Academic literature on the topic 'THREE WHEELAR STEERING'
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Journal articles on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Nishanth Krishna, Raj Purohit, J.S. Rohit, Avasarala Venkata Srivatsa, and Sharanbassappa S Patil. "Effect of Drivetrain Configuration on Handling Characteristics of Tadpole Type Three-Wheeler." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 3, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.2.6.
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The world’s first automobile built by Karl Benz was powered by a single-cylinder four-stroke engine which was placed at the rear part of the three-wheeled chassis. Since then, the automobile industry has drastically evolved, especially four wheelers. Nowadays, three-wheelers are gaining popularity as they are more fuel efficient than four-wheelers while being more stable than twowheelers. The inherent cost advantages of a threewheeler also make them more affordable. Autorickshaws, having delta configuration, are extensively utilized in several Asian countries like India, Indonesia, Pakistan and others. But they are risky during braking in a turn due to a single front wheel. Alternatively, a tadpole type three-wheeler is safer in braking in a turn and provides better steering control. This three-wheeler configuration also provides better aerodynamic design. They have been recently adopted in European countries for personal mobility and logistics. Therefore, the paper analyses the stability of a Tadpole type three-wheeler based on various standard simulation tests such as Constant Radius test, Acceleration test and Double Lane Change test. These tests provide various results such as Steering Angle, Understeer behaviour and Longitudinal Acceleration where information regarding handling characteristics can be studied. A comparison between Front Wheel Drive and Rear Wheel Drive configuration is carried out to arrive at a conclusion for selecting the right drivetrain configuration. In order to achieve this, a Multibody Dynamics model is created using MSC Adams Car by assembling the various subsystems namely Front Suspension, Rear Suspension, Steering, Brakes, Body, Powertrain and Tires. Simulation results have been compared with existing literature for the verification of the model.
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Lan, Guiping, Yujun Wang, Can Fang, and Min Yi. "Novel Design of a Biaxial and Four-Wheeled Robot Capable of Steering." MATEC Web of Conferences 160 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816006006.
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The paper presents a biaxial and four-wheeled robot, mainly composed of two axle, two circular wheels and two three-leaved wheels. By analyzing the difference between the velocity of the circular wheel and three-leaved wheel in same axle, the steering principle of the difference velocity is proved. The three-leaved wheels are installed by a complementary phase method to ensure the stability of the robot walking. Through the steering principle, the control method of robot’s forward, backward, turn left and turn right is designed. A large number of experimental results show that the robot has the characteristics of high steering efficiency, simple mechanical structure and easy to control.
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Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, Rafał Melnik, and Michal Karľa. "Improvement of Steerability and Driving Safety of an Electric Three-Wheeled Vehicle by a Design Modification of its Steering Mechanism." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2022-0005.
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Abstract Three-wheeled vehicles are transport means which generally combine properties of two-wheeled vehicles (principal motorcycles) and four-wheeled vehicles (standards cars). Three-wheeled vehicles have been designed and manufactured as units which are made up of one front wheel and two rear wheels, powered by an electric drive-train, and referred to in some countries under a non-English term as E-3kolka. These vehicles also comprise a special steering mechanism which improves their overturning stability when driving around curves. However, several tests have revealed certain deficiencies of the steering mechanism, where the main issue included unreliable self-restraining effect of steering wheel straightening after driving around a curve. This may even lead to unacceptable properties of the vehicle. Therefore, the authors of this paper suggest particular technical solutions to eliminate or completely avoid the described negative effects during driving. Proposed designs are mutually compared and a final decision is presented.
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Hirose, Shigeo, and Hiroyuki Kuwabara. "Design of Three-wheeled Planetary Rover Tri-StarII." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 4 (August 20, 2000): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0446.
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Many studies have been made concerning the planetary Rover, the essential element in the planet exploration mission, and some have already been put into practical use in exploration missions. In this paper, we propose an expandable three-wheeled rover, Tri-StarII, as a planetary rover having a new mechanism. Tri-StarII has three drive wheels and does not need suspension mechanism, so the drive mechanism is simplified and lightened. By use of this feature, the body is designed to be an expandable type with the wheels attached to a slide arm. By folding it up in the lander carrying it to the surfaces of the moon or Mars, and expanding to large size when running, it can achieve running stability equivalent to larger rovers. The wheels are attached to the body with an offset wheel steering mechanism. For the expansion and steering mechanisms, latches having very small actuators are used and the increase in weight is minimized by introduction of these mechanisms. Further, the running wheel uses a spring wheel usable in space environments. By using the expansion mechanism for the spring wheel, the energy loss in running is decreased and performance is improved. We confirmed the feasibility of an experimental unit.
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Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, and Pavol Kurčík. "Analysis of driving properties of a three-wheeled vehicle with a newly designed steering system." MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925403008.
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This paper presents results of analyses of a three-wheeled vehicle with the newly designed steering system. Our design of steering system is intended to be mounted on a tricycle with the electric drivetrain. The standard steering system of a three-wheeled vehicle has disadvantage, that such a vehicle is unstable, when it is curving a curve mainly at higher speeds. It results to a breach of stability form the overturning point of view. The newly designed steering system of a three-wheeled vehicle contributes to increasing its stability. It means that a three-wheeled vehicle with the newly designed steering system is able to pass a curve with a smaller radius at higher speed. The main objectives of analyses presented in this paper is comparison of driving properties of a three-wheeled vehicle with two wheels on a rear axle with the standard steering system and with the newly designed steering system by means of simulation computations, which were carried out in Simpack package.
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Darji, Bhavin Sanjay, Shubham Viju Dhodi, Shashank Suni Jadhav, Ibrahim Akram Khan, and M. A. Gulbarga. "Craby Steering System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41851.
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Abstract: In present the car steering system is 2 wheel steering system and in conventional steering system there are only two wheels are moving while taking the turn , either forward two or the rear two wheels . While in 4 wheel steering system the rear and front both wheels are act +ive and can guide in steering. Here we using MARUTI-800 car as a reference model. We have developed a optimized 4 wheel steering system for implementation of mechanism that can give the work in changing in-phase and counter-phase steering of rear wheels depending upon the condition of turning and lane changing with respect to front wheels, thus enhancing the manoeuvrability of as edan in accordance with its speed. Keywords: 4 Wheel steering system, octa steering, craby steering mechanism, steering system
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Ryoo, Young-Jae, Dae-Yeong Im, and Hyun-Rok Cha. "Design of Robotic Vehicle for Personal Mobility with Electric-Driven Three-Wheels." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 13, no. 04 (November 29, 2016): 1650020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843616500201.
