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Journal articles on the topic 'Thulium-holmium fibers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 April 2024

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1

Todorov, Filip, Jan Aubrecht, Pavel Peterka, Ondřej Schreiber, Ali A. Jasim, Jan Mrázek, Ondřej Podrazký, et al. "Active Optical Fibers and Components for Fiber Lasers Emitting in the 2-μm Spectral Range." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 5177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225177.

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Laser sources emitting in the infrared range at around 2 µm are attracting great interest for a variety of applications like processing of transparent thermoplastic polymers in industry as well as plenty of applications in medicine, spectroscopy, gas sensing, nonlinear frequency conversion to the mid-infrared, to mention a few. Of late, fiber lasers compared to other kinds of lasers benefit from their all-fiber design, leading to a compact, robust, and well thermally manageable device. Particularly, thulium- and holmium-doped fiber lasers are the first choice in fiber lasers emitting light around 2 µm. In this paper, we give an overview of our recent results in the research on thulium- and holmium-doped optical fibers, fiber lasers, and related research topics in the 2-µm spectral range. In particular, we present, to our knowledge, the first results of improvement of pump absorption in double-clad fibers thanks to the fiber twist frozen during drawing. Finally, a brief demonstration of material processing by thulium all-fiber laser operating at 2 µm is presented.

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2

Anashkina, Elena A. "Laser Sources Based on Rare-Earth Ion Doped Tellurite Glass Fibers and Microspheres." Fibers 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8050030.

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In recent years, huge progress has been made in the development of rare-earth ion doped tellurite glass laser sources, ranging from watt- and multiwatt-level fiber lasers to nanowatt level microsphere lasers. Significant success has been achieved in extending the spectral range of tellurite fiber lasers generating at wavelengths beyond 2 μm as well as in theoretical understanding. This review is aimed at discussing the state of the art of neodymium-, erbium-, thulium-, and holmium-doped tellurite glass fiber and microsphere lasers.

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3

Sierra, Alba, Mariela Corrales, Bhaskar Somani, and Olivier Traxer. "Laser Efficiency and Laser Safety: Holmium YAG vs. Thulium Fiber Laser." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010149.

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(1) Objective: To support the efficacy and safety of a range of thulium fiber laser (TFL) pre-set parameters for laser lithotripsy: the efficiency is compared against the Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in the hands of juniors and experienced urologists using an in vitro ureteral model; the ureteral damage of both lasers is evaluated in an in vivo porcine model. (2) Materials and Methods: Ho:YAG laser technology and TFL technology, with a 200 µm core-diameter laser fibers in an in vitro saline ureteral model were used. Each participant performed 12 laser sessions. Each session included a 3-min lasering of stone phantoms (Begostone) with each laser technology in six different pre-settings retained from the Coloplast TFL Drive user interface pre-settings, for stone dusting: 0.5 J/10 Hz, 0.5 J/20 Hz, 0.7 J/10 Hz, 0.7 J/20 Hz, 1 J/12 Hz and 1 J/20 Hz. Both lasers were also used in three in vivo porcine models, lasering up to 20 W and 12 W in the renal pelvis and the ureter, respectively. Temperature was continuously recorded. After 3 weeks, a second look was done to verify the integrity of the ureters and kidney and an anatomopathological analysis was performed. (3) Results: Regarding laser lithotripsy efficiency, after 3 min of continuous lasering, the overall ablation rate (AR) percentage was 27% greater with the TFL technology (p < 0.0001). The energy per ablated mass [J/mg] was 24% lower when using the TFL (p < 0.0001). While junior urologists performed worse than seniors in all tests, they performed better when using the TFL than Ho:YAG technology (36% more AR and 36% fewer J/mg). In the in vivo porcine model, no urothelial damage was observed for both laser technologies, neither endoscopically during lasering, three weeks later, nor in the pathological test. (4) Conclusions: By using Coloplast TFL Drive GUI pre-set, TFL lithotripsy efficiency is higher than Ho:YAG laser, even in unexperienced hands. Concerning urothelial damage, both laser technologies with low power present no lesions.

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4

Ciąćka, Piotr, Anupamaa Rampur, Alexander Heidt, Thomas Feurer, and Mariusz Klimczak. "Dispersion measurement of ultra-high numerical aperture fibers covering thulium, holmium, and erbium emission wavelengths." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 35, no. 6 (May 17, 2018): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.35.001301.

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5

J, Chavarriaga. "Laser Lithotripsy Fundamentals: From the Physics to Optimal Fragmentation." Open Access Journal of Urology & Nephrology 5, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajun-16000187.

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Purpose: Laser Lithotripsy has remained the cornerstone for the management of urolithiasis for more than thirty years. Miniaturization of endoscopic equipment, digital vision, improvement of laser lithotripters, laser fibers has made endourology a field of growing interest, immersed in a technologic revolution. The aim of this article is to do an extense review on laser lithotripsy starting from the physics of the lasers, to translational science apply to lithotripsy fundamentals in order to make lithotripsy safer and more efficient. Methods: We performed a review of the literature in four different databases (PubMed, Embase, Ovid®, and Scopus®,) on any information concerning laser lithotripsy in February 2020 independently by three authors, a total of 186 articles were reviewed and 38 of the most influential articles were selected and a detailed reviewed on this topic is presented. Results: We aim to make a reference paper for all urologists and health personal involved in laser lithotripsy, starting from the physics to answer practical questions as how to set the parameters in my laser system, how to improve lithotripsy efficiency, should we dust or bust? and finally discussing new technologies such as the Holmium: Ytrium-aluminium-garnet (Ho:YAG) Moses technology, the revolutionary thulium laser fiber (TLF) and discussing the future of laser lithotripsy. Conclusions: Laser lithotripsy must offer higher ablative efficiency, wider range of laser parameters and comprehensive combinations, reduce retropulsion and fiber burn-back, scope miniaturization capabilities, smaller fiber sizes, increased safety, lower environmental impact, reduced maintenance costs Ho: YAG has remained the unquestioned gold standard for laser lithotripsy, but the recently launched Thulium fiber laser has all the above mentioned features and outruns without no doubt the current gold standard and is set to gradually replace.

