Academic literature on the topic 'Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Park, Sang-In, Young Joon Lee, Seong Hun Choi, Soo Jin Park, Chang-Hyun Song, and Sae-Kwang Ku. "Therapeutic Effects of Blue Honeysuckle on Lesions of Hyperthyroidism in Rats." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 07 (January 2016): 1441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500804.
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones, which enhances the hormone-induced oxidative stress responsible for some complications in the liver, heart and muscle. Blue honeysuckle (BH) is an edible berry, rich in polyphenols, especially flavonoids or anthocyanins, known as strong antioxidants. The chemo-protective activities of the berry have been connected to the improvement of symptoms in cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumor or cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of BH were examined in hyperthyroidism rat model. The hyperthyroidism was induced by injection with levothyroxine (LT4), and the model was treated with distilled water (LT4 control), propylthiouracil (PTU) or BH at 3 dosages of 500, 250 and 125[Formula: see text]mg/kg. The treatment was performed once a day for 15 days. Compared to LT4 control, the oral administration of BH dose-dependently ameliorated the hyperthyroidism, reducing thyroid hormones and increasing thyroid stimulating hormones. These effects were accompanied by improvement of body weight loss and atrophy in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. BH treatments also reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT), which suggests BH exerts protective effects on hepatocytes. BH might also be involved in the augmentation of the anti-oxidant activities, supported by increased endogenous antioxidant (glutathione). In addition, the histopathological analyses revealed the beneficial effects of BH on the atrophic changes and cellular injuries in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. The therapeutic potentials of BH were either similar or more effective than PTU. These results provide valuable information that will guide more detailed studies to use the BH as a complementary and alternative medicine.
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Pekic, Sandra, and Vera Popovic-Brkic. "Advances in Our Understanding of Pituitary Adenoma." US Endocrinology 04, no. 01 (2008): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2008.04.01.88.
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Pituitary adenomas are common benign monoclonal neoplasms— accounting for 15% of intracranial neoplasms—that may be clinically silent or secrete anterior pituitary hormones such as prolactin, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), or, rarely, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or gonadotrophins. Radiological studies for other reasons using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detect incidental pituitary adenomas in approximately 20% of asymptomatic patients.1The incidence of the various types of adenoma varies;2prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenomas. Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), which do not secrete hormones, often cause local mass symptoms and represent one-third of pituitary adenomas. GH- and ACTH-producing adenomas each account for 10–15% of pituitary adenomas, while TSH-producing adenomas are rare. Pituitary adenomas are infrequent in childhood: fewer than 10% of pituitary adenomas are diagnosed before 20 years of age.3These adenomas can be either microor macroadenomas. The natural course of microadenomas is that a few tumors enlarge over a period of more than eight years.Although several genes and signaling pathways have been identified as important factors in the development of pituitary tumors, our understanding of pituitary tumorigenesis remains incomplete and is the focus of current research. The reason for this is that current treatment modalities fail to completely control this disorder and prevent the associated morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the advances in our understanding of pituitary adenoma, especially in the field of pathogenesis of pituitary tumors, and the possibility of new therapeutic approaches.
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Groeneweg, Stefan, Robin P. Peeters, Theo J. Visser, and W. Edward Visser. "Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in the Allan—Herndon—Dudley Syndrome." US Endocrinology 12, no. 02 (2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2016.12.02.90.
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Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for normal brain development. The TH transporter protein monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is crucial to maintain adequate TH levels in the brain during development and throughout life. Mutations in MCT8 result in the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome (AHDS), which is characterized by a severe delay in neurocognitive development, combined with abnormal serum thyroid function tests (TFTs). The combination of an increased (F)T3 and decreased (F)T4 and rT3 serum levels are characteristic for the presence of AHDS in male patients with moderate to severe delay in neurocognitive development. Here, we provide an overview of current insights, challenges and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of patients with AHDS.
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Brossaud, J., V. Pallet, and J.-B. Corcuff. "Vitamin A, endocrine tissues and hormones: interplay and interactions." Endocrine Connections 6, no. 7 (October 2017): R121—R130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0101.
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Vitamin A (retinol) is a micronutrient critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. In adults, vitamin A and metabolites such as retinoic acid (RA) play major roles in vision, immune and brain functions and tissue remodelling and metabolism. This review presents the physiological interactions of retinoids and endocrine tissues and hormonal systems. Two endocrine systems have been particularly studied. In the pituitary, retinoids target the corticotrophs with a possible therapeutic use in corticotropinomas. In the thyroid, retinoids interfere with iodine metabolism and vitamin A deficiency aggravates thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine-deficient diets. Retinoids use in thyroid cancer appears less promising than expected. Recent and still controversial studies investigated the relations between retinoids and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, retinoids contribute to pancreatic development and modify fat and glucose metabolism. However, more detailed studies are needed before planning any therapeutic use. Finally, retinoids probably play more minor roles in adrenal and gonads development and function apart from their major effects on spermatogenesis.
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Celi, Francesco S. "A MUCH-NEEDED HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF THYROID HORMONES." Endocrine Practice 21, no. 10 (October 2015): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep15875.co.
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Korbozova, Nazym K., Nataliya O. Kudrina, Nataliya A. Zhukova, Alexander E. Grazhdannikov, Irina V. Blavachinskaya, Gulnaz A. Seitimova, Timur E. Kulmanov, Tatyana G. Tolstikova, and Nina V. Terletskaya. "Antihypothyroid Effect of Salidroside." Molecules 27, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 7487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217487.
