Journal articles on the topic 'Thymus Physiological effect'
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Chesnokov, Alexander A., Elena S. Golovaneva, and Gennady V. Bryukhin. "EFFECT OF HIGH-INTENSITY LASER THERAPY ON MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THYMUS ON DIFFERENT TERMS OF EXPERIMENT." Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2022-19-1-79-83.
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The purpose of the work was to study the effect of high-intensity laser exposure in the therapeutic mode on the morphofunctional state of rat thymus. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 54 rats, divided into 2 groups: control (intact animals) and experimental – a single exposure of laser radiation on the thymus region (970 nm, 1 W/cm2 IRE-Polus, Russia). Extraction from the experiment and material sampling were carry out after 1 hour, 1, 3, 7 day after exposure. Histological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin were study using digital morphometry. Results. A single laser exposure on the thymus led to a change in the relative area of the functional zones of the thymus and their cell density, as well as an increase in the number of Gassal’s bodies in the thymic slices and an increase in the relative area of the vascular channel.
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MOSAVAT, Nima, Maryam YOUSEFIFARD, Pooran GOLKAR, and Rabia JAVED. "Influence of Ag nanoparticles on physiological and biochemical aspects of callus of Thymus species and Zataria multiflora Boiss." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 118, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2022.118.3.1873.
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<p class="042abstractstekst"><em>Thymus</em> species have found remarkable importance in food and medicine industries. The present study investigates the potential effect of Ag nanoparticle elicitors on proliferation of callus, and production of carvacrol and thymol in <em>Zataria multiflora</em> and three <em>Thymus </em>species. Firstly, callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg l<sup>−1</sup> of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg l<sup>−1</sup> of kinetin (Kin)). Secondly, the effects of two different concentrations of Ag nanoparticles (4 and 8 mg l<sup>-1</sup>) were studied on callus growth and its secondary metabolites production. Results elucidated that after elicitation by 8 mg l<sup>-1 </sup>ofAg NPs, significantly the highest callus growth rate (CGR) (0.02 mm day<sup>-1</sup>), callus fresh mass (CFM) (0.99 g), and carvacrol (0.68 mg l<sup>-1</sup>) and thymol (11.09 mg l<sup>-1</sup>) content was achieved. Comparing different <em>Thymus</em> species, notably the greatest<em> </em>carvacrol and thymol amount was obtained in <em>.kotschyanus</em> Boiss. & Hohen. and<em> T</em><em>. Daenesis </em><em>Č</em><em>elak</em><em>.</em> at 8 mg l<sup>-1 </sup>concentration ofAg NPs. Hence, it is evident that the stimulation by NPs is dose-dependent. This study has potential to be commercially applied for the enhancement of pharmaceutical compounds in different species of <em>Thymus</em>.</p>
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Bistgani, Zohreh Emami, Masoud Hashemi, Michelle DaCosta, Lyle Craker, Filippo Maggi, and Mohammad Reza Morshedloo. "Effect of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak." Industrial Crops and Products 135 (September 2019): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.055.
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Rahawi, Ghadeer. "Effect of Thymus and Anis and Mixture on some Physiological and Productive Traits of Quail." Rafidain Journal of Science 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2018.159377.
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Guo, Xiao-Kai, Yuan-Feng Liu, Yu Zhou, Xiu-Yuan Sun, Xiao-Ping Qian, Yu Zhang, and Jun Zhang. "The Expression of Netrin-1 in the Thymus and Its Effects on Thymocyte Adhesion and Migration." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/462152.
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Netrin-1, a known axon guidance molecule, being a secreted laminin-related molecule, has been suggested to be involved in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, such as organogenesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and inflammation-mediated tissue injury. However, its function in thymocyte development is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Netrin-1 is expressed in mouse thymus tissue and is primarily expressed in thymic stromal cells, and the expression of Netrin-1 in thymocytes can be induced by anti-CD3 antibody or IL-7 treatment. Importantly, Netrin-1 mediates the adhesion of thymocytes, and this effect is comparable to or greater than that of fibronectin. Furthermore, Netrin-1 specifically promotes the chemotaxis of CXCL12. These suggest that Netrin-1 may play an important role in thymocyte development.
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Meijer, MK, K. Kramer, R. Remie, BM Spruijt, LFM van Zutphen, and V. Baumans. "The effect of routine experimental procedures on physiological parameters in mice kept under different husbandry conditions." Animal Welfare 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029912.
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AbstractLaboratory animals are frequently subjected to routine procedures, such as injections or the withdrawal of blood samples. Acute stress caused by such procedures is associated with physiological changes that can have a strong impact on experimental results. This study investigated the integrated effects of cage enrichment, social housing and handling on the acute stress response of animals subjected to routine experimental procedures. Female mice of two inbred strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6) were housed under either minimal husbandry conditions (MH: no cage enrichment, infrequent handling and a period of individual housing) or enriched husbandry conditions (EH: with cage enrichment, frequent handling and social housing at all times). One mouse in each cage was implanted with a radio-telemetry transmitter for measuring heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT). The animals were subjected to intraperitoneal injections or short periods of restraint. In addition to telemetry measurements, thymus weight and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were assessed. It was found that individual housing under MH conditions, as compared with social housing under EH conditions, elevated both basal HR and BT, and significantly elevated the relative recovery time following routine experimental procedures. Thymus weight and TH activity suggested a long-term stress response under MH conditions following individual housing, although the influence of transmitter implantation and (repeated) acute stress remains to be investigated. The results emphasise that husbandry conditions should be taken into account when evaluating physiological measures after routine procedures.
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Fontana, Paula A., Carolina N. Zanuzzi, Claudio G. Barbeito, Eduardo J. Gimeno, and Enrique L. Portiansky. "Thymic atrophy in cattle poisoned with Solanum glaucophyllum." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 3 (March 2009): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000300014.
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Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) [= S. malacoxylon] is a calcinogenic plant inducing "Enzootic Calcinosis" in cattle. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, its main toxic principle, regulates bone and calcium metabolism and also exerts immunomodulatory effects. Thymocyte precursors from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells differentiate into mature T-cells. Differentiation of most T lymphocytes is characterized not only by the variable expression of CD4/CD8 receptor molecules and increased surface density of the T cell antigen receptor, but also by changes in the glycosylation pattern of cell surface glycolipids or glycoproteins. Thymocytes exert a feedback influence on thymic non-lymphoid cells. Sg-induced modifications on cattle thymus T-lymphocytes and on non-lymphoid cells were analysed. Heifers were divided into 5 groups (control, intoxicated with Sg during 15, 30 or 60 days, and probably recovered group). Histochemical, immunohistochemical, lectinhistochemical and morphometric techniques were used to characterize different cell populations of the experimental heifers. Sg-poisoned heifers showed a progressive cortical atrophy that was characterized using the peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin that recognizes immature thymocytes. These animals also increased the amount of non-lymphoid cells per unit area detected with the Picrosirius technique, WGA and DBA lectins, and pancytokeratin and S-100 antibodies. The thymus atrophy found in intoxicated animals resembled that of the physiological aging process. A reversal effect on these changes was observed after suppression of the intoxication. These findings suggest that Sg-intoxication induces either directly, through the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 itself, or indirectly through the hypercalcemia, the observed alteration of the thymus.
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Sheremetyeva, Anna S., Natalya A. Durnova, and Yulia G. Chernysheva. "Effect of <i>Thymus marschallianus</i> extract on lipid peroxidation processes <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> experiments." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 21, no. 5-6 (May 15, 2021): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55531/2072-2354.2021.21.3.127-131.
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BACKGROUND: Currently, fundamental and experimental data confirming the role of free radicals in physiological and pathological processes have been accumulated. The literature describes conflicting information about the effect of antioxidants on the organism: they are able to protect not only normal cells from the alterative effect of free radicals, but also tumor cells, thereby supporting the survival and growth of the latter. Therefore, the study of the effect of Thymus marchallianus extract on the processes of lipoperoxidation in vivo against the background of the tumor process is relevant.
AIM: To study the effect of Thymus marchallianus extract on the quantity of lipid peroxidation intermediates in the blood plasma of mongrel white rats with liver cancer PC-1 and compare with in vivo antioxidant activity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of research was the dried Thymus marchallianus grass. Water and alcohol extracts were used in the experiment. Fifteen male white mongrel rats with a tumor were included in the experiment: the first group was intact, the second group received the water extract of Thymus marchallianus, and the third group received the alcohol extract of Thymus marchallianus. The activity of lipoperoxidation processes was evaluated, the content of intermediate lipid peroxidation intermediates malon dialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and medium-mass molecules in the blood plasma of experimental rats were estimated by means of conventional spectrophotometric methods. Determination of the antioxidant activity of the infusion and alcohol extraction in the in vitro experiment was carried out by the titrimetric method.
RESULTS: In the control groups and the group of animals that received intraperitoneal water and alcohol extracts of Thymus marchallianus, increase in the intermediate products of lipid peroxidation was not revealed. The amount of malon dialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and medium-mass molecules in the blood plasma of experimental rats did not differ significantly from the level of similar indicators of intact animals. In the in vitro experiment, water and alcohol extracts from raw Thymus marchallianus showed antioxidant activity.
CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, the experiment was conducted to study the effect of water and water-alcohol extracts of Thymus marchallianus on lipoperoxidation processes in mongrel white rats with alveolar liver cancer PC-1. The activity of formation of intermediate products of lipid peroxidation did not change, since their content in the blood plasma of experimental animals did not differ from the level of similar indicators of intact animals. In vitro the infusion and alcohol extract demonstrated antioxidant activity.
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Mahdavi, Atiyeh, Parviz Moradi, and Andrea Mastinu. "Variation in Terpene Profiles of Thymus vulgaris in Water Deficit Stress Response." Molecules 25, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051091.