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In this paper, a robotic vehicle for a personal mobility with electric-driven three-wheels is proposed. Before designing the proposed robotics vehicle, omni-directional motions using special wheels, active caster wheels, and active steerable driving wheels are studied. For design of the proposed vehicle, we discuss about active steerable wheel design, and vehicle’s frame design. The omni-directional motion through the digital design exploration of the vehicle using active driving and steering wheel robot technology is examined. As the major mechanical components, an active steerable driving wheel, in-wheel motors, brakes, suspensions, and control systems are described. The design is established by rapid prototyping model of omni-directional motion. The steering geometry and control algorithm for the prototype of the proposed personal mobility are experimented.
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Blatnický, Miroslav, Ján Dižo, Denis Molnár, and Andrej Suchánek. "Comprehensive Analysis of a Tricycle Structure with a Steering System for Improvement of Driving Properties While Cornering." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248974.
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This paper focuses on the development, theoretical and experimental research on the structural units of an unconventional three-wheeled vehicle. The vehicle is designed in order to increase the stability when cornering in a low curvature radius. Current research work describes solutions to increase the cornering stability of either conventional three-wheeled vehicles or, more rarely, unconventional vehicles designed on the basis of complex wheel-tilting mechatronics. Thus, there is a gap in research in respect of consideration of a stability-enhancing mechanism for three-wheeled vehicles based on a combination of tilting and deflection of the front steered wheel in the course of cornering. This paper then compares the stability of a three-wheeled vehicle with one steered wheel in front and two wheels in the rear (1F2R) in conventional and unconventional designs. A particular linear formula for the stability of the three-wheeled vehicle in cornering is derived. This study further deals with the design of the frame intended to hold the unconventional steering mechanism of the front wheel of the vehicle, on the one hand, from the theoretical integrity point of view using CAD-, FEM- and MBS-based software and, on the other hand, from the experimental point of view by determining the multiaxial fatigue life of the test specimens. These were made from the frame structural material and loaded with an equivalent load (bending-torsion) corresponding to the real load of the frame in operation. It was discovered that the designed patented front wheel steering mechanism increased the passing speed by 19% in comparison with a conventional vehicle at the minimum possible radius of a corner. The designed vehicle meets the safety conditions in terms of frame integrity and load-bearing capacity. The vehicle frame is designed with respect to the fatigue life of the material, the results of which are presented in the work. The material employed for manufacturing the frame is aluminum alloy type EN AW6063, which makes the frame lightweight and strong.
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Chang, Ming-Yen, Hsing-Hui Huang, and Zhao-Long Chen. "Design of a steering mechanism for the three-wheel tilting motorcycle." Mechanical Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-189-2022.
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Abstract. There is a trend to develop three-wheel motorcycles because of their better stability and superior cornering ability compared to 1F1R (one front wheel and one rear wheel) motorcycles. The main purpose of this study is to establish a design process for the 2F1R (two front wheels and one rear wheel) three-wheel tilting mechanism and to reduce the turning radius to fulfill steering geometry in order to reduce the steering torque for a better handling feel. This research is divided into two parts: first, an existing steering tilting mechanism is selected as a design reference, and creative design methods are applied to set design constraints and requirements to facilitate a new mechanism design. A steering tilting mechanism is developed based on the design parameters of the steering mechanism and design objectives. Then Simpack software is employed to simulate handling tests on various routes and to verify the design model. The steering torque of the new mechanism is found to be much higher than that of the design reference. Therefore, the next step is to apply the Taguchi method to optimize the steering mechanism and to ensure that the parameter combination that satisfies the design objectives for the steering mechanism is selected. Finally, the route evaluation indexes are obtained from handling test simulations. From the results of the steering characteristics of the reference and research vehicle, the steering torque is found to be directly related to the response capability. Furthermore, the steering torque of the research vehicle is reduced by the optimization analysis using the Taguchi method, and the route evaluation indexes indicate that the vehicle's handling characteristics were improved.
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Larin, Vladimir B. "On Control of Composite Wheeled Vehicle with Three Steering Wheels." Journal of Automation and Information Sciences 42, no. 1 (2010): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jautomatinfscien.v42.i1.60.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Altenhof, William. "Finite element analysis with experimental verification of impact loading on a three spoke steering wheel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0012/MQ52503.pdf.
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Bergman, Tobias, and Pontus Wahlgren. "Utveckling av integrerad instrumentpanel i ratt samt 3D-modellering av styrsystem på trehjuling." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för materialvetenskap och tillämpad matematik (MTM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44194.
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Försäljningen av trehjuliga motorcyklar beräknas att öka de kommande åren. Efterfrågan ökar framför allt på eldrivna trehjuliga motorcyklar. För att lyckas i fordonsbranschen behöver fordonen som utvecklas vara säkra. Säkerhet är av hög prioritet i utvecklingen av Omotion AB:s fordon. OMotion har två problem med sin senaste trehjuliga motorcykel där lösningarna kan bidra till ökad säkerhet. Instrumentpanel bakom ratt skyms när ratten vrids. Föregående modell av styrsystemet interagerar ej med 3D-modellen av fordonet på ett verklighetstroget sätt. Nytt koncept med prototyp av display tas fram med en produktutvecklingsprocess. Produktutvecklingsprocessen innefattar en konceptutveckling, utveckling på systemnivå, detaljutveckling och testning. 3D-modell för nytt styrsystem som interagerar på ett korrekt sätt tas fram med CAD-programmet SolidWorks. Enklare fysikaliska beräkningar utförs med kunskap inom hållfasthetslära och maskinelement. Resultatet är lösningar på OMotions två problem. En fysisk och analytisk prototyp för rattens integrerade display är framtagen samt en verklighetstrogen 3D-modell av styrsystemet. Styrsystemsmodellen möjliggör styrning av motorcykelmodellen i SolidWorks.Sales of three-wheeled motorcycles are expected to increase in the coming years. Demand is increasing, especially for electric tricycles. To succeed in the automotive industry, the vehicles that are developed need to be safe. Safety is a high priority in the development of Omotion AB’s vehicles. OMotion has two problems with its latest three-wheeled motorcycle Where the solutions can contribute to increased safety. The dashboard behind the steering wheel is obscured when the steering wheel is turned. The previous model of the steering system does not interact with the 3D model of the vehicle realistically. New concept with prototype of display is developed with a product development process. The product development process includes a concept development, development at system level, detailed development and testing. 3D model för a new control system that interacts correctly is developed with the CAD program SolidWorks. Simpler physical calculations are performed with knowledge in solid mechanics and machine elements.The results are solutions to OMotion’s two problems. A physical and analytical prototype for the steering wheel’s integrated display has been developed, as well as a realistic 3D model of the steering system. The steering system model enables control of the motorcycle model in SolidWorks
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KUMAR, SUJIT. "STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF QFD IN AUTO-PARTS MANUFACTURING COMPANY." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15344.