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In terms of prevalence, thyroid pathology, associated both with a violation of the gland function and changes in its structure, occupies one of the main places in clinical endocrinology. The problem of developing low-toxic and highly effective herbal preparations for the correction of thyroid hypofunction and its complications is urgent. Salidroside is a glucoside of tyrosol, found mostly in the roots of Rhodiola spp., and has various positive biological activities. The purpose of this study was to study the antihypothyroid potential of salidrosid-containing extract from R. semenovii roots, which was evaluated on a mercazolyl hypothyroidism model. We showed that extract containing salidroside is a safe and effective means of hypothyroidism correction, significantly reducing (p ≤ 0.001) the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone and increasing the level of thyroid hormones. The combined use of R. semenovii extract with potassium iodide enhances the therapeutic effect of the extract by 1.3-times.
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Janett-Pellegri, Camilla, Lea Wildisen, Martin Feller, Cinzia Del Giovane, Elisavet Moutzouri, Oliver Grolimund, Patrick Walter, et al. "Prevalence and factors associated with chronic use of levothyroxine: A cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): e0261160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261160.
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Importance Levothyroxine prescriptions are rising worldwide. However, there are few data on factors associated with chronic use. Objective To assess the prevalence of chronic levothyroxine use, its rank among other chronic drugs and factors associated with chronic use. To assess the proportion of users outside the therapeutic range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Design Cohort study (CoLaus|PsyCoLaus) with recruitment from 2003 to 2006. Follow-ups occurred 5 and 10 years after baseline. Participants A random sample of Lausanne (Switzerland) inhabitants aged 35–75 years. Main outcomes We evaluated the prevalence of chronic levothyroxine use and we then ranked it among the other most used chronic drugs. The ranking was compared to data from health insurance across the country. We assessed the association between each factor and chronic levothyroxine use in multivariable logistic regression models. The proportion of chronic levothyroxine users outside the usual TSH therapeutic range was assessed. Results 4,334 participants were included in the analysis (mean±SD age 62.8±10.4 years, 54.9% women). 166 (3.8%) participants were chronic levothyroxine users. Levothyroxine was the second most prescribed chronic drug after aspirin in the cohort (8.2%) and the third most prescribed when using Swiss-wide insurance data. In multivariable analysis, chronic levothyroxine use was associated with increasing age [odds ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.05 per 1-year increase]; female sex [11.87 (5.24–26.89)]; BMI [1.06 (1.02–1.09) per 1-kg/m2 increase]; number of concomitant drugs [1.22 (1.16–1.29) per 1-drug increase]; and family history of thyroid pathologies [2.18 (1.37–3.48)]. Among chronic levothyroxine users with thyroid hormones assessment (n = 157), 42 (27%) were outside the TSH therapeutic range (17% overtreated and 10% undertreated). Conclusions In this population-based study, levothyroxine ranked second among chronic drugs. Age, female sex, BMI, number of drugs and family history of thyroid pathologies were associated with chronic levothyroxine use. More than one in four chronic users were over- or undertreated.
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Barwinek, Katarzyna, Danuta Gąsior-Perczak, Sławomir Trepka, Artur Szczodry, Janusz Kopczyński, Zdzisława Sitarz-Żelazna, and Aldona Kowalska. "Effective Preoperative Plasmapheresis Treatment of Severe Hyperthyroidism in a Patient with Giant Toxic Nodular Goiter and Methimazole-Induced Agranulocytosis." Medicina 56, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56060290.
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Agranulocytosis is a rare but very serious complication of thyrostatic therapy. In severe hyperthyroidism, the removal of circulating thyroid hormones by plasmapheresis may be an effective therapeutic option. This report describes the therapeutic difficulties and successful preoperative treatment with plasmapheresis in a 63-year-old patient admitted to the Endocrinology Clinic with severe hyperthyroidism, during the course of giant toxic nodular goiter and agranulocytosis, which occurred after 2 weeks of taking methimazole. During hospitalization, methimazole treatment was discontinued and therapy with steroids, a beta blocker, propylthiouracil, Lugol’s solution, lithium carbonate, and antibiotics were initiated. Granulocyte colony growth stimulating factor was also used to resolve agranulocytosis. Due to the failure to achieve euthyreosis using this approach, we decided to conduct thyroid surgery, as a life-saving action, after preparation of the patient by plasmapheresis. Two plasmapheresis procedures were performed, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of free thyroid hormones. Total thyroidectomy was performed and there were no complications during surgery. We conclude that plasmapheresis may be considered as an effective alternative treatment option for the preparation of patients with hyperthyroidism for surgery, when the clinical situations prevent the use of conventional treatments for hyperthyroidism and when immediate life-saving surgery is necessary.
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Safer, Joshua D. "Thyroid Hormone and Wound Healing." Journal of Thyroid Research 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/124538.
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Although thyroid hormone is one of the most potent stimulators of growth and metabolic rate, the potential to use thyroid hormone to treat cutaneous pathology has never been subject to rigorous investigation. A number of investigators have demonstrated intriguing therapeutic potential for topical thyroid hormone. Topical T3has accelerated wound healing and hair growth in rodents. Topical T4has been used to treat xerosis in humans. It is clear that the use of thyroid hormone to treat cutaneous pathology may be of large consequence and merits further study. This is a review of the literature regarding thyroid hormone action on skin along with skin manifestations of thyroid disease. The paper is intended to provide a context for recent findings of direct thyroid hormone action on cutaneous cellsin vitroandin vivowhich may portend the use of thyroid hormone to promote wound healing.