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6

Ramírez-Martínez, N. J., M. Núñez-Velázquez, and J. K. Sahu. "Study on the dopant concentration ratio in thulium-holmium doped silica fibers for lasing at 21µm." Optics Express 28, no. 17 (August 10, 2020): 24961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.397855.

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7

Markowski, Krzysztof, and Piotr Miluski. "Analysis of amplified spontaneous emission in ring-core Tm3+-doped optical fiber." Photonics Letters of Poland 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v15i4.1252.

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This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of a ring-core thulium-doped silica fiber (RC-TDF). Enhanced spontaneous emission (ASE) was generated for a fiber with 4wt.% thulium content. An analysis of the formation of the ASE spectrum parameters (λmax, FWHM, output power) as a function of fiber length is also shown. The modal map is presented as a combination of outer and inner core radii and ∆n. Full Text: PDF References Y. Huang, Q. Xu, S. Peng, C. Xu, T. Liao, "2 μm Laser generation and amplification based on dual Tm3+-doped high-Q silica microsphere using an ASE light source for pumping", Opt Laser Technol , 153, 108282 (2022). CrossRef D. Theisen-Kunde, V. Ott, R. Brinkmann, R. Keller, "Potential of a new cw 2 μm laser scalpel for laparoscopic surgery", Med Laser Appl. 22, 139 (2007). CrossRef N.P. Barnes, B.M. Walsh, D.J. Reichle, R.J. DeYoung, "Tm:fiber lasers for remote sensing", Opt Mater (Amst), 31, 1061 (2009). CrossRef S.W. Henderson, C.P. Hale, J.R. Magee, M.J. Kavaya, A.V. Huffaker, "Eye-safe coherent laser radar system at 2.1 μm using Tm,Ho:YAG lasers", Opt Lett, 16, 773 (1991). CrossRef S.D. Jackson, "Cross relaxation and energy transfer upconversion processes relevant to the functioning of 2 μm Tm3+-doped silica fibre lasers", Opt Commun. 230, 197 (2004). CrossRef J. Wu, S. Jiang, T. Luo, J. Geng, N. Peyghambarian, N.P. Barnes, "Efficient thulium-doped 2-μm germanate fiber laser", IEEE Phot Technol Lett. 18, 334 (2006). CrossRef M.J. Barber, P.C. Shardlow, P. Barua, J.K. Sahu, W.A. Clarkson, "Nested-ring doping for highly efficient 1907nm short-wavelength cladding-pumped thulium fiber lasers", Opt Lett. 45, 5542 (2020). CrossRef P. Miluski, K. Markowski, M. Kochanowicz, M. Łodziński, J. Żmojda, W.A. Pisarski, J. Pisarska, M. Kuwik, M. Leśniak, D. Dorosz, T. Ragiń, V. Askirka, J. Dorosz, "Tm3+/Ho3+ profiled co-doped core area optical fiber for emission in the range of 1.6–2.1 µm", Sci Rep. 13, 13963 (2023). CrossRef H. Ono, T. Hosokawa, K. Ichii, S. Matsuo, H. Nasu, M. Yamada, "2-LP mode few-mode fiber amplifier employing ring-core erbium-doped fiber", Opt Express, 23, 27405 (2015) CrossRef M. Kasahara, K. Saitoh, T. Sakamoto, N. Hanzawa, T. Matsui, K. Tsujikawa, F. Yamamoto, "Design of Three-Spatial-Mode Ring-Core Fiber", J. Lightwave Technol. 32, 1337 (2014). CrossRef P. Sillard, M. Bigot-Astruc, D. Boivin, H. Maerten, L. Provost, "Few-Mode Fiber for Uncoupled Mode-Division Multiplexing Transmissions", in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, (2011). CrossRef S. D. Jackson, S. Mossman, "Laser-induced changes on the complex refractive indices of phase-change thin film", Appl Opt. 42, 2702 (2003). CrossRef S. Unger, A. Schwuchow, J. Dellith, J. Kirchhof, "Optical properties of ytterbium/aluminium doped silica glasses", Opt Mater Express, 10, 907 (2020). CrossRef P. Honzatko, Y. Baravets, I. Kasik, O. Podrazky, "Wideband thulium–holmium-doped fiber source with combined forward and backward amplified spontaneous emission at 1600–2300 nm spectral band", Opt Lett. 39, 3650 (2014). CrossRef P. Miluski, M. Kochanowicz, J. M. Zmojda, A. Baranowska, M. Leśniak, D. Dorosz, K. Markowski, J. Dorosz, "Large mode area fibers for single-mode transmission near 2μm", Proc. SPIE 12142, (2022). CrossRef Y. Jung, Q. Kang, H. Zhou, R. Zhang, S. Chen, H. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Jin, F. P. Payne, S. Alam, D. J. Richardson, "Low-Loss 25.3 km Few-Mode Ring-Core Fiber for Mode-Division Multiplexed Transmission", J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 1363 (2017). CrossRef

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8

Klimov, R. E., V. Yu Lekarev, D. G. Tsarichenko, А. М. Dymov, G. N. Akopyan, D. V. Chinenov, D. О. Korolev, et al. "Optimization of the parameters of a superpulse thulium fiber laser with wavelength 1.94 μm for minipercutaneous lithotripsy." Urology and Andrology 8, no. 1 (2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2307-6631-2020-1-45-51.