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Thyme (Thymus spp.) volatiles predominantly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, serve as antimicrobial, antiseptic and antioxidant in phytomedicine. They also play a key role in plants as secondary metabolites via their potential role against herbivores, attracting pollinators and abiotic stress tolerance. Plant volatiles are affected by different environmental factors including drought. Here, the effect of prolonged water deficit stress on volatile composition was studied on the sensitive and tolerant thyme plant cultivars (T. vulgaris Var. Wagner and T. vulgaris Var. Varico3, respectively). Volatile sampling along with morpho–physiological parameters such as soil moisture, water potential, shoot dry weight, photosynthetic rate and water content measurements were performed on one-month-old plants subsequent to water withholding at 4-day intervals until the plants wilted. The tolerant and sensitive plants had clearly different responses at physiological and volatile levels. The most stress-induced changes on the plants’ physiological traits occurred in the photosynthetic rates, where the tolerant plants maintained their photosynthesis similar to the control ones until the 8th day of the drought stress period. While the analysis of the volatile compounds (VOCs) of the sensitive thyme plants displayed the same pattern for almost all of them, in the tolerant plants, the comparison of the pattern of changes in the tolerant plants revealed that the changes could be classified into three separate groups. Our experimental and theoretical studies totally revealed that the most determinant compounds involved in drought stress adaptation included α-phellandrene, O-cymene, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyelene. Overall, it can be concluded that in the sensitive plants trade-off between growth and defense, the tolerant ones simultaneously activate their stress response mechanism and continue their growth.
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Rooman, R., G. Koster, R. Bloemen, R. Gresnigt, and SC van Buul-Offers. "The effect of dexamethasone on body and organ growth of normal and IGF-II-transgenic mice." Journal of Endocrinology 163, no. 3 (December 1, 1999): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1630543.
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The physiological role of IGF-II remains unclear but there is evidence for a role in postnatal growth, the growth of the thymus and bone homeostasis. Glucocorticoids have many effects that are opposite to the effects of IGF-II such as growth retardation, osteoporosis and thymic involution. We therefore wondered whether IGF-II overexpression in transgenic mice might counteract some of the growth inhibitory effects of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DXM). In a dose-finding study in normal mice, 20 microg DXM/day caused a significant growth delay. The various organs had a different susceptibility to the growth inhibitory effects of DXM. Most affected were thymus and spleen, followed by liver, skeletal muscle and lumbar vertebrae. The weights of the kidney, tibia, and humerus were not significantly diminished. In a second experiment, the effects of DXM in normal and IGF-II-transgenic animals were compared. The IGF-II serum levels in the transgenic animals were more than 40-fold increased compared with control mice and were decreased by 35% in the DXM-treated group. IGF-I serum levels were identical in both mouse strains and rose slightly after DXM administration in controls. Transgenic mice had higher levels of IGF binding protein species of apparent molecular masses of 41.5 kDa, 30 kDa, and 26.5 kDa. DXM reduced the 24 kDa band in both mice strains. In addition it reduced the bands at 38.5 kDa and 26.5 kDa but only in the transgenic animals. The effect of DXM on body growth was similar in normal and IGF-II-transgenic mice. The weight reduction of the various organs caused by DXM was similar in both types of mice except for the skeleton. The weight of the tibia and the humerus were significantly higher in the DXM-treated transgenic mice. In conclusion, we speculate that overexpression of IGF-II in mice partially protects bone from the osteopenic effects of glucocorticoids.
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Quaglino, Daniela, Miriam Capri, Luigi Zecca, Claudio Franceschi, and Ivonne P. Ronchetti. "The Effect on Rat Thymocytes of the Simultaneous In Vivo Exposure to 50-Hz Electric and Magnetic Field and to Continuous Light." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.183.
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Thymus plays an important role in the immune system and can be modulated by numerous environmental factors, including electromagnetic fields (EMF). The present study has been undertaken with the aim to investigate the role of long-term exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on thymocytes of rats housed in a regular dark/light cycle or under continuous light. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 2 months old, were exposed or sham exposed for 8 months to 50-Hz sinusoidal EMF at two levels of field strength (1 kV/m, 5 μT and 5 kV/m, 100 μT, respectively). Thymus from adult animals exhibits signs of gradual atrophy mainly due to collagen deposition and fat substitution. This physiological involution may be accelerated by continuous light exposure that induces a massive death of thymocytes. The concurrent exposure to continuous light and to ELF-EMF did not change significantly the rate of mitoses compared to sham-exposed rats, whereas the amount of cell death was significantly increased, also in comparison with animals exposed to EMF in a 12-h dark-light cycle. In conclusion, long-term exposure to ELF-EMF, in animals housed under continuous light, may reinforce the alterations due to a photic stress, suggesting that,in vivo, stress and ELF-EMF exposure can act in synergy determining a more rapid involution of the thymus and might be responsible for an increased susceptibility to the potentially hazardous effects of ELF-EMF.
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Bui, Thi Thu Ha, Manh Hung Vu, Thanh Hai Nguyen, and Thanh Ha Tuan Nguyen. "Effects of NP on some hematological and immunological indices in sarcoma TG180-bearing mice." Tạp chí Sinh lý học Việt Nam 25, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54928/vjop.v25i2.8.
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Objective: Evaluate the effects of saponin-rich extracts from Panax notoginseng roots with steaming - NP (H) and without steaming - NP (O) on some hematological and immunological indices in sarcoma TG180-bearing mice.
Methods: The mice were injected with Sarcoma TG180 cells in the thigh to cause tumors, then were oral administrated NP(O), NP(H), Letinan or normal saline from the 6th day to 22nd day since developed tumors. On the 22nd day, blood was taken for IL-2, TNF-α and hematological indicators, revealing and determining the relative weight of spleen and thymus.
Results: NP(H) and NP(O) at both level of the doses of 300 mg/kg/day and 900 mg/kg/day increased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, adjusted white blood cell and platelet counts return to physiological level, increased blood IL-2 and TNF-α, increased relative weight of spleen and thymus.
Conclusion: The saponin-rich extracts from Panax notoginseng roots had the effects of improving hematological index and enhancing immunity on sarcoma 180-bearing mice, in which the extract from steaming Panax notoginseng roots has a better effect compared with no-steaming Panax notoginseng roots ones.
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Bui, Thi Thu Ha, Manh Hung Vu, Thanh Hai Nguyen, and Thanh Ha Tuan Nguyen. "Effects of NP on some hematological and immunological indices in sarcoma TG180-bearing mice." Tạp chí Sinh lý học Việt Nam 25, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54928/vjp.v25i2.8.
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Objective: Evaluate the effects of saponin-rich extracts from Panax notoginseng roots with steaming - NP (H) and without steaming - NP (O) on some hematological and immunological indices in sarcoma TG180-bearing mice.
Methods: The mice were injected with Sarcoma TG180 cells in the thigh to cause tumors, then were oral administrated NP(O), NP(H), Letinan or normal saline from the 6th day to 22nd day since developed tumors. On the 22nd day, blood was taken for IL-2, TNF-α and hematological indicators, revealing and determining the relative weight of spleen and thymus.
Results: NP(H) and NP(O) at both level of the doses of 300 mg/kg/day and 900 mg/kg/day increased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, adjusted white blood cell and platelet counts return to physiological level, increased blood IL-2 and TNF-α, increased relative weight of spleen and thymus.
Conclusion: The saponin-rich extracts from Panax notoginseng roots had the effects of improving hematological index and enhancing immunity on sarcoma 180-bearing mice, in which the extract from steaming Panax notoginseng roots has a better effect compared with no-steaming Panax notoginseng roots ones.
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Khosravi, Roya, and Jalal Jalali Sendi. "Toxicity, development and physiological effect of Thymus vulgaris and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Journal of King Saud University - Science 25, no. 4 (October 2013): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.01.002.
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Sylenko, B. Yu, Yu I. Sylenko, L. A. Luhovaya, and V. Yu Davydenko. "COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF FULLERENE C60 AND METHYL METHACRYLATE ON MASS INDEX OF INTERNAL ORGANS IN ANIMALS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 22, no. 3-4 (November 29, 2022): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.22.3.4.160.
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In the clinic of orthopaedic dentistry, diseases of the mucous membrane caused by wearing removable dentures occupy a special place because the frequency of their occurrence and according to various authors varies from 15 to 70% of patients. Denture stomatitis is a complication resulting from wearing laminar dentures made of acrylates, which contain residual monomers having a chemical-toxic effect.
The purpose of the study is to determine the mass coefficient of internal organs in order to assess the toxic effect of C60 fullerene on the body of rats and subsequent introduction of the material into the clinic of orthopedic dentistry.
Objects and methods. The study was carried out on male rats divided into three groups of six animals each: I group included intact control rats; II group included animals received food with C60 fullerene; III group included animals received injectable methyl methacrylate. Conditionally therapeutic dose of fullerene C60 and methyl methacrylate was 1 ml/kg each. The studied samples were administered to rats through a metal probe every day once a day for 21 days.
The state of peripheral blood, the functional state of the liver and the mass coefficient of the internal organs of the studied animals enable to evaluate and compare the toxic effect of fullerene C60 and methyl methacrylate.
Results. The study has shown the introduction of C60 fullerene did not cause visible signs of intoxication and lethal consequences in the experimental animals. No animals of the main group (fullerene C60) and the comparison group (methyl methacrylate) died after the 21-day study. There were also no significant violations of the general condition and behaviour of the animals. The physiological state of experimental rats did not differ from control rats.
In the group of intact control males, a significant increase in the body weight of rats compared to the initial values was noted by 8% in the 2nd week and by 20% in the 3rd week of observation. In groups of animals that were injected with fullerene C60 and methyl methacrylate, the body weight dynamics as a whole was similar to the body weight dynamics of intact control animals. The obtained indicators point out the absence of a harmful effect of the studied drug on the physiological processes of rats.