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Vegt, M., J. A. Bruijn, and T. K. Birkenhäger. "The use of thyroid hormone in the treatment of depression: a review." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 3, no. 2 (June 1991): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800035006.
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SummaryThe writers of this paper made an inventory of the studies on the use of thyroid hormone in the treatment of depression. Fifteen clinical trials (353 patients), published between 1969 and 1987. were found, that can be described, as to their design, in two seperate groups:One group (7 studies) administers thyroid hormone simultaneously with a tricyclic antidepressant to reach a faster effect of the antidepressant. The other group (8 studies) adds thyroid hormone to a tricyclic antidepressant in patients who fail to respond to this treatment, with the aim to convert therapeutic failure to success. After studying the literature we think we are able to conclude that it can be usefull to combine the antidepressant with thyroid hormone in view of the fact that, in a number of depressed patients, it shortens the duration of the illness. The augmentation of tricyclics by thyroid hormone needs further study.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Veltri, Flora. "Variables influencing thyroid function during pregnancy and their potential use in clinical practice." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/313347/4/TDM.pdf.
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Pregnancy is a condition leading to an important strain on thyroid morphology and function.A normal functioning of the thyroid gland in the mother is essential for the early fetal development, since the fetal thyroid does not produce thyroid hormones until the end of the first trimester (approximately 12 to 14 weeks).The impact of thyroid dysfunction (and especially hypothyroidism) during pregnancy is well documented and has been associated with a number of obstetrical complications, such as premature delivery, low birth weight and even fetal death. In view of all changes in thyroid physiology during pregnancy the ATA (American Thyroid Association) guidelines recommend using trimester- and population-specific normality ranges, to define thyroid dysfunction. It is proposed to determine them in pregnant women without thyroid antibodies (TPO) and without severe iodine deficiency. Due to the few numbers of randomized clinical trials, there is still no consensus whether all pregnant women should be screened or only women at risk for the development of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is caused in most cases by the presence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and also the altered pregnancy outcomes in most studies are associated with the presence of TAI.Besides the presence of TAI, other factors might also change, influence and/or modify thyroid function. When we started our research, there were only few studies that investigated the impact of other variables, such as iron, BMI, smoking habit and/or the background of the pregnant women on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction during the first trimester of pregnancy.The aims of the thesis were therefore, to investigate: • the association between the iron reserve status (ferritin levels), thyroid (dys)function and autoimmunity, corrected for confounders such as age, BMI, smoking habit and the time of blood sampling;• the impact of the ethnic background of the pregnant woman on thyroid function and autoimmunity, corrected for confounders such as age, BMI, smoking habit, and the time of blood sampling. Furthermore, to determine ethnic-specific reference ranges and investigate their impact on the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction;• the impact of changes in thyroid function within the normal reference range in women free of thyroid autoimmunity on pregnancy outcomes, corrected for established covariates (age, BMI, smoking) and iron reserve as candidate new variable.• whether targeted high-risk screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy could be improved with the inclusion of iron status and ethnicity to the actual risk factors defined in the ATA-GL.The results can be summarized as follows:Thyroid function during pregnancy can be influenced by variables others than thyroid antibodies such as the iron status and the ethnical background of the women. However, their impact on thyroid function is less important compared to that of thyroid antibodies. No significant impact of well-known variables (BMI, age, smoking) and others such as iron has been shown on clinical pregnancy outcomes when thyroid function remained within the normal range and no thyroid antibodies were present.We have shown that adding variables such as iron deficiency, ethnic background and obesity to the currently provided list of factors leading to a high-risk for the development of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, might improve the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism to comparable rates obtained in case of universal screening.Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
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伍伯堯 and Pak-yiu Ng. "Investigation on the differential expression and hormonal regulation of olfactomedin in uterus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557765.
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Roberts, April M. "Steroid hormone treatments alter growth characteristics in transformed human ovarian cell lines." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1265095.
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Mugari, Mufaro Buhlebenkosi. "The inhibitory effect of rooibos on cytochromes P450 and downstream in vitro modulation of steroid hormones." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96680.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes: 1. Substrate binding assays investigating the effects of methanolic extracts of unfermented and fermented Rooibos on the binding of natural substrates to ovine adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial P450 enzymes, demonstrating the interference of substrate binding in the presence of the Rooibos extracts. 2. The effects of selected flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and aspalathin) on the binding of natural substrates to ovine adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial P450 enzymes, demonstrating interference of substrate binding in the presence of the flavonoid compounds. 3. Substrate conversion assays in non-steroidogenic COS-1 cells to investigate the effects of methanolic extracts of unfermented and fermented Rooibos on the activity of key steroidogenic P450 enzymes (CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2), demonstrating inhibition of the catalytic activity in the presence of Rooibos extracts. 4. The effects of selected flavonoids on the substrate conversion of the aforementioned key steroidogenic enzymes expressed in COS-1 cells. 5. An investigation of the effect of methanolic extracts of unfermented and fermented Rooibos on steroid hormone production in human adrenal H295R cells under basal and stimulated conditions, demonstrating the modulating effects of unfermented and fermented Rooibos extracts. Basal and stimulated steroid hormone production was decreased in the presence of unfermented and fermented Rooibos.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskryf: 1. Die gebruik van substraatbindings-essais om die effek van metanoliese ekstrakte, van gefermenteerde- en ongefermenteerde Rooibos, op die binding van die natuurlike substrate aan skaap adrenale mikrosomale en -mitochondriale P450 ensieme te bepaal. Daar is getoon dat die ekstrakte 'n beduidende inhiberende effek op ensiemsubstraatinteraksie gehad het. 2. Die die inhiberende effek van geselekteerde flavonoïede (kwersetien, rutien and aspalatien) op die binding van die natuurlike substrate aan skaap adrenale mikrosomale en -mitochondriale P450 ensieme. 3. Die gebruik van substraatomsettings-essais in nie-steroïedogeniese COS-1 selle, om die effek van gefermenteerde- en ongefermenteerde Rooibos ekstrakte op die aktiwiteit van die steroïedogeniese P450 ensieme (CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2) se katalitiese aktiwiteit te bepaal. Daar kon aangetoon word dat die katalitise aktiwiteite van bg. ensieme beduidend beïnvloed word deur die Rooibos ekstrakte. 4. Die gebruik van substraatomsettings-essais in nie-steroïedogeniese COS-1 selle, om die effek van geselekteerde flavonoïede op die aktiwiteit van bogenoemde steroïedogeniese P450 ensieme te bepaal. 5. 'n Ondersoek na die invloed van metanoliese ekstrakte van gefermenteerde- en ongefermenteerde Rooibos op steroïedhormoon biosintese in die menslike adrenale H295R-selmodel. Die ondersoek, onder basale en gestimuleerde toestande, het getoon dat beide Rooibosekstrakte in bogenoemde toestande steroïedhormoon produksie geinhibeer het.
