Academic literature on the topic 'Three time-Scale systems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
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Gaitsgory, Vladimir, and Minh-Tuan Nguyen. "Averaging of three time scale singularly perturbed control systems." Systems & Control Letters 42, no. 5 (April 2001): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(00)00111-0.
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AKIN, Elvan, Taher HASSAN, Özkan ÖZTÜRK, and İsmail U. TİRYAKİ. "On nonoscillatory solutions of three dimensional time-scale systems." TURKISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS 43, no. 5 (September 28, 2019): 2246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/mat-1901-65.
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Cardin, Pedro T., Paulo R. da Silva, and Marco A. Teixeira. "Three time scale singular perturbation problems and nonsmooth dynamical systems." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 72, no. 4 (September 17, 2014): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0033-569x-2014-01360-x.
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Umbría, Francisco, Javier Aracil, Francisco Gordillo, Francisco Salas, and Juan Antonio Sánchez. "Three-Time-Scale Singular Perturbation Stability Analysis of Three-Phase Power Converters." Asian Journal of Control 16, no. 5 (November 28, 2013): 1361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.818.
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Öztürk, Özkan, Raegan Higgins, and Georgia Kittou. "Oscillation of three-dimensional time scale systems with fixed point theorems." Filomat 35, no. 6 (2021): 1915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2106915o.
Abstract:
Oscillation and nonoscillation theories play very important roles in gaining information about the long-time behavior of solutions of a system. Therefore, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of nonoscillatory solutions as well as the existence of such solutions so that one can determine the limit behavior. For the existence, we use some fixed point theorems such as Schauder?s fixed point theorem and the Knaster fixed point theorem.
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Krupa, Martin, Nikola Popović, and Nancy Kopell. "Mixed-Mode Oscillations in Three Time-Scale Systems: A Prototypical Example." SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 7, no. 2 (January 2008): 361–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/070688912.
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ÖZTÜRK, Özkan, and Raegan HIGGINS. "Limit behaviors of nonoscillatory solutions of three-dimensional time scale systems." TURKISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS 42, no. 5 (September 9, 2018): 2576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/mat-1802-104.
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Öztürk, Özkan. "On the existence of nonoscillatory solutions of three-dimensional time scale systems." Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 19, no. 4 (June 3, 2017): 2617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11784-017-0454-9.
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Gallavotti, G., G. Gentile, and V. Mastropietro. "Hamilton-Jacobi equation, heteroclinic chains and Arnol'd diffusion in three time scale systems." Nonlinearity 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2000): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/13/2/301.
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Naligama, Ch A., and O. B. Tsekhan. "Robust stabilizability and stabilization of three-time-scale linear time-invariant singularly perturbed systems with delay." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 59, no. 2 (July 6, 2023): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2023-59-2-110-120.
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to obtain the stabilizability conditions and a stabilizing composite state feedback control for the exponential stabilization of three-time-scale singularly perturbed linear time-invariant systems with multiple commensurate delays in the slow state variables and with two small parameters of perturbation (TSPLTISD). The stabilizability conditions and the stabilizing feedback do not depend on the small parameters and are valid for all of their sufficiently small values. The approach used in this work is the nondegenerate decoupling transformation that splits the TSPLTISD into three regularly dependent on the small parameters subsystems, which are lower in dimensions than the TSPLTISD. Further, the decoupled subsystems are approximated by three subsystems that do not depend on the small parameters. It is proven that the stabilizability of the approximating subsystems guarantees the robust (with respect to small parameters) stabilizability of the original TSPLTISD. Finally, we obtain a representation of a parameter free composite feedback control for the TSPLTISD, stabilizing it for all sufficiently small values of the parameters. A numerical example is given.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
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Adhikari, Bikash. "Time-scale phenomena in the synchronization of multi-agent systems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0079.