Administration of the nanopreparation did not have a harmful effect on internal organs (liver, heart, lungs, spleen, adrenal glands), with the exception of the kidneys and thymus, where certain changes were observed. The relative mass of the kidneys decreased statistically significantly when fullerene C60 was used, and the mass of the thymus, on the contrary, increased. Despite the statistical differences between the groups, the values of the kidney mass coefficient for the use of the nanopreparation are within the physiological range and cannot be considered critical. An increase in the mass of the thymus against the background of fullerene use probably occurs as a result of the activation of the immune system upon the introduction of the investigated agent. However, hematological studies did not reveal pathological deviations in the leukocyte blood formula and significant activation of immunological processes, so it can be assumed that the increase in thymus mass coefficient is not a consequence of the toxic effect of C60 fullerene.
Conclusion. The use of Fullerene C60 for 21 days, based on the results obtained, does not have a toxic effect on the organs and systems of male rats, does not cause any intoxication reactions and does not lead to fatal consequences.
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Matsubara, Keisuke, and Yoshinori Fukui. "Role of Jmjd6 in Aire expression and self-tolerance induction in the thymus." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 116.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.116.7.
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Abstract Introduction To establish immunological self-tolerance in the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express diverse sets of tissue-specific self-antigens (TSAs). This ectopic expression of TSAs largely depends on the transcriptional regulator Aire, yet the mechanism controlling Aire expression itself remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine the possible roleof Jmjd6, a lysyl hydroxylase for splicing regulatory proteins, in controlling Aire expression. Material and methods As conventional Jmjd6 KO mice die during perinatal period, 2DG-treated fetal thymi were prepared from the KO mice and control mice, and subjected to FACS analyses, immunohistochemical analyses and RNAseq analyses. The 2DG-treated fetal thymi were also grafted into C57BL/6 nude mice to examine its effect on self-tolerance induction in vivo. In addition, the conditional Jmjd6 KO mice (Foxn1-Cre Jmjd6lox/lox mice) were developed and crossed with a diabetes mouse model (OT1+RIP-mOVA+ mice) to analyze immunological tolerance under more physiological condition. Results Although Jmjd6 deficiency did not affect abundance of Aire transcript in mTECs, the intron 2 of Aire gene was not effectively spliced out in the absence of Jmjd6. As a result, the expression of mature Aire protein and TSAs were markedly reduced in Jmjd6-deficient mTECs, resulting in multi-organ autoimmunity when Jmjd6-deficient thymi were grafted into C57BL/6 nude mice. In addition, we found that TEC-specific deletion of Jmjd6 exacerbated development of autoimmune diabetes in a mouse model. Conclusion Jmjd6 controls Aire protein expression in mTECs for induction of self-tolerance in the thymus.
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Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, Fatemeh. "Effect of Biological, Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Vegetative Growth, Physiological Characteristics and Essential Oils of (Thymus vulgaris L.)." Annual Research & Review in Biology 4, no. 11 (January 10, 2014): 1847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2014/8259.
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Ruiz-Iglesias, Patricia, Sheila Estruel-Amades, Mariona Camps-Bossacoma, Malén Massot-Cladera, Àngels Franch, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano, and Margarida Castell. "Influence of Hesperidin on Systemic Immunity of Rats Following an Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051291.
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Intensive training and exhausting exercise can disrupt innate and acquired immunity. The flavanone hesperidin has shown immunomodulatory properties in physiological and some pathological conditions, and positive effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether it also prevents exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of oral hesperidin supplementation on the systemic immune system in rats following an intensive training and exhausting exercise. For this purpose, female Wistar rats were randomized into an intensive training group or a sedentary group. Intensive training was induced by running in a treadmill 5 days per week (including two exhausting tests) for five weeks. Throughout the training period, 200 mg/kg of hesperidin or vehicle was administered by oral gavage three times per week. At the end, blood, thymus, spleen and macrophages were collected before, immediately after and 24 h after an additional final exhaustion test. Hesperidin supplementation enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity and the proportion of phagocytic monocytes, attenuated the secretion of cytokines by stimulated macrophages, prevented the leukocytosis induced by exhaustion and increased the proportion of T helper cells in the thymus, blood and spleen. These results suggest that hesperidin can prevent exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations.
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Xue, Meilang, Suat Dervish, Kelly J. McKelvey, Lyn March, Fang Wang, Chris B. Little, and Christopher J. Jackson. "Activated protein C targets immune cells and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts to prevent inflammatory arthritis in mice." Rheumatology 58, no. 10 (January 10, 2019): 1850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key429.
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Abstract Objectives To investigate whether activated protein C (APC), a physiological anticoagulant can inhibit the inflammatory/invasive properties of immune cells and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in vitro and prevent inflammatory arthritis in murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and CIA models. Methods RASFs isolated from synovial tissues of patients with RA, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mouse thymus cells were treated with APC or TNF-α/IL-17 and the following assays were performed: RASF proliferation and invasion by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell invasion assays, respectively; cytokines and signalling molecules using ELISA or western blot; Th1 and Th17 phenotypes in human PBMCs or mouse thymus cells by flow cytometry. The in vivo effect of APC was evaluated in AIA and CIA models. Results In vitro, APC inhibited IL-1β, IL-17 and TNF-α production, IL-17-stimulated cell proliferation and invasion and p21 and nuclear factor κB activation in RASFs. In mouse thymus cells and human PBMCs, APC suppressed Th1 and Th17 phenotypes. In vivo, APC inhibited pannus formation, cartilage destruction and arthritis incidence/severity in both CIA and AIA models. In CIA, serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and soluble endothelial protein C receptor were significantly reduced by APC treatment. Blocking endothelial protein C receptor, the specific receptor for APC, abolished the early or preventative effect of APC in AIA. Conclusion APC prevents the onset and development of arthritis in CIA and AIA models via suppressing inflammation, Th1/Th17 phenotypes and RASF invasion, which is likely mediated via endothelial protein C receptor.
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Ridwan, Syaikhah Fathinah, Wasis Rohima, Wahyu Sudarsono, Siti Amanah Septina, and Sylvia Rianissa Putri. "Faktor Risiko Fisiologis Penyebab Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) pada Balita: Literatur Riview." JUMANTIK (Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Kesehatan) 6, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jumantik.v6i1.9258.
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<p><em>Acute respiratory infection (ARI) caused by environment factor, socio -demographic characteristics of parents and child physiological factors. The ARI is the top ten communicable diseases among children under five years in Indonesia. Studies of combination of two or three factors affected the ARI have reported, but study of association subs physiological factors are rarely. The aim of study was to know effect of sub physiological factors on ARI among children under five years. The study used articles from 2015-2020 and conducted from the PubMed and SCOPUS. There were 18 articles relevant with inclusion criteria in this study. Qualitative analysis was used for design study. The five physiological sub-factors, namely age, gender, exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight (LBW), and nutritional status was associated with ARI among children under five years. The Age, exclusive breastfeeding, LBW, and nutritional status have the same impact affecting maturation immune system in infants. Larger amount testosterone hormone in male infant and smaller size of thymus than female infant. Both of them caused male infant more susceptibility affected by ARI than female infant</em></p><p><em>Keywords: ARI, physiological risk factors, children under five years, gender, immune system</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Riahi, Insaf, Virginie Marquis, Antonio J. Ramos, Joaquim Brufau, Enric Esteve-Garcia, and Anna Maria Pérez-Vendrell. "Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Productive, Morphological, and Physiological Indicators in Broiler Chickens." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101795.
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The present study with 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) at different levels (5 and 15 mg/kg feed) on growth performance, relative weight of organs, morphology of the small intestine, serum biochemistry, and welfare parameters of broiler chickens. Forty-five broiler chicks were randomly divided into three different experimental groups with five replicates each: (1) control group received a non-contaminated diet, (2) contaminated diet with 5 mg DON/kg of feed, and (3) contaminated diet with 15 mg DON/kg of feed for 42 days. Results showed that feed artificially contaminated with DON at guidance level (5 mg/kg diet) did not affect growth performance parameters. However, 15 mg/kg reduced body weight gain and altered feed efficiency. DON at two assayed levels significantly increased the absolute and relative weight of thymus and the relative weight of gizzard and decreased the absolute and the relative weight of the colon. Compared to controls, both doses affected small intestine morphometry parameters. In terms of biochemical indicators, DON at 5 mg/kg reduced the creatine kinase level and at 15 mg/kg DON reduced the cholesterol level. Furthermore, DON at 15 mg/kg induced more fear in broilers compared to broilers fed the guidance level. It was concluded that even the guidance level of DON did not affect the chickens’ performance. However, its toxic effect occurred in some organs and biochemical parameters.
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Ali, Nashwan Majid, and Ahmed Yasir Rebh. "EFFECT OF ADDING POWDER CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum) AND THYME (Thymus vulgaris) AND THEIR MIXTURE TO BROILER DIETS ON SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS AND PRODUCTIVE TRAITS." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 12, special (July 16, 2020): 434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.20121036.
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The study was conducted at the determine the effect of adding a synergistic mixture of cumin and thymus powder in broiler diets and to determine their effects on some blood parameters and production performance of the broiler. 240 day old broiler chicks Ross-308 were divided randomly into 4 groups of 60 chicks of each treatments. Chicks of each treatment were also divided into 3 replicate of 20 chicks. The treatments were divided into (T1) on a regular diet without any addition, the (T2) Was fed on a regular diet added to it (T3) fed on the same diet plus 1g per kg of thyme feed, (T4) fed on the same diet plus 1g cumin +1 g thymus per kg of feed, blood extraction during the experiment period and at the age of 3 weeks and 6 week. The production characteristics are calculated weekly until the age of marketing . The results showed a significant improvement (P<0.01) in the productivity traits, which included body weight and feed consumption, and ranged between P<0.05 and P (0.05) in the weight increase and food conversion coefficient. The characteristics of blood the same direction by improving the and high of the glucose and protein levels, as well as continuing improvement in the experimental factors for the activity of the enzymes of the liver under study, which included ALP, AST and ALT. Therefore it can be concluded that the addition of these medicinal herbs alone or Chicken meat has led to a clear improvement in most of the productive and biochemical traits, and thus it can be introduced as one of the important food additives to improve the productive and physiological performance of birds.