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Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a systematic technique to translate customer needs into the technical characteristics of a product or service. The competitiveness of the product in the market is dependent on how much a product reflects the needs/requirements of the customer. QFD is a structured process, a visual language, and a set of inter-linked engineering and management charts. It establishes customer value using the voice of the customer and transforms that value into design, production, and manufacturing process characteristics. This study presents the implementation of QFD in ABC Company where steering are manufactured. Users had faced problems with current design of the steering so the company has decide to come up with design of the steering which incorporates the needs of customer so as to have lesser field problems. Hence the voices/image of the customers for a good steering were collected and converted into customer requirements (WHATS). Kano questionnaire was used to prioritize the requirements of the customer. Then engineering characteristics or technical descriptors (HOWS) were determined in such a way that technical descriptors helps in achieving/fulfilling one or more customer requirement. These WHATS & HOWS were placed in the house of quality to obtain relation between them and know how they affect each other. On the basis of customer requirements customer competitive assessment of current product was done with respect to the competitors. Similarly on the basis of technical descriptors current product was compared with the competitors so as to find where the improvement is required. Prioritized customer requirements and prioritized technical descriptors were developed for WHATS & HOWS respectively. On the basis of outcome from the house of quality various modifications for steering design are suggested so as to make the steering more competitive in the market & to have lesser complaints from user end. This will help the company to improve the quality of steering. As far as limitations of study are concerned, more customer requirements could have been placed in the house of quality to get more improved steering system, number of customer complaints row could have been used to get weakness of the product as per technical parameters. This QFD technique can be implemented for process planning and production planning phase in future which would further reduce overall cycle time required to the manufacture the product.
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Hsu, Chien-Hsing, and 許健興. "A study of the active steering control on the driven wheel of an autonomous three-wheeler for limited turnings at low speeds." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96303077407878918554.
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碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系所
100
To reduce toeing out and the radius of gyration of a front wheel drive vehicle maneuvering through tight corners at low speeds, this thesis evaluated the dimensions of traction machines and designed the prototype of an autonomous three-wheeler with a four-bar equal-crank linkage steering mechanism for the front wheels and an active controlled driven rear wheel for overturning avoidance. The model of the synchronous gyration center of the wheels was proposed. A PID controller was then installed on the rear driven wheel with which allows the rear wheels to turn in the opposite direction when the front wheels are turning and results in a quicker and more efficient turning. The Freudenstein''s equation was employed to determine the optimal dimensions for the four-bar linkage mechanism of the prototype, too. The final results indicate that the radius of gyration of a three-wheeler set up with the theoretical dimensions, can be reduced by 19% to 29% and the undercutting of the rear wheels can also be prevented. Established and simulated on Solidworks, the proposed model was validated.
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Karanam, Venkata Mangaraju. "Studies In The Dynamics Of Two And Three Wheeled Vehicles." Thesis, 2012. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2561.
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Two and three-wheeled vehicles are being used in increasing numbers in many emerging countries. The dynamics of such vehicles are very different from those of cars and other means of transportation. This thesis deals with a study of the dynamics of a motorcycle and an extensively used three-wheeled vehicle, called an “auto-rickshaw” in India. The commercially available multi-body dynamics (MBD) software, ADAMS, is used to model both the vehicles and simulations are performed to obtain insight into their dynamics.
In the first part of the thesis, a study of the two wheeler dynamics is presented. A fairly detailed model of a light motorcycle with all the main sub-systems, such as the frame, front fork, shock absorbers , power train, brakes, front and rear wheel including tire slips and the rider is created in ADAMS-Motorcycle. The simulation results dealing with steering torques and angles for steady turns on a circular path are presented. From the simulation results and analytical models, it is shown that for path radius much greater than motorcycle wheel base, the steering torque and angle can be described by only two functions for each of the two variables. The first function is related to the lateral acceleration and can be determined numerically and the second function, in terms of the inverse of the path radius, is derived as an analytical approximation. Various tire and geometric parameters are varied in the ADAMS simulations and it is clearly shown that steady circular motion of a motorcycle can be reasonably approximated by only two curves–one for steering torque and one for steering angle.
In the second part of the thesis, a stability analysis of the three-wheeled “autorickshaw” is presented. The steering instability is one of the major problems of the “auto-rickshaw” and this is studied using a MBD model created in ADAMS-CAR .In an Initial model the frame ,steering column and rear-forks (trailing arms) are assumed to be rigid. A linear eigenvalue analysis, at different speeds, reveals a predominantly steering oscillation, called a “wobble” mode, with a frequency in the range of 5 to 6Hz. The analysis results show that the damping of this mode is small but positive up to the maximum speed(14m/s) of the three-wheeled vehicle. Experiments performed on the three-wheeled vehicle show that the mode is unstable at speeds below 8.33m/s and thus the experimental results do not agree with the model. Next, this wobble instability is studied with an analytical model, similar to the model proposed for wheel shimmy problem in aircrafts. The results of this model show that the wobble is stable at low speeds regardless of the magnitude of torsional stiffness of steering column. This is also not matching with the experimental result. A more refined MBD model with flexibility incorporated in the frame, steering column and the trailing arm is constructed. Simulation results with the refined model show three modes of steering oscillations. Two of these are found to be well damped and the third is found to be lightly damped with negative damping at low speeds, and the results of the model with the flexibility is shown to be matching reasonably well with the experimental results. Detailed simulations with flexibility of each body incorporated, one at a time, show that the flexibility in the steering column is the main contributor of the steering instability and the instability is similar to the wheel shimmy problem in aircrafts. Finally, studies of modal interaction on steering instabilities and parametric studies with payload and trail are presented.