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At present, minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a highly effective and safe method for fragmentation of stones with sizes up to 3 cm. The use for lithotripsy of a holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser with wavelength 2.1 μm (Ho:YAG) is a common practice today. Of late, however, more attention is paid to a new superpulse thulium fiber laser with wavelength 1.94 μm and maximum output power 40 W. The use of a thulium laser with pulse energy 0.025–6 J and a high repetition rate (to 1600 Hz) permits to obtain (compared with a holmium laser) better results of stone dusting. Objective. Selection of the optimal modes of stone fragmentation in minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy with the use of a superpulse thulium fiber laser with wavelength 1.94 μm and maximum output power 40 W in patients with nephrolithiasis. Patients and methods. The study included patients (n = 171), who underwent minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy using a superpulse thulium fiber laser during the period from February 2018 to July 2019. The following parameters of laser radiation were used: pulse energy 0.1-6 J, power 6-40 W, pulse rate 30-300 Hz. The impact of modes on endoscopic visualization and retropulsion was assessed intraoperatively. Results. Statistical analysis of the specificities of the most often used modes was conducted: No 1 – «0.15 J, 200 Hz, 30 W», No 2 – «0.5 J, 30 Hz, 15 W», No 3 – «0.8 J, 31.25 Hz, 25 W», No 4 – «0.8 J, 37.5 Hz, 30 W», No 5 – «1.5 J, 15 Hz, 30 W», No 6 – «1.5 J, 26.6 Hz, 40 W», No 7 – «2 J, 15 Hz, 30 W», No 8 – «2 J, 20 Hz, 40 W», No 9 – «4 J, 10 Hz, 40 W»; their effects on retropulsion and on endoscopic visualization were studies. The stone free rate was assessed on the first post-operative day according to the findings of low-dose CT. Conclusion. Study of the modes of thulium fiber lithotripsy, assessment of retropulsion and endoscopic visualization depending on the choice of emitted radiation parameters of a thulium fiber laser make it possible to improve the outcomes of operative treatment in patients with nephrolithiasis. Key words: minipercutaneous, nephrolithotripsy, nephrolithiasis, MPNL, thulium fiber lithotripsy, retropulsion, visibility, superpulse thulium fiber laser, wavelength 1.94 μm, stone free rate

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9

Chernega, Viktor, and Igor Arbuzov. "Formation of a Multifactorial Criterion for Efficiency Evaluation of Use Laser Technologies in Urology." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 6, no. 1 (August 18, 2023): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2023.06.1.07.

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The factors formation the efficiency and safety of urinary stone crushing using holmium and thulium fiber lasers were selected, substantiated and normalized. A multifactorial integral criterion of urolithiasis treatment efficiency by laser lithotripsy was formed and analyzed. Recommendations are given for the use of lasers for crushing urinary stones.

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10

Latiff, A. A., X. S. Cheng, M. F. M. Rusdi, M. C. Paul, S. W. Harun, and H. Ahmad. "Molybdenum disulfide saturable absorber for eye-safe mode-locked fiber laser generation." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 27, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863518500108.

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We demonstrated an all-fiber mode-locked Thulium–Holmium co-doped fiber laser (THDFL) based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) tape saturable absorber. The THDFL generates a mode-locked pulse in anomalous regime at 1,979[Formula: see text]nm using 5[Formula: see text]m long Thulium–Holmium co-doped (THDF) as a gain medium. Through mechanical exfoliation method, the MoS2 was mechanically extracted from a commercial MoS2 crystal by using a clear scotch tape. Through balanced twin-detector measurement, the obtained MoS2 tape has a nonlinear absorption of 10% with 100[Formula: see text]MW/cm2 saturation intensity. Under 775[Formula: see text]mW to 852[Formula: see text]mW pump power, a stable pulse train was obtained at 9.12[Formula: see text]MHz repetition rate with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 45[Formula: see text]dB. The maximum output power and pulse energy were measured about 20[Formula: see text]mW and 2.2[Formula: see text]nJ, respectively. With a 3-dB spectral bandwidth of 2.1[Formula: see text]nm, the minimum possible pulse width was determined as 1.97[Formula: see text]ps.

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11

Martov, A. G., D. V. Ergakov, and A. S. Andronov. "Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: can the tumor be removed en bloc?" Cancer Urology 18, no. 3 (December 10, 2022): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2022-18-3-123-127.

