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St-Hilaire, Aonghas. "Language Planning and Development in the Caribbean." Language Problems and Language Planning 23, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.23.3.02sth.
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RESUMEN Planification y desarrollo lingüísticos en el Caribe: El Suriname multi-étnico Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Suriname, como muchos otros territorios del Caribe, experimenté un movimiento nacionalista y cultural creciente cuyos partidarios abogaban por un mayor papel para el sranan, la lengua franca criolla surinamense, en la vida nacional. Sin embargo, los prejuicios históricos desfavorables y la estigmatización del sranan dificul-taron los esfuerzos de promover y eleva r el idioma. Al contrario del mayor parte del Caribe, Suriname es una nación étnicamente muy diversa. La asociación del sranan como la propiedad de los criollos, una minoría dentro del país, limitaron los éxitos del nacionalismo cultural en la promoción del idioma. También en contraste con el resto del Caribe, el sranan goza de un reconocimiento bastante difundido como una lengua autonoma del neer-landés, el idioma oficial. Este hecho ha facilitado la planificacion lingüística en favor del sranan. El nacionalismo cultural tuvo cierto éxito en elevar la position social del sranan dentro de la población general, pero fracasó en movilizar suficiente apoyo oficial sostenido por el idioma en la administration nacional y en las escuelas. Una política oficial de monolingüismo neerlandés siguió rumbo ininterrumpida y inalterada, produciendo una generation multi-étnica de jovenes cuya lengua materna es el neerlandés. El debate sobre la planificación lingüistica se enfoca actualmente en la estan-dardización lingüistica y en la adopción del neerlandés-surinamense, la variante neerlandesa local fuertemente influída por el sranan, como el idioma oficial de Suriname. RESUMO Lingvoplanado kaj evoluigo en Karibo: Multietna Surinamo Post la Dua Mondmilito, en Surinamo, same kiel en aliaj teritorioj en la kariba regiono, ekkreskis kulturnaciista movado, kies apogantoj pledis por pli granda rolo por Sranano, la surinama kreola interlingvo, en la nacia vivo. Tamen, la delonge ekzistantaj antaŭjuĝoj kaj anatemigo de Sranano malhel-pas klopodojn antaŭenigi la lingvon kaj plialtigi gian prestigon. Malkiel la plejparto de aliaj karibaj teritorioj, Surinamo rolas kiel hejmo al diversaj etnoj. La identigo de Sranano kiel kultura posedajo de la kreoloj limigis la sukceson de la kreola kultura naciismo en la antaŭenigo de la lingvo. Ankaŭ malkiel la plejparto de la kariba regiono, Sranano estas vaste konata en Surinamo kiel sendependa de la officiala lingvo, la nederlanda. Tiu fakto, tamen, faciligis lingvoplanadon favoran al Sranano. Kultura naciismo ja sukcesis levi la statuson de Sranano antaŭ la generala publiko, sed malsuk-cesis rikolti sufican officialan subtenon al la lingvo fare de la nacia registaro aŭ en la lernejoj. Officiala nur-nederlandlingva politiko daüras senŝanĝe, produktante generacion de denaskaj parolantoj de la nederlanda. La lingvo-plana debato nun centrigas je normigi kaj akcepti la surinam-nederlandan, t.e. la lokan nederlandan lingvovarianton forte influatan de Sranano, kiel la officialan lingvon de Surinamo.
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Saalfeld, Daniel. "Kiev Calling." Hopkins Review 11, no. 3 (2018): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2018.0071.
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Mechler, Ulrich. "Die Kieler Beckensammlung und die Quantifizierung der schweren Geburt." Medizinhistorisches Journal 58, no. 1-2 (2023): 70–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/mhj-2023-0003.
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Nester, Daniel. "Looks That Kill." Hopkins Review 12, no. 3 (2019): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2019.0066.
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DECKERS, Jef, Roel DE KONINCK, Stijn EVERAERT, Rieko ADRIAENS, and Jasper VERHAEGEN. "Granulometry, carbonate and glauconite content as stratigraphic tools to distinguish the Kiel Member and lower Antwerpen Member (Berchem Formation) in the City of Antwerp area (Belgium)." Geologica Belgica 26, no. 3-4 (October 12, 2023): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.008.
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Granulometric, carbonate and glauconite analyses were performed on samples of the Kiel and Antwerpen members (Berchem Formation) in temporary exposures and boreholes in the area of the City of Antwerp. Since the upper part of the Antwerpen Member is only locally preserved from post-depositional erosion, this study focuses on the much more frequently sampled lower part of the Antwerpen Member. The granulometric results show that the Kiel Member and lower part of the Antwerpen Member are both dominated by the fine sand fraction, with an overall finer grain size for the lower Antwerpen Member compared to the Kiel Member. The Kiel Member is relatively enriched in the fine and medium sand fractions, whereas the lower Antwerpen Member is relatively enriched in the very fine sand to silt fraction. Both members show a similar, low clay content. Measurements of clay content are higher in boreholes (on average 3.9–5.2%) than in temporary exposures (less than 1%), which might be explained by the crushing of the glauconite into the clay fraction during drilling. In borehole samples, especially those analysed by sieving, the Antwerpen Member often shows a higher amount of coarse grains than the Kiel Member, which represent shell fragments present in the Antwerpen Member and nearly absent in the Kiel Member. Like the amounts of shells, also the measured carbonate content—measured outside the shell beds—is lower for the Kiel Member than for the lower Antwerpen Member (3% vs 4.2%). The average glauconite content—based on the >63 µm fraction—displays similar, strong fluctuations between 35% and 60% for both members. On top of these fluctuations, a general downward decrease in glauconite content is noticed in the Kiel Member.
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Wardenga, Ute. "Kiel 1969: Ein quellenkritischer Blick auf Tradierungsprozesse als „Arbeit am Mythos“." Geographica Helvetica 76, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-76-299-2021.
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Abstract. The contribution uses the example of the 1969 Congress of German Geographers in Kiel to illustrate how traditions are born and passed on in German-speaking geography. By means of hermeneutic source criticism, it investigates how the events of „Kiel 1969“ gave rise to a myth. It concludes that the congress's participants experienced „Kiel 1969“ as the site of an enormously dense social interaction within their science. Most importantly, participants' suggestive oral reports in the aftermath of the congress turned it into the „myth of Kiel“, which became an essential driving force of German-speaking geography's modernization.
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Spurzem, R., P. Berczik, G. Hensler, Ch Theis, P. Amaro-Seoane, M. Freitag, and A. Just. "Physical Processes in Star–Gas Systems." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21, no. 2 (2004): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as04028.
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AbstractWe first present a recently developed three-dimensional chemodynamic code for galaxy evolution from the Kiev–Kiel collaboration. It follows the evolution of all components of a galaxy, such as dark matter, stars, molecular clouds and diffuse interstellar matter. Dark matter and stars are treated as collisionless N-body systems. The interstellar matter is numerically described by a smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach for the diffuse (hot) gas and a sticky particle scheme for the (cool) molecular clouds. Physical processes, such as star formation, stellar death, or condensation and evaporation processes of clouds interacting with the ISM are described locally. An example application of the model to a star forming dwarf galaxy will be shown for comparison with other codes. Secondly, we will discuss new kinds of exotic chemodynamic processes, as they occur in dense gas–star systems in galactic nuclei, such as non-standard ‘drag’-force interactions, destructive and gas-producing stellar collisions. Their implementation in one-dimensional dynamic models of galactic nuclei is presented. Future prospects to generalise these to three dimensions are in progress and will be discussed.
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Lysenko, T. M. "The 5th annual meeting of the AG Trockenrasen and the 1st meeting of the Working Group on Dry Grasslands in the Nordic and Baltic Region (Germany, Kiel, 28-30 August 2008)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 15 (2009): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2009.15.140.