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Karanam, Venkata Mangaraju. "Studies In The Dynamics Of Two And Three Wheeled Vehicles." Thesis, 2012. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2561.
Full textAbstract:
Two and three-wheeled vehicles are being used in increasing numbers in many emerging countries. The dynamics of such vehicles are very different from those of cars and other means of transportation. This thesis deals with a study of the dynamics of a motorcycle and an extensively used three-wheeled vehicle, called an “auto-rickshaw” in India. The commercially available multi-body dynamics (MBD) software, ADAMS, is used to model both the vehicles and simulations are performed to obtain insight into their dynamics.
In the first part of the thesis, a study of the two wheeler dynamics is presented. A fairly detailed model of a light motorcycle with all the main sub-systems, such as the frame, front fork, shock absorbers , power train, brakes, front and rear wheel including tire slips and the rider is created in ADAMS-Motorcycle. The simulation results dealing with steering torques and angles for steady turns on a circular path are presented. From the simulation results and analytical models, it is shown that for path radius much greater than motorcycle wheel base, the steering torque and angle can be described by only two functions for each of the two variables. The first function is related to the lateral acceleration and can be determined numerically and the second function, in terms of the inverse of the path radius, is derived as an analytical approximation. Various tire and geometric parameters are varied in the ADAMS simulations and it is clearly shown that steady circular motion of a motorcycle can be reasonably approximated by only two curves–one for steering torque and one for steering angle.
In the second part of the thesis, a stability analysis of the three-wheeled “autorickshaw” is presented. The steering instability is one of the major problems of the “auto-rickshaw” and this is studied using a MBD model created in ADAMS-CAR .In an Initial model the frame ,steering column and rear-forks (trailing arms) are assumed to be rigid. A linear eigenvalue analysis, at different speeds, reveals a predominantly steering oscillation, called a “wobble” mode, with a frequency in the range of 5 to 6Hz. The analysis results show that the damping of this mode is small but positive up to the maximum speed(14m/s) of the three-wheeled vehicle. Experiments performed on the three-wheeled vehicle show that the mode is unstable at speeds below 8.33m/s and thus the experimental results do not agree with the model. Next, this wobble instability is studied with an analytical model, similar to the model proposed for wheel shimmy problem in aircrafts. The results of this model show that the wobble is stable at low speeds regardless of the magnitude of torsional stiffness of steering column. This is also not matching with the experimental result. A more refined MBD model with flexibility incorporated in the frame, steering column and the trailing arm is constructed. Simulation results with the refined model show three modes of steering oscillations. Two of these are found to be well damped and the third is found to be lightly damped with negative damping at low speeds, and the results of the model with the flexibility is shown to be matching reasonably well with the experimental results. Detailed simulations with flexibility of each body incorporated, one at a time, show that the flexibility in the steering column is the main contributor of the steering instability and the instability is similar to the wheel shimmy problem in aircrafts. Finally, studies of modal interaction on steering instabilities and parametric studies with payload and trail are presented.
Books on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056.
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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are not little adults. More simply put - children are essentially all gasoline and no brakes or steering wheel, and they need mature adults to provide braking and steering until they can develop their own internal control systems. Accordingly, the mechanisms of accountability for juveniles should not mimic adult punishments. Suicide risk, developmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and trauma histories are each of particular importance in this age group. Considering the complexity of the mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders of youth in corrections, there are several best-practice approaches to screening, assessment, and treatment. This chapter reviews the history of juvenile incarceration, and best or evidence-based practices in the management and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders.
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Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056_update_001.
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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are not little adults. More simply put - children are essentially all gasoline and no brakes or steering wheel, and they need mature adults to provide braking and steering until they can develop their own internal control systems. Accordingly, the mechanisms of accountability for juveniles should not mimic adult punishments. Suicide risk, developmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and trauma histories are each of particular importance in this age group. Considering the complexity of the mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders of youth in corrections, there are several best-practice approaches to screening, assessment, and treatment. This chapter reviews the history of juvenile incarceration, and best or evidence-based practices in the management and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders.
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Schmidt, Robert Kyle. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9780768099430.
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The aircraft landing gear and its associated systems represent a compelling design challenge: simultaneously a system, a structure, and a machine, it supports the aircraft on the ground, absorbs landing and braking energy, permits maneuvering, and retracts to minimize aircraft drag. Yet, as it is not required during flight, it also represents dead weight and significant effort must be made to minimize its total mass. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear, written by R. Kyle Schmidt, PE (B.A.Sc. - Mechanical Engineering, M.Sc. - Safety and Aircraft Accident Investigation, Chairman of the SAE A-5 Committee on Aircraft Landing Gear), is designed to guide the reader through the key principles of landing system design and to provide additional references when available. Many problems which must be confronted have already been addressed by others in the past, but the information is not known or shared, leading to the observation that there are few new problems, but many new people. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is intended to share much of the existing information and provide avenues for further exploration. The design of an aircraft and its associated systems, including the landing system, involves iterative loops as the impact of each modification to a system or component is evaluated against the whole. It is rare to find that the lightest possible landing gear represents the best solution for the aircraft: the lightest landing gear may require attachment structures which don't exist and which would require significant weight and compromise on the part of the airframe structure design. With those requirements and compromises in mind,The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear starts with the study of airfield compatibility, aircraft stability on the ground, the correct choice of tires, followed by discussion of brakes, wheels, and brake control systems. Various landing gear architectures are investigated together with the details of shock absorber designs. Retraction, kinematics, and mechanisms are studied as well as possible actuation approaches. Detailed information on the various hydraulic and electric services commonly found on aircraft, and system elements such as dressings, lighting, and steering are also reviewed. Detail design points, the process of analysis, and a review of the relevant requirements and regulations round out the book content. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is a landmark work in the industry, and a must-read for any engineer interested in updating specific skills and students preparing for an exciting career.