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Just, G., and E. Holler. "The binding of adenosine(5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine to calf thymus histones measured by non-equilibrium dialysis." Biochemical Journal 246, no. 3 (September 15, 1987): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2460681.
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Binding of adenosine(5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine (Ap4A) to histones of calf thymus was investigated by non-equilibrium dialysis. Histone H1 interacts with the dinucleotide via two strong sites and competes with Mg2+ ions. Intrinsic dissociation constants were 1.6 +/- 0.1 microM and 11 +/- 1 microM for zero and 0.4 mm-Mg2+ concentration respectively. Binding of poly(dT) and of other nucleotides to histone H1 was measured in an [3H]Ap4A-competition assay. The tendency to form complexes among nucleotides was highest for bisnucleoside tetraphosphates and decreased in the order poly(dT) greater than or equal to Ap4A approximately Gp4G greater than Ap4 much greater than Ap3A approximately Ap5A greater than or equal to ATP, GTP and dTTP. The co-ordination complex derived from Ap4A and cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) was not reactive. The other histones of calf thymus also bound Ap4A with affinities decreasing in the order H4 approximately H3 greater than H1 greater than H2b greater than H2a. Ap4A stimulated the exchange of histone H1 between nucleosomes, but this effect was referred to ionic strength. It did not bind to assembled nucleosomes. Binding of Ap4A to histone H1 was decreased by salt (NaCl). At physiological saline concentration the value of the dissociation constant is commensurable with the value of the Ap4A concentration in the nucleus and thus indicative of complex-formation in vivo.
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Khalofah, Ahlam, Mona Kilany, and Hussein Migdadi. "Assessment of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Mercury-Stressed Trigonella foenum-gracum L. to Silver Nanoparticles and Sphingobacterium ginsenosidiumtans Applications." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071349.
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Heavy metals are primarily generated and deposited in the environment, causing phytotoxicity. This work evaluated fenugreek plants’ morpho-physiological and biochemical responses under mercury stress conditions toward Ag nanoparticles and Sphingobacterium ginsenosidiumtans applications. The fabrication of Ag nanoparticles by Thymus vulgaris was monitored and described by UV/Vis analysis, FTIR, and SEM. The effect of mercury on vegetative growth was determined by measuring the root and shoots length, the number and area of leaves, the relative water content, and the weight of the green and dried plants; appraisal of photosynthetic pigments, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and total phenols content were also performed. In addition, the manipulation of Ag nanoparticles, S. ginsenosidiumtans, and their combination were tested for mercury stress. Here, Ag nanoparticles were formed at 420 nm with a uniform cuboid form and size of 85 nm. Interestingly, the gradual suppression of vegetal growth and photosynthetic pigments by mercury, Ag nanoparticles, and S. ginsenosidiumtans were detected; however, carotenoids and anthocyanins were significantly increased. In addition, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and total phenols content were significantly increased because mercury and S. ginsenosidiumtans enhance this increase. Ag nanoparticles achieve higher levels by the combination. Thus, S. ginsenosidiumtans and Ag nanoparticles could have the plausible ability to relieve and combat mercury’s dangerous effects in fenugreek.
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Juárez R., Cecilia R., Lyle E. Craker, Ma de las Nieves Rodríguez-Mendoza, and Juan A. Aguilar-Castillo. "HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND MOISTURE CONTENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS AND BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF Th ymus vulgaris L." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2011.3.183.
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Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antinfungical properties that have attracted the interest of pharmacological and food industries. Humic substances (HS) are a natural product that has shown beneficial effects on soil and on plant growth. These positive effects are explained by the direct interaction of HS with physiological processes. But it is unknown their effect on the composition of the thyme bioactive constituents. To test the effect of humic substances, seeds of T. vulgaris were germinated and grown at different rates of HS (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1). Th yme plants were also grown at three levels of moisture (20, 40 and 60 % of field capacity). At harvest plant height and shoot fresh and dry weight were measured. Bioactive constituents were determined in terms of yield and principal components of essential oil (by distillation in Clevenger apparatus and gas chromatography). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined with spectrophotometric techniques. Morphological variables, except for shoot fresh weight, showed signifi cant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among treatments. The essential oil yield and composition, as well as antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents, were higher at the highest levels of HS and substrate moisture.
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Watanabe, Masashi, Michael Breen, Farrah Alkhaleel, and Richard J. Hodes. "Unique roles of TECs, DCs and B cells in Treg repertoire formation." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 144.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.144.1.
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Abstract Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are an essential component in maintenance of immunological tolerance against self. Treg are generated in the thymus by relatively strong TCR recognition of self-peptide-MHCII complex (pMHCII) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). In addition to pMHCII dependent TCR signaling, B7 expression on APC is critical for Treg generation through CD28 co-stimulation. APCs that might be capable of providing such TCR/CD28 signaling to developing thymocytes include thymic epithelial cells (TECs), dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. To date, however, how each APC contributes to the generation of the Treg repertoire specific for self-antigen under physiological condition is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated B7 conditional knockout mice enabling selective deletion of B7 from each APC type and assessed the effect of this cell type-specific perturbation of APC function on Treg generation. We first observed that B7 deletion from DCs, but not TECs or B cells, resulted in a substantial decrease in total Treg numbers. Interestingly combined B7 deletion from two (TECs + DCs) or three (TECs + DCs + B cells) APCs showed additive effects in decreasing the total Treg population size. In contrast, we found that the pMOG-specific Treg population depended on B7 on DCs, with no individual or additive effect of B7 deletion from TECs or B cells. These results suggested that TECs, DCs and B cells have unique and non-redundant roles in Treg repertoire formation. Further studies are currently underway to determine the role of TECs, DCs and B cells for the generation of Treg repertoires with distinct self-antigen specificities by utilizing panel of pMHCII-tetramers.
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Yazdani, Elham, Jalal Jalali Sendi, and Jalil Hajizadeh. "Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. essential oils on toxicity, food consumption, and biochemical properties of lesser mulberry pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0008.
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Abstract The essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. were investigated for their toxicity and physiological aspects on the lesser mulberry pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis Walker in controlled condition (24±1°C, 75±5% RH and 16L : 8D). The leaf disc method was used to study acute toxicity, the effect of LC10, LC30, and LC50 on the feeding efficiency of 4th instar larva, and biochemical indices. The essential oil doses of LC10, LC30 and LC50 were estimated to be 0.107%, 0.188% and 0.279% for T. vulgaris, and 0.67%, 1.173% and 1.728% for O. vulgare, respectively. The results showed that T. vulgaris was more toxic than O. vulgare. The essential oil sublethal dose LC30 affected the nutritional indices of 4th instar larvae of G. pyloalis. The essential oils reduced total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid. Some concentrations of essential oils changed the activity level of α-amylase, protease, lipase, general esterases, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) but others showed no effect on these enzymes. It was concluded that the used essential oil concentrations were both toxic to G. pyloalis and showed irreversible effects on key metabolic processes, therefore, the used essential oil concentrations may be considered as alternatives to the classic pest control agents.
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Morsy, K., N. Sheraba, Y. Alhamhoom, S. B. Dajem, M. Al-Kahtani, A. Shati, M. Alfaifi, et al. "Garlic oil as a fight against histological and oxidative stress abnormalities in Wistar rats after oral inoculation of Anisakis spp. Type II (L3) (Nematoda)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 1 (February 2021): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12088.
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ABSTRACT The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae and their antigenic proteins, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anisakidosis. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in Wistar albino rats. Nematode worms were isolated from the marine fish Dicentrarchus labrax. They were examined and taxonomically identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: a control group (I), a garlic oil (GO) inoculated group (II), a fresh L3 inoculated group (III), a thermally treated L3 inoculated group (IV), a fresh L3 + GO inoculated group (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated group (VI). It was observed that rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 crude extracts showed abnormal oxidative stress markers associated with the destruction of normal architecture of spleen and thymus. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO administration via the amelioration of oxidative stress markers, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure of the organs’ histology. Cooking of L3 infected fish induced severe physiological and histopathological alterations compared to uncooked infected fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.
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Page, Stephanie T., Stephen R. Plymate, William J. Bremner, Alvin M. Matsumoto, David L. Hess, Daniel W. Lin, John K. Amory, Peter S. Nelson, and Jennifer D. Wu. "Effect of medical castration on CD4+CD25+ T cells, CD8+ T cell IFN-γ expression, and NK cells: a physiological role for testosterone and/or its metabolites." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 5 (May 2006): E856—E863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00484.2005.
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The higher prevalence of autoimmune disease among women compared with men suggests that steroids impact immune regulation. To investigate how sex steroids modulate cellular immune function, we conducted a randomized trial in 12 healthy men aged 35–55 yr treated for 28 days with placebo, a GnRH antagonist, acyline to induce medical castration, or acyline plus daily testosterone (T) gel to replace serum T, followed by a 28-day recovery period. Serum hormones were measured weekly and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were collected biweekly for analyses of thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell) subtypes and natural killer (NK) cells. Compared with the other groups and to baseline throughout the drug exposure period, men receiving acyline alone had significant reductions in serum T (near or below castrate levels), dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol ( P < 0.05). Medical castration significantly reduced the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells ( P < 0.05), decreased mitogen-induced CD8+ T cell IFN-γ expression, and increased the percentage of NK cells without affecting the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells and the expression of NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D or homing receptor CXCR1. No changes in immune composition were observed in subjects receiving placebo or acyline with replacement T. These data suggest that T and/or its metabolites may help maintain the physiological balance of autoimmunity and protective immunity by preserving the number of regulatory T cells and the activation of CD8+ T cells. In addition, sex steroids suppress NK cell proliferation. This study supports a complex physiological role for T and/or its metabolites in immune regulation.