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28-30 August 2008, the ecology Centre University of Kiel (University of Kiel, Germany) took place the meeting of the German working group Trockenrasen and the Working group "Dry Grasslands in the Nordic and Baltic Region", devoted to the study of xerophytic communities, and related General topic "Dry grasslands in a changing environment".
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Nabholtz, J. M., S. Friedman, F. Collin, and J. Guerrin. "Modification of Kiel and working formulation classifications for improved survival prediction in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, no. 10 (October 1987): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1987.5.10.1634.
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The total survival of 203 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was analyzed according to the working formulation (WF) and "expanded" Kiel classifications. The original Kiel classification consisting of low grade (LG) and high grade (HG) forms corresponded well to the LG and HG forms of the WF. When an expanded Kiel containing an intermediate grade (IG) composed of the original LG diffuse group was devised, this gave a much better separation of survival of the three grades as compared with the WF where the survival of IG and HG forms were nonsignificantly different. The main reason for this difference was the inclusion of the so-called centroblastic diffuse form in the HG Kiel, but in the IG according to the WF. In a "modified" WF analysis where this histologic entity was placed in the HG subgroup, the three survival curves then gave excellent separation like the expanded Kiel classification. Since the centroblastic diffuse form (and its analogous forms according to other classifications) has a poor prognosis, it is important that it be so recognized and treated accordingly with aggressive therapy. We propose either our expanded Kiel or modified WF classification of the three grade forms as an excellent predictor of survival.
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Knappert, Jan. "Some Reflections on South Africa and the Mother Tongue Principle." Language Problems and Language Planning 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.13.2.07kna.
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Kelkaj pensoj pri Sudafriko kaj la principo denaska lingvo Timothy Reagan (en LPLP 10:1-13) pretendas, ke la Buroj de la Kaba Kolonio "ne estis angligitaj." Tio veras nur ce kamparaj blankuloj kaj urbaj neblankuloj. Koncerne la diskuton de Reagan pri klerigo en la denaska lingvo, la kazo de Ugando montras kiel tia politiko povas havi disigan efikon. La ekskluziva uzo de la angla lingvo en la lernejoj ankaǔ rezultigas problemojn pro la manko de instruistoj kaj aliaj rimedoj, kiel montras la ekzemploj de Kenjo kaj Tanzanio. En Sudafriko, la afrikaj gvidantoj deziras, ke iliaj infanoj lernu en la propra lingvo. La zulua verŝajne fine leviĝos kiel la perila lingvo.
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Latif, Mojib, Wonsun Park, Hui Ding, and Noel S. Keenlyside. "Internal and external North Atlantic Sector variability in the Kiel Climate Model." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0395.
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Jagt, John W. M., and Steffen Kiel. "The operculum of Otostoma Retzii (Nilsson, 1827) (Gastropoda, Neritidae; Late Cretaceous) and its phylogenetic significance." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 1 (January 2008): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-055.1.
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The Neritimorph gastropod genus Otostoma d'Archiac, 1859 (p. 871), with its hemispherical shell and typical axial ribs and lamellae, is a characteristic fossil in (sub)tropical, nearshore deposits of the late Early and Late Cretaceous ages (Saul and Squires, 1997; Kiel, 2002; Kiel et al., 2002; Bandel and Kiel, 2003). The genus survived Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary perturbations and appears to have become extinct during the Middle Eocene (Glibert, 1973; Saul and Squires, 1997). Its placement in the Neritimorpha Golikov and Starobogatov, 1975 is clear from its typical hemispherical shell and D-shaped inner lip with a row of denticles. Long considered linked to Recent Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 (see Wenz, 1938-1944; Kase, 1984; Squires and Saul, 1993; Bandel and Kiel, 2003), assignment of Otostoma to the Neritoidea Rafinesque, 1815 has recently been corroborated by documentation of dissolved internal walls in Otostoma divaricatum (d'Orbigny, 1842) from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of northeast Spain (Bandel and Kiel, 2003). However, axial (collabral) ornament as seen in Otostoma is unknown in modern neritids, which usually are either smooth or spirally sculptured. Here we describe the operculum of Otostoma retzii (Nilsson, 1827) for the first time; it closely resembles that of Nerita and many species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816, yet differs significantly from those of other neritimorph clades, including Neritopsidae Gray, 1847 and Neritiliidae Schepman, 1908.
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Sievers, Kai Detlev. "Erinnerungen. Ankauf, Umbau und Zerstörung der Villa Düsternbrooker Weg 40 in Kiel." Nordelbingen: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kunst und Kultur, Literatur und Musik in Schleswig-Holstein, no. 89 (December 2023): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.38072/2941-3362/p7.
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The article summarizes the essential statements of a detailed description of the reconstruction and the interior of the house Düsternbrooker Weg 40 in Kiel, made by its owner Wilhelm Anschütz (1870–1954), full professor for surgery at Kiel University, after the sinking of the house during the bombing of Kiel in the night of August 26–27, 1944. Anschütz gives an object biography of the house from 1909 to 1944, reporting on the reconstructions and describing them in detail room by room, showing the associated interior partly with details of their origin and more precise form. This unique source of a subjective idea of a middle-class home in Kiel before the Second World War provides detailed insights into the living environment of the time and is also of further interest as a self-testimony.
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Take, Gunnar. "„One of the bright spots in German economics“." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 251–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0010.
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Abstract This paper analyses the relationship between the German Kiel Institute of World Economics and the Rockefeller Foundation in the years 1925-1950. It focuses on the role of politics in the promotion of science and shows the great difficulties the foundation had in developing a strategy to react to the Nazi’s seizure of power in 1933. The Kiel Institute disguised itself as an unpolitical and “objective” institute and managed to regain support after 1934. During the Second World War, the Rockefeller Foundation abandoned the idea of science as an area detached from politics by definition. In the late 1940s, it carefully reassessed the German academic landscape and, in the case of the Kiel Institute, came to the conclusion not to resume a significant amount of support.
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Morosoli, Boris P. "Chinesische Sprachreform." Language Problems and Language Planning 22, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22.2.05mor.
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SUMMARY Chinese Language Reform: Esperanto as Provocation and Inspiration Between 1916 and 1919, Esperanto's claim to the position of a common international language was hotly debated in the avant-garde Chinese journal Xin Qingnian. Closer analysis reveals a number of complex subtexts underlying the Utopian visions put forward by Chinese linguists and language planners like Qian Xuantong. As a linguistic model, Esperanto helped to catalyze new approaches to Chinese phonetical transciption and writing reform, and to the shaping of a common Chinese language. The Esperanto debate was also part of the wider battle over the Chinese classical tradition: Qian's provocative call for the abolition of the Chinese language must be regarded as a direct attack on the conservative Chinese literati. RESUMO Reformo de la ĉina lingo: Esperanto kiel provokilo kaj stimulilo Inter 1916 kaj 1919 ardis debato en la avangarda cina revuo Xin Qingnian pri la pretendoj de Esperanto kiel internacia lingvo. Pli detala analizo montras, al kiaj komplikaj motivoj kaj ideoj respondis la ŝajne utopiaj proponoj de ĉinaj lingvoreformistoj kiel Qian Xuantong. Interalie, Esperanto kiel lingva modelo helpis katalizi novajn alirojn al la fonetika transskribo kaj skribsistema reformo de la ĉina lingvo, same kiel al ĝia socia funkciado. Aliflanke, la tuta Esperanto-debato nur eris en pli vasta batalo pri la klasika literatura tradicio: tiukadre necesas konsideri la provokan alvokon de Qian por abolo de la ĉina lingvo kiel rektan atakon al la konservativuloj.
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Corbeil, Jean-Claude. "Problématique de la politique linguistique de l'Agence de coopération culturelle et technique." Language Problems and Language Planning 9, no. 3 (January 1, 1985): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.9.3.01cor.