Abstract:
La synchronisation des systèmes multi-agents a reçu une attention significative dans la littérature en raison de applications dans différents domaines tels que la physique, la biologie, l'économie ou les télécommunications. Ces systèmes multi-agents peuvent être homogènes ou hétérogènes. Les principales difficultés qui surgissent dans le contrôle et l'analyse des systèmes multi-agents sont dues à l'hétérogénéité des dynamiques et à la taille du réseau. Les systèmes hétérogènes en réseau ont un comportement dynamique plus complexe et la synchronisation asymptotique n'est pas toujours garantie. La grande taille des réseaux augmente la charge de calcul nécessaire pour étudier leur comportements asymptotiques. En outre, la structure de communication entre les agents peut varier dans le temps, ce qui rend le problème encore plus complexe. Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons ces problèmes en utilisant les phénomènes d'échelle de temps dans la synchronisation du système multi-agent. Nous proposons un modèle d'ordre réduit qui approxime le comportement synchronisé du réseau avec des topologies fixes et variables dans le temps et fournit une stratégie de conception de contrôle efficace en termes de calcul, basée sur la séparation d'échelles de temps dans le réseau. Le premier résultat présente l'approximation fondée sur la dynamique émergente des systèmes multi-agents linéaires hétérogènes connectés avec des topologies variant dans le temps. En utilisant une transformation de coordonnée, la dynamique du réseau en boucle fermée est reformulée en termes de dynamique moyenne et dynamique de l'erreur. Ensuite, en choisissant un gain de couplage suffisamment grand, nous représentons la dynamique dans les nouvelles coordonnées sous forme standard de perturbation singulière. Cela permet de découpler les dynamiques lentes et rapides en utilisant la séparation des échelles de temps. De plus, la synchronisation pratique des systèmes est garantie par l'utilisation d'un grand gain, et son comportement synchronisé peut être approximé par une dynamique lente d'ordre réduit, indépendante des gains de contrôle. Les résultats sont assurés pour les réseaux fortement connectés sous des hypothèses faibles, en introduisant un temps de maintien minimum entre deux commutations consécutives du graphe d'interaction. Le deuxième résultat propose une nouvelle modélisation à trois échelles de temps des réseaux de clusters. À l'aide d'une transformation de coordonnées en deux étapes, la dynamique du réseau est reformulée dans de nouvelles coordonnées, à savoir la dynamique moyenne, l'erreur intra-cluster et l'erreur inter-cluster. Ensuite, avec un choix approprié des paramètres, nous montrons que la dynamique du réseau peut être représentée sous une forme de perturbation singulière standard à deux paramètres dans les nouvelles coordonnées. La dynamique moyenne qui est le comportement à long terme du réseau, évolue sur l'échelle de temps la plus lente. La dynamique des erreurs intra-clusters, qui caractérise la synchronisation à l'intérieur des clusters évolue sur l'échelle de temps la plus rapide. Enfin, la dynamique d'erreur inter-cluster, qui caractérise la synchronisation entre les clusters, est rapide par rapport à la dynamique moyenne et lente par rapport à la dynamique intra-clusters. Dans le résultat final, nous présentons une stratégie de contrôle efficace en termes de calcul pour le réseau de clusters. La synchronisation est garantie par un contrôleur composé avec deux termes : l'un responsable de la synchronisation intra-clusters (interne) et l'autre de la synchronisation entre les clusters (externe). Le contrôleur interne ne requiert pas beaucoup d'effort de calcul puisqu'une expression analytique le décrit. Le contrôleur externe est conçu à travers une approche d'équilibre de satisfaction. En d'autres termes, les contrôleurs interne et externe sont conçus indépendamment, et ils assurent un coût satisfaisant garanti pour chaque clusterSynchronization of multi-agent systems has received significant attention in the literature due to applications in different domains such as physics, biology, economics, medicine, telecommunication, etc. These multi-agent systems can be homogeneous (identical dynamics) or heterogeneous (non-identical dynamics). The major difficulties that arise in the control and analysis of the multi-agent systems are due to the heterogeneity and the network size. Heterogeneous networked systems have more complex dynamic behavior, and asymptotic synchronization may not be guaranteed. At the same time, the large network size increases the computational effort required to study the asymptotic behavior of the network. Also, the communication structure between the agents, which is important for synchronization, can be time-varying, adding more complexity to the problem. In this manuscript, we address these problems utilizing the time-scale phenomena in the synchronization of the multi-agent system. We propose a reduced-order model that approximates the synchronized behavior of the network with both fixed and time-varying topologies and provides a computationally efficient control design strategy based on the time-scale behavior of the networks. The first result presents the emergent dynamic based approximation of the heterogeneous linear multi-agent systems connected over time-varying topology. Using a coordinate transformation, the closed-loop network dynamics is reformulated into mean-field and error dynamics. Then by choosing a sufficiently large coupling gain, we represent the dynamics in new coordinates in standard singular perturbation form. This allows decoupling into reduced-order slow and fast dynamics using time-scale separation. Moreover, due to high gain, the network is practically synchronized, and its synchronized behavior can be approximated by reduced-orderslow dynamics independent of the control gains. The results are ensured for strongly connected networks under fairly mild assumptions by introducing a minimum dwell time between two consecutive switches.The second result proposes a novel three time-scale modeling of the clustered networks. Using a two-stage coordinate transformation, the network dynamics is reformulated into new coordinates, namely, mean-field, intra-cluster error, and inter-cluster error dynamics. Then with a suitable choice of parameters, we show that the network dynamics can be represented in a two-parameter standard singular perturbation form in the new coordinate system. The mean-field dynamics, which is the network's long-term behavior, evolve on the slowest time- scale. The intra-cluster error dynamics, which characterize the synchronization inside clusters, evolve on the fastest time scale. Finally, the inter-cluster error dynamics, which characterizes the synchronization between clusters, is fast with respect to the mean-field one and slow with respect to the intra-cluster one.In the final result, we present a computationally efficient control design strategy for the clustered network. We design a composite synchronizing controller with two terms: one responsible for the intra-cluster synchronization (internal) and the other achieving the synchronization between clusters (external). The internal controller does not require much computational effort since an analytic expression describes it. The external controller, however, is designed through a satisfaction equilibrium approach. In other words, the internal and external controllers are independently designed, and they ensure a guaranteed satisfactory cost for each cluster
Books on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Social Spending. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0003.