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Lebedeva, I. A., M. V. Novikova, U. I. Kundryukova, and L. I. Drozdova. "Evaluation of the effect of antibacterial and probiotic drugs on morphological changes in the body of broiler chickens." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-6023.2021.4.167.
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The results of a comparative histological study of the morphological reaction of parenchymal organs and organs of the immune system in broiler chickens using antibiotics and probiotics showed a positive effect of the probiotic drug on the body of broiler chickens of the experimental group. Two groups were formed according to the principle of analogues, a control and an experimental group of 35 heads each. Chickens of the control and experimental groups received the antibiotic enrofloxacin twice for 3 days up to 14 days of age according to the scheme of prevention of infectious diseases. Chickens of the experimental group received a feed additive (probiotic) based on microorganisms Bifidobacterium animalis from day 15 to 30. In a comparative study of the thymus of broiler chickens of the experimental group, the predominance of the cortical substance over the cerebral substance was noted in most of the lobules located on the periphery, and only in the merged lobules of the middle part of the thymus, the brain zone with a significant number of Ghassal bodies prevailed, a pseudoeosinophilic reaction was noted in the brain zone of the experimental chickens, as a result of the utilization of deposits and purification of the organ from the cells of the dead by the type of apoptosis. Histological studies of the spleen revealed activation of lymphoid follicles: in the chickens of the control group they were single on the preparation, and in the chickens of the experimental group there were three or more of them in one field of view. This indicates the activation of humoral immunity in chickens of the experimental group.In the study of the pancreas in chickens of the experimental group, a positive tendency was noted to increase the number and size of the islets of Langerhans, which regulate the function of carbohydrate metabolism.Analysis of the results of a comparative histological study of the morphological reaction of parenchymal organs and organs of the immune system showed that a number of reversible and irreversible pathological changes in organs were noted in the control group. Whereas in the experimental group where the probiotic was used, the organs corresponded to the physiological norm, which indicates a positive effect on the organs and on the body as a whole.
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HOOLE, D., J. W. LEWIS, P. M. M. SCHUWERACK, C. CHAKRAVARTHY, A. K. SHRIVE, T. J. GREENHOUGH, and J. R. CARTWRIGHT. "Inflammatory interactions in fish exposed to pollutants and parasites: a role for apoptosis and C reactive protein." Parasitology 126, no. 7 (March 2003): S71—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003779.
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Although previous studies have highlighted the inflammatory responses of fish infected with parasites and exposed to pollutants, very little is known about how these two stressors interact within the fish. In this review, which also contains original data, the effect of these two parameters on the fish inflammatory response is assessed and, in particular, the role of apoptosis and the acute phase protein, C reactive protein, is evaluated. InCyprinus carpioexposed to 0·5 mg NH4+l−1or 0·1 mg Cd2+l−1and experimentally infected with the blood fluke,Sanguinicola inermis, the pollutant type and the order in which the fish experiences the parasite and toxicant, significantly affects the ultrastructural appearance and cellular content of the pronephros and thymus. This is reflected in the intensity of infection where the pollutant appears to have less effect on an established infection. Both stressors, pollutant and infection, may mediate their effects via the endocrine system. Studies have revealed that cortisol at 100 ng ml−1is able to induce apoptosis in pronephric cells of carp and that an increase in apoptosis is associated with an increase in phagocytosis in this immune organ. In addition, C reactive protein, which is used as a biomarker of the inflammatory response in humans and other mammals, is evaluated as a possible indicator of physiological states in fish exposed to pathogens and pollutants.
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Kuzmicheva, N. A., I. V. Mikhailova, I. N. Chaynikova, L. A. Pushkareva, Yu V. Filippova, and A. I. Smolyagin. "Effect of second-hand smoke on the immunological parameters of wistar rats and their offspring." Russian Journal of Immunology 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1014-eos.
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The literature covers multiple negative effects of active and passive tobacco smoking upon the human body and experimental animals. Much lesser attention is given to the features of the immune system in offspring from the passively smoking experimental animals. In previous works, we studied physiological and immunological parameters in the infant rats born from passively smoking rats. The present work expands the scope of this direction and is devoted to assessment of immunological parameters in passively smoking pregnant rats and their offspring. Quantitative determination of immunological parameters was carried out in pregnant Wistar rats exposed to passive tobacco smoking and in 65 pup rats from smoke-exposed and nonexposed animals. The experimental rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 8 hours from the 1st to the 20th day of pregnancy. In all animals, the body weight, thymus and spleen, the number of white blood cells, thymocytes, splenocytes, and myelocaryocytes were determined. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the smoking rats showed a significant decrease in the weight of animals, the number of thymocytes and myelocaryocytes. A decreased body mass of animals and their thymus glands, lower number of thymocytes were registered in pup rats born from smoking females as compared with control animals. These changes in immunological parameters may be based on a number of possible reasons. On the one hand, tobacco smoke promotes activation of free-radical processes with a simultaneously decreased efficiency of antioxidant mechanisms. This activation may result from exposure to the components of tobacco smoke, in particular, chromium, as a metal of variable valence, as well as benzene, which is transformed by the free-radical oxidation mechanisms. On the other hand, some tobacco smoke components may promote apoptosis which plays a significant role in the cellular exhaustion of immunogenesis system. Moreover, a decreased number of thymocytes may be caused by their migration from cortical areas to the medulla, followed by release into bloodstream. Thus, the results obtained indicate that the detected changes in these parameters are more pronounced in pregnant rats who were exposed to tobacco smoke and their offspring, and expand the knowledge of changes in the immune system in the offspring of passively smoking animals. The presented data may present a basis for development of drugs that reduce toxic effect of ecotoxicants, including passive tobacco smoking.
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Baqai, Farnaz P., Daila S. Gridley, James M. Slater, Xian Luo-Owen, Louis S. Stodieck, Virginia Ferguson, Stephen K. Chapes, and Michael J. Pecaut. "Effects of spaceflight on innate immune function and antioxidant gene expression." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 6 (June 2009): 1935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91361.2008.
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Spaceflight conditions have a significant impact on a number of physiological functions due to psychological stress, radiation, and reduced gravity. To explore the effect of the flight environment on immunity, C57BL/6NTac mice were flown on a 13-day space shuttle mission (STS-118). In response to flight, animals had a reduction in liver, spleen, and thymus masses compared with ground (GRD) controls ( P < 0.005). Splenic lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage, and granulocyte counts were significantly reduced in the flight (FLT) mice ( P < 0.05). Although spontaneous blastogenesis of splenocytes in FLT mice was increased, response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B-cell mitogen derived from Escherichia coli, was decreased compared with GRD mice ( P < 0.05). Secretion of IL-6 and IL-10, but not TNF-α, by LPS-stimulated splenocytes was increased in FLT mice ( P < 0.05). Finally, many of the genes responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species were upregulated after flight. These data indicate that exposure to the spaceflight environment can increase anti-inflammatory mechanisms and change the ex vivo response to LPS, a bacterial product associated with septic shock and a prominent Th1 response.
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M, Mahbuba A., A. Ab. Jabbar, and N. A. Mustafa. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS ON BODY PERFORMANCE, HEMATOLOGICAL, ILEUM MORPHOLOGY AND IMMUNE STATUE OF JAPANESE QUAIL." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1582.
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This study was aimed to investigates and compares the effect of medicinal plants extract: Hero flowers (Alcea kurdica) in the north of Iraq, Thyme (Thymus bovie), and Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) extract with two antibiotic drugs Rifaximine and Ranitidine in quail’s drinking water by emphasizing the productive performance, and physiological status of the quails at grower and developer stages till 10th weeks of age, a total of 90 quails were distributed into six treatments, each treatment with three replicates of 15 chicks in each. Data analysis showed significantly increased body weight gain (237.5, 224.1, and 234.9) g for Hero, thyme, and Bay leaf, respectively. In comparison with the control (188.3) g. quail’s drunk plant extract mixed water had better hematological and the ileum profiling (goblet cells numbers, Villus height, and Crypt depth) and significantly higher serum concentrations of total protein, globulin, and antibodies titers against some bird virus diseases in comparison with positive control. Also, significantly lower level of albumin, ileum content of E. Coli, and Enterococcus count in plant treated quails in comparison with the control T0.
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Elsayed Azab, Azab. "An Overview of Oxytocin: Chemical Structure, Receptors, Physiological Functions, Measurement Techniques of oxytocin, and Metabolism." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 11, no. 4 (October 5, 2022): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/256.