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SUMMARY Problems of the Linguistic Policy of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation The Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) is an organization for multilateral cooperation that brings together all countries in which French is used. Although the working language of the organization is French, for the most part, member countries are bilingual or multilingual, a situation that has led to the adoption of a complex yet largely implicit linguistic policy, basic considerations of which are the status of French as a common language and the development of national languages within member states. A bilingual relationship between the French language, as a European language of international communication, and the national language poses a problem for the organization. This article explores the history of the ACCT and the goals of the organization. It also analyzes the linguistic problems posed for the agency by the need to accommodate different varieties of French and, more importantly, by differences in the status of French in each of the member nations. RESUMO Problematiko de la lingvopolitiko de la Instanco pri Kultura kaj Teknika Kunlaboro La Instanco pri Kultura kaj Teknika Kunlaboro (ACCT) estas organizo por mult-flanka kunlaboro, kiu kunigas ĉiujn landojn, en kiuj la franca lingvo estas uzata. Kvankam la labora lingvo de la organizo estas la franca, la statoj-membroj estas plej-parte dulingvaj aŭ multlingvaj—situacio, kiu rezultigis la starigon de komplika sed plejparte implicita lingvopolitiko, kies bazaj konsideroj estas la statuso de la franca kiel komuna lingvo, kaj la evoluigo de naciaj lingvoj ene de la teritorioj de la statoj-membroj. Tia dulingva rilato inter la franca lingvo, kiel eŭropa lingvo de internacia ko-munikado, kaj la nacia lingvo prezentas problemon por la organizo. La artikolo esploras la historion de la menciita organizo kaj ĝiajn celojn. Gi ankaŭ analizas la lingvajn problemojn, kiujn ĝi prezentas, pro la bezono akomodi diversajn variantojn de la franca lingvo, kaj, pli grave, pro diferencoj en la statuso de la franca lingvo en la diversaj nacioj-membroj.
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Amorose, Thomas. "The Official-Language Movement in the United States: Contexts, Issues, and Activities." Language Problems and Language Planning 13, no. 3 (January 1, 1989): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.13.3.04amo.
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RESUMO La movado por oficiala lingvo en Usono: Kunteksto, problemoj, agadoj La distingo de Heath inter lingvo kiel "simbolo" kaj lingvo kiel "ilo" estas esenca por kom-preni la aktualan movadon por oficiala lingvo en Usono, kaj por kompreni ĝiajn plej elstarajn proponantojn la senprofitcelajn organizaĵojn Usono Angla (U.S. English) kaj Angla Unue (English First). Kvankam la eldonaĵoj kaj presaĵoj de tiuj organizajoj ja emfazas la gravecon de oficiala lingvo kiel ilo de facila komunikado, pleje gravas al ili la simbola valoro de legigo de la angla lingvo en tiun statuson. La organizajoj konsideras la akiron de la angla lingvo fare de novaj enmigrintoj kiel elprovon de la lojaleco de tiuj enmigrintoj al la nova lando kaj ĝiaj valoroj—kiel evidentiĝas kiam oni zorge ekzamenas plurajn agadojn de la organizajoj. Ili ŝajne supozas, ke Usono iam konsistigis sendividan unulingvan nacion kaj ke la "fandopota" sperto de antaǔaj ondoj de enmigrintoj rezultigis same lingvan kiel ekonomian asimiligon, car laǔ ili la du intime kunligiĝas. Tiu ideo montriĝas mito (kvankam ja potenca mito) pro almenaǔ du kialoj. Usono neniam estis unulingva, kaj enmigrintoj ne ciam asimiliĝis lingve, eĉ dum ili promesis lojalecon al sia adoptita lando kaj alprenis ĝiajn valorojn. Proponantoj de oficiala lingvo (kiel ankaü la plejparto de usonanoj) do devas distancigi sin de antaǔsupozoj evidente falsaj koncerne la historion de lingvouzo en ilia lando, kaj ili devas ekkonsideri multlingvismon kiel nacian ricajon. RESUMEN El movimiento para una lengua oficial en Estados Unidos: Los con-textos, cuestiones y actividades La distinción de Heath entre el lenguaje como "simbolo" y como "instrumento" es esen-cial a la comprensión del movimiento actual para una lengua oficial en Estados Unidos y a la comprensión de sus dos partidarios más destacados, las organizaciones U.S. English y English First. Aunque las publicaciones y literatura impresa de estas organizaciones den énfasis a la importancia de una lengua oficial como instrumento para facilitar la comu-nicación, lo importante para ellos es el valor simbólico de elevar el inglés a esta categoría por medio de la legislación. Estos grupos consideran la adquisición del inglés por los nuevos inmigrantes a los EEUU una prueba de lealtad a su nuevo país de parte de estos inmigrantes, como bien lo demuestra un examen cuidadoso de las actividades de estas organizaciones. El supuesto parece ser que anteriormente los Estados Unidos era una nación monolingüe sin costuras y que la experiencia del "crisol" (melting pot) que pade-cieron las olas previas de inmigrantes produjo en ellas una asimilación en la lengua tanto como en la economía, dado que éstas se relacionan tan intimamente. Resulta sin embargo que esta idea es un mito (aunque poderoso) por dos razones. Los Estados Unidos no ha sido nunca monolingüe, y los inmigrantes no se han asimilado siempre lingüisticamente, aún cuando juraban lealtad a su país adoptivo y abrazaban sus valores. Por lo tanto, los partidarios de una lengua oficial (y la mayor parte de los nortamericanos con ellos) nece-sitan desenganarse de estos falsos supuestos de la historia del uso lenguaje en su país y llegar a reconocer el multilingüismo como un recurso nacional.
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Fellman, Jack. "Some Thoughts on the Hebrew Revival." Language Problems and Language Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.17.1.06fel.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Überlegungen zur Wiedergeburt des Hebräischen Viele Autoren sprechen von der Wiedergeburt des Hebräischen in der Neuzeit wie von einem Wunder. Dies ist eine irrefuhrende Auffassung, da die hebräische Sprache nie tot war. Sie hat in der gesamten Diaspora als Sprache der Religionsausubung und in vielen Diasporagemeinden auch als Schriftsprache uberlebt. Das Korpus mittelalterlicher hebräischer Texte kommt im Umfang den Korpora des mittelalterlichen Latein und Arabischen gleich. Die Vorstellung, Hebräisch sei tot gewesen, beruht auf einer bisweilen antisemitischen Neigung, nichtbiblische hebràische Texte zu ignorieren. RESUMO Konsideroj pri la revivigo de la hebrea Multaj aùtoroj priskribas la revivigon de la hebrea lingvo en la moderna periodo kvazaii miraklon. Tio estas miskoncepto, car la hebrea neniam mortis. Gi travivis en la tuta diasporo kiel lingvo de religio kaj en multaj diasporaj komunumoj krome kiel skriba lingvo. La teksto-provizo en la mezepoka hebrea estas simile ampleksa kiel tiuj en la mezepokaj latina au araba. La ideo, ke la hebrea estis mortinta, bazigas sur kelkfoje kontraujuda emo ignori nebibliajn hebreajn tekstojn.
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Pachori, Satya S. "The Language Policy of the East India Company and the Asiatic Society of Bengal." Language Problems and Language Planning 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.14.2.03pac.