Book chapters on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Khatawate, Vinayak H., Burhanuddin H. Telwala, and Ayush P. Shah. "Analysis of a Steering Upright for a Three-Wheel Solar Electric Car." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 209–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3033-3_19.
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Tun, Hla Myo, and Devasis Pradhan. "Voice-Guided Mobile Robot System for Disabled People." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 94–124. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8582-8.ch007.
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Mobility is one of the most important problems for totally and partially disabled people in daily life. Disabled people need some assistive stick or device to avoid obstacles before an accident. This research work proposes to assist disabled people in their daily routines without human guidance. There are four main sections in this paper. Firstly, in the obstacle detection system, five ultrasonic sensors sense the obstacles in the front side, left side, and right side of the user's way on the ground and another ultrasonic sensor senses the overhanging obstacles near the user's head level. Secondly, in an obstacle avoidance system, the servo steering motor is equipped with the front wheel of the stick's base. The wheel with servo motor will turn easily to the left direction or right direction depending on the detecting or sensing of the ultrasonic sensors. Thirdly, in the voice-guided system, there are six recorded human voice messages in the Myanmar language for disabled users in the author's country, Myanmar.
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Tahir Guneser, Muhammet, Mohammed Ayad Alkhafaji, and Cihat Seker. "Design, Simulation and Analysis of the Propulsion and Control System for an Electric Vehicle." In New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98873.
Full textAbstract:
The problems of global warming, a decrease of the available natural resources and many other problems in the world that happen recently become the major cause for increasing the demand for a new type of vehicle. That vehicle can be an environmental friend and so that a new generation of vehicles has been invented and tried to solve and avoid many problems. In this chapter, the proposed system is called the Multi-Converter/Multi-Machine system (MCMMS) which consists of two Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM) that drive the two rear wheels of Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV). The SynRM speed and torque are controlled by using three different strategies of the PID controller. The PSO algorithm has been used as an optimization technique to find the optimal PID parameter to enhance the drive system performance of the PEV. In this system, the space vector pulse width modulation inverter for voltage source (VS-SVPWMI) has been employed to convert the DC battery voltage to three-phase AC voltage that feeds the SynRM motor in the PEV. The linear speed of the vehicle is controlled by an Electronic Differential Controller (EDC) which gives the reference speed for each driving wheel which depends on the driver reference speed and the steering angle. The specified driving route topology with three different road cases has been applied to acting and show the resistive forces that affected on the PEV during its moving on the road. In addition, to test the efficiency and stability of the PEV on the roads. Hence, this chapter has a full design, simulation and several comparison results for the propulsion electric vehicle system and it has tested implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment version R2020a.
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Heinrich, Stefan, and Simone Urbinati. "Untersuchung passiver Lenkkonzepte mittels MATLAB SIMULINK für deren Einsatz in einer modifizierten Tram 2000." In Getriebetagung 2022, 181–82. Logos Verlag Berlin, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/5552.15.
Full textAbstract:
Die Schienenfahrzeigindustrie zählt zu den traditionsreichsten und damit auch eher konservativen Industrien im Maschinenwesen. Dennoch gibt es neben innovativen Themen wie der voranschreitenden Autonomisierung oder der Etablierung von Wasserstoff-Brennzellen- Technologien auch Konzepte der aktiven Spurführung von Schienenfahrzeugen. Als junges, aufstrebendes Start-Up entwickeln wir bei Traila ein solches aktives Lenkkonzept (Traila-Active-Steering), welches neben Geräuschemissionen vor allem auch den Verschleiß im Schiene-Rad-Kontakt reduziert. In unserer gegenwärtigen Projektphase haben wir in Zusammenarbeit mit den Verkehrsbetrieben Zürich (VBZ) eine Straßenbahn Typ T2000 übernommen, mit welcher wir nun einen prototypischen Funktionsnachweis unserer Technologie erbringen können. Im Rahmen sicherheitsrelevanter Untersuchungen wurden für das eigenentwickelte, aktiv gesteuerte Drehgestell neben der aktiven auch passive Steuerkonzepte untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden unterschiedliche Kinematiken zur passiven Steuerung auf deren Adaption für die Tram 2000 hin untersucht und dabei eine eigens entwickelte Schiene-Rad-Bibliothek in MATLAB SIMULINK eingesetzt. Neben den dynamischen Untersuchungen am Model fokussiert sich der Beitrag besonders auf eine Beurteilung der passiven Sicherheit mit Hilfe der in MATLAB SIMULINK verfügbaren Werkzeuge. Es wird gezeigt, wie basierend auf Hydraulik-, Mechanik-, Steuerungs- und Regelungs- sowie externer Bibliotheken ein domänenübergreifendes und multiphysikalisches Modell als virtueller Zwilling der T2000 insbesondere unserer Modifikationen aufgebaut und für den Einsatz in einem HILPrüfstand aufgearbeitet wird. Investigation of passive steering concepts using MATLAB SIMULINK for their application in a modified Tram 2000 The rail vehicle industry is one of the most traditional and thus also rather conservative industries in mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, alongside innovative topics such as the advancing autonomisation or the establishment of hydrogen fuel cell technologies, there are also concepts for the active guidance of rail vehicles. As a young, up-and-coming startup, we at Traila are developing just such an active steering concept (Traila Active Steering), which, in addition to noise emissions, above all reduces wear in the rail-wheel contact. In our current project phase, we have taken over a tram type T2000 in cooperation with the Zurich Transport Authority (VBZ), with which we can now provide prototypical functional proof of our technology. Within the framework of safety-relevant investigations, passive control concepts as well as active control concepts were examined for the selfdeveloped, actively controlled bogie. In this presentation, different kinematics for passive control are investigated with regard to their adaptation for the Tram 2000, using a specially developed rail-wheel library in MATLAB SIMULINK. In addition to the dynamic investigations on the model, the presentation focuses in particular on an assessment of passive safety with the help of the tools available in MATLAB SIMULINK. It is shown how, based on hydraulic, mechanical, control and external libraries, a domain-spanning multi-physical model is built up as a virtual twin of the T2000, in particular of our modifications, and processed for use in a HIL test bench.