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Background: Oxytocin is a peptide hormone comprising 9 amino acids. It is produced in the hypothalamus and stored and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and synthesized in other organs such as the uterus, ovaries, placenta, heart, blood vessels, skin, kidneys, and testis. Receptors of oxytocin are present on myoepithelial cells, heart, blood vessels, macrophages, thymus, pancreas, kidneys, and adipocytes. Objectives: The current review aimed to give highlight the oxytocin structure, receptors, physiological functions, measurement techniques, and metabolism. Oxytocin is a small peptide that consists of nine amino acids in a six–amino acid ring formed by cysteine bonds and a three–amino acid tail with a terminal amine. It is synthesized in brain regions that are critical to behavioral and physiologic homeostasis. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contraction during labor and ejection of milk during breastfeeding and plays a role in social behavior, emotions love and affection, the period after childbirth, and metabolic functions. The action of oxytocin in facilitating human bonding and social relation is well known. The effects of Oxytocin on metabolism and food intake suggesting its potential effects in treating obesity. The half-life time of oxytocin in the brain is triple as long as its half-life time in the periphery. The sensitivity and density of oxytocin receptors increase during labor. After birth, the neonatal baby sucks on his mother's breast, causing the release of milk by stimulating hypothalamic neurons to produce oxytocin. Oxytocin neurons have been heavily implicated in mediating sexual behavior in both humans and animals. The social memory was enhanced by central oxytocin administration in male rats. The action of oxytocin affects social memory in multiple brain regions, including the ventral hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, and lateral septum. Oxytocin neurons may mediate MC4R-driven sexual behavior in male mice. MC4R signaling in oxytocin neurons permits ejaculation. A decreased latency to ejaculate in rabbits and rats after administration of oxytocin. The effect of oxytocin receptor ligands on the ejaculatory response may be due to the modulation of dopamine serotonin neurotransmission. Oxytocin lowers the threshold for the initiation of maternal behavior but is not involved in its maintenance. The oxytocin and the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) systems may interact to modulate maternal behavior. Oxytocin regulates maternal- or mating-regulated mood. Initial measurements of oxytocin by using radioimmunoassay and bioassays suggested that oxytocin concentration in blood is very low, 5 pg/ml, with small increases as pulses,15 pg/ml, during lactation and uterine contractions. Variations in oxytocin concentration, especially in rapid response to specific experiences, such as anticipation of breastfeeding, sexual stimulation, exercise, affiliative social contact, and psychologic stress. Oxytocin is rapidly removed from the plasma by the liver and kidney. Oxytocinase activity increases throughout pregnancy and peaks in the plasma, placenta, and uterus near term. It is also expressed in mammary glands, the heart, the kidney, and the small intestine. Lower levels of activity can be found in the brain, spleen, liver, skeletal muscle, testes, and colon. The plasma half-life of oxytocin ranges from 1 to 6 minutes. The half-life is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that oxytocin is a peptide hormone that is synthesized in brain regions and other organs and posse's receptors in many organs. It plays a role in social behavior, emotions love, and affection, the period after childbirth, and metabolic functions. Its potential effects in treating obesity. The half-life time of oxytocin in the brain is triple as long as its half-life time in the periphery. Oxytocin neurons may mediate MC4R-driven sexual behavior. Variations in oxytocin concentration, especially in rapid response to specific experiences. Oxytocin is rapidly removed from the plasma by the liver and kidney. The plasma half-life of oxytocin ranges from 1-6 minutes. The half-life is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation.
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Semwal, Manpreet Kaur, Allison K. Hester, Yangming Xiao, Chioma Udeaja, Thomas Venables, and Ann V. Griffith. "Redox regulation of autophagy in thymic stromal cell function." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 62.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.62.7.
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Abstract T lymphocytes develop in the thymus, where mutually inductive signaling between lymphoid progenitors and thymic stromal cells (TSCs) directs the progenitors along a well-characterized program of differentiation. However, the biology of the TSCs comprising the lymphopoietic thymic microenvironment remains relatively under-characterized because stromal cells are rare and difficult to isolate. Using a deconvolution technique to study gene expression essentially in situ, we previously identified a deficiency in the H202 quenching enzyme catalase (CAT) in TSCs, and found that CAT deficiency results in high H202 levels in this population, eventually leading to thymic atrophy. Our current studies address the possibility that high H202 levels serve physiological functions in TSCs in the young, steady state thymus. TSCs exhibit high basal levels of autophagy at the steady state, which is critical for self-antigen presentation and T cell selection. The mechanisms governing high basal autophagy in TSCs are unknown, however autophagy is induced by many stressors, including high H202 levels. Our data indicate that catalase overexpression targeted to mitochondria in transgenic mice (mCAT Tg) results in diminished autophagy in TSCs and causes diminished negative selection in the thymus, eventually leading to autoimmunity. The effects on negative selection in mCAT Tg mice are rescued by increased basal autophagy on the beclin 1 knock-in (Becn1F121A/F121A) background. Our results suggest that the high basal autophagy level required in TSCs for T cell negative selection is promoted by physiologically low levels of catalase expression in the steady state thymus.
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Filteau, S. M., and Bill Woodward. "Physiological and supraphysiological supplements of triiodothyronine do not influence the primary in vitro antibody response to trinitrophenylated Brucella abortus by spleen cells in serum-containing media." Acta Endocrinologica 118, no. 3 (July 1988): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1180351.
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Abstract. T3 supplements enhance splenic primary thymus-independent antibody responses in the mouse in vivo. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether this effect may be mediated, in part, by direct influences on the lymphocytes and/or accessory cells involved in the response. A range of T3 levels (3 × 10−10 to 10−5 mol/l) was tested in microcultures of separated spleen cells from CBA/J mice 33 days of age. The immune reaction examined in vitro was the primary antibody response to trinitrophenylated Brucella abortus (TNP-BA). T3 was without influence, throughout the concentration range tested, on the number of anti-TNP plasma cells generated per culture. This result was obtained using splenocytes either from well-nourished or from malnourished mice, and using both optimal and suboptimal numbers of TNP-BA. On the basis of the present results and a reinterpretation of previous published work, it is concluded that the influence of T3 supplements on splenic antibody responses in vivo is mediated indirectly. Direct influences of T3 on the T-independent antibody response, if such occur, must be maximized by subphysiological levels of the hormone.
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Zotsenko, V., O. Demchenko, D. Ostrovskiy, A. Andriychuk, and V. Grishko. "Influence of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide on antigens of non-specific protection of quails." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(173) (June 24, 2022): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2022-173-1-54-62.
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Intensive poultry farming technologies are closely linked to a variety of environmental, technological, feed and biological stressors, which tend to negatively affect their productivity and immune defenses. In the pathogenesis of such detrimental effects, the leading role belongs to the overproduction of oxygen free radicals - oxidative stress. The latter activates a number of transcription factors, including Nrf-2 and Nf-kB, which modulate the antioxidant defense network and participate in the organization of infection control. NDC is able to reduce the activation of Nf-kB and thus maintain antioxidant balance, but the response of the immune system to this factor is insufficiently studied. The aim of our work is to investigate the effect of NDC on the antigen of non-specific immunity of quails by adding it to drinking water. The object of study were the quail of the Pharaoh breed, experimental and control groups formed at the age of one day on the principle of analogues. The birds were kept in cages with free access to food and water. Quails of the experimental group in drinking water was added to the feed additive Nanocerium at a dose of 8.6 mg per liter of drinking water. This additive is an aqueous dispersion of NDC with an average nanoparticle size of 2-7 nm. The average weight of quails at the end of the experiment (56 days) in the experimental group was 20.2 g greater than in the control. Morphometric studies of the thymus, bursa and spleen showed no effect of NDC on the central and peripheral immune systems. Morphological parameters of the blood were within the physiological norm, but in the experimental group the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content were higher. The leukocyte count showed an increase in the leukocyte count (according to Garkavi LH) in the experimental group. Humoral performance was identical in both groups. Studies of cellular defense indicate no effect on the phagocytic function of peripheralblood cells. Functional and metabolic activity under the influence of NDC in the spontaneous test probably did not differ and increased in the stimulated. Therefore, quails that received nanocerium feed additive with water had a higher immunoresistance. Key words: birds, nanocerium, morphometry, thymus, natural immunity, morphological parameters of blood, hematopoiesis, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, hematological parameters. Accepted abbreviations: NDC – nanocrystalline cerium dioxide, ROS – reactive oxygen species, Nf-kB – nuclear factor - kV, Nrf-2 – nuclear factor - erythroid 2 and related factor 2.
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Mahmoud, Abdel Wahab M., Sanaa E. A. Esmail, Asmaa B. El-Attar, Eman Z. Othman, and Reham M. El-Bahbohy. "Prospective Practice for Compound Stress Tolerance in Thyme Plants Using Nanoparticles and Biochar for Photosynthesis and Biochemical Ingredient Stability." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051069.
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Global climatic change leads to many detrimental effects on all life forms. Outstanding case, salinity, and drought are considered multidimensional stress that severely affect plant growth and sustainable agriculture. Thymus vulgaris is a medicinal plant that has phytochemical constituents, and it is threatened by several abiotic stresses caused by climate change. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the physiological response and thyme tolerance grown on a newlyreclaimed saline sandy soil under drought conditions and treated by biochar-loaded biofertilizers, nano-zeolite, and nano-silicon through two consecutive seasons. The nanoparticles enhanced plant growth and alleviated the adverse effect of drought. Additionally, a synergistic effect was noticed when combining nanoparticles and biofertilizers. The quadruple combined treatment of nano-zeolite, nano-silicon, biochar, and organic matter (T7) significantly increased thyme morphological traits, photosynthetic parameters, oil, and yield compared to control treatment. Additionally, T7 increased the concentration of endogenous nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn), proline, total phenols, and total flavonoids, in addition to indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and antioxidant enzymes in thyme compared to other treatments. T7 showed the lowest concentration of soluble sugars, abscisic acid, and transpiration rate. Interestingly, T7 increased the medicinal benefits of thyme by increasing its vital hydrocarbons, and oxygenated compounds. These findings introduce a dual benefit of nano-fertilizers in combination with biochar and organic matter in ameliorating soil salinity and drought along with increasing thymegrowth, productivity, and therapeutic value.
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Knežević, Milica, Milica Ivanišević, Natalija Kojović, and Ana Starčević. "The effect of traumatic exposure on thymus weight level after dexamethasone application in rats." Medicinski podmladak 73, no. 1 (2022): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mp73-33448.