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Diagnosis and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remain important problems of clinical urology. UTUC en bloc i.e. in one-piece removal during organ-sparing surgery is still hardly possible. The most typical endourological operations are either electrosurgery, holmium or thulium YAG laser tumor vaporization.We present a clinical case of ureteroscopic en bloc UTUC removal using a new super pulse thulium fiber laser (SPTFL, FiberLase U3). Recent innovations and trends in this field are also discussed. The technical steps of en bloc ureteroscopic tumor removal allowing for diagnosis verification, identification of pT stage and surgical margin are described. The further innovations in laser UTUC removal include modulation of laser pulse length and development of the correlation between preoperative tumor characteristics and possibility of en bloc removal.

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12

Sharbirin, Anir Syazwan, Mohammad Faizal Ismail, and Harith Ahmad. "Isolator-free, widely tunable thulium/holmium fiber laser." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14 (October 25, 2018): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n0.1273.

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An isolator-free thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser with a broadly tunable wavelength output is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. A theta resonator configuration is implemented in order to produce rectification of lasing direction without the need for an optical isolator, thus, making it a more cost-effective setup in comparison to the conventional ring resonator. Over 160 nm of wavelength tunability can be generated, which covers a huge range of the two-micron region starting from 1888 nm up to a maximum of 2048 nm. The laser exhibits excellent wavelength control with its short-range wavelength tuning capability, whereby the shortest tuning spacing obtainable is as small as ~0.1 nm. The tunable laser peaks maintain a strong optical-signal-to-noise (OSNR) value for the whole tuning range, reaching more than 60 dB, also a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) value less than ~0.2 nm with a maximum output power of 6.82 mW. The isolator-free cavity indicates a significant improvement in the slope efficiency of the laser in comparison to a ring cavity setup with similar components. The proposed laser would have substantial use as a laser seed for application in sensing and spectroscopy.

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13

Otten, Dale E., Lachlan Harris, Yongsop Hwang, Dmitrii Y. Stepanov, and David G. Lancaster. "Fiber-Coupled Multiplexed Independent Ho:ZBLAN Waveguide Chip Lasers in a Single Substrate." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010027.

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A readily configurable and scalable 2 µm laser source with multi-channel/wavelength fiber output could be advantageous to 2 µm applications such as spectral-beam combination or fiber communications. We report the first experimental realization and characterization of a two-channel holmium-doped zirconium fluoride glass waveguide array laser pumped by a single thulium fiber laser at 1945 nm. Specific laser wavelengths are selected by fiber Bragg gratings (2076.7 nm and 2074.4 nm), and single channel powers of >100 mW are achieved. Design and assembly details, and considerations for future improvements are discussed, including the potential extension to and beyond a 12 channel source.

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14

Shao, Yu-Hua, Sheng-Tang Wu, Shou-Hung Tang, Tai-Lung Cha, Chih-Wei Tsao, En Meng, Dah-Shyong Yu, Guang-Huan Sun, and Chien-Chang Kao. "Endoureterotomy for Ureteral Stricture: A Retrospective Study of Holmium Versus Thulium Lasers." International Surgery 102, no. 11-12 (November 1, 2017): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-17-00096.1.

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Background: To compare the results of endoureterotomy for benign ureteral strictures by using holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) and thulium lasers. Methods: A total of 25 patients (15 men and 10 women, mean age: 49.16 years) underwent endoureterotomy with either Ho:YAG or thulium lasers for benign ureteral strictures (13 proximal, 3 middle, and 9 distal), using semirigid ureteroscopy and a 365-μm fiber (Ho-YAG laser) at 1.2 J/pulse and 10 Hz, or a 300-μm fiber (thulium laser) at 8W to 15W. Following incision, a 7-Fr double-J ureteral stent was left for 4 to 6 weeks. Thereafter, patients were followed-up using ultrasonography and/or intravenous urography at 3- to 6-month intervals. Results: Success was defined as the absence of symptoms, plus radiographic resolution of obstructions, as assessed by diuretic renography and/or intravenous urography. With a mean follow-up of 43 months, success was achieved in 10 (52.6%) of 19 patients treated with Ho:YAG laser and in 5 (83.3%) of 6 patients treated with thulium laser. A total of 10 patients developed recurrent strictures and were considered to have treatment failures. Stricture length and the severity of hydronephrosis were correlated with successful outcome. Sex, etiology, side, and stricture location did not predict outcome. Conclusions: Although endoureterotomies using Ho:YAG and thulium lasers had equal efficacy, our analysis revealed that a patient with longer stricture length or severe hydronephrosis is more suitable to receive thulium laser. This general laser procedure is recommended as a safe therapeutic option for the initial management of patients presenting with benign ureteral strictures because it is less invasive.

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15

Pawliszewska, Maria, Dorota Tomaszewska, Grzegorz Soboń, Anna Dużyńska, Mariusz Zdrojek, and Jarosław Sotor. "Broadband Metallic Carbon Nanotube Saturable Absorber for Ultrashort Pulse Generation in the 1500–2100 nm Spectral Range." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073121.

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Herein, we report on the possibility of ultrashort laser pulse generation in the broadband spectral range using a saturable absorber based on free-standing metallic carbon nanotube thin film. Erbium, thulium, and holmium-doped all-fiber lasers were mode-locked with a single saturable absorber containing a 300 nm thick material layer. Subpicosecond pulses were generated at 1559, 1938, and 2082 nm. Our work validates the broadband operation of metallic carbon nanotube-based saturable absorbers and highlights the suitable performance of nanomatematerial for ultrafast photonic applications.