Abstract:
There is a great diversity among welfare states in Europe. This diversity is reflected in the scale of expenditures for social protection systems, their evolution over time and the division of expenditures among programs. This chapter analyses the level and structure of expenditures for the last year for which data is available. Then, it turns to the evolution of social expenditure over time. Even though one observes some convergence, social spending is increasing in almost all countries. One of the reasons for this is the development of entitlements that makes it difficult to dismantle programs that have lost most of their raison d’être. Another issue concerns the international comparison of programs that are public in some countries and private, but heavily subsidized, in others.
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Hangan, Horia, and Ahsan Kareem, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Non-Synoptic Wind Storms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190670252.001.0001.
Abstract:
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs. Wind storms impact human lives, their built as well as natural habitat. During the last century, society’s vulnerability to wind storms has been reduced by enhanced knowledge of their impact and by controlling exposure through better design. However, only two of the wind systems have so far been considered in the design of buildings and structures, i.e., synoptic winds resulting from macroscale weather systems spanning thousands of kilometers, e.g., extratropical storms, and mesoscale tropical storms spanning hundreds of kilometers and traveling fast, e.g., hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones. During the last two decades, enough evidence has surfaced to support that a third type of very localized wind storms, the non-synoptic winds, are the most damaging in some regions of the world. Thus far there are no design provisions established for the codification of these wind storms. Their characterization in terms of climatology, wind field and intensity, frequency and occurrence, as well as their impact on the built environment, is slowly developing. This handbook presents the state-of-the-art of knowledge related to all these features including their risk, insurance issues, and economics. The research in this area is on the one hand more arduous given the reduced scale, the three-dimensionality, and nonstationary aspects of these non-synoptic winds while, at the same time, its understanding and modeling are being aided by the emergence of novel modeling and simulation techniques which are addressed in this handbook. This will serve as a guiding resource for those interested in learning about and contributing to the advancement of the field.
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Strauss, Julia. Communist Revolution and Political Terror. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.020.
Abstract:
The convergence of terror and revolution has been noted from the time of the French and Russian revolutions. This article lays out the ways in which the concept of extreme political violence in communist revolution from Russia to Cambodia continues to be both politicized and resistant to agreement about such basics as definition, scale, and numbers of victims. There is particular disagreement about whether to count as victims of terror those who were the collateral damage from poorly conceived and brutally implemented policies such as collectivization and the Great Leap Forward alongside terror deliberately inflicted upon particularly targeted individuals and groups. The article suggests that whether deliberate or incidental, terror in communist systems is best understood as proactive and reactive campaigns to ensure regime security by mobilizing the bureaucracy and engaging in a display of communicative theatre with mass populations through such forms as mass trials.
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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of acid–base balance. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0178.
Abstract:
Normal metabolism results in a net acid production of approximately 1 mmol/kg day−1. Physiological pH is regulated by excretion of this acid load (as carbon dioxide) by the kidneys and the lungs. A series of buffers in the body reduces the effects of metabolic acids on body and urine pH. For acid–base disorders to occur, there must be excessive intake (or loss) of acid (or base) or, alternatively, an inability to excrete acid. For these changes to result in a substantially abnormal pH, the various buffer systems must been overwhelmed. The pH scale is logarithmic, so relatively small changes in pH signify large differences in hydrogen ion concentration. Most minor perturbations in acid–base balance are asymptomatic, as small changes in acid or base levels are rapidly controlled through consumption of buffers or through changes in respiratory rate. Alterations in renal acid excretion take some time to occur. Only when these compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed do symptoms related to changes in pH develop. This chapter reviews the causes and consequences of acid–base disorders.
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Cook, Harry, and Michael Newson. Yemeni Irregular Migrants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Implications of Large Scale Return. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0007.
Abstract:
In 2013, the Saudi government embarked on a nationwide strategy to restructure its labor market and its policies towards the recruitment of foreign workers. These changes are in line with the implementation of Saudi Arabia’s Nitaqat system which aims to better regulate foreign labor in the country and to reduce the number of irregular workers in the Kingdom. As a result of these changes in policy and implementation, there have been large-scale deportations of irregular workers—along with their family members, in some cases—from KSA beginning in mid-2013 and continuing up to the time of writing. Yemeni workers in KSA have been particularly hard hit by these policy changes due to the largely informal nature of labor migration flows that have existed between KSA and Yemen for the past few decades. This chapter explores the possible implications of the recent labor policy changes in KSA for Yemeni and host communities in KSA, as well as for returning workers, their families, and communities of origin in Yemen. The chapter concludes with several recommendations on how to effectively address the challenges these disruptions will cause and how to build new avenues to support the transnational linkages between Yemeni migrant workers in KSA and their communities in Yemen.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
Abstract:
Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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Holdaway, Simon, and Patricia Fanning. Geoarchaeology of Aboriginal Landscapes in Semi-arid Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108950.
