which the future control and reduction targets of extreme smog are proposed for the cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei as an example.
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Chu, Wenhao, Chunxiao Zhang, Yuwei Zhao, Rongrong Li, and Pengda Wu. "Spatiotemporally Continuous Reconstruction of Retrieved PM2.5 Data Using an Autogeoi-Stacking Model in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184432.
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Aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations have been widely used to generate wide-coverage PM2.5 retrievals due to the adverse effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and the sparsity and unevenness of monitoring sites. However, due to non-random missing and nighttime gaps in AOD products, obtaining spatiotemporally continuous hourly data with high accuracy has been a great challenge. Therefore, this study developed an automatic geo-intelligent stacking (autogeoi-stacking) model, which contained seven sub-models of machine learning and was stacked through a Catboost model. The autogeoi-stacking model used the automated feature engineering (autofeat) method to identify spatiotemporal characteristics of multi-source datasets and generate extra features through automatic non-linear changes of multiple original features. The 10-fold cross-validation (CV) evaluation was employed to evaluate the 24-hour and continuous ground-level PM2.5 estimations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during 2018. The results showed that the autogeoi-stacking model performed well in the study area with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.88, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of 17.38 µg/m3, and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 10.71 µg/m3. The estimated PM2.5 concentrations had an excellent performance during the day (8:00–18:00, local time) and night (19:00–07:00) (the cross-validation coefficient of determination (CV-R2): 0.90, 0.88), and captured hourly PM2.5 variations well, even in the severe ambient air pollution event. On the seasonal scale, the R2 values from high to low were winter, autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Compared with the original stacking model, the improvement of R2 with the autofeat and hyperparameter optimization approaches was up to 5.33%. In addition, the annual mean values indicated that the southern areas, such as Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, suffered higher PM2.5 concentrations. The northern regions (e.g., Zhangjiakou and Chengde) experienced low PM2.5. In summary, the proposed method in this paper performed well and could provide ideas for constructing geoi-features and spatiotemporally continuous inversion products of PM2.5.
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Xu, Yanling, Wenbo Xue, Yu Lei, Yang Zhao, Shuiyuan Cheng, Zhenhai Ren, and Qing Huang. "Impact of Meteorological Conditions on PM2.5 Pollution in China during Winter." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110429.
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a risk to human health. In January 2017, the PM2.5 pollution in China was severe, and the average PM2.5 concentration had increased by 14.7% compared to that in January 2016. Meteorological conditions greatly influence PM2.5 pollution. The relationship between PM2.5 and meteorological factors was assessed using monitoring data and the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) was used to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of variations of meteorological conditions on PM2.5 pollution. The results indicate that variations of meteorological conditions between January 2017 and January 2016 caused an increase of 13.6% in the national mean concentration of PM2.5. Unlike the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), where meteorological conditions were favorable, unfavorable meteorological conditions (such as low wind speed, high humidity, low boundary layer height and low rainfall) contributed to PM2.5 concentration worsening by 29.7%, 42.6% and 7.9% in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (JJJ) region, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region and the Chengdu-Chongqing (CYB) region, respectively. Given the significant influence of local meteorology on PM2.5 concentration, more emphasis should be placed on employing meteorological means to improve local air quality.
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Zhang, Z., X. Zhang, D. Gong, S. J. Kim, R. Mao, and X. Zhao. "Possible influence of atmospheric circulations on winter haze pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, northern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-561-2016.
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Abstract. Using the daily records derived from the synoptic weather stations and the NCEP/NCAR and ERA-Interim reanalysis data, the variability of the winter haze pollution (indicated by the mean visibility and number of hazy days) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region during the period 1981 to 2015 and its relationship with the atmospheric circulations at middle–high latitude were analyzed in this study. The winter haze pollution in BTH had distinct inter-annual and inter-decadal variabilities without a significant long-term trend. According to the spatial distribution of correlation coefficients, six atmospheric circulation indices (I1 to I6) were defined from the key areas in sea level pressure (SLP), zonal and meridional winds at 850 hPa (U850, V850), geopotential height field at 500 hPa (H500), zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200), and air temperature at 200 hPa (T200), respectively. All of the six indices have significant and stable correlations with the winter visibility and number of hazy days in BTH. In the raw (unfiltered) correlations, the correlation coefficients between the six indices and the winter visibility (number of hazy days) varied from 0.57 (0.47) to 0.76 (0.6) with an average of 0.65 (0.54); in the high-frequency ( < 10 years) correlations, the coefficients varied from 0.62 (0.58) to 0.8 (0.69) with an average of 0.69 (0.64). The six circulation indices together can explain 77.7 % (78.7 %) and 61.7 % (69.1 %) variances of the winter visibility and the number of hazy days in the year-to-year (inter-annual) variability, respectively. The increase in Ic (a comprehensive index derived from the six individual circulation indices) can cause a shallowing of the East Asian trough at the middle troposphere and a weakening of the Siberian high-pressure field at sea level, and is then accompanied by a reduction (increase) of horizontal advection and vertical convection (relative humidity) in the lowest troposphere and a reduced boundary layer height in BTH and its neighboring areas, which are favorable for the formation of haze pollution in BTH winter, and vice versa. The high level of the prediction statistics and the reasonable mechanism suggested that the winter haze pollution in BTH can be forecasted or estimated credibly based on the optimized atmospheric circulation indices. Thus it is helpful for government decision-making departments to take action in advance in dealing with probably severe haze pollution in BTH indicated by the atmospheric circulation conditions.