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La lingva politiko de la Orientindia Kompanio kaj la Azia Societo de Bengalio La referajo traktas la lingvan politikon de la Orientindia Kompanio, kiel tio fontis el la administra politiko de la unua generate gubernatoro de Bengalio, Warren Hastings, kaj la fondigo de la Azia Societo de Bengalio kaj la Kolegio de Fort William. Celante regi Hindion, Hastings komencis per klopodo kompreni la hindan popolon kaj ties lingvan kaj kulturan bazon. Staris antaǔ li elekto: au uzi okcidentecan aliron, kiel poste faris la Lordoj Cornwallis kaj Macaulay, trudante sur hindan teron fremdajn instituciojn, au labori ene de la ekzistanta indigena kulturo. Li sage elektis la duan vojon. Lin helpis sindedicaj orientalistoj kiel, interalie, Charles Wilkins, Jonathan Duncan, Francis Gladwin, Sir William Jones, Henry Thomas Colebrooke, John Gilchrist kaj James Prinsep. La fondigo de la societo en 1784 kaj de la kolegio en 1800 montrigis gravaj impulsoj en la disvastigo inter kleruloj de hindaj indigenaj lingvoj, kiel ekzemple la bengala, la hindia au hindustana (la urdua), persa, araba kaj sanskrita. Instruado per indigenaj lingvoj en bengaliaj lernejoj pretigis la vojon por la Baptistaj misiistoj de la Misio Serampore kaj la "Evangelia" kristanigo de hindoj. Tio okazis antau tiam kiam Okcidenta scienca kaj literatura edukado pere de la angla esence frostigis la planojn de Hastings. Strange, tio kondukis al tiu angligo de Hindio fare de Macaulay kaj aliaj utilistoj, kio malhelpis la hindigadon, kiun markis la rego de la Orientindia Kompanio. La celoj de la du skoloj - hindigo de la brita administracio kaj okcidentigo de Hindio - estis preskaŭ identaj, sed la periloj malsimilis. Tiel la sanceliĝo inter partnereco kaj patroneco en la politiko de la Kompanio rilate la hindajn lingvojn daŭre restis temo de postaj literaturaj kaj lingvaj esploroj.
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Boulanger, Jean-Claude. "Développement, aménagement linguistique et terminologie." Language Problems and Language Planning 13, no. 3 (January 1, 1989): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.13.3.03bou.
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RESUMO Lingvoplanado, socia evoluigo kaj terminologio: Ĉu mito? La ekzemplo de Madagaskaro La kunteksto de franca lingvouzo liveras fonon por komparo inter Kebekio kaj Madagaskaro, du ŝtatoj, kiuj aktive realigas projektojn de lingva modernigo. En Kebekio, la franca estas la origina denaska lingvo, dum en Madagaskaro ĝi estas adoptita. En la kebeka socio, la franca konsistigas la celon de la lingvoplanado, dum en Madagaskaro gia rolo kiel deiropunkto ne estas komplete klara. Oni analizas la du situaciojn el la du neapartigeblaj vidpunktoj de politiko kaj lingvistiko. Krome, lingva antaǔenigo estas ligita al teknologia transigo, kiu antaǔsupozigas regon super importita teknologio. Čiu ajn tia rego havas plurajn aspektojn; precipe, alkutimiĝo al la objektoj kaj konceptoj ligigas kun la tereno de lingvouzo, kiu estas aparte sentoplena en antaǔindustriaj landoj. La aǔtoro faras distingon inter la enkonduko de terminologio ene de socio kies lingvo estas bone dokumentita, kaj gia enkonduko ene de socio al kies lingvo mankas vortaroj kaj grama-tikaj libroj. SUMMARY Language Planning, Social Development, and Terminology: A Myth? The Example of Madagascar The context of French language use serves as a background for a comparison between Québec and Madagascar, two states that are actively engaged in linguistic modernization projects. In Québec, French is the original mother tongue, whereas in Madagascar it is an adopted one. For Québec society, French constitutes the goal for language planning, whereas for Madagascar society, its status as the starting point is not completely clear. The analysis of the two situations is conducted from the two inseparable viewpoints of politics and linguistics. In addition, language promotion is related to technological transfer, which presupposes control over and mastery of imported technology. Any such control involves several aspects; in particular, familiarization with the objects and concepts involves the area of language use, which is especially sensitive in preindustrial nations. The author distinguishes the introduction of teminology within a society for which the language is well documented from its introduction within a society whose language is lacking in dictionaries and grammars.
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Rodina, Oksana A., Denis A. Davydov, Elena G. Panova, Dmitry Yu Vlasov, and Astrid Holzheid. "Cyanobacteria on stone buildings and monuments in Kiel, Germany." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 2(29) (2022): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2022-2(29)-65-68.
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The stone buildings and monuments of Kiel (Germany) is a World Heritage Site. Granite, sandstone and limestone are used in architectural structures. As a result of the study of cyanobacteria in biofilms on the surface of stone structures and monuments in the city of Kiel, 28 species taxa, 18 genera were identified. Phormidesmis sp. is the most common species. The largest number of species has been recorded on limestone (17). Further study of cyanobacteria using molecular methods is planned.
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Ladefoged, Peter. "The 1989 Kiel Convention." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18, no. 2 (December 1988): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300003613.
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The plans for the Convention for the revision of the Association's alphabet are proceeding well; anyone wishing to attend who has not yet sent in a preregistration form should contact me at the above address as soon as possible. Coordinators of the different interest groups have been appointed as shown on the list below. They are all preparing preliminary reports, some of which are being published or summarized in this issue of the Journal. Members of the Association who sent in a preregistration form before September 1988 should have heard from the coordinators of the groups in which they expressed an interest. Anyone else who has material that should be considered at the Convention is urged to contact the appropriate coordinator as soon as possible. A complete list of names and addresses follows this note. The more discussion we can have before the meeting, the better it will be.
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Clegg, Brian. "Untangling the Kiel Canal." Impact 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2058802x.2017.11964016.
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Hagemann, Harald. "Leontief and his German period." Russian Journal of Economics 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.58034.
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Wassily Leontief jun. (1905–1999) moved to Berlin in April 1925 after getting his first academic degree from the University of Leningrad. In Berlin he mainly studied with Werner Sombart and Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz who were the referees of his Ph.D. thesis “The economy as a circular flow” (1928). From spring 1927 until April 1931 Leontief was a member of the research staff at the Kiel Institute of World Economics, interrupted by the period from April 1929 to March 1930 when he was an advisor to the Chinese Ministry of Railroads. In the journal of the Kiel Institute, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Leontief had already published his first article “Die Bilanz der russischen Volkswirtschaft. Eine methodologische Untersuchung” [The balance of the Russian economy. A methodological investigation] in 1925. In Kiel Leontief primarily worked on the statistical analysis of supply and demand curves. Leontief’s method triggered a fierce critique by Ragnar Frisch, which launched a heavy debate on “pitfalls” in the construction of supply and demand curves. The debate started in Germany but was continued in the USA where Leontief became a researcher at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in summer 1931. The Leontief–Frisch controversy culminated in the Quarterly Journal of Economics (1934), published by Harvard University, where Leontief made his subsequent career from 1932–1975. His later analysis of the employment consequences of technological change in the 1980s had some roots in his Kiel period.
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Schlagintweit, Felix, and Mohsen Yazdi-Moghadam. "New data on Pseudolituonella Marie 1954, emended herein, benthic foraminifera from the Cenomanian of the Sarvak Formation of SWIran (Zagros Zone) - Phylogenetic considerations." Micropaleontology 66, no. 6 (2020): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.66.6.04.
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The benthic foraminifera Pseudolituonella reicheli Marie is widely reported from Cenomanian shallow-water carbonates of the Caribbean (Mexico) area and the Neotethyan realm. Its wall-structure is classified as imperforate, homogeneous microgranular. Specimens from the Cenomanian Sarvak Formation of southwestern Iran (Zagros Zone) yield the presence of a pseudo-keriothecal wall-structure an observation that has already been obtained from the Eocene P. robineti Gallardo Garcia and Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al. With the “reappearance†of an equivalent morphological trait and the double test size after twomainmass-extinctions (C/T andK/Pg), P. robineti might be an example of Cope`s rule. Further comments on the suprageneric classification, other species of Pseudolituonella and phylogeny are provided.