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Proaño, Joshua, Paulina Morillo, and Diego Vallejo-Huanga. "Implementation of a Driving Simulator for the Collection of Data on Human Behavior in Vehicular Traffic." In Modern Management based on Big Data III. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220080.
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Traffic psychology covers not only the act of driving but also includes inherent phenomena such as accidents, violations, and the generation of emotions. This article proposes the development of a driving simulator within the video game Grand Theft Auto V, taking advantage of the artificial intelligence of characters that interact with the player, as well as other drivers and pedestrians. The implementation includes the adaptation of steering wheel type controls and the creation of a mod in C# for data collection and export. This implementation seeks to obtain useful data for the analysis of the behavior of the drivers evaluated during the driving tests carried out in three virtual circuits within a city. By performing the tests with drivers of different levels of experience, it was possible to verify the effectiveness of the tool in its use and realism. According to the individuals evaluated, the simulator achieved an average realism of 4.6 on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Likewise, the results obtained show that the data collected by the simulator is less biased than those obtained through a post-driving survey.
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Wiseman, Yair. "Autonomous Vehicles." In Research Anthology on Cross-Disciplinary Designs and Applications of Automation, 878–89. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3694-3.ch043.
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The first car was invented in 1870 by Siegfried Marcus. Actually, it was just a wagon with an engine but without a steering wheel and without brakes. Instead, it was controlled by the legs of the driver. Converting traditional vehicles into autonomous vehicles was not just one step. The first step was just 28 years after the invention of cars, that is to say 1898. This step's concept was moving a vehicle by a remote controller. Since this first step and as computers have been becoming advanced and sophisticated, many functions of modern vehicles have been converted to be entirely automatic with no need of even remote controlling. Changing gears was one of the first actions that could be done automatically without an involvement of the driver, so such cars got the title of “automatic cars”; however, nowadays there are vehicles that can completely travel by themselves although they are not yet allowed to travel on public roads in most of the world. Such vehicles are called “autonomous vehicles” or “driverless cars”.
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Wiseman, Yair. "Autonomous Vehicles." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 1–11. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch001.
Full textAbstract:
The first car was invented in 1870 by Siegfried Marcus. Actually, it was just a wagon with an engine but without a steering wheel and without brakes. Instead, it was controlled by the legs of the driver. Converting traditional vehicles into autonomous vehicles was not just one step. The first step was just 28 years after the invention of cars, that is to say 1898. This step's concept was moving a vehicle by a remote controller. Since this first step and as computers have been becoming advanced and sophisticated, many functions of modern vehicles have been converted to be entirely automatic with no need of even remote controlling. Changing gears was one of the first actions that could be done automatically without an involvement of the driver, so such cars got the title of “automatic cars”; however, nowadays there are vehicles that can completely travel by themselves although they are not yet allowed to travel on public roads in most of the world. Such vehicles are called “autonomous vehicles” or “driverless cars”.
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Lin, Cheng-Min, and Tzong-Jye Liu. "Data Communications Inside Vehicular Environments." In Wireless Technologies, 847–62. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-101-6.ch320.
Full textAbstract:
ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 which specifies the physical layer and medium access control (MAC) for low-cost and low-power LR-WPAN. The technology can be applied in intelligent key, A/C operation and steering wheel inside vehicles. There are two types of devices in ZigBee, FFD and RFD. A FFD can communicate with RFDs and other FFDs, while a RFD can only communicate with a FFD. In ZigBee physical layer, it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in unlicensed RF worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). A superframe contained an active portion and an inactive portion is used in the MAC layer of ZigBee. The active portion includes CAP and CFP. In the inactive partition, the coordinator can enter sleep mode to save its power. Three main topologies of ZigBee are star, mesh, and tree. However, ZigBee is successfully produced into a low-cost controller applied for automotive applications, including vehicle control and status monitoring. According to the forecast of ON World in 2005 (ON WORLD, 2009), the deployed wireless sensing network nodes will increase to 127 million in 2010 from 1.2 million in 2005. It can be applied in home automation, battlefield surveillance, health care applications and vehicular environments. A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes a lot of wireless sensing nodes. In addition, a node in WSN consists of one or more sensors, a radio transceiver, and a microcontroller. The sensor can be used for sensing temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, motion or position, etc. to collect status from devices or environments. The transceiver is used to relay the information of the collected status computed by the microcontroller to a center node, called a gateway or sink. Therefore, a WSN belongs to one type of wireless ad-hoc networks. However, the nodes in a WSN are usually smaller than that in traditional wireless ad-hoc networks regarding node size, computing power, memory size, and transmission rage. In other words, the transmission ability, computing power, and memory size of WSN nodes are limited.
Conference papers on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Narvesen, Andrew, and Majura F. Selekwa. "Dynamics and Control of Four Wheeled Differentially Steered UGVs." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38565.
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Autonomous navigation of ground vehicles is a growing research area. Skid steered wheeled ground vehicles are of interest because of the system’s relatively easy control parameters. Steered wheels require actuation and control for the steering and speed of the steered wheels while skid steering just requires actuation and control of the wheel speeds, usually just a left and right wheel speed. Four Wheeled differentially steered vehicles are built primarily for straight line motion since the instantaneous centers of zero velocities for the four wheels are always at infinity when there is no sliding in the wheels. When the vehicle has to negotiate a corner, it uses the differential velocities between sides to force the wheels to slide and perform the cornering maneuver. Maneuvering is difficult when the ground friction is very high because of undue stresses in the axle structure. This paper analyses the dynamics of such vehicles that relates the traction and skid friction forces and proposes a suitable control system. At this time, the paper is supported by simulation results while experimental work is still going on.
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Li, Cheng-Ho, Yu-Ying Peng, Tien-Ho Gau, James H. Wang, and Chin-Pin Chien. "Differential Control System for Rhombus-Chassis Electric Vehicles With Independent-Powered Wheels." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66211.