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Meyer, Eric. "Comparative bioavailability and ranking of topical corticosteroid formulations." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001471.
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Numerous experiments in recent years have indicated differences in the bioavailability of corticosteroids from seemingly identical topical dosage forms. The human blanching assay was utilized in this study to assess the comparative blanching activities of various locally manufactured proprietary corticosteroid preparations. The first experiment was performed to assess the relative blanching activities of six semi - solid preparations containing the same concentration of betamethasone 17-valerate. The preparations used were Betnovate cream and ointment, Persivate cream and ointment and Celestoderm-V cream and ointment. This was followed, in the second experiment, by the investigation of the blanching activities of two lotions containing betamethasone 17-valerate (Betnovate and Celestoderm-V) and a lotion containing betamethasone 17,21- dipropionate (Diprosone). The third experiment involved a study of six semi-solid proprietary corticosteroid-containing formulations, viz. Dermovate (clobetasol propionate) cream and ointment, Betnovate (betamethasone 17-valerate) cream and ointment and Eumovate (clobetasone butyrate) cream and ointment. This investigation was prompted by claims in advertisements in the medical media that Dermovate is therapeutically more efficacious than Betnovate which is more efficacious than Eumovate. The penultimate experiment in this study served the purpose of finding a corticosteroid-containing preparation that falls into the moderately potent group of corticosteroid formulations, as described in the United Kingdom MIMS. This preparation was used in the final experiment which was undertaken to ascertain the potency category of Florone (diflorasone diacetate) cream and ointment.
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林穎華 and Wing-wah Phoebe Lam. "A systematic review of postoperative treatments for laser eye surgery." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970643.
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Magnus, Ashley Denis. "Aspects of the bioavailability of topical corticosteroid formulations." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009516.
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Two possible variables of the McKenzie/Stoughton blanching assay, namely amount applied to the test site and occlusion time have been investigated. Subsequently, two topical steroid preparations, Synalar cream (0,025% fluocinolone acetonide) and Betnovate cream (0,1% betamethasone 17-valer ate) were extemporaneously diluted with five and six placebo bases respectively. Taking cognizance of the two possible variables, these diluted preparations were assessed in vivo using a modified version of the McKenzie/Stoughton blanching assay for blanching activity over a 14 month period. It was found that the base E45, which is slightly alkali, had the greatest effect on both preparations. In the case of betamethasone 17-valerate this base c aused the conversion to the less active isomer, betamethasone 21-valerate whereas at the end of the 14 month test period it was found that the Synalar/E45 dilution contained no fluocinolone acetonide. Quantitative analysis of all the diluted preparations by high performance liquid chromatography using a reverse-phase system was performed. The data obtained f r om the systematic stUdies of the effects of varying concentrations and occlusion times were presented at the Eleventh National Congress of the South African Pharmacological Society.KMBT_363
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Milliken, Erin L. "USE OF A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF OVARIAN HYPERSTIUMLUATION TO IDENTIFY THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND MECHANISMS IN HORMONE-INDUCED MAMMARY CANCER." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1121273034.
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Salb, Nicole [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Nelson. "Application of engineered mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic vehicles for the treatment of solid tumors : HIF1α-based targeting and the influence of thyroid hormones / Nicole Salb ; Betreuer: Peter Nelson." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171131372/34.
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Horn, Je'nine. "The analysis of 6- and 24-hour iodine-131 thyroid uptake in patients with Graves' disease at Universitas Hospital." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/102.