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Korf, Benedikt, and Ute Wardenga. "Kiel 1969: Ein Erinnerungsort der Geographie." Geographica Helvetica 76, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-76-381-2021.
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Abstract. In this editorial, we introduce the special section on the politics of memory of „Kiel 1969“, the famous German geographers' conference, during which, as the myth narrates, a revolution took place within the discipline of German-language geography. By introducing and contextualizing the three individual statements by Julia Verne, Ulf Strohmayer and Peter Weichhart, who all recount their entanglements with the myth of „Kiel 1969“, we invite the reader to reflect upon the dynamics through which „events“ turn into „myths“ that shape individual careers and strategic struggles within the discipline.
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Penn, Claire. "How Do You Sign "Apartheid"? The Politics of South African Sign Language." Language Problems and Language Planning 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.14.2.02pen.
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ISICATSHULWA Ulubonisa Njani "Ucalu-Calulo Lweentlanga" ? lipolitiki zolwimi lwentshukumo lomZantsi Afrika Eli phepha linika inkcukacha yengxoxo yale meko ikhoyo malunga nokusetyenziswa nokuqhubela phambili ulwimi lwentshukumo emZantsi Afrika, kunye nonxulumano lwalo neminye imibandela yezentlalo nezobupolitiki ehambelana nobuThulu njengeqela elicinezelweyo kulo mZantsi Afrika weli xesha sikulo. Eli phepha ke linika imibandela eyahlukileyo emithathu kodwa ibe inxulumene: okokuqala, luhlobo lokucwangcisa ulwimi ngokuphathelele kulwimi lwentshukumo ngokubanzi, okwesibini, yinxaxheba yolwimi lwentshukumo njengolwimi lwesiNtu lweqela lolwimi olucinezelweyo emZantsi Afrika; okwesithathu, ziintsingiselo zobuthulu kweminye imibandela ehambelana nezithethe nokunxhaxha kolwimi okuthe qho ukwahlula uluntu lweli xesha lomZantsi Afrika. RESUMO Kiel signi "Apartheid" ? La politiko de sudafrika gestolingvo La referajo liveras detalan pritrakton de la nuna situacio koncerne la uzon kaj evoluigon de la gestolingvo en Sudafriko, kaj ties rilato al aliaj sociaj kaj politikaj demandoj konceme la Surdularon kiel subprematan komunumon en la nuntempa Sudafriko. Tiel, la referaĵo pritraktas tri apartajn sed rilatajn problemojn: unue, la karakteron de lingvoplanado en ties aplikiĝo al gestolingvoj generate; due, la rolon de la gestolingvo kiel la denaska lingvo de subpremata lingva komunumo en Sudafriko; kaj, trie, la implicojn de la kazo de la Surdularo rilate al aliaj demandoj ligitaj al kultura kaj lingva diverseco, kiuj daŭre dividas la modernan sudafrikan socion.
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Gindorf, Sonja, Hermann W. Bange, Dennis Booge, and Annette Kock. "Seasonal study of the small-scale variability in dissolved methane in the western Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) during the European heatwave in 2018." Biogeosciences 19, no. 20 (October 27, 2022): 4993–5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4993-2022.
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Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a climate-relevant atmospheric trace gas which is emitted to the atmosphere from coastal areas such as the Baltic Sea. The oceanic CH4 emission estimates are still associated with a high degree of uncertainty partly because the temporal and spatial variability in the CH4 distribution in the ocean surface layer is usually not known. In order to determine the small-scale variability in dissolved CH4 we set up a purge and trap system with a significantly improved precision for the CH4 concentration measurements compared to static headspace equilibration measurements. We measured the distribution of dissolved CH4 in the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay in June and September 2018. The top 1 m was sampled in high resolution to determine potential small-scale CH4 concentration gradients within the mixed layer. CH4 concentrations throughout the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay were generally higher in September than in June. The increase in the CH4 concentrations in the bottom water was accompanied by a strong decrease in O2 concentrations which led to anoxic conditions favourable for microbial CH4 production in September. In summer 2018, northwestern Europe experienced a pronounced heatwave. However, we found no relationship between the anomalies of water temperature and excess CH4 in both the surface and the bottom layer at the site of the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (Eckernförde Bay). Therefore, the 2018 European heatwave most likely did not affect the observed increase in the CH4 concentrations in the western Kiel Bight from June to September 2018. The high-resolution measurements of the CH4 concentrations in the upper 1 m of the water column were highly variable and showed no uniform decreasing or increasing gradients with water depth. Overall, our results show that the CH4 distribution in the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay is strongly affected by both large-scale temporal (i.e. seasonal) and small-scale spatial variabilities which need to be considered when quantifying the exchange of CH4 across the ocean–atmosphere interface.
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Adamczyk, Andrzej. "Dyskusja na temat odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej państwa za szkody wyrządzone przez bezprawne działania urzędników na Kongresie Prawników Niemieckich w Kilonii w 1906 roku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1276.
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One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.
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Hoffmann, Nils Christian, and Tinka Krüger. "Editorial." Kiel Journal of Consumer Studies 1, no. 1 (February 2023): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.38071/2023-00002-8.
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Thomsen, J., M. A. Gutowska, J. Saphörster, A. Heinemann, K. Trübenbach, J. Fietzke, C. Hiebenthal, et al. "Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO<sub>2</sub> enriched coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 2, 2010): 5119–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-5119-2010.
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Abstract. CO2 emissions are leading to an acidification of the oceans. Predicting marine community vulnerability towards acidification is difficult, as adaptation processes cannot be accounted for in most experimental studies. Naturally CO2 enriched sites thus can serve as valuable proxies for future changes in community structure. Here we describe a natural analogue site in the Western Baltic Sea. Seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord is elevated for large parts of the year due to upwelling of CO2 rich waters. Peak pCO2 values of >230 Pa (>2300 μatm) and pH values of <7.5 are encountered during summer and autumn, average pCO2 values are ~70 Pa (~700 μatm). In contrast to previously described naturally CO2 enriched sites that have suggested a progressive displacement of calcifying auto- and heterotrophic species, the macrobenthic community in Kiel Fjord is dominated by calcifying invertebrates. We show that blue mussels from Kiel Fjord can maintain control rates of somatic and shell growth at a pCO2 of 142 Pa (1400 μatm, pH=7.7). Juvenile mussel recruitment peaks during the summer months, when high water pCO2 values of ~100 Pa (~1000 μatm) prevail. Our findings indicate that calcifying keystone species may be able to cope with surface ocean pH values projected for the end of this century. However, owing to non-linear synergistic effects of future acidification and upwelling of corrosive water, peak seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord and many other productive estuarine habitats could increase to values >400 Pa (>4000 μatm). These changes will most likely affect calcification and recruitment, and increase external shell dissolution.
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Krymskaya, Albina S. "Bernhard Harms as Founder of the German National Library of Economics." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 70, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2021-70-2-168-180.
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In 2019, the German National Library of Economics — Leibniz Information Centre for Economics celebrated the 100th anniversary of its foundation. Despite such a long period of existence, there is little information about it in the Russian literature. In the works devoted to German librarianship, there is not enough attention paid to the specialized libraries. Currently, the collection of the German National Library of Economics holds 4,42 million items. In the professional community of economists, it is known for the EconStor repository, which provides open access to 200 thousand documents on economics and related sciences. The library owes its creation to the German economist, world economy specialist Bernhard Harms (1876—1939), who founded the Kiel Institute for Maritime Transport and World Economics in 1914.The purpose of the article is to present the professional activity of B. Harms, his role in the foundation of the institute and the library. The sources for studying the scientist’s activities on organization of the library were the publications of B. Harms and his followers (A. Predel and V. Gulich), articles and books by German researchers dedicated to the institute and the library, as well as Internet resources.The article highlights the main periods of B. Harms’ life path. The author analyzes the “Kiel” period of the economist’s life (1908—1933), when he managed to apply his organizational and leadership abilities to found, in addition to the Kiel Institute for Maritime Transport and World Economics, the subject fields library, the scientific archive, the periodical and the scientific club. The article reveals the activities of B. Harms, little known to Russian readers, as well as to the library specialists, on the transformation of reference library, created at the Seminary of Public Sciences of the Christian-Albrecht University in Kiel, into the independent specialized library for economic sciences, which over the years has become one of the largest in the world.