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Light electric vehicles (LEV) have been developed for the interests of green, low pollution and low noise. The development of in-wheel motors improve electric vehicles’ power efficiency and simplify the transmission system design. However, to coordinate the wheel torques and their angular velocities becomes an issue, which affects the vehicle’s dynamics and handling stability. In this paper, an electric differential system (EDS) for a rhombus-chassis EV is focused on. The relation of driving wheels’ speeds was derived particularly for rhombus configuration, and it has been carried out on a control system. Compared to the conventional control strategy for three-wheeled vehicles, the proposed method could estimate a more accurate turning center with sensing the tail wheel’s rotating angle that is beneficial to smoothen vehicle’s cornering with a more adequate differential relation. Experiments were carried out with a real concept car “ITRI LEV 1,” and tests such as straight-line test, constant-radius test, and Slalom turn test were conducted. The results show the EDS could effectively improve vehicle’s maneuverability and stability. The required steering angle became larger and trending to under steering while enabling the proposed EDS system, and wheel skidding was also effectively prevented in both constant-radius and Slalom turn tests.
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Zong, Changfu, Li Mai, Bo Hu, and Zhenhai Gao. "Research on Steer-by-Wire System With Ideal Steering Ratio and 4WS." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81183.
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This paper has studied the variable steering ratio for steering-by-wire (SBW) based on the 29 DOF vehicle dynamic model, which kept the steering gain of vehicle constant. And the steering ratio varied with the vehicle velocity and hand wheel angles. We have proposed three control strategies for SBW including front wheel control, yaw rate feedback control and yaw rate & acceleration feedback control. We compared these three control methods by simulation and simulator tests. We have researched the forward and feedback control methods in the four wheels (4WS) for SBW system. And compared with 2WS for SBW and the classical 4WS. The results indicated that 4WS for SBW could improve the vehicle handling.
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Khatchadourian, Varoujan. "Consolequip Steering Bogie for the Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière ‘SNIM’ de la Mauritanie." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2134.
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Abstract This paper describes in detail the design, engineering and testing conducted for 260 self-steering bogies in response to a bid from SNIM (Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière), in Mauritania, Africa. Severe environmental conditions in Mauritania, caused by the presence of sand, contribute to accelerated wheel tread wear. This in combination with asymmetric wheel wear typically experienced with the standard three-piece bogie, results in poor wheel life. A steering bogie improves wheel life by allowing the axles to self-align, thus reducing asymmetric wheel wear occurrence. Bogie behavior is explained by comparing the stiffness characteristics of self-steering bogies and standard three-piece bogies. High bogie stiffness keeps a truck square as it travels on the track, thus improving its dynamic response on tangent track. Split type friction wedges are used together with heavy-duty suspension system to obtain high bogie shear stiffness and vertical damping characteristics. An elastic shear pad between the roller bearings and the side frame pedestal roof allows the axles to self-align in curves, giving the truck its self-steering characteristic. The truck design is unique as the standard AAR unit guide bracket construction point and angle were changed to provide the alignment for the unique combination of axle spacing and wheel diameter. It utilizes 1000 mm diameter wheels and a wheel base of 1800 mm. The Consolequip steering bogie has been engineered to improve dynamic response on tangent track. This is done by increasing bogie interaxle shear stiffness which increases the threshold of truck hunting. Stability tests with service worn wheels confirmed stability speed to exceed operating speeds used by SNIM network. Preliminary projections have estimated an improvement of up to 50% in wheel life by reducing asymmetric wheel wear and the number of times they are re-profiled.
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Ancha, Santosh, Abhijit Baviskar, John Wagner, and Darren Dawson. "Modeling, Analysis, and Control of a Four Wheel Steer-by-Wire System for Semi-Autonomous Ground Vehicles." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59214.
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Hybrid ground vehicles have motivated electric and steer-by-wire steering system technology due to restrictions on power source availability. Although these two steering systems are efficient, flexible, and environment friendly, the steer-by-wire system provides the opportunity for semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicle operation, as well as compliments a drive-by-wire architecture. For greater lateral vehicle performance, reduced maneuver transient time, and avoidance of undesirable vehicle motions through combined traction and steering control, a four wheel steering assembly with front and rear steering mechanism can uniformly control the wheels’ steering angle. In this paper, mathematical models will be developed for a front and rear rack and pinion steer-by-wire system. Accompanying linear and nonlinear controllers will be designed for operator commanded tracking by adjusting the three servo-motor assemblies. Representative numerical results are presented and discussed to support the evaluation of the four-wheel steering systems for sinusoidal and impulse-like steering maneuvers. The simulated vehicle four wheel steer-by-wire system results demonstrated better performance compared to the front steer-by-wire system.
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Pius, Pius E., and Majura F. Selekwa. "Dynamic Modelling of a 4WD/4WS Ground Vehicle by Using Gibbs-Appell Approach." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95436.
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Abstract Although most wheeled robotic ground vehicles are either skid steered or differentially steered, there has been an increased interest in four independently driven all-wheel steering systems because of their torque density and maneuverability in tight turns. Controlling these vehicles requires coordination of the steering angles and wheel speeds such that the basic rigid body kinematic constraint on the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) is satisfied. This makes them difficult to control except for simple cases where either the center of curvature for all turns is constrained to be along the perpendicular bisector to the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle or considerable wheel slippage is allowed to happen. Several efforts have been reported to address this problem, most of which tend to simplify the problem by extending the well-known bicycle model to these vehicles. This paper uses the Gibbs-Appel formulation to develop the equations of motion of a 4WD/4WS vehicle in the quasi-coordinate space while enforcing both the ICR and no slip constraints. Unlike the Lagrange-Euler and the Newton-Euler formulations that use Lagrange multipliers to handle constraints, which increases the dimension of the system, the Gibbs-Appell formulation results in a model of a relatively lower dimension. This model is not only easy to use in control design but also captures the dynamics of the vehicle by constraining the wheels to remain on the path. Simulation results using a simple feedback linearization controller showed the vehicle tracking the path more accurately without wheel slip where the wheels remained on the path all times.
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Oe, Asahi, Shin-Ichiro Nishida, and Shintaro Nakatani. "Study of Passive Steering Mechanism for Mars Surface Exploration Rovers." In 11th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the ISTVS. International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56884/rdkv9886.