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Thesis (M.Tech.)(Nuclear Medicine) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2007In the South African Health Services (SAHS) it is each health worker’s responsibility to find ways to reduce health care cost and improve health service to the public. The measurement of radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) by the thyroid gland for diagnostic purposes has been used as early as the 1940s. The 24-hour (hr) iodine-131 (131I) uptake measurement is traditionally used for the calculation of the 131I administered activity for therapy dosage. This entails that the patient’s hospitalisation is prolonged, which increases the costs. The literature also indicates that the 24-hr 131I uptake value can be discarded and only the 6-hr 131I uptake measurement is needed to calculate administered activity for therapeutic dosages for Graves’ patients. Therefore, if it can be confirmed that the 6-hr 131I uptake measurement alone is needed, the SAHS could decrease hospitalisation costs. The overall goal of the investigation was to analyse the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I uptake measurements of patients with Graves’ disease at the Universitas Hospital. The aim was to determine the relationship between the 6-hr and 24- hr RAIU values to establish the therapeutic dosage for Graves’ disease. To achieve the aim, three objectives were set. First, to serve as a background to the investigation, a literature survey relating to the RAIU measurements of patients with Graves’ disease was made. Second, a retrospective analysis was performed by collecting the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I uptake measurements of patients with proven Graves’ disease at the Universitas Nuclear Medicine Department (UNMD). Finally, the data obtained from the retrospective analysis was analysed, summarised and compared to answer the investigation questions. The investigation group included patients with confirmed Graves’ disease who had undergone both the 6- and 24-hr 131I RAIU at the Universitas Hospital from the beginning of 2004 to the end of 2005. Graves’ disease is confirmed by the following factors at the UNMD, namely: Suppressed TSH, elevated T4 and T3 values, an increased uptake on the 99mTc-pertechnetate scan and increased 6- and 24-hr 131I RAIU values. The UNMD statistics show that 178 patients were diagnosed with Graves’ disease during this period. The patients of the investigation group included both male and female patients from different races, ranging from 15-75 years. In order to increase the validity of the investigation, all factors that could influence the accuracy of the 131I thyroid uptake test were excluded. After the exclusion and inclusion criteria had been applied, the final investigation group was made up of 124 Graves’ disease patients. The data obtained from the patient files was noted on the different data sheets (see Appendix A) for further analysis. The information from these data sheets was then used to obtain the investigation results. The Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State (UFS) was consulted for recommendations regarding the management of data and the processing of results. All values were summarised by means and Standard Deviations (SD) or percentiles. Mean or median differences were calculated with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). A regression analysis was made between the 6-hr and 24-hr 131I RAIU values. The highest RAIU value is the best to calculate the therapeutic dosage, as this gives a true reflection of the thyroid function of a Graves’ disease patient. In the investigation group the median of the 24-hr 131I RAIU values was higher than the 6-hr 131I RAIU values. The findings showed that the 24-hr 131I RAIU in most of the investigation group was the highest value and most effective to calculate the 131I therapeutic dosage. At a time when research-based practice is taking on an increasingly important role, it is essential for nuclear medicine departments to make evidence-based recommendations. This investigation found that the correlation between the 6-hr and 24-hr RAIU clearly justified the cost spent on Graves’ disease patients who must stay overnight for the 24-hr 131I RAIU procedure.
Books on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Janusz, Nauman, ed. The thyroid and iodine. Stuttgart: Schattauer, 1996.
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Hormones of youth. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, 1999.
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Textbook of bio-identical hormones. [Place of publication not identified]: [Foundation for Anti-Aging Research, LLC], 2007.
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Mizushima, Yutaka. Suteroido no tsukaikata kotsu to otoshiana: Pitfalls & knack. Tōkyō: Nakayama Shoten, 2006.
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N, Lin Andrew, and Paget Stephen A, eds. Principles of corticosteroid therapy. London: Arnold, 2002.
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Swaney, Arlene. Health, happiness & hormones: One woman's journey towards health afer a hysterectomy. Lancaster, Pa: Starburst Publishers, 1996.
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The miracle of natural hormones: Arthritis, autoimmune disorders, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, heart disease, hyothyroidism, menopause, anti-aging and much more! : see how a holistic program can improve your energy, help you overcome chronic illness, achieve your optimum health : with over 40 actual case studies. 3rd ed. West Bloomfield, Mich: Medical Alternatives Press, 1999.
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Brownstein, David. The miracle of natural hormones: With over 40 actual case studies. 2nd ed. West Bloomfield, Mich: Medical Alternatives Press, 1999.
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Pelt, Annemarie C. Glucocorticoids: Effects, action mechanisms, and therapeutic uses. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2011.
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Melanocortins: Multiple actions and therapeutic potential. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Safer, Joshua D., and Michael F. Holick. "Potential Therapeutic Uses of Thyroid Hormone." In Thyroid Disorders with Cutaneous Manifestations, 181–86. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-187-9_14.
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Graf, Hans, and Gilberto Paz-Filho. "Management of Non-Toxic Multinodular Goitre." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by John A. H. Wass, Wiebke Arlt, and Robert K. Semple, 585–93. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0075.
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Multinodular goitre (MNG) is a common thyroid disorder associated with more than one thyroid nodule. The clinical presentation varies from a completely asymptomatic goitre to a life-threatening disease with upper airway compression. Patients should have a careful clinical evaluation, thyroid function tests, ultrasonography, cross-sectional imaging, and fine-needle aspiration. The best therapeutic approach will depend on the size and location of the goitre, the presence of compressive symptoms and the clinical status. The recommended treatments include clinical observation, surgery, and administration of radioactive iodine (131I). Suppressive treatment with levothyroxine is discouraged due to its low efficacy compared with surgery or 131I and adverse effects. Total thyroidectomy is effective, but surgical complications may occur. The use of radioiodine after the elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, either via the exogenous administration of recombinant human TSH or through the induction of transient primary subclinical hypothyroidism by antithyroid drugs, are relative novel alternative treatments.
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Ramachandran, R., and W. Dhillo. "Neuroendocrine tumour markers." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 897–900. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.0625.