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16

Zhluktova, Irina V., Andrei D. Zverev, Serafima A. Filatova, Vladimir A. Kamynin, Alexej A. Sysoliatin, and Vladimir B. Tsvetkov. "Partial Amplification of Octave-Spanning Supercontinuum in the Spectral Region of 1.5–2.2 μm." Photonics 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060397.

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Octave-spanning supercontinuum conversion in three different rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers have been investigated. Using an erbium amplifier, it turned out to increase the output power to 445 mW with a spectral width of 1250 nm. For a thulium amplifier, an average output power of 390 mW and a spectral width of 569 nm was obtained. Additionally, for holmium, the average output power was 724 mW with a spectral width of 450 nm. For all cases, the output pulses envelope did not exceed 0.72 ns.

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17

Ahmad, H., S. A. Reduan, A. S. Sharbirin, M. F. Ismail, and M. Z. Zulkifli. "Q-switched thulium/holmium fiber laser with gallium selenide." Optik 175 (December 2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.08.107.

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18

Popov, S. V., I. N. Orlov, D. A. Sytnik, M. M. Suleimanov, I. S. Pazin, E. A. Grin, and I. Yu Pestriakov. "Thulium and holmium ureterolithotripsy: evaluation of thermal effects on the ureter by measuring the temperature of the irrigation fluid in vitro." Experimental and Сlinical Urology 14, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29188/2222-8543-2021-14-1-26-30.

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Introduction. Urolithiasis refers to one of the most common diseases of the genitourinary system, which the urologist meets in his daily practice. When a stone is located in the ureter, surgical intervention is often required to restore the passage of urine and prevent the development of obstructive pyelonephritis. Currently, the holmium or thule laser ureterolithotripsy is condidered the «gold standard» of surgical treatment of ureteral calculi. The thermal effect on the ureteral wall when using a laser may be one of the reasons for the postoperative ureteral strictures development. The aim of our study is to compare in vitro thermal effects of these types of laser on the ureter wall by evaluating the change in the temperature of the irrigation fluid when they are used. Materials and methods. A tube with a diameter of 5 mm, which imitated the ureter, was placed in an aqueous medium with a temperature of 36°C. A temperature sensor (HI 98509 Checktemp 1) was installed in its lumen, at a 3 mm distance from the laser fiber. The time when the irrigation fluid reaches a temperature of 43°C, as well as its temperature at a pulse duration of 3 seconds at an irrigation rate of 25 and 50 ml/sec in the dusting and fragmentation modes, were recorded. Results and discussion. It was found that when using a thulium laser, regardless of the flow rate of the irrigation fluid, an increase in its temperature to 43°C is achieved for a longer time. Also, a lower temperature of the irrigation fluid with a pulse duration of 3 second is recorded using thulium laser. The obtained data allow us to assume that the use of a thulium laser is accompanied by a lower thermal effect on the ureter wall. Conclusion. In this study, we found that when using a thulium laser (Fiberlase U2) in the fragmentation and sputtering modes, a slower increase in the temperature of the irrigation liquid is observed than when using a holmium laser (Lumenis VersaPulse 100W), regardless of the irrigation speed. At a 3 second pulse , a lower temperature of the irrigation fluid was recorded during the use of the thulium laser.

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Gumenyuk, Regina, Ismo Vartiainen, Hemmo Tuovinen, and Oleg G. Okhotnikov. "Dissipative dispersion-managed soliton 2 μm thulium/holmium fiber laser." Optics Letters 36, no. 5 (February 17, 2011): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.000609.

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20

Lee, Jinho, and Ju Han Lee. "A Passively Q-Switched Holmium-Doped Fiber Laser with Graphene Oxide at 2058 nm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010407.

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This study reports a Q-switching-based, 2058-nm holmium (Ho) fiber laser incorporating a saturable absorber (SA) based on graphene oxide (GO). The SA was prepared with a side-polished fiber, while GO particles were deposited onto the fiber-polished surface to realize an all-fiber SA. A continuous-wave thulium-doped all-fiber laser, which was configured with a master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) structure, was constructed as a pumping source. By inserting the fabricated SA into an all-fiber ring resonator based on 1-m length of Ho-doped fiber, Q-switched pulses could readily be obtained at a wavelength of 2058 nm. The pulse width was observed to vary from 2.01 to 1.56 μs as the pump power was adjusted from ~759 to 1072 mW, while the repetition rate was tunable from 45.56 to 56.12 kHz. The maximum values of average optical power and pulse energy were measured as ~11.61 mW and 207.05 nJ, respectively, at a ~1072 mW pump power.

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21

Nemova, Galina. "Brief Review of Recent Developments in Fiber Lasers." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2024): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062323.

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This review covers the recent achievements in high-power rare earth (RE)-doped fiber lasers, Raman fiber lasers, and Brillouin fiber lasers. RE-doped fiber lasers have many applications such as laser cutting, laser welding, laser cleaning, and laser precision processing. They operate in several wavelength ranges including 1050–1120 nm (ytterbium-doped fiber lasers), 1530–1590 nm (erbium- and erbium–ytterbium-doped fiber lasers), and 1900–2100 nm (thulium- and holmium-doped fiber lasers). White spaces in the wavelength spectrum, where no RE-doped fiber lasers are available, can be covered by Raman lasers. The heat power generated inside the laser active medium due to the quantum defect degrades the performance of the laser causing, for example, transverse-mode instability and thermal lensing. It can even cause catastrophic fiber damage. Different approaches permitting the mitigation of the heat generation process are considered in this review. Brillouin fiber lasers, especially multiwavelength Brillouin fiber lasers, have several important applications including optical communication, microwave generation, and temperature sensing. Recent progress in Brillouin fiber lasers is considered in this review.