Abstract:
This book provides readers with a unique understanding of the ways in which Aboriginal people interacted with their environment in the past at one particular location in western New South Wales. It also provides a statement showing how geoarchaeology should be conducted in a wide range of locations throughout Australia.
One of the key difficulties faced by all those interested in the interaction between humans and their environment in the past is the complex array of processes acting over different spatial and temporal scales. The authors take account of this complexity by integrating three key areas of study – geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology – applied at a landscape scale, with the intention of understanding the record of how Australian Aboriginal people interacted with the environment through time and across space.
This analysis is based on the results of archaeological research conducted at the University of New South Wales Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station between 1999 and 2002 as part of the Western New South Wales Archaeology Program. The interdisciplinary geoarchaeological program was targeted at expanding the potential offered by archaeological deposits in western New South Wales, Australia.
The book contains six chapters: the first two introduce the study area, then three data analysis chapters deal in turn with the geomorphology, geochronology and archaeology of Fowlers Gap Station. A final chapter considers the results in relation to the history of Aboriginal occupation of Fowlers Gap Station, as well as the insights they provide into Aboriginal ways of life more generally. Analyses are well illustrated through the tabulation of results and the use of figures created through Geographic Information System software.
Winner of the 2015 Australian Archaeology Association John Mulvaney Book Award
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Mandeles, Mark D. Military Transformation Past and Present. Praeger, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400686054.
Abstract:
Transformation has become a buzz word in today's military, but what are its historical precursors—those large scale changes that were once called Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMA)? Who has gotten it right, and who has not? The Department of Defense must learn from history. Most studies of innovation focus on the actions, choices, and problems faced by individuals in a particular organization. Few place these individuals and organizations within the complex context where they operate. Yet, it is this very context that is a powerful determinant of how actions are conceived, examined, and implemented, and of how errors are identified and corrected. The historical cases that Mandeles examines reveal how different military services organized to learn, accumulate, and retrieve knowledge; and how their particular organization affected everything from the equipment they acquired to the quality of doctrine and concepts used in combat. In cases where more than one community of experts was responsible for weighing in on decisionmaking, the service benefited from enhanced application of evidence, sound inference, and logic. These cases demonstrate that, for senior leadership, participating in such a system should be a strategic and deliberate choice. In each of the cases featured in this book, no such deliberate choice was made. The interwar U.S. Navy (USN) aviation community and the U.S. Marine Corps amphibious operation community were lucky that, in a time of rapid technological advance and strategic risk, their decisions in framing and solving technological and operational problems were made within a functioning multi-organizational system. The Army Air Corps and the Royal Marines were unfortunate, with corresponding results. It is characteristic of 20th-century military history that no senior civilian or military leader suggested a policy to handle overlapping responsibilities by multiple departments. Today's policymakers have not learned this lesson. In the present time, while a great deal of thought is devoted to proper organizational design and the numbers of persons required to perform necessary functions, there is still no overarching framework guiding these designs.
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de Bruijne, Arnoud, Joop van Buren, Anton Kösters, and Hans van der Marel. Geodetic reference frames in the Netherlands. Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.54419/vy3c94.
Abstract:
Unambiguous and homogeneous geodetic reference frames are essential to the proper determination of locations and heights. The reference frames used in the Netherlands are the Rijksdriehoekmeting (RD) for locations and the Normaal Amsterdamse Peil (NAP) for heights. The RD has traditionally been managed by the Kadaster; the NAP by Rijkswaterstaat. The emergence of satellite positioning has resulted in drastic changes to these geodetic reference frames. A surveyor is now offered one instrument, GPS (the Global Positioning System), capable of the simultaneous determination of locations and heights. This is possible by virtue of one three-dimensional geodetic reference system - the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89) - which in the Netherlands is maintained in a collaborative arrangement between the Kadaster and Rijkswaterstaat. GPS has been advanced as a practical measurement technique by linking the definition of the RD grid to ETRS89. Nevertheless the introduction of GPS also revealed distortions in the RD grid, which are modelled in the RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation. Furthermore, the use of the geoid model has become essential to the use of GPS in determining the height in comparison to NAP. Subsidence that has disrupted the backbone of the NAP gave cause to the need for a large-scale adjustment of the heights of the underground benchmarks and, in so doing, of the grid. Consequently new NAP heights have been introduced at the beginning of 2005; a new definition of the RD grid that had already been introduced in 2000 was once again modified in 2004. During the past few years two NCG subcommissions have devoted a great deal of time to these modifications. This publication lays down ETRS89, the RD and the NAP, together with their mutual relationships. In addition to reviewing the history of the reference frames and the manner in which they are maintained (including, for example, the use of AGRS.NL as the basis for the Dutch geometric infrastructure), the publication also discusses the status of the frames as at 1 January 2005. This encompasses the realisation of ETRS89 via AGRS.NL, the revision and new definition of the RD grid in 2004, and the new NAP publication in 2005. The publication also describes the mutual relationships between the frames in the modernized RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation consisting of the new NLGEO2004 geoid model and a model for the distortions of the RD grid. In conclusion, the publication also devotes attention to the future maintenance of the ETRS89, RD and NAP. The continuity of the link between the traditional frames and the three-dimensional frames is of great importance, and ETRS89 will continue to fulfil this linking role. The GPS base network and AGRS.NL reference stations will increasingly assume the leading role in the maintenance of the RD frame. The maintenance of the NAP will continue to be necessary, although during the coming decades the the primary heights will not need revision. In so doing the high quality of the geodetic reference frames required for their use in actual practice will continue to be guaranteed.