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Neuroendocrine cells occur either singly or in small groups in a variety of tissues and organs. Although morphologically and embryologically diverse, they are characterized by a number of unifying features. They have dense core secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm and hormone receptors on the cell membranes. There is evidence of prohormone activity within the cells and they synthesize, store, and secrete hormones. In addition, neuroendocrine cells possess an ability to take up and decarboxylate amine precursors. Components of this diffuse endocrine system are particularly prominent in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, C cells of the thyroid, adrenal medulla, parathyroid tissue, respiratory tract, skin, and genitourinary system. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are known to occur in all these tissues. Historically, the diagnosis of NET was made on the basis of characteristic histological findings. The significantly worse prognosis in advanced disease and the availability of multiple therapeutic options have highlighted the need for robust tumour markers that can be used both for diagnosis and follow-up. Currently, a number of normal and abnormal forms of peptides, biogenic amines, and hormones, secreted by NETs, are routinely measured as markers of disease. An ideal tumour marker would be one that is secreted exclusively by the tumour cells and is useful (1) for screening and differential diagnosis of NETs; (2) as a prognostic indicator; (3) as an estimate of tumour burden; and (4) as a surveillance tool. Although none of the currently available markers completely fits the paradigm for an ideal tumour marker, when measured in conjunction with each other, they are useful not only for making a diagnosis but also for monitoring response to therapy and in surveillance post-remission.
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"The Use of Therapeutic Radiotracers in Thyroid Cancer." In Thyroid Cancer, 289–316. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10945-21.
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Luck, Martin. "7. The thyroid gland." In Hormones: A Very Short Introduction, 88–96. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199672875.003.0007.
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‘The thyroid gland’ illustrates how the thyroid takes up iodine from the blood and stores it in a concentrated form attached to a protein, thyroglobulin. When stimulated by a pituitary gland hormone, thyroid cells build up thyroglobulin but also turn some of it into the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones speed up a cell’s use of oxygen and so accelerate metabolism in most tissues and organs. This increased metabolism extends to processes like immunity, growth, and reproduction, which is why the right level of thyroid activity is important for development and health. Thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and goitre, are relatively common medical conditions, but are also easily detected and treated.
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Ahmad Bhat, Javaid, Shoiab Mohd Patto, Pooran Sharma, Mohammad Hayat Bhat, and Shahnaz Ahmad Mir. "Therapeutic Options in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism." In Hyperthyroidism - Recent Updates [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106562.
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The classical approach to treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism involves rapid control of the symptoms, generally with a beta adrenergic blocker, and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion by antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and/or using one of the several modalities available, including radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), and surgery; the selection of the treatment modalities often varies according to different guidelines, patient preferences and local traditions. Thionamides are invariably used as first-line medication to control hyperthyroidism and induce remission of the disease, thereby relieving the symptoms. In case of failure of the medical therapy, which is not uncommon, definitive treatment with surgery or RAI is the standard modality of management after due consideration and discussion with the patients. However, the therapeutic options available for patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism have remained largely unchanged for the past several decades despite the current treatments having either limited efficacy or significant adverse effects. The clinical demand for new therapeutic regimens of Graves’ disease has led to the emergence of several new therapeutic ideas/options like biologic, peptide immunomodulation and small molecules, currently under investigations which may lead to the restoration of a euthyroid state without the requirement for ongoing therapy, but the potential risk of immunocompromise and cost implications needs careful consideration.
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Pandey, Rupal, Venkatesh L. Hegde, Narendra P. Singh, Lorne Hofseth, Uday Singh, Swapan Ray, Mitzi Nagarkatti, and Prakash S. Nagarkatti. "Chapter 19 Use of Cannabinoids as a Novel Therapeutic Modality Against Autoimmune Hepatitis." In Vitamins and Hormones, 487–504. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81019-4.
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Luster, Markus, and Michael Lassmann. "Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 481–84. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.3196.
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Radioactive iodine has been used successfully for almost 70 years since the first treatment took place at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in 1941. However, it was not until after the Second World War that 131I became generally available for clinical applications (1). The radioactive iodine isotope is chemically identical to ‘stable’ iodine (127I) and thus becomes a part of the intrathyroidal metabolism. Its principle of action is based on the emission of β-rays with a range of 0.5–2 mm in the tissue leading to high local radiation absorbed doses while sparing surrounding structures. The additional γ-ray component of 131I allows for scintigraphic imaging of the distribution in the gland and can also be used for pre- and post-therapeutic individual dosimetry (see below). Several therapeutic options are available for the treatment of benign thyroid disorders, namely hyperthyroidism: surgical resection (hemithyroidectomy, near-total, or total thyroidectomy), long-term antithyroid drug medication (ATD), and radio-iodine therapy (RAIT) (2, 3). These different treatment modalities are used in varying frequencies depending on geographical location, e.g. iodine supply, availability and logistics, cultural background, and patient-specific features, e.g. goitre size, presence of local symptoms, age, and hormonal status. The diversity of approaches on an international scale still remains impressive and is reflected by a great heterogeneity throughout Europe and also when compared to the USA where radio-iodine therapy is still being applied more frequently than in most European countries (4–8). Radio-iodine therapy was originally aimed at eliminating hyperthyroidism and thus leaving the patient euthyroid. Up-to-date strategies, however, established postradio-iodine induction of hypothyroidism as the treatment objective and, thus, it is included in the category of ‘cure’. This definition holds especially true for the management of Graves’ disease when long-term hypothyroidism was the rule and stabilization of euthyroidism failed in the majority of cases. In fact, the term ‘ablation’, meaning removal or destruction, has been increasingly used to characterize radio-iodine therapy and administration of larger amounts of radio-iodine have tended to make this a self-fulfilling prophecy. Although many clinicians prefer that the end result of treatment be the more easily managed hypothyroidism, others are still reluctant to give up the therapeutic ideal of euthyroidism as the preferred result of radio-iodine therapy and continue their efforts to solve the enigma of thyroid radiosensitivity.