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Introduction: Thymus is the central lymphoid organ responsible for proper immune cell maturation, hence ensuring functional T cell repertoire. Stress induces elevated levels of hormones that profoundly alter immune response. Susceptibility to physiologically synthesised and exogenously applied glucocorticoids make thymus an ideal substrate for anatomical and morphological analysis. Aim: Our research aimed to investigate the impact of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids on thymus weight level. Material and methods: Experimental procedure was conducted on male Wistar rats, 12 in total, divided into 2 groups - control and experimental. Latter was exposed to two kinds of stressors. Acute stress included immobilization with exposure to the predator's odor. Chronic social stress included rotation of the animals held in pairs. On the 11th day of the experimental procedure, half of the experimental group received dexamethasone treatment (impact of endogenous + exogenous glucocorticoids) while the other half did not (impact of endogenous glucocorticoids). After the experiment, animals were sacrificed and their thymuses were obtained and measured. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was used to test differences between groups and LSD test for each group testing. Results: Results showed statistically significant differences between the thymus mass of different groups (F=4.336, p=0.048). The part of the experimental group that received dexamethasone had a smaller thymus weight level compared to the part of the experimental group that received no treatment (p=0.024). No statistically relevant results were obtained after comparing thymus masses from impact of endogenous glucocorticoids and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Exogenous glucocorticoids induce morphological changes in thymus which are observed in decreased weight level. Stress induced thymus apoptosis, but it was not sufficient to lead to decrease in thymic mass. Our further experiments will put emphasis on understanding of morphological and anatomical changes caused by stress.
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Popovych, Igor, Igor Mysula, Andriy Popovych, Yuriy Mysula, Nataliya Sydliaruk, Volodymyra Bilas, and Walery Zukow. "Role of organic carbon and nitrogen of mineral waters in their immunomodulating effects at female rats." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.104.
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Background. Drinking mineral water is one of the ethnopharmacologic factors. Organic substances, despite their presence in all drinking mineral waters, are still considered to be active only in the water of Naftussya type (which, due to mineralization less than 1 g/L, are not formally mineral), whereas the physiological activity of true mineral waters (which mineralization is greater than 1-2 g/L) are associated with electrolytes and trace elements. Previously, we identified the role of organic carbon and nitrogen of mineral waters in their effects on certain metabolic and neuro-endocrine parameters. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of organic substances of same mineral waters in their effects on immunity parameters. Material and methods. Experiment was performed on 48 healthy female Wistar rats 240-290 g divided into 5 groups. Animals of the first group for 6 days administered a single tap water through the tube at a dose of 1,5 mL/100 g of body mass. In the second group we administered the water Naftussya from the Truskavets’ layer (Galychyna, Ukraine), in the third group the water Sophiya of the Truskavets’ field. The rats of the fourth group received the native water from the Hertsa (Bucovyna, Ukraine) field, and the last group received its artificial salt analogue. The day after the completion of the drinking course in all rats immunne parameters were registered. Results. On the basis of the correlation analysis with step-by-step exclusion, 9 immune parameters (Endotheliocytes of Thymus, Spleen Mass Index, Entropy of Splenocytogram, Natural Killers, B- and 0-Lymphocytes, Rod-shaped Neutrophils, Phagocytic Index and Microbian Count of Monocytes of Blood) are included in the regressive model for organic nitrogen (R=0,818) and 6 parameters (Endotheliocytes of Thymus, Fibroblastes and Reticulocytes of Spleen, Pan-Lymphocytes, Microbian Count of Neutrophils and Phagocytic Index of Monocytes of Blood) for organic carbon (R=0,690). Together, the organic components of the chemical composition of loading fluids determine their effect on the immune parameters by 77%. Conclusion. Organic substances of mineral waters play an essential role in their effects on the immune parameters of female rats.
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Belozerova, Olga A., Dmitry I. Osmakov, Andrey Vladimirov, Sergey G. Koshelev, Anton O. Chugunov, Yaroslav A. Andreev, Victor A. Palikov, et al. "Sevanol and Its Analogues: Chemical Synthesis, Biological Effects and Molecular Docking." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13080163.
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Among acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), ASIC1a and ASIC3 subunits are the most widespread and prevalent in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They participate in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as the perception of inflammatory and neurological pain, making these channels attractive pharmacological targets. Sevanol, a natural lignan isolated from Thymus armeniacus, inhibits the activity of ASIC1a and ASIC3 isoforms, and has a significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. In this work, we described the efficient chemical synthesis scheme of sevanol and its analogues, which allows us to analyze the structure–activity relationships of the different parts of this molecule. We found that the inhibitory activity of sevanol and its analogues on ASIC1a and ASIC3 channels depends on the number and availability of the carboxyl groups of the molecule. At the structural level, we predicted the presence of a sevanol binding site based on the presence of molecular docking in the central vestibule of the ASIC1a channel. We predicted that this site could also be occupied in part by the FRRF-amide peptide, and the competition assay of sevanol with this peptide confirmed this prediction. The intravenous (i.v.), intranasal (i.n.) and, especially, oral (p.o.) administration of synthetic sevanol in animal models produced significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Both non-invasive methods of sevanol administration (i.n. and p.o.) showed greater efficacy than the invasive (i.v.) method, thus opening new horizons for medicinal uses of sevanol.
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Kis, Erika. "A comparative study of adrenalin and fluocinolon induced oxidative stress in male wistar rats." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Biologia 65, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbiol.2020.2.01.
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Hormone secretion by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is modulated by multiple factors which include the circadian rhythm, various types of stressors and glucocorticoids. Treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids as e.g. dexamethasone or dermocorticosteroids and repeated immobilization stress, decreases the total body weight gain of animals by disturbing the HPA axis function and accelerating the catabolism of the organism. Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs. Neverteheless, their administration may cause side effects in the normal functioning of several organs. Starting from the above findings and from the important physiological roles of the glucocorticoids in the metabolism, we investigated the reactions of the adrenal and thymus, the evolution of the body and organ weight and the level of the free radicals after adrenaline- and fluocinolon stress. In this study, we used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy for the direct detection of free radical content in the organs o f stressed Wistar rats. We followed the changes of the blood glucose level, body weight,structural modification and whole redox state of the rats during adrenaline and Fluocinolon-acetonid N treatment, as endogenous and exogenous sources of elevated glucocoticoid levels. We found a relationship between changes of the redox state and modified homeostasis of the organism, as an effect of elevated glucocorticoid levels. The oxidative stress induced by adrenalin treatment seemed to be an inducer rather than the result of the tissue damage.
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AL-KASSIE, GALIB A. M. "The Effect of Adding Thyme vulgaris and Cinnamomun zeylanicum on production performance and some blood traits in broiler chicken." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v33i2.696.
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This experiment was carried out at poultry house, college of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad university,Which lasted 42 days, to by adding Thymus vulgaris the used part (Leaves, Steams and Flowers) andCinnamomum zeylanicum the used part (bark) to the concentrate diet for the experimental period for 6 weeks.The study was aimed to find out the effect of thyme or cinnamon on productive, physiological blood traits ofbroilers by using 150 unsexing Arbor Acres chicks at the age of one day. These chicks were randomly dividedinto five group equally (30 chicks each). Each group was subdivided into two equal subgroup. And fed on thefollowing ration.1-The first group was fed on ordinary diet kept as a control group.2- The second group was fed on the same ration by adding 0.5% of thyme.3- The third group was fed on the same ration by adding 1% of thyme.4- The fourth group was fed on the same ration by adding 0.5% of cinnamon.5- The fifth group was fed on the same ration by adding 1% of cinnamon.The feeding period for all groups lasted 42 days, the results revealed that There is an improving inperformance traits for all treated groups compared with control group. However, the chicks fed 0.5% thymeshould better in weekly gain period feed conversion efficiency than those fed 1% thyme. In the mean time thechicks fed 1% cinnamon should significantly higher in weekly gain and fed conversion efficiency then those fed0.5% cinnamon.However, by adding thyme or cinnamon to diet cause an improving in blood traits compared with thecontrol group. The best improving in white blood cell, were obtained in the chicks fed 1% cinnamon and theyshould significantly low better stress coefficient.
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Guo, Fukun, David Hildeman, Jun Mo, and Yi Zheng. "Gene Targeting of Cdc42 Reveals Its Essential Role in T Cell Development and Homeostasis." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.794.794.
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Abstract Cdc42 of the Rho GTPase family is known to play an essential role in diverse cell functions. Previous studies by using dominant mutants or transgenic mice suggest that Cdc42 is involved in T cell polarization, immune synapse formation, migration, and development. Because the dominant mutant overexpressing approach imposes significant experimental limitations, we have characterized the T cell-specific, conditional gene targeted mice with the Lck-Cre;Cdc42loxP/loxP genotype in an effort to define the physiological role of Cdc42. Firstly, Cdc42 gene disruption in T cells caused an increase of CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells by ∼10% whereas a reduction of both CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ single positive T cells by >50% in the Cdc42−/ − thymus. The thymus of Cdc42-deleted mice showed small and inconspicuous thymic medulla and the thymic cortex of Cdc42-deficient mice appeared prominent. Examination of CD69 expression in Cdc42−/ − CD4+CD8+ T cells revealed a defective positive selection. In peripheral organs, loss of Cdc42 caused a drastic reduction of mature T cell populations in lymph nodes, blood and spleens. Spleens of the Cdc42 null mice contained ∼1/7 of CD4+ T cells and ∼1/8 of CD8+ T cells compared with that of wild type (WT) mice. These phenotypic observations indicate that Cdc42 regulates T cell development and homeostasis. Secondly, the perturbed T cell homeostasis in Cdc42 null mice is associated with defective T cell survival characterized by an increase in apoptosis and a gain of resistance to IL-7-mediated cell survival. The apoptotic phenotype of Cdc42−/ − T cells correlates with an increased expression of pro-apoptotic Fas and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2. Concomitantly, Cdc42 deficiency resulted in an increase in homeostatic proliferation as manifested by increased in vivo BrdU incorporation in Cdc42-deficient T cells and accelerated division of Cdc42 null cells upon adoptive transfer into Rag2−/ − mice, possibly due to a compensatory effect of lymphopenia. Thus, a combined effect on survival and proliferation by Cdc42 deficiency may contribute to the defective T cell homeostasis. Thirdly, F-actin assembly, T cell receptor (TCR) capping, and cell migration were impaired in T cells lacking Cdc42. Cdc42 deficiency caused a ∼50% reduction in the percentage of CD4+ T cells with capped TCR in response to TCR cross-linking. Chemotaxis of Cdc42−/ − CD4+ T cells toward SDF-1a was reduced by 40% in comparison with that of WT cells, suggesting that Cdc42 regulates T cell migration and polarization, which may also be involved in the defective homeostatic distribution of Cdc42−/ − T cells. Fourthly, Cdc42 deficiency appears to promote the activation of mature T cells with an elevated expression of a T cell activation marker, CD69. Cdc42−/ − T cells proliferated faster than WT cells and showed increased BrdU incorporation upon in vitro culture with CD3 antibody. This activation phenotype may be attributed to a constitutively elevated ERK activity found in the Cdc42−/ − T cells. Finally, loss of Cdc42 led to an increase of naturally-occurring and the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific effector and memory T cells. Autoimmune-protective CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were markedly reduced and the production of T helper cell-dependent IgG2a increased by ∼6 folds in the absence of Cdc42. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdc42 plays a critical role in T cell homeostasis by regulating survival and proliferation. Further, Cdc42 is important for T cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, polarization and migration and for effector and memory T cell response.