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Kamm, Ruth, Christiane K. Schelten, and Gesche Braker. "Gender equality in marine sciences in Kiel, Germany: how project-funded measures can urge institutions to act." Advances in Geosciences 53 (July 22, 2020): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-53-97-2020.
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Abstract. In Kiel, in the north of Germany, marine research is rooted in a lively research community hosted mainly at Kiel University and the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre. While the ratio of women and men is more or less balanced on all qualification levels with mainly nonpermanent junior positions, women are generally underrepresented in leading research positions. The problem of gender imbalance and inequality has been well-known for a long time. Especially in the last decade, however, manifold efforts were initiated to improve gender equality on a political and institutional level as well as within the research community itself. In our article we focus on the gender equality activities of the two large externally funded marine sciences research alliances: the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” and the Collaborative Research Centre 754 “Climate–Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean”. For about a decade they offered both financial provisions and a structural framework to tackle the problem of women's underrepresentation in science and came up with innovative measures. In the following case study, we not only introduce the situation of women in marine sciences in Kiel and the structural arrangement to improve gender equality in general, but we also discuss three specific measures developed within the two collaborative research projects in detail: (i) the mentoring program via:mento_ocean for female postdocs, (ii) hiring policies integrating a gender quota for recruiting postdoctoral researchers and (iii) a code of conduct. Based on these best-practice examples we can show that progress towards gender equality has been made despite some obstacles faced when implementing the measures. This was especially the case for attracting female researchers to work in Kiel marine sciences and bringing the relevance of the topic to the surface of debates within the community. Looking at gender equality activities from a managerial point of view, we conclude from the situation in Kiel, where external funding for both research alliances ended in 2019, that even time-bound activities can initiate change. Initiatives developed by the marine sciences community were taken up by other research groups and inspired new activities at the level of the institutions involved.
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Thomsen, J., M. A. Gutowska, J. Saphörster, A. Heinemann, K. Trübenbach, J. Fietzke, C. Hiebenthal, et al. "Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO<sub>2</sub>-rich coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification." Biogeosciences 7, no. 11 (November 26, 2010): 3879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3879-2010.
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Abstract. CO2 emissions are leading to an acidification of the oceans. Predicting marine community vulnerability towards acidification is difficult, as adaptation processes cannot be accounted for in most experimental studies. Naturally CO2 enriched sites thus can serve as valuable proxies for future changes in community structure. Here we describe a natural analogue site in the Western Baltic Sea. Seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord is elevated for large parts of the year due to upwelling of CO2 rich waters. Peak pCO2 values of >230 Pa (>2300 μatm) and pHNBS values of <7.5 are encountered during summer and autumn, average pCO2 values are ~70 Pa (~700 μatm). In contrast to previously described naturally CO2 enriched sites that have suggested a progressive displacement of calcifying auto- and heterotrophic species, the macrobenthic community in Kiel Fjord is dominated by calcifying invertebrates. We show that blue mussels from Kiel Fjord can maintain control rates of somatic and shell growth at a pCO2 of 142 Pa (1400 μatm, pHNBS = 7.7). Juvenile mussel recruitment peaks during the summer months, when high water pCO2 values of ~100 Pa (~1000 μatm) prevail. Our findings indicate that calcifying keystone species may be able to cope with surface ocean pHNBS values projected for the end of this century when food supply is sufficient. However, owing to non-linear synergistic effects of future acidification and upwelling of corrosive water, peak seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord and many other productive estuarine habitats could increase to values >400 Pa (>4000 μatm). These changes will most likely affect calcification and recruitment, and increase external shell dissolution.
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Kang, Su Kyung. "M.A. Bulgakov and the “Kiev text”: Based on the “Kiev-gorod” and “The White Guard”." Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University 25 (August 31, 2022): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24958/rh.2022.25.29.
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The article is devoted to the problem of “Kiev text”. The author analyses two works of M.A. Bulgakov, created and completed after visiting to his hometown of Kyiv in 1923, the sketch “Kiev-gorod” and the novel “The White Guard”. To this end, at first, we examined the research history and research trends of “Kiev text” in Russian literature , and revealed the characteristics of “Kiev text”.
We also saw that in “Kiev-gorod” and “The White Guard” the figure of Kyiv is depicted in ‘history’ as the image of falling Babylon, in the memory of the lyrical self and in Alexei’s dream as the image of the heavenly Jerusalem.
As such, the myth of the confrontation between these two cities is the basis of Bulgakov's “Kiev text”. Meanwhile, Bulgakov's ‘city’, which contains an eternal ‘culture’ that is not destroyed by any ‘history’, is unique in that it has myth and eternity.
In this way, this paper ultimately tried to find the literary meaning of the Bulgakov ‘s “Kiev text”, and to read the most famous “Kiev text” of the 20th century, “The White Guard” and its documentary version, “Kiev-gorod”, from a new perspective.
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Kloster-Jensen, Martin. "Letter to the Editor." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (June 1991): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300006022.
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It is painful to admit neglectfulness, but I see no way around it in the following case. And better late than never. I was inattentive as I sent in my vote of approval to the outcome of the IPA 1989 Kiel Convention.
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Utermann, Caroline, Martina Blümel, Kathrin Busch, Larissa Buedenbender, Yaping Lin, Bradley A. Haltli, Russell G. Kerr, Elizabeta Briski, Ute Hentschel, and Deniz Tasdemir. "Comparative Microbiome and Metabolome Analyses of the Marine Tunicate Ciona intestinalis from Native and Invaded Habitats." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122022.
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Massive fouling by the invasive ascidian Ciona intestinalis in Prince Edward Island (PEI, Canada) has been causing devastating losses to the local blue mussel farms. In order to gain first insights into so far unexplored factors that may contribute to the invasiveness of C. intestinalis in PEI, we undertook comparative microbiome and metabolome studies on specific tissues from C. intestinalis populations collected in invaded (PEI) and native regions (Helgoland and Kiel, Germany). Microbial community analyses and untargeted metabolomics revealed clear location- and tissue-specific patterns showing that biogeography and the sampled tissue shape the microbiome and metabolome of C. intestinalis. Moreover, we observed higher microbial and chemical diversity in C. intestinalis from PEI than in the native populations. Bacterial OTUs specific to C. intestinalis from PEI included Cyanobacteria (e.g., Leptolyngbya sp.) and Rhodobacteraceae (e.g., Roseobacter sp.), while populations from native sampling sites showed higher abundances of e.g., Firmicutes (Helgoland) and Epsilonproteobacteria (Kiel). Altogether 121 abundant metabolites were putatively annotated in the global ascidian metabolome, of which 18 were only detected in the invasive PEI population (e.g., polyketides and terpenoids), while six (e.g., sphingolipids) or none were exclusive to the native specimens from Helgoland and Kiel, respectively. Some identified bacteria and metabolites reportedly possess bioactive properties (e.g., antifouling and antibiotic) that may contribute to the overall fitness of C. intestinalis. Hence, this first study provides a basis for future studies on factors underlying the global invasiveness of Ciona species.