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Wallace, Mike. "Measurement of hormones." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 45–53. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1040.
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The role of accurate and reliable laboratory testing is particularly important for patients with potential endocrine disorders. The revolution which has taken place in the past 50 years in the methodology of hormone measurement is thus of considerable significance to this patient group. It is difficult to imagine that not too long ago common hormone measurements, such as thyroid function tests, took more than a week to produce. Now we live in a world where same day turnaround is the norm for the high throughput commonly requested tests. This is largely due to advances in the way hormones are measured and results delivered to the practising clinical endocrinologist. Measuring hormones has always been a challenge as most circulate at extremely low concentrations, typically in the pico- (10–12) or nanomolar (10–9) range, and often in a milieu of closely related and potentially interfering compounds making great demands on method sensitivity and specificity. The most common procedures currently used are immuno- and immunometric assays but gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) also have a place. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is rapidly gaining acceptance for a limited number of hormone measurements. It is not the aim of this chapter to provide precise detail on hormone measurement methodology but rather to overview general principles and applications of methods in current use. Attention is drawn to preanalytical and analytical problems which could have significant clinical consequences if not recognized.
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Deftos, Leonard John, and Mark Zeigler. "Sports endocrinology: the use and abuse of performance-enhancing hormones and drugs." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 61–68. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1055.
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The endocrine system pervades all of sports, just as it pervades all of biology and medicine. The importance of endocrine glands and their hormonal products and effects in sports is axiomatic to the endocrinologist, and the actions in athletic activity of key hormones such as adrenaline are even known to much of the lay public. The other chapters in this textbook provided a systematic review of the effects of these hormones on organ systems, including those involved in sports as well as in health and disease. This chapter will only provide brief review of endocrine physiology that is relevant to sports. Such reviews can be readily found in other publications (1) as well as in the other chapters of this book. This chapter will instead focus on the role of hormones in the international sports arena, an arena that is populated by professional athletes, aspiring athletes, and the weekend warrior public of essentially all countries. Unlike classic endocrinology, where primarily endogenous hormones play a role in both health and disease, exogenous hormones taken supraphysiologically as well as physiologically have a major role in contemporary sports endocrinology (2). Consequently, sports endocrinology often collides with the administrative, regulatory, and legal bodies that reside at its intersection with sports events (2, 3). While systematic research will inform the basis of much of this chapter, anecdotes taken from sport can also be provocative if not informative (3). For example, consider the role of thyroid hormone replacement in the athlete who has hypothyroidism, a situation recently manifest by a pitcher in major league baseball who had surgery for thyroid cancer. Without much research support, the temptation exists to try to enhance this athlete’s performance by increasing his thyroid hormone dose before he is scheduled to pitch. At the other end of this particular spectrum is the athlete who chronically abuses androgens. Cases that also challenge the endocrinologist can fall in between these two extremes, such as glucose regulation for a diabetic footballer between games and during games and the cricketer who uses amphetamines intermittently. While the use of hormones is at the centre of classic endocrinology, the medical periphery that is the ambit of some of sports endocrinology lurches beyond, into exercise pills and gene doping (1–4). It will become apparent that there is a paucity of controlled studies that demonstrate performance-enhancing effects of most of the agents abused by athletes (5). However, when all of the evidence is examined, exogenous androgens and perhaps growth hormone do seem to enhance athletic performance.
Conference papers on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Merrill, S., S. R. Chipkin, J. Horowitz, C. V. Hollot, A. C. Traino, and Y. Chait. "Accuracy and Optimal Timing of Activity Measurements in Estimating Absorbed Dose of Radioiodine in the Treatment of Graves’ Disease." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4276.
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Calculation of the therapeutic activity of radioiodine 131I for individualized dosimetry in the treatment of Graves’ disease requires an accurate estimate of the thyroid absorbed radiation dose based on a tracer activity administration of 131I. Common approaches (Marinelli-Quimby formula, MIRD algorithm) use, respectively, the effective half-life of radioiodine in the thyroid and the cumulative activity. Many physicians perform one, two, or at most three tracer dose activity measurements at various times and calculate the required therapeutic activity by ad hoc methods. In this paper, we study the accuracy of estimates of four “target variables”: cumulated activity, effective half-life, maximum activity, and time of maximum activity in the gland. Clinical data from 41 patients who underwent 131I therapy for Graves’ disease at the University Hospital in Pisa, Italy, are used for analysis. The radioiodine kinetics are described using a nonlinear mixed-effects model that includes a measurement error term, and the distributions of the target variables in the patient population are characterized. Using minimum root mean squared error (RMSE) as the criterion, optimal 1-, 2-, and 3-point sampling schedules are determined for estimation of the target variables, and probabilistic bounds are given for the errors under the optimal designs. An optimization algorithm is developed for computing target variables for arbitrary 1-, 2-, and 3-point activity measurements. Taking into consideration 131I effective half-life in the thyroid and measurement noise, the optimal 1-point design for cumulated activity is a measurement one week following the tracer dose. Additional measurements give only a slight improvement in accuracy.
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Mohbeddin, Abeer, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Layla Kamareddine. "The use of Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism to study the effect of Innate Immunity on Metabolism." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0224.