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Shang, Jingcheng, Yizhou Liu, Shengzhi Zhao, Yuefeng Zhao, Yuzhi Song, Tao Li, and Tianli Feng. "The Investigation on Ultrafast Pulse Formation in a Tm–Ho-Codoped Mode-Locking Fiber Oscillator." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 3460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113460.

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We experimentally investigate the formation of various pulses from a thulium–holmium (Tm–Ho)-codoped nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) mode-locking fiber oscillator. The ultrafast fiber oscillator can simultaneously operate in the noise-like and soliton mode-locking regimes with two different emission wavelengths located around 1947 and 2010 nm, which are believed to be induced from the laser transition of Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions respectively. When the noise-like pulse (NLP) and soliton pulse (SP) co-exist inside the laser oscillator, a maximum output power of 295 mW is achieved with a pulse repetition rate of 19.85-MHz, corresponding to a total single pulse energy of 14.86 nJ. By adjusting the wave plates, the fiber oscillator could also deliver the dual-NLPs or dual-SPs at dual wavelengths, or single NLP and single SP at one wavelength. The highest 61-order harmonic soliton pulse and 33.4-nJ-NLP are also realized respectively with proper design of the fiber cavity.

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Ahmad, Harith, Rizal Ramli, Muhamad Zharif Samion, and Norazriena Yusoff. "Mode-locked thulium/holmium co-doped fiber laser using WTe2-covered tapered fiber." Optik 245 (November 2021): 167723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167723.

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Oh, Kyunghwan, T. F. Morse, P. M. Weber, A. Kilian, and L. Reinhart. "Continuous-wave oscillation of thulium-sensitized holmium-doped silica fiber laser." Optics Letters 19, no. 4 (February 15, 1994): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.19.000278.

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Tang, Christopher, Scott Rickert, Niv Mor, Andrew Blitzer, and Martin Leib. "Dacryocystorhinostomy with a Thulium:YAG Laser—a Case Series." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 97, no. 8 (August 2018): E39—E42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131809700808.

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We conducted a retrospective chart review of 27 patients—7 men and 20 women, aged 47 to 94 years (mean: 71.3)—with symptomatic epiphora secondary to dacryostenosis who had undergone thulium:YAG (Tm:YAG) laser dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Among them, dacryostenosis had been documented in 35 eyes by dacryocystography. The Tm:YAG procedure involved the administration of local anesthesia, after which a 600-μm laser fiber was inserted into the lacrimal canaliculi and then into the nasolacrimal duct. Under endoscopic visualization, the DCR was performed anterior and inferior to the middle turbinate, which created an opening. Silicone stents were then inserted and tied intranasally. In the immediate postoperative period, all 27 patients noted initial improvement. During a follow-up of 22 days to 25 months (mean: 11.3 mo), 24 of the 27 patients (89%) remained symptom-free, while the remaining 3 patients (11%) experienced a treatment failure and required revision surgery. To the best of our knowledge, only two articles on thulium laser therapy for DCR have been previously published, both approximately 25 years ago; both involved the use of a thulium along with holmium and chromium in cadavers. As far as we know, our case series is the largest in the English-language literature that has documented the use of the thulium in laser therapy for DCR, and it is the only in vivo study. We found that DCR with the Tm:YAG laser was an effective and affordable option for patients with symptomatic epiphora secondary to lacrimal obstruction.

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Ahmad, Harith, Rizal Ramli, Siti Aisyah Reduan, Mohammad Faizal Ismail, and Moh Yasin. "Mode-locked thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser with vanadium carbide deposited on tapered fiber." Optical Fiber Technology 65 (September 2021): 102589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102589.

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27

Latiff, A. A., A. Dhar, S. W. Harun, I. M. Babar, S. Das, M. C. Paul, and H. Ahmad. "Dual-Wavelength Holmium-Doped Fiber Laser Pumped by Thulium–Ytterbium Co-Doped Fiber Laser." Chinese Physics Letters 33, no. 5 (May 2016): 054202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/33/5/054202.

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28

Kadel, Rajesh, and Brian R. Washburn. "Stretched-pulse and solitonic operation of an all-fiber thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser." Applied Optics 54, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.000746.

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29

Hennings, T., D. Hennings, and C. Lindsay. "Thrombus formation using endovenous lasers: an in vitro experiment." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 29, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355512473921.

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Objectives: The purpose of these experiments was to simulate thrombus formation during endovenous laser closure by measuring coagulum formation of in vitro laser exposures in porcine blood and investigate the role of procedures and equipment in thrombus formation. Methods: Continuous wave 810, 940, 980, 1310 and 1470 nm lasers and microsecond pulsed wave 1064 nm Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet), 1320 nm Nd:YAG and 2100 nm THC:YAG (thulium holmium chromium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers were tested with standard fibres with diameters of 365, 550 and 600 μm as well as two prototype modified tip fibres. Results: The results show that pulsed lasers with high-peak power densities form less coagulum. Fibre specifications were found not to influence coagulum formation, and prototype modified tip fibres designed to prevent contact between the fibre tip and the vein wall did not eliminate coagulum formation. Conclusion: Microsecond-pulsed wave lasers with high-peak power densities may be a better choice to minimize soft thrombus formation during endovenous laser ablation treatments.