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Chibani, Cynthia Maria, Robert Hertel, Michael Hoppert, Heiko Liesegang, and Carolin Charlotte Wendling. "Closely Related Vibrio alginolyticus Strains Encode an Identical Repertoire of Caudovirales-Like Regions and Filamentous Phages." Viruses 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121359.
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Many filamentous vibriophages encode virulence genes that lead to the emergence of pathogenic bacteria. Most genomes of filamentous vibriophages characterized up until today were isolated from human pathogens. Despite genome-based predictions that environmental Vibrios also contain filamentous phages that contribute to bacterial virulence, empirical evidence is scarce. This study aimed to characterize the bacteriophages of a marine pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus (Kiel-alginolyticus ecotype) and to determine their role in bacterial virulence. To do so, we sequenced the phage-containing supernatant of eight different V. alginolyticus strains, characterized the phages therein and performed infection experiments on juvenile pipefish to assess their contribution to bacterial virulence. We were able to identify two actively replicating filamentous phages. Unique to this study was that all eight bacteria of the Kiel-alginolyticus ecotype have identical bacteriophages, supporting our previously established theory of a clonal expansion of the Kiel-alginolyticus ecotype. We further found that in one of the two filamentous phages, two phage-morphogenesis proteins (Zot and Ace) share high sequence similarity with putative toxins encoded on the Vibrio cholerae phage CTXΦ. The coverage of this filamentous phage correlated positively with virulence (measured in controlled infection experiments on the eukaryotic host), suggesting that this phage contributes to bacterial virulence.
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Hajrović, Samra, Ajiša Hajrović, Šefćet Hajrović, and Muamer Suljić. "The incidence of inguinal hernia in children." Materia medica 33, no. 3 (2017): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/matmed1702523h.
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Rubango, Nyunda ya. "Le français au Zaïre." Language Problems and Language Planning 10, no. 3 (January 1, 1986): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.10.3.02rub.
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RESUMO La franca kiel prestiĝa lingvo en Zairio: la probablo de gia pluvivo en afrika medio Foje oni nornas Zairion la dua francparolanta lando de la mondo. Estas vere, ek-zemple, ke Zairio havas enlogantaron de preskaǔtridek milionoj. Sed estas egale vere, ke nu r unu zairiano el dudek kvin kapablas paroli la francan kaj nur unu el cent tridek kapablas gin skribi funkcie. Kiel la oficiala lingvo de Zairio, la franca elstaras super pli ol tricent indiĝenaj lingvoj kaj super la kvar naciaj lingvoj, nome la ciluba, la konga, la svahilia kaj la lingala. Gi estas la lingvo de publika administrado kaj inter-naciaj rilatoj kaj la medio de instruado. Sepdek kvin procentoj de la programoj en nacia televido kaj radio realigas en la franca. Tiel, la franca estas elita lingvo. Esplorante kiel la franca atingis sian nunan situacion en Zairio, tiu ci artikolo pesas la eblecojn, ĉu ĝi pluvivos, en la postsekvo de zairiaj kulturaj kaj ekonomiaj politikoj. Gi ekzamenas kiel eǔropaj lingvoj en Afriko generale kaj Zairio aparte povus inte-grigi harmonie en la socia evoluo, samtempe ludante kiel iloj por akiri sciencan kaj teknikan scion kaj antaǔenigi internaciajn rilatojn. SUMMARY French as the Language of Prestige in Zaïre: The Odds for Its Survival in an African Context Zaire has sometimes been referred to as the second francophone country in the world. It is true, for instance, that Zaïre has a population of nearly 30 million. But it is no less true that only 1 out of 25 Zaïreans can speak French and only 1 out of 130 can efficiently write in French. French, as the official language of Zaïre, overshadows not only more than three hundred indigenous languages but also the four national languages: Ciluba, Kikongo, Kiswahili, and Lingala. It is the language of public administration and international relations and the medium of instruction. Of programs on national television and radio, 75% are carried out in French. Thus, French is an élite language. Exploring how French came to be what it is in Zaïre, this paper evaluates its chances of survival in the aftermath of Zairean cultural and economic policies. It examines how European languages in Africa in general and in Zaïre in particular could be integrated harmoniously into the social development while still serving as a means to acquire scientific and technological knowledge and to promote international relations.
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Valdman, Albert. "Emploi du créole comme langue d'enseignement et décréolisation en Haïti." Language Problems and Language Planning 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.10.2.01val.
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SUMMARY The Use of Creole in Education and Decreolization in Haiti This article attempts to show that, as is the case for related French-based creoles coexisting with their lexifier language, Haitian Creole (HC) is subject to decreolization. According to the dynamic model proposed, pidginization, creolization, and decreolization do not constitute clearly demarcated successive states. In fact, decreolization, characterized by the use of forms moving closer to corresponding French forms, appeared from the very moment that HC emerged as a relatively stabilized speech variety. This view is supported by the examination of the earliest written texts for HC, dating from the end of the late colonial period and the early post-independence years. As is the case today, creolization was accelerated by the extension of the use of the vernacular to domains previously reserved to French. But the driving force behind decreolization is the situation of linguistic conflict, marked by a deep ambivalence toward the two coexisting languages on the part of both the bilingual elite and the monolingual HC-speaking masses. While it does lead to a valorization of HC, this ambivalence drives monolingual speakers to select frenchifying forms or those viewed as such. Two opposite trends are observable in standardization. The first, characterizing the leaders of the movement for the valorization of HC and for its use in education and religion, sets as its model rural monolingual speech. The second, appearing in radio and television, favors the frenchifying speech of the urban bilingual elites. In the absence of formal language planning on the part of governmental agencies, the standard form of HC—and, in the long run, the survival of the language as an autonomous speech form—depends on the relative effect of these two currents on the creole-speak-ing masses. In the area of education there is a risk that, should the standard written form of HC diverge excessively from the varieties used by monolingual speakers, the latter would decide that the interests of their children are best served by the use of the dominant language as a classroom language. RESUMO Utiligo de la kreola kiel lingvo de instruado, kaj malkreoligo en Haitio La artikolo celas montri, ke, same kiel ce rilataj francebazitaj kreolaj lingvoj, kiuj kunekzistas kun sia leksikonperanta lingvo, la haitia kreola lingvo (HK) emas al malkreoligo. Laǔ la dinamika modelo tie ci proponita, piginigo, kreoligo kaj malkreoligo ne konsistigas klare apartigitajn stadiojn. Efektive, malkreoliĝo, kiun karakterizas la utiligo de formoj pliproksimiĝantaj al francaj formoj, aperis ekde la momento kiam HK aperis kiel relative stabiligita parolspeco. Tiun vidpunkton subtenas ekzamenado de la plej fruaj skribitaj tekstoj de HK, kiuj datigas de la malfrua kolonia periodo kaj la fruaj jaroj post sendependigo. Kiel hodiaǔ okazas, kreoliĝon plirapidigis la fakto, ke oni plilarĝigis la utiligon de la indigena lingvo en terenojn antafie rezervitajn al la franca lingvo. Sed la impulsa forto malantaǔ malkreoligo estas la situacio de lingva konflikto, kiun karakterizas profunda sanceligo inter la du kunekzistantaj lingvoj flanke de la dulingva elito kaj ankaǔ de la unulingva amaso de parolantoj de HK. Kvankam tio ja altigas la prestigon de HK, la sanceligo igas unulingvulojn elekti francigitajn formojn aǔ formojn, kiujn ili rigardas kiel francajn. Oni povas observi en la normigo du konfliktajn emojn. La unua emo, kiun montras la gvidantoj de la movado por plivalorigo de HK kaj por ĝia utiligo en edukado kaj religio, uzas kiel modelon unu-lingvan kamparan paroladon. La dua emo, kiu montriĝas en radio kaj televido, favoras la francigan parolmanieron de la dulingvaj urbaj elitoj. Dum mankas formala lingvo-planado flanke de registaraj instancoj, la norma formo de HK—kaj, en pli longa daǔro, la pluvivo de la lingvo kiel aǔtonoma parolformo—dependas de la relativa efiko de tiuj du emoj če la kreolparolantaj amasoj. Se temas pri edukado, oni riskas, ke, se la norma skriba formo de HK troe divergus de la parolspecoj uzataj de unulingvuloj, ci-lastaj decidus, ke la interesoj de iliaj infanoj estus plej bone sekvataj se ili utiligus la dominan lingvon kiel lingvon de la klasčambro.