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Gray, Peter B., Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang, and Harrison G. Pope. "Fathers have lower salivary testosterone levels than unmarried men and married non-fathers in Beijing, China." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1584 (November 8, 2005): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3311.
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A growing body of evidence, almost entirely from North America, has found that male testosterone levels are positively associated with mating effort (male–male competition and mate-seeking behaviour), while lower testosterone levels have been associated with affiliative pair bonding and paternal care. To expand the cross-cultural scope of this research, here we investigate variation in salivary testosterone levels among Chinese men in relation to marital and parenting variables. One hundred and twenty-six men drawn from a Beijing university setting between the ages of 21 and 38 completed a questionnaire and provided both morning and late afternoon saliva samples from which testosterone levels were measured. The 66 unmarried men had slightly higher levels of testosterone than the 30 married non-fathers, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, the 30 fathers exhibited significantly lower testosterone levels than both unmarried men and married non-fathers. Among married non-fathers, marital relationship quality was not significantly related to testosterone levels. Among married fathers, men with children aged less than 4 years of age did not have lower testosterone levels than men with older children. These data are the first outside of North America to show lower testosterone levels among fathers, and lend support to the theoretical view that male testosterone levels differ according to mating and parenting effort.
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Zhang, Haopeng, and Qin Deng. "Deep Learning Based Fossil-Fuel Power Plant Monitoring in High Resolution Remote Sensing Images: A Comparative Study." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091117.
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The frequent hazy weather with air pollution in North China has aroused wide attention in the past few years. One of the most important pollution resource is the anthropogenic emission by fossil-fuel power plants. To relieve the pollution and assist urban environment monitoring, it is necessary to continuously monitor the working status of power plants. Satellite or airborne remote sensing provides high quality data for such tasks. In this paper, we design a power plant monitoring framework based on deep learning to automatically detect the power plants and determine their working status in high resolution remote sensing images (RSIs). To this end, we collected a dataset named BUAA-FFPP60 containing RSIs of over 60 fossil-fuel power plants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in North China, which covers about 123 km 2 of an urban area. We compared eight state-of-the-art deep learning models and comprehensively analyzed their performance on accuracy, speed, and hardware cost. Experimental results illustrate that our deep learning based framework can effectively detect the fossil-fuel power plants and determine their working status with mean average precision up to 0.8273, showing good potential for urban environment monitoring.
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Wang, Liming, Dylan Podson, Zihuang Chen, Hongyan Lu, Vania Wang, Colin Shepard, John K. Williams, and Guodong Mi. "Using Social Media To Increase HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex with Men — Beijing, China, 2013–2017." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 21 (May 31, 2019): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6821a3.
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Liu, Yingjie, Xiaoming Li, Liying Zhang, Shuming Li, Shulin Jiang, and Bonita Stanton. "Correlates of consistent condom use among young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 17, no. 3 (May 6, 2012): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2012.662544.
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Fan, Song, Hongyan Lu, Xiaoyan Ma, Yanming Sun, Xiong He, Chunmei Li, H. F. Raymond, et al. "Behavioral and Serologic Survey of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China: Implication for HIV Intervention." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 26, no. 3 (March 2012): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0277.
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Choi, Kyung–Hee, Hui Lui, Yaqi Guo, Lei Han, and Jeffrey S. Mandel. "Lack of HIV Testing and Awareness of HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men, Beijing, China." AIDS Education and Prevention 18, no. 1 (February 2006): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.1.33.
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Hu, Yifei, Han-Zhu Qian, Jiangping Sun, Lei Gao, Lu Yin, Xiangwei Li, Dong Xiao, et al. "Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection Among HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men Who Have Sex With Men in Beijing, China." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 64, no. 1 (September 2013): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e31829b6298.
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