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Hukić, Mirsada, and Mirza Ponjavić. COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: March – June 2020. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi20.190.00.
Abstract:
At the end of 2019 the world became aware of the existence of a new virus stemming from the Coronaviridae family and causing a specific disease – COVID-19. In less than three months, the virus and its consequences, developed from being a local public health problem in China to a daunting global problem we all had to face. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of COVID-19. On the international scale, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the response of the professionals and scientists has been rapid, although not always consistently efficient enough. Despite the selfless cooperation of scientists and practitioners worldwide, countries with developed economies, good public health and a strong scientific system have had the advantage in the fight against the disease over developing countries. Despite the fact that by these criteria BiH is not one of the most resilient countries, so far, its response to the pandemic has seemed to be satisfactory. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) was one of the first institutions of the science system to respond to the pandemic. On the initiative and under the leadership of academician Mirsada Hukić, on March 22, 2020 the development of the project "Epidemic Location Intelligence System (ELIS)" and its Geoportal began on a voluntary basis, with the task of permanently monitoring the spread of COVID-19. Theoretical and professional parts of the project in the areas of medicine, public health and informatics were completed by April 2, 2020. Thanks to the support to the project by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Šefik Džaferović, the expert system received additional hardware support and was filled in time with data from across the country. This enabled the system to become operational as early as on April 8, 2020. The results of all these efforts are visible in this publication. Initially, the ELIS project was important for the epidemiological and public health area. The abundance of collected data and obtained virus samples enabled the extension of the project idea to the sequencing of viruses found in BiH and their typology. The transition of research to the clinical aspects of COVID-19 is the next phase in the development of the ELIS project. ANUBiH has already started the work on examining the economic and pedagogical consequences of COVID-19 in order to look at this medical phenomenon in the broadest possible context. All the results of ANUBiH in response to the epidemic challenges of COVID-19 are achieved due to the synergistic action of numerous individuals and institutions in different fields of science and public health in cooperation with government. Therefore, I believe that the ELIS project has shown the way to go in solving the burning problems of our society which we will encounter in the future.
Book chapters on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
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Shimjith, S., A. Tiwari, and B. Bandyopadhyay. "Direct Block Diagonalization and Composite Control of Three-Time-Scale Systems." In Modeling and Control of a Large Nuclear Reactor, 101–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30589-4_5.
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Shimjith, S., A. Tiwari, and B. Bandyopadhyay. "Design of Fast Output Sampling Controller for Three-Time-Scale Systems." In Modeling and Control of a Large Nuclear Reactor, 115–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30589-4_6.
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Naligama, C. A., and O. B. Tsekhan. "On the Stability of Three-Time-Scale Linear Time-Invariant Singularly Perturbed Systems with State Delay." In Dynamic Control and Optimization, 141–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17558-9_8.
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Chen, Liushan, Yu Pei, Mingyang Wan, Zhihui Fei, Tao Liang, and Guojun Ma. "Smart Issue Detection for Large-Scale Online Service Systems Using Multi-Channel Data." In Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, 165–87. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57259-3_8.
Abstract:
Abstract Given the scale and complexity of large online service systems and the diversity of environments in which the services are to be invoked, it is inevitable that those service systems contain bugs that affect the users. As a result, it is essential for service providers to discover issues in their systems based on information gathered from users. iFeedback is a state-of-the-art technique for user-feedback-based issue detection. While it has been deployed to help detect issues in real-world service systems, the accuracy of iFeedback’s detection results is relatively low due to limitations in its design. In this paper, we propose the SkyNet technique and tool that analyzes both user feedback gathered via specific channels and public posts collected from social media platforms to more accurately detect issues in service systems. We have applied the tool to detect issues for three real-world, large-scale online service systems based on their historical data gathered over a ten-month period of time. SkyNet reported in total 2790 issues, among which 93.0% were confirmed by developers as reflecting real problems that deserve their close attention. It also detected 58 out of the 62 severe issues reported during the period, achieving a recall of 93.5% for severe issues. Such results suggest SkyNet is both effective and accurate in issue detection.
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Chaudhry, Rastee, and Abdullah Waqar Tajwar. "The Punjab Schools Reform Roadmap: A Medium-Term Evaluation." In Implementing Deeper Learning and 21st Education Reforms, 109–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57039-2_5.