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In planetary exploration, rovers are used to move across the surface to obtain high-resolution topographic elevation maps, as well as to conduct mining and rock sampling. However, because of the harsh planetary environment, surface exploration poses many technical challenges. In this study, we assume an unmanned exploration rover that is small enough to be carried on a Japanese launch vehicle, and its weight is limited by the payload capacity of the launch vehicle. It is also important that the rover is not prone to failure. The surface of Mars is covered with fine sand called regolith, and this sand can get between the mechanisms and cause them to fail. Therefore, a rover with lightweight and simple mechanisms is needed. In addition, Mars has a large slope, and there are not only rocky terrain but also uneven terrain such as depressions and craters. For smooth exploration, the rover must travel a safe and efficient path to avoid tipping over or getting stuck. However, wheel slippage on the regolith makes it difficult to follow the target path precisely and can result in getting stuck. If an active steering mechanism is omitted in order to configure a simple and lightweight traveling system, and if the path following is attempted to be performed by the difference in rotation speed between left and right traveling mechanisms such as wheels and crawlers when traveling on a curved path, the ground of the traveling system is forced to skid, which places a severe load on the traveling system. Therefore, this study proposes a lightweight, simple, and passive mechanism that reduces skidding and provides good path-following performance. The proposed mechanism uses a passive Ackermann mechanism without actuators, and the steering is performed by the difference in rotational speed between the left and right wheels. Since there is no actuator for steering, the mechanism is lightweight and simple. In order to suppress steering in unintended directions, a weak spring is added in the direction that returns the steering angle to a straight line. This paper describes the results of a prototype wheeled rover mechanism incorporating the proposed mechanism in the size assumed and confirming its ability to follow a target path by running experiments on soil simulating the surface of Mars. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism has a higher ability to follow the target path than a rover without a steering mechanism. In addition, the rover's ability to follow the target path was improved by correcting the steering angle with respect to the rotational speeds of the left and right wheels.
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Chitta, Sachin, Mustafa Karabas, Kevin C. Galloway, and Vijay Kumar. "RoboTrikke: Design, Modeling and Experimentation With a Robotic Trikke." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99602.
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In this paper we present new experimental results for a novel underactuated system called the ROBOTRIKKE. The ROBOTRIKKE is a three-wheeled system that can be driven by periodic motion of its front steering wheel combined with rocking side-to-side motion of a robotic rider. We present two new generations of the ROBOTRIKKE including a ABS model made using Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM). We present modeling, simulation and experimental results for gait generation for the ROBOTRIKKE using a combination of periodic inputs for the steering axis and a rider. We show how a rocking motion (as used by human riders) can be used to improve the performance of the ROBOTRIKKE.
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Mehrabi, Naser, Reza Sharif Razavian, and John McPhee. "A Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Driver Model to Study Steering Tasks." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13101.
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Realistic driver models can play an important role in developing new driver assistance technologies. A realistic driver model can reduce the time-consuming trial and error process of designing and testing products, and thereby reduce the vehicle’s development time and cost. A realistic model should provide both driver path planning and arm motions that are physiologically possible. The interaction between a driver’s hand and steering wheel can influence control performance and steering feel. The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive yet practical model of the driver and vehicle. Consequently, a neuro-muscular driver model in conjunction with a high-fidelity vehicle model is developed to learn and understand more about the driver’s performance and preferences, and their effect on vehicle control and stability. This driver model can provide insights into task performance and energy consumption of the driver, including fatigue and co-contraction dynamics of a steering task. In addition, this driver model in conjunction with a high-fidelity steering model can be used to develop new steering technologies such as Electric Power Steering.
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Shiraishi, Masatake, and Yukiya Tsuchiya. "Car Crash Zones Based on Driver’s Collision Avoidance Behavior." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/de-23260.
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Abstract There will be three kinds of collision avoidance operations when a driver encounters an object just ahead: braking and stopping before collision, steering the vehicle for avoidance, and steering and braking simultaneously. In any case, a certain crash-unavoidable zone exists to each vehicle. A “cross point” determined by the vehicle behavior is a key factor in designing a crash-unavoidable zone and depends mainly on vehicle speed, friction between the wheels and the road, and the steering angle. In this paper, this zone is determined by taking these factors into account.
Reports on the topic "THREE WHEELAR STEERING"
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Hynd, David, Caroline Wallbank, Jonathan Kent, Ciaran Ellis, Arun Kalaiyarasan, Robert Hunt, and Matthias Seidl. Costs and Benefits of Electronic Stability Control in Selected G20 Countries. TRL, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/lsrg3377.
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This report, commissioned by Bloomberg Philanthropies, finds that 42,000 lives could be saved and 150,000 serious injuries prevented by 2030 if all new cars in seven G20 countries were required to be equipped with an inexpensive crash avoidance technology starting in 2020. Thirteen G20 counties currently adhere to United Nations regulations on electronic stability control (ESC). If the seven remaining countries—Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa—also mandated ESC in 2020, the report estimates $21.5 billion in economic benefit to those countries from the prevention of deaths and serious injuries. Argentina and Brazil are due to start applying ESC regulations in 2020. The UK-based Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) conducted the independent study of costs and benefits of applying ESC regulation in G20 countries, which are responsible for 98% of the world’s passenger car production. This report comes before the 3rd Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, which is the largest gathering of governments and is a key opportunity for adoption of this UN-recommended standard. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Road Safety Report, the number of road traffic deaths reached 1.35 million in 2016. Of all vehicle safety features, electronic stability control is regarded as the most important one for crash avoidance since it is 38% effective in reducing the number of deaths in loss-of-control collisions. ESC tries to prevent skidding and loss of control in cases of over-steering and under-steering. The technology continuously monitors a vehicle’s direction of travel, steering wheel angle and the speed at which the individual wheels are rotating. If there is a mismatch between the intended direction of travel and the actual direction of travel, as indicated by the steering wheel position, ESC will selectively apply the brakes and modulate the engine power to keep the vehicle traveling along the intended path. The cost of implementing ESC on vehicles that already contain anti-lock braking systems is thought to be as little as $50 per car. And the report finds the benefits are significant: For every dollar spent by consumers in purchasing vehicles with these technologies, there is a US$2.80 return in economic benefit to society because of the deaths and serious injuries avoided. The analysis warns that without regulation of ESC, the seven remaining G20 countries will only reach 44% installation of ESC by 2030. However, if all seven countries implemented ESC regulations this year, 85% of the total car fleet in G20 countries will have ESC by 2030, a figure still below the United Nations target of 100% ESC fleet coverage by 2030.