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Tanaka, T., F. Kitamura, Y. Nagasaka, K. Kuida, H. Suwa, and M. Miyasaka. "Selective long-term elimination of natural killer cells in vivo by an anti-interleukin 2 receptor beta chain monoclonal antibody in mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 178, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.178.3.1103.
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The interleukin 2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta) is preferentially expressed in natural killer (NK) cells, but is not detected in a majority of resting T and B cells. We recently established a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) to murine IL-2R beta and examined in vivo the effect of the mAb in mice. We found that intraperitoneal injection of the anti-IL-2R beta mAb into adult mice resulted in a selective in vivo elimination of splenic NK function in various mouse strains. The reduction of NK cell function is associated with complete disappearance of NK1.1+ cells in C57BL/6 mice. Other lymphocyte subsets in the thymus and spleen were uncompromised. T cell function was not affected by the mAb treatment as judged by allogeneic cytotoxic T cell induction. The single injection of anti-IL-2R beta mAb caused a long-term elimination of splenic NK cells, lasting for at least 5 wk. We also found that NK and/or NK precursor cells become susceptible to the mAb treatment only after birth, suggesting that functional maturation of NK cells in terms of IL-2R beta expression is a later event in the course of NK cell development. The use of the anti-IL-2R beta mAb will be useful in defining the physiological role of NK cells in host defense as well as dissecting their developmental pathway in vivo.
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Yang, L., CB Kuo, Y. Liu, D. Coss, X. Xu, C. Chen, ML Oster-Granite, and AM Walker. "Administration of unmodified prolactin (U-PRL) and a molecular mimic of phosphorylated prolactin (PP-PRL) during rat pregnancy provides evidence that the U-PRL:PP-PRL ratio is crucial to the normal development of pup tissues." Journal of Endocrinology 168, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1680227.
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During rat pregnancy initial high concentrations of prolactin (PRL) decline by about day 9, concomitant with an increase in the ratio of unmodified to phosphorylated PRL. The physiological significance of both the decline in total PRL and the change in ratio of the two PRLs is unknown. To test the importance of each, either unmodified PRL (U-PRL) or a molecular mimic of phosphorylated PRL (PP-PRL) were continuously administered to rats throughout pregnancy. A dose of 6 microg/24 h resulted in circulating concentrations of 50 ng/ml of each administered PRL and had little effect on the pregnancy itself. After birth, pups were killed and various tissues examined. In the pup lungs, exposure to additional PP-PRL caused a reduction in epithelial integrity and an increase in apoptosis, whereas exposure to additional U-PRL had beneficial, anti-apoptotic effects. In the heart, PP-PRL caused an apparent developmental delay, whereas U-PRL promoted tissue compaction. In the blood, U-PRL increased the number of mature red blood cells at the expense of white blood cell production. Within the white blood cell population, myelopoiesis was favored at the expense of lymphopoiesis. PP-PRL, in contrast, had a less dramatic influence on the hematopoietic compartment by promoting red blood cell maturation and granulocyte production. In the thymus, exposure to PP-PRL caused accumulation of apoptotic thymocytes in enlarged glands, whereas exposure to U-PRL resulted in smaller thymi. In the spleen, exposure to U-PRL increased cellularity, with the majority of cells belonging to the erythroid series - a finding consistent with increased red blood cells in the circulation. Exposure to PP-PRL was without discernible effect. In all of these tissues, the contrasting effects of the two PRLs indicate that the absolute concentration of PRL is not crucial, but that the ratio of U-PRL to PP-PRL has a profound effect on tissue development. In brown fat, both PRL preparations decreased the number of lipid droplets. This result is therefore probably a consequence of the increase in total PRL. The results of this study attest to the importance of the U-PRL:PP-PRL ratio normally present during pregnancy and have provided clues as to the possible pathogenesis of a variety of neonatal problems.
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Poon, AMS, ZM Liu, F. Tang, and SF Pang. "Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymu." European Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 3 (March 1994): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1300320.
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Poon AMS, Liu ZM, Tang F, Pang SF. Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymus. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:320–4. ISSN 0804–4643 The immunosuppressive effect of chronic glucocorticoid treatment on 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding in the duck thymus was studied. Two-week-old ducks were injected intraperitoneally with either 1 mg of cortisol per day (experimental group) or an equivalent volume of vehicle (control group) in the middle of the light period for 7 days. 2[125I]Iodomelatonin binding assays were performed on thymic membranes. Cortisol injection reduced the body weight gain, size of the bursa of Fabricius and absolute weights of the primary lymphoid organs but had no effect on the spleen weights. The relative weights of the spleen were increased while those of the primary lymphoid organs were unchanged. The density of the thymus 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites was decreased while the affinity was not affected. The modulation of the thymic 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites by changes in the immune status of the duck suggests that these binding sites represent physiologically relevant melatonin receptors and that melatonin exerts its action on the lymphoid tissues directly. Our findings support the hypothesis that the thymus is the target site for the immunomodulatory interactions between the pineal melatonin and the adrenal steroids. A possible inhibitory influence of adrenal steroids on the immuno-enhancing effect of melatonin is also suggested. AMS Poon, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong
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Maximov, V. I., R. A. Shukanov, A. A. Shukanov, and N. V. Altynova. "Correction of the immunomorphological status of bull -calves with biogenic sub-stances taking into account regional io-dine and selenium deficiency." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.46.
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Scientific justification of effective pre-vention of endemic diseases in productive animals, taking into account the biogeo-chemical characteristics of the regions, is an urgent problem of modern veterinary and animal science. Therefore, the aim of the assay was to study the dynamics of immuno-morphological development of gobies con-tained in the iodine-seleno deficiency region with administation of trepel, «Polystim», iodomidol and selenopiran. Experiments were carried out on 3 groups of similar bulls for 10 heads each. The studied animals were kept in individual houses and group pavilions using adaptive technology from 2 to 150 days, then up to 540 days (the duration of the experiments) – in industrial farms. Animals of 1 group served as control; groups 2 and 3 were used for 2, 31, 151, 361 days of life, respectively, trepel with «Polystim» and iodomidol with selenopyran according to the schemes devel-oped by us. U 2-, 30-, 60-, 150-, 360-, 390-, 540-diurnal animals of these groups were studied the dynamics of the clinical and physiological state, the content of immuno -, thyroglobulins in the blood; in bulls killed at the age of 30, 150, 540 days-the micromor-phology of the thyroid and thymus glands by standard methods. The digital data obtained in the experiments were subjected to bio-metric analysis (Statistica for Windows and Microsoft Excel-2016). In the simulated studies, the immune-morphological expediency of complex ad-ministration to bulls at the beginning of the growing, rearing and fattening periods of the tested bioactive substances was proved, tak-ing into account local iodine and selenium insufficiency. If the immunotrofic effect on the body of trepel with «Polystim» (group 2), and iodomidol with selenopyran (group 3) was almost identical, then the thyriotrofic effect is much more pronounced in animals of group 3
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Hendrickx, A. G., N. Makori, and P. Peterson. "Nonhuman primates: their role in assessing developmental effects of immunomodulatory agents." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 4 (April 2000): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815756.
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There are close physiologic similarities between humans and macaques that make them well suited for preclinical testing of biopharmaceutics. These include menstrual cycles of similar length and hormonal control, comparable cellular and endocrine processes of implantation, and similar time-tables of prenatal development. Three teratogenic agents have induced abnormal development of the macaque thymus that is a key organ in the development of the fetal immune system. Embryonic exposure to triamcinolone acetonide, a potent corticosteroid, during critical periods of thymus development caused marked hypoplasia, depletion of thymic lymphocytes, and reduction of epithelial elements. Aplasia and hypoplasia of the thymus were a distinct feature of the “retinoid syndrome” in cynomolgus macaques following exposure to 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane) in early pregnancy, the time of neural crest migration. Experimentally induced zinc deficiency in rhesus macaques from conception to 1-year of age caused severe alterations in immunocompetence. More recent studies have shown that the levels of IgG and IgA in cervicovaginal lavages of the rhesus macaque exhibit specific temporal patterns during the normal menstrual cycle. Taken together, theses data suggest that several macaque species are appropriate animal models for preclinical safety assessment of immunomodulatory drugs. Current teratology protocols in these models may require slight modifications to adequately assess the safety of these biologics.