Abstract:
Abstract In 2010, a whole-system reform was designed and launched in the Punjab province of Pakistan called the Punjab Schools Reform Roadmap (PSRR). This reform was a direct response to the challenges of education in the province at the time, which included scale, capacity to deliver, and political will. Further, 2010 was a time at which the political and administrative landscape of Pakistan was changing: the right to education act had just been formalized and education was simultaneously devolved from a federal matter to a provincial one. This chapter studies the outcomes of the PSRR a decade after its implementation with an emphasis on three dimensions of the reform: management capacity, teacher capacity and monitoring & information systems. Specifically, we discuss the above with reference to increasing access to and quality of education in the province while also analyzing the outcomes and sustainability of the reform 10 years from its inception.
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Qi, Yue, Ruqing Zhong, Benjamin Kaiser, Long Nguyen, Hans Jakob Wagner, Alexander Verl, and Achim Menges. "Working with Uncertainties: An Adaptive Fabrication Workflow for Bamboo Structures." In Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES, 265–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_25.
Abstract:
AbstractThis paper presents and investigates a cyber-physical fabrication workflow, which can respond to the deviations between built- and designed form in real-time with vision augmentation. We apply this method for large scale structures built from natural bamboo poles. Raw bamboo poles obtain evolutionarily optimized fibrous layouts ideally suitable for lightweight and sustainable building construction. Nevertheless, their intrinsically imprecise geometries pose a challenge for reliable, automated construction processes. Despite recent digital advancements, building with bamboo poles is still a labor-intensive task and restricted to building typologies where accuracy is of minor importance. The integration of structural bamboo poles with other building layers is often limited by tolerance issues at the interfaces, especially for large scale structures where deviations accumulate incrementally. To address these challenges, an adaptive fabrication process is developed, in which existing deviations can be compensated by changing the geometry of subsequent joints to iteratively correct the pose of further elements. A vision-based sensing system is employed to three-dimensionally scan the bamboo elements before and during construction. Computer vision algorithms are used to process and interpret the sensory data. The updated conditions are streamed to the computational model which computes tailor-made bending stiff joint geometries that can then be directly fabricated on-the-fly. In this paper, we contextualize our research and investigate the performance domains of the proposed workflow through initial fabrication tests. Several application scenarios are further proposed for full scale vision-augmented bamboo construction systems.
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Li, Changjia, Bojie Fu, Shuai Wang, Lindsay C. Stringer, Wenxin Zhou, Tong Lu, Xutong Wu, Rina Hu, and Zhuobing Ren. "Structure and Functioning of China’s Dryland Ecosystems in a Changing Environment." In Dryland Social-Ecological Systems in Changing Environments, 391–424. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9375-8_12.
Abstract:
AbstractChina has one of the largest dryland areas worldwide, covering 6.6 million km2 and supporting approximately 580 million people. Conflicting findings showing a drier China’s drylands with increasing aridity and observed greenness indicate the complexity of environmental processes, highlighting a pressing research need to improve understanding of how active dryland processes, ecosystem structure and functioning will alter. This chapter synthesizes the changes, impacts, and their drivers in China’s dryland ecosystems. Results from analyses covering the period 2000–2015 showed that 58.69% of the vegetated area exhibited an increase in vegetation greenness, cover, and productivity, while 4.29% of those showed a decrease in all three aspects. However, 37.02% of the vegetated area showed inconsistent trends in vegetation greenness, cover, and productivity, suggesting high uncertainty in estimations of vegetation dynamics in drylands. China’s drylands are nevertheless at risk of expansion and could pass an irreversible tipping point with increasing aridity, particularly in the country’s semi-arid regions. Nitrogen enrichment and overgrazing generally reduce plant species diversity. Wind erosion, water erosion, salinization, and freeze–thaw erosion are typical processes of desertification in China’s drylands. Large-scale ecological restoration projects enhance greening and ecosystem services of China’s drylands, but also impose substantial pressure on these water-limited environments. Future research is needed to examine interactions among different drivers of environmental change (e.g., the relationships between CO2 fertilization and increased aridity). Such research could usefully include complex systems approaches to link patterns and processes across spatial and time scales, and long-term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions.
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Care, Esther, and Mauro Giacomazzi. "Problem Solving in East Africa: A Contextualised Approach to Defining the Construct." In The Enabling Power of Assessment, 47–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51490-6_4.