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Apart from its traditional role in disease control, recent body of evidence has implicated a role of the immune system in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Owing to the importance of this “immune-metabolic alignment” in dictating a state of health or disease, a proper mechanistic understanding of this alignment is crucial in opening up for promising therapeutic approaches against a broad range of chronic, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders like obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. In this project, we addressed the role of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) innate immune pathway in regulating different metabolic parameters using the Drosophila melanogaster (DM) fruit fly model organism. Mutant JAK/STAT pathway flies with a systemic knockdown of either Domeless (Dome) [domeG0282], the receptor that activates JAK/STAT signaling, or the signal-transducer and activator of transcription protein at 92E (Stat92E) [stat92EEY10528], were used. The results of the study revealed that blocking JAK/STAT signaling alters the metabolic profile of mutant flies. Both domeG0282 and stat92EEY10528 mutants had an increase in body weight, lipid deprivation from their fat body (lipid storage organ in flies), irregular accumulation of lipid droplets in the gut, systemic elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels, and differential down-regulation in the relative gene expression of different peptide hormones (Tachykinin, Allatostatin C, and Diuretic hormone 31) known to regulate metabolic homeostasis in flies. Because the JAK/STAT pathway is evolutionary conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, our potential findings in the fruit fly serves as a platform for further immune-metabolic translational studies in more complex mammalian systems including humans.
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Al-Asmar, Jawaher, Sara Rashwan, and Layla Kamareddine. "The use of Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism to study the effect of Bacterial Infection on Host Survival and Metabolism." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0186.
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Enterobacteriaceae, a large family of facultative anaerobic bacteria, encloses a broad spectrum of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella sonnei, that produce enterotoxins and cause gastrointestinal tract diseases. While much is known about the regulation and function of enterotoxins within the intestine of the host; the lack of cheap, practical, and genetically tractable model organisms has restricted the investigation of others facets of this host-pathogen interaction. Our group, among others, has employed Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism to shed more light on some aspects of host-pathogen interplays. In this project, we addressed the effect of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella sonnei infection on altering the metabolic homeostasis of the host. Drosophila melanogaster flies were orally infected with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, or Shigella sonnei, a method that mimics the natural route used by enteric pathogens to gain access to the gastrointestinal tract in humans. The results of our study revealed that both Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei pathogens were capable of colonizing the host gut, resulting in a reduction in the life span of the infected host. Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei infected flies also exhibited altered metabolic profiles including lipid droplets deprivation from their fat body (normal lipid storage organ in flies), irregular accumulation of lipid droplets in their gut, and significant elevation of systemic glucose and triglyceride levels. These metabolic alterations could be mechanistically attributed to the differential down-regulation in the expression of metabolic peptide hormones (Allatostatin A, Diuretic hormone 31, and Tachykinin) detected in the gut of Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei infected flies. Salmonella enterica; however, was unable to colonize the gut of the host; and therefore, Salmonella enterica infected flies exhibited a relatively normal metabolic status as that of non infected flies. Gaining a proper mechanistic understanding of infection-induced metabolic alterations helps in modulating the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract diseases in a host and opens up for promising therapeutic approaches for infection induced metabolic disorders
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Araldi, Bianca Barbosa, Victor Hugo Gomes, Bruno Ludvig Vieira, Klesia Adayani Rodrigues, Andressa Gabrieli da Silva, Leticia Scolari, Gabriela Vasconcellos Santana, Jessica Marafiga, Maria Paula Carvalho, and Heloise Helena Siqueira. "Effects of multiple sclerosis in pregnant and post-birth: particularities of the disease activity." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.704.
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Introduction: Demyelinating diseases are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases related to autoimmunity whose representative is Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It is characterized by an immune-mediated demyelination of the central nervous system, with a typical outbreak and remission clinic. During pregnancy, a reduction in disease activity was noted due to immunomodulatory effects, and an increase in outbreaks in the puerperium. Thus, our goal is to demonstrate the relationship between pregnancy and MS. Methods: This is a systematic bibliographic review based on searching the SCIELO, PUBMED and UPTODATE databases using the words “Multiple Sclerosis”, “Pregnancy”, “Demyelinating diseases” and “Neurological Disorders”. Discussion: Pregnancy is responsible for numerous changes in the maternal body resulting from hormonal changes with an immunological and neuroprotective effect. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was considered a risk factor or precipitator of outbreaks in these patients. In 1950, Tillmann et al. questioned him and concluded that pregnancy reduces the risk of outbreaks of the disease and that relapses were more associated with postpartum. The question is still raised by several authors, due to their interest in the search for intricate protective factors in the genesis and cure of the disease. It is believed that immunological changes in pregnancy tend to suppress the maternal immune system preventing fetal rejection, and together with gestational hormones, they are able to make neuronal tissue more resistant to inflammatory aggression and greater capacity for cell repair. In the puerperium, there was an increase in outbreaks of the disease, probably associated with a reduction in hormone levels, the effects of which are lost after the elimination of the fetus. Breastfeeding is not associated with the prevention or risk of new MS outbreaks. The frequency of outbreaks before conception is the only independent predictor of new post-term episodes. There is no consensus regarding the therapeutic approach in these pregnant women. Conclusion: Evidence supports the association between pregnancy, reduced activity of MS and increased activity in the 3 months postpartum, due to the probable loss of neuroprotective effects associated with hormones. Recommendations regarding the use of immunomodulator are suspended before conception (“washout”) until term. New evidence did not associate the use of interferon-β with abortion, cesarean section or low birth weight. There was a benefit of long-term parity with a cumulative effect on the patient’s immunohumor modulation.
Reports on the topic "Thyroid hormones Therapeutic use"
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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.
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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.