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Dittmar, Manuela. "Human biological research since 2006 at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel – Aging, chronobiology, and high altitude adaptation." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 71, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2014): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0392.
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Tarlo, V. "Danger of mastitis for infants." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 5 (August 11, 2021): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76625.
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Šlekienė, Violeta. "HOW IMPORTANT IS SCIENCE EDUCATION?" GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 2, no. 3 (December 10, 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/05.2.04b.
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At present, science education in our country, as well as in the whole of Europe, is facing significant challenges. In meeting these challenges, education system strategists, academia need qualitatively deep and solid, evidence-based and clear research.
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Esling, John H., and Harry Gaylord. "Computer Codes for Phonetic Symbols." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23, no. 2 (December 1993): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300004898.
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The process of assigning computer codes to phonetic symbols began when the 1989 Kiel Convention of the International Phonetic Association was called to revise the Association's alphabet. The Workgroup on Computer Coding formed at that time had the task of determining how to represent the IPA alphabet numerically, and of developing a set of numbers referring to IPA symbols unambiguously. This involved assembling phoneticians who work with computer representations of phonetic symbols, and communicating with specialists in computer coding to gauge the fit between the phonetician's perspective on symbol usage and the non-phonetician's understanding of how to identify and use phonetic symbols. Prior to Kiel, a collection of practical approaches to coded representations was outlined in JIPA (Esling 1988), which dealt mainly with keyboard assignments of characters.
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Stein, Roberta F., and Carol M. Eastman. "The Negotiation and Outcome of Language and Culture Contact." Language Problems and Language Planning 17, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 238–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.17.3.03ste.
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RESUMEN La Negotiatión y resultado del contacto cultural y lingüística En la experiencia vivida en la primera idioma y cultura, se supone que la persona llega a dominar los dos. Con contacto con otro idioma y cultura, hay posibilidades de escoger, dentro de varias limitaciones. Objetivos personates, relaciones económicas y políticas, y las circonstancias socioculturales influen el resultado de contacto y las estrategias disponibles. En la negociación de contacto, el resultado puede ser solamente el conocimiento de la gramática, varios grados del poder comunicar, asimilación al nuevo grupo, o la abilidad de utilizar el idioma para hacer público el posición social de uno, sea para declarar que uno está de acuerdo de desacuerdo con la sociedad dominante. Aquí surgirimos que, una vez se entienda el contexto de contacto, se podrá predecir el resultado. RESUMO La negocado kaj rezulto de lingva kaj kultura kontakto En la vive familiara praktiko de la propra unua lingvo kaj kulturo, oni povas antaŭvidi mastradon ene de la propra socia niĉo kaj, krom se ekzistas malebligoj, tio rezultos. Kontakto kun dua lingvo kaj kulturo kondukas al la ebleco de individua elekto ene de socia kunteksto kun pli aŭ malpli grandaj limigoj. Personaj celoj, politikaj kaj ekonomiaj rilatoj, kaj socikulturaj cirkonstancoj plejparte fiksos la rezulton de kontakto kaj la disponeblajn lingvajn strategiojn. Kiam oni negocas kontakton, la rezulto povas esti nura mastrado de la gramatika strukturo, variaj niveloj de komunika kapablo, integriĝo en la novan grupon, aŭ la kapablo uzi la lingvon kiel ilon por fari socian sinesprimon, ĉu kiel signon de aniĝo al alia grupo, ĉu kiel klopodon kapti prestiĝon aŭ distancigi sin rilate al la reganta socia ordo de la propra medio. En la nuna studo oni sugestas ke la rezulto de lingva kaj kultura kontakto estas antaŭkalkulebla nur kiam oni atingis komprenon de la kunteksto.
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Take, Gunnar. "American Support for German Economists after 1933: The Kiel Institute and the Kiel School in Exile." Social Research: An International Quarterly 84, no. 4 (December 2017): 809–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sor.2017.0052.
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Laufer, Asher. "Does the ‘voiced epiglottal plosive’ exist?" Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (June 1991): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300006046.
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In the IPA 1989 Kiel Convention it was decided to include the voiced epiglottal plosive in the IPA chart in the ‘Other symbols’ section (IPA 1989: 69). Accordingly [ʡ] “voiced epiglottal plosive” appears in the published chart in the middle page of the same issue under ‘Other symbols’. I claim that a “voiced epiglottal plosive” is an ‘impossible’ sound.
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Bai, Jianhua. "Language Attitude and the Spread of Standard Chinese in China." Language Problems and Language Planning 18, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.18.2.03bai.
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RESUMO Lingva starpunkto kaj la disvastigo de la norma čina lingvo en Cinio Putonghŭa (PTH) estas la norma formo de la ĉina lingvo. La referajo esploras la reagon de činoj al la disvastigo de PTH kaj la kunligon de ilia starpunkto al variajoj kiel ekzemple ago kaj naskigloko. Donitajoj kolektitaj per enketilo estis analizitaj de unudirekta ANOVA. La rezultoj montras, ke ses kategorioj de starpunktoj al PTH estas identigeblaj. La aŭtoro nomas ilin jene: 1. konstato, ke utiligo de PTH estas prestiga; 2. tiom ke PTH povus malhelpi lokan lojalecon; 3. akcepto de la graveco de PTH kiel faktoro en klerigo; 4. rekono, ke PTH estas ilo de pli vasta komunikado; 5. generala aprobo; 6. nacia kaj politika solidareco. La dua kategorio estas negativa faktoro, kiu limigas la disvastigon de PTH, dum la aliaj kvin kategorioj konsistigas pozitivajn faktorojn. La statistika analizo montras korelacion de starpunktoj al PTH rilate al ago, naskigloko, nuna logloko kaj profesioj de gepatroj. Tiuj eltrovoj liveras utilajn donitajojn al lingvoplanantoj en Činio, kaj la metodiko evoluigita en la nuna studo eble utilos en aliaj lingvaj studoj.
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Steinhagen, Sophie, Rolf Karez, and Florian Weinberger. "Surveying seaweeds from the Ulvales and Fucales in the world’s most frequently used artificial waterway, the Kiel Canal." Botanica Marina 62, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0020.
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Abstract The Kiel Canal is one of the world’s most frequently used inland waterways and connects the SW Baltic Sea with the Wadden Sea. At the same time, the canal is a highly eutrophicated environment that is characterized by salinities that range from 3 to 16. This brackish character could make the Kiel Canal an important stepping stone for the introductions of species into the inner Baltic Sea. It could also hinder the identification of native and introduced species, given the fact that salinity sometimes severely affects algal morphology. Here we report on a survey of introduced and native seaweed species in the canal, focusing on the dominant groups, which are Fucales and Ulvales. Of the Fucales, the introduced species Fucus evanescens was detected nearly exclusively inside the canal, while Fucus vesiculosus dominated rockweed communities directly outside the sluice gates. Morphological analysis and genetic barcoding distinguished three species of Ulvales, Ulva linza, Ulva intestinalis and an unknown and possibly introduced species of the genus Blidingia. Species distributions and – in the case of U. intestinalis – branching patterns were clearly affected by salinity, while thallus sizes appeared to be affected by the specific eutrophication status of sites within the canal.