Abstract:
AbstractProblem solving is a term that describes a vast number of processes and applications. Countries in East Africa, as well as globally, are looking to equip their young people with problem-solving competencies, which are then hoped to resolve the major issues that all societies confront. Accordingly, it is one of the competencies included in curricula developed by East African education systems. The development of conceptual and assessment frameworks by the ALiVE team was contextualised through reference to recent research undertaken in the ALiVE participating countries. Aspects of this conceptualisation differ from those used in most large-scale assessments; and the ALiVE approach to design and development of the assessment was construct-driven. This means that the form of the assessment tasks, coding criteria, and intended reporting style, are determined by the substance of the construct and how visible signs of this substance might best be captured. The framework was developed through a realistic appraisal of what would be possible to assess at household level. In development of the assessment tool, three factors were considered: the nature of the construct itself; the medium through which the assessment would be conducted; and the use to which the assessment results would be put. The chapter describes the formal process followed in defining problem solving and developing its assessment tools. A set of six workshops attended by 47 representatives of the collaborating organisations structured the process of creation; initially engaging at a level of simplicity to ground differing understandings of the skill, and then moving to the complexity of test and scale development processes. The data from the large-scale assessment indicate that ALiVE’s measurement of problem solving is robust, with the results reflecting maturation with more education. This means that instructional time in the context of a general curriculum is providing a learning environment in which problem-solving processes can be nurtured.
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Koren, István. "DevOpsUse: A Community-Oriented Methodology for Societal Software Engineering." In Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020, 143–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83128-8_8.
Abstract:
AbstractThe demanded fast innovation cycles of the ongoing digital transformation create an unstable environment in which the demands of heterogeneous professional communities need to be addressed. Moreover, the information systems infrastructure of these professional communities has a strong influence on their practices. However, the evolution of the web as infrastructure is shaped by an interplay of new technologies and innovative applications. It is characterized by contrasts, such as centralized versus peer-to-peer architectures and a large number of end users versus a small number of developers. Therefore, our aim is to stabilize these dichotomies apparent in the web by means of an agile information systems development methodology. The DevOps approach promotes stronger cooperation between development and operations teams. Our DevOpsUse methodology additionally fosters a stronger involvement of end-user communities in software development by including them in the process of infrastructuring, that is, the appropriation of infrastructure during its usage. The developed DevOpsUse methodology and support tools have been successfully validated by the transitions between three generations of technologies: near real-time peer-to-peer web architectures, edge computing, and the Internet of Things. In particular, we were able to demonstrate our methodology’s capabilities through longitudinal studies in several large-scale international digitalization projects. Beyond web information systems, the framework and its open-source tools are applicable in further areas like Industry 4.0. Its broad adaptability testifies that DevOpsUse has the potential to unlock capabilities for sustainable innovation.
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Suzuki, Haruka. "The Timber Processing and Retail Sectors in Pekanbaru, Riau: Toward Reforestation by Local People." In Global Environmental Studies, 123–40. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0906-3_7.
Abstract:
AbstractThe integral role of the timber industry in sustaining local reforestation efforts is often overlooked. The processing and retail sectors of the timber industry are significant in that they add value to forest resources, providing local jobs and lumber supplies. This study examines these sectors in Riau, Indonesia, where deforestation and degraded peatlands have been accelerating. Based on a field survey of randomly selected molding mills and timber kiosks in Pekanbaru, the author examines the nature and scale of timber production, sales, and supply chains. Both the molding mills and timber kiosks could be classified into three types: those that function as subcontractors of large pulp and paper companies, those that operate independently and provide timber supplies for local construction needs, and those that specialize in higher-end wood processing. Those providing local timber supplies demonstrated more adaptability in terms of meeting market demands. Depending on the level of the operation’s independence, timber supply chains were more diversified in terms of the relationships among loggers, distributors, and retailers. To develop the timber sector in the context of local reforestation, it is necessary to consider how local people connect with the local timber processing and retail sectors and how to improve local timber supply chains. Reforestation programs must construct sustainable management systems that restore forests while at the same time using forest resources. This includes developing land ownership and use systems to produce timber sustainably and replanting tree species that are useful as timber.
Conference papers on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
1
Munje, R. K., Y. P. Patil, B. B. Musmade, and B. M. Patre. "Discrete time sliding mode control for three time scale systems." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iic.2015.7150841.
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Munje, R. K., and B. M. Patre. "Fast output sampling controller for three time scale systems." In 2016 Indian Control Conference (ICC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indiancc.2016.7441174.
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Radisavljevic-Gajic, Verica, and Milos Milanovic. "Three-Stage Feedback Controller Design With Applications to a Three Time-Scale System." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9806.
Abstract:
A new technique was presented that facilitates design of independent full-state feedback controllers at the subsystem levels. Different types of local controllers, for example, eigenvalue assignment, robust, optimal (in some sense L1, H2, H∞, ...) may be used to control different subsystems. This feature has not been available for any known linear feedback controller design. In the second part of the paper, we specialize the results obtained to the three time-scale linear systems (singularly perturbed control systems) that have natural decomposition into slow, fast, and very fast subsystems. The proposed technique eliminates numerical ill-condition of the original three-time scale problems.
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Salazar-Cruz, Sergio, Farid Kendoul, Rogelio Lozano, and Isabelle Fantoni. "Real-Time Control of a Small-Scale Helicopter Having Three Rotors." In 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2006.282145.