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30

Li, Dongyuan, Ting Feng, Shaoheng Guo, Shengbao Wu, Fengping Yan, Qi Li, and Xiaotian Steve Yao. "Wavelength-Tunable Single-Longitudinal-Mode Narrow-Linewidth Thulium/Holmium Co-Doped Fiber Laser with Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating and Dual-Coupler-Ring Filter." Photonics 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2023): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060693.

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A wavelength-tunable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) narrow-linewidth thulium/holmium co-doped fiber laser (THDFL) was developed in this study. The lasing wavelength was determined by combining a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) and a uniform FBG (UFBG). SLM oscillation was achieved by incorporating a dual-coupler ring filter with the PS-FBG. At a pump power of 2.0 W, the THDFL exhibited excellent SLM lasing performance with a stable optical spectrum. It operated at an output wavelength of ~2050 nm with an optical signal-to-noise ratio of >81 dB, an output power fluctuation of 0.15 dB, a linewidth of 8.468 kHz, a relative intensity noise of ≤−140.32 dB/Hz@≥5 MHz, a slope efficiency of 2.15%, and a threshold power of 436 mW. The lasing wavelength tunability was validated experimentally by stretching the PS-FBG and UFBG simultaneously. The proposed THDFL had significant potential for application in many fields, including free-space optical communication, LiDAR, and high-precision spectral measurement.

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Dragoş, L. B., B. Somani, E. Keller, V. De Coninck, S. Doizi, O. Wiseman, E. Sener, et al. "Super-pulse thulium fiber versus high power holmium lasers. What about temperature?" European Urology Supplements 18, no. 1 (March 2019): e505-e508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(19)30375-6.

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32

Kadel, Rajesh, and Brian R. Washburn. "All-fiber passively mode-locked thulium/holmium laser with two center wavelengths." Applied Optics 51, no. 27 (September 11, 2012): 6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.006465.

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33

Al-Ansari, Abdulla, Maged Alrayashi, Hatem Kamkoum, Hossameldin Alnawsara, Bela Tallai, Tawiz Gul, Shukri Alfalahi, et al. "Robotic Assisted Flexible Ureteroscopy in Covid-19 Positive Patient Using Thulium Fiber Laser: Case Report and Literature Review." American Journal of Clinical and Medical Case Reports 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 03–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.33597/ajcmcr-v1-id1006.

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Flexible Ureteroscopy (FURS) has become an integral aspect of the surgical armamentarium to treat intra-renal stones that are less than 2 cm in diameter. Despite the progress made with regards to the design of the flexible ureteroscopes, surgeons still need to work with suboptimal ergonomics, which may result in orthopedic complaints, which as a result lead to imperfect performance. Robotic- Assisted FURS with Avicenna Roboflex has provided significant improvement of ergonomics. The Super Pulse Thulium Fiber Laser (SPTFL) may be considered as a viable alternative to holmium laser in stone management. Coronavirus Disease- 19 (Covid-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. As a result, many hospitals have been converted to dedicated facilities to manage the Covid-19 patients. Urinary stone disease represents a benign condition, but in non-negligible number of cases, it can lead to potential severe septic complications that could increase the burden on emergency services. Many surgical specialties including urology has made short pathways for patient flow to decrease the contact with the patients which in turn will decrease the possibility of transmission of Covid-19. The use of new technologies such as Avicenna Roboflex and thulium fiber laser in Covid-19 positive patients when performing flexible ureteroscopy can minimize direct contact with the patient, expedite the procedure, while protecting the staff from getting Covid-19 infection.

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34

Ahmad, Harith, Nur Atikah Azali, Leonard Bayang, and Norazriena Yusoff. "Generation of mode-locked thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser assisted by bismuthene/side polished fiber as saturable absorber." Laser Physics Letters 19, no. 7 (May 27, 2022): 075103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac6804.

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Abstract An all-fiber passively mode-locked laser is demonstrated near the 2.0 µm wavelength region utilizing thulium/holmium-doped fiber as the gain medium and bismuthene/side-polished fiber (SPF) as saturable absorber (SA). The effect of bismuthene concentration on the performance of the generated mode-locked lasers has also been investigated. In this work, bismuthene was obtained by the exfoliation of bismuth under the ultrasonication technique. Two different concentrations of bismuthene (10 and 20 mg ml−1) were prepared to coat the SPF and be further used as SA. Based on the experimental results, the SA with 10 mg ml−1 concentration of bismuthene induced the most stable mode-locked pulses with good performance. The 10 mg ml−1 bismuthene/SPF SA produced pulses at the center wavelength of 1932.69 nm with the 3 dB bandwidth of 2.59 nm and a signal-to-noise ratio value of 63 dB. The generated pulsed laser exhibits pulse energy of 421.3 pJ, peak power of 261.4 W, and average output power of 4.613 mW. Overall, this work reveals the potential of bismuthene/SPF as an SA for generating mode-locked laser pulses, which is useful in photonics applications.

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35

Ahmad, Harith, Hissah Saedoon Albaqawi, Rizal Ramli, Muhamad Zharif Samion, Norazriena Yusoff, and Chong Wu Yi. "Ti3C2 MXene as an optical modulator in a Thulium/Holmium-doped fiber laser." Optics & Laser Technology 149 (May 2022): 107802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107802.

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36

Basulto-Martínez, M., S. Proietti, M. P. Pavia, L. Rico, Y. Yeow, J. P. Flores-Tapia, A. Esqueda-Mendoza, F. Gaboardi, and G. Giusti. "An in vitro analysis of holmium: YAG and thulium fiber laser ablation rates." European Urology 79 (June 2021): S305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(21)00602-3.

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37

Yu, Hao, Xin Zheng, Ke Yin, Xiang’ai Cheng, and Tian Jiang. "All-fiber thulium/holmium-doped mode-locked laser by tungsten disulfide saturable absorber." Laser Physics 27, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 015102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/27/1/015102.

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38

Ahmad, H., N. H. Abdul Kahar, N. Yusoff, and S. A. Reduan. "Thulium-holmium doped fiber laser mode-locking with hafnium disulfide (HfS2) coated on D-shaped fiber." Optik 246 (November 2021): 167785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167785.

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39

Ahmad, Harith, Nur Atikah Azali, and Norazriena Yusoff. "Layered gallium telluride for inducing mode-locked pulse laser in thulium/holmium-doped fiber." Journal of Luminescence 248 (August 2022): 119002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119002.

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40

Zhao, Junqing, Lei Li, Luming Zhao, Dingyuan Tang, and Deyuan Shen. "Peak-Power-Clamped Passive Q-Switching of a Thulium/Holmium Co-Doped Fiber Laser." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 20 (October 15, 2018): 4975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2866207.

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41

Ahmad, Harith, Rizal Ramli, Aizuddin Ahmad Kamely, Muhammad Zharif Samion, Norazriena Yusoff, Leonard Bayang, Siti Nabila Aidit, and Kavintheran Thambiratnam. "GeSe Evanescent Field Saturable Absorber for Mode-Locking in a Thulium/Holmium Fiber Laser." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 56, no. 5 (October 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2020.3002998.

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42

Zhao, Junqing, Lei Li, Luming Zhao, Dingyuan Tang, and Deyuan Shen. "Cavity-birefringence-dependent h-shaped pulse generation in a thulium-holmium-doped fiber laser." Optics Letters 43, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.000247.

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43

Yu, Hao, Xin Zheng, Ke Yin, Xiang’ai Cheng, and Tian Jiang. "Nanosecond passively Q-switched thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser based on black phosphorus nanoplatelets." Optical Materials Express 6, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.6.000603.

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44

Gene, Jinhwa, Seung Kwan Kim, and Sun Do Lim. "Validity Analysis of Holmium-Doped Fiber as Saturable Absorber for Passively Q-Switched Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 11 (June 1, 2018): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2806963.

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45

Traxer, Olivier, and Mariela Corrales. "Managing Urolithiasis with Thulium Fiber Laser: Updated Real-Life Results—A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153390.

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Thirty-three years ago, pulsed lasers marked the beginning of a new era in endoscopic lithotripsy, and the one that was highlighted because of its potential was the Holmium: YAG laser, which became and still is the gold standard in endourology. Recently, a new laser technology has been accepted for clinical use in lithotripsy: the thulium fiber laser (TFL), showing appealing characteristics not seen before in several preclinical studies. A review of the literature was performed and all relevant in vitro studies and clinical trials until April 2021 were selected. The search came back with 27 clinical experiences (7 full-text clinical trials and 20 peer-reviewed abstracts) and 33 laboratory studies (18 full-text articles and 15 peer-reviewed abstracts). The clinical experiences confirmed the clinical safety of using the wide parameter range of the TFL. This technology demonstrated the performance at a higher ablation speed, the higher ablation efficiency, and the better dust quality of the TFL, as well as reduced stone retropulsion, thus helping to maintain an optimal visibility. No thermal or radiation damage was found. Given the current evidence, we may be facing the future gold standard laser in endoscopic lithotripsy.

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46

Ren, Xinghao, Huanhuan Li, Weiyang Chen, Hao Jiang, Can Li, and Shiqing Xu. "Generation of controllable bound solitons from a thulium–holmium co-doped mode-locked fiber laser." Optical Fiber Technology 71 (July 2022): 102950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102950.

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47

Yu, Hao, Xin Zheng, Ke Yin, Xiang’ai Cheng, and Tian Jiang. "Thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by black phosphorus nanoplatelets-based saturable absorber." Applied Optics 54, no. 34 (November 30, 2015): 10290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.010290.

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48

Zamzuri, A. K., M. M. Ariannejad, M. Z. Samion, C. L. Tan, M. F. Ismail, L. Bayang, and H. Ahmad. "Narrow bandwidth optimization using a polymer microring resonator in a thulium–holmium fiber laser cavity." Optics Communications 466 (July 2020): 125574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125574.

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49

Noronen, Teppo, Oleg Okhotnikov, and Regina Gumenyuk. "Electronically tunable thulium-holmium mode-locked fiber laser for the 1700-1800 nm wavelength band." Optics Express 24, no. 13 (June 21, 2016): 14703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.014703.

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Ahmad, Harith, Ahmad Izzat Mohd Hanafi, Rizal Ramli, Siti Aisyah Reduan, and Norazriena Yusoff. "Passively mode-locked thulium-holmium co-doped fiber laser using hybrid side polished fiber with MoWS2-rGO nanocomposite." Optical Fiber Technology 62 (March 2021): 102468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102468.

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