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Guo, Teng, Si Wei Feng, and Jingjin Yu. "Polynomial Time Near-Time-Optimal Multi-Robot Path Planning in Three Dimensions with Applications to Large-Scale UAV Coordination." In 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9982231.
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Chakrabortty, Aranya, and Murat Arcak. "A Three-time-scale redesign for robust stabilization and performance recovery of nonlinear systems with input uncertainties." In 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2007.4434118.
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Yuan, Yufei, Winnie Daamen, Dorine Duives, and Serge Hoogendoorn. "Comparison of three algorithms for real-time pedestrian state estimation - supporting a monitoring dashboard for large-scale events." In 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795974.
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Tucker, Julie, Mary Ernesti, and Akira Tokuhiro. "Quantifying the Metrics That Characterize Safety Culture of Three Engineered Systems." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22146.
Abstract:
With potential energy shortages and increasing electricity demand, the nuclear energy option is being reconsidered in the United States. Public opinion will have a considerable voice in policy decisions that will “roadmap” the future of nuclear energy in this country. This report is an extension of the last author’s work on the “safety culture” associated with three engineered systems (automobiles, commercial airplanes, and nuclear power plants) in Japan and the United States. Safety culture, in brief is defined as a specifically developed culture based on societal and individual interpretations of the balance of real, perceived, and imagined risks versus the benefits drawn from utilizing a given engineered systems. The method of analysis is a modified scale analysis, with two fundamental eigenmetrics, time- (τ) and number-scales (N) that describe both engineered systems and human factors. The scale analysis approach is appropriate because human perception of risk, perception of benefit and level of (technological) acceptance are inherently subjective, therefore “fuzzy” and rarely quantifiable in exact magnitude. Perception of risk, expressed in terms of the psychometric factors “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, contains both time- and number-scale elements. Various engineering system accidents with fatalities, reported by mass media are characterized by τ and N, and are presented in this work using the scale analysis method. We contend that level of acceptance infers a perception of benefit at least two orders larger magnitude than perception of risk. The “amplification” influence of mass media is also deduced as being 100- to 1000-fold the actual number of fatalities/serious injuries in a nuclear-related accident.
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Radisavljevic-Gajic, Verica, Patrick Rose, and Garrett M. Clayton. "Two-Stage Design of Linear Feedback Controllers for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9973.
Abstract:
The paper considers the eighth-order proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell mathematical model and shows that it has a multi-time scale property, indicating that the dynamics of three model state space variables operate in the slow time scale and the dynamics of five state variables operate in the fast time scale. This multi-scale nature allows independent controllers to be designed in slow and fast time scales using only corresponding reduced-order slow (of dimension three) and fast (of dimension five) sub-models. The presented design facilitates the design of hybrid controllers, for example, the linear-quadratic optimal controller for the slow subsystem and the eigenvalue assignment controller for the fast subsystem. The design efficiency and its high accuracy are demonstrated via simulation on the considered PEM fuel cell model.
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Jenness, Nathan J., Daniel G. Cole, and Robert L. Clark. "Three-Dimensional Holographic Lithography Using a Spatial Light Modulator." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50067.
Abstract:
In this paper we present a lithographic process with the ability to automatically translate and arbitrarily position three-dimensional (3D) computer-generated patterns through the use of phase holograms. This method, dynamic maskless holographic lithography (DMHL), advances current photo-directed patterning and functionalization capabilities by expanding the capability to manipulate light in real-time without the use of expensive fixed masks. The system could be used for large-scale parallel manufacturing over larger areas and for point specific serial fabrication, interrogation, and metrology. The use of coherent illumination allows for the direct creation of 3D patterns of light for lithography as opposed to the mechanical stage, layer-by-layer 3D fabrication approach typical of direct-write systems. Extrinsic control over interfacial properties will provide a method for addressing aqueous phase bionanotechnolgy experimental systems in which detection, separation, transport, and handling are vital.
Reports on the topic "Three time-Scale systems":
1
Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.007.
Abstract:
From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.
2
Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.013.
Abstract:
From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.
3
Renaud, Alexander, Michael Forte, Nicholas Spore, Brittany Bruder, Katherine Brodie, Jessamin Straub, and Jeffrey Ruby. Evaluation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for flood risk management : results of terrain and structure assessments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45000.
Abstract:
The 2017 Duck Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Pilot Experiment was conducted by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Field Research Facility (FRF), to assess the potential for different UAS to support US Army Corps of Engineers coastal and flood risk management. By involving participants from multiple ERDC laboratories, federal agencies, academia, and private industry, the work unit leads were able to leverage assets, resources, and expertise to assess data from multiple UAS. This report compares datasets from several UAS to assess their potential to survey and observe coastal terrain and structures. In this report, UAS data product accuracy was analyzed within the context of three potential applications: (1) general coastal terrain survey accuracy across the FRF property; (2) small-scale feature detection and observation within the experiment infrastructure area; and (3) accuracy for surveying coastal foredunes. The report concludes by presenting tradeoffs between UAS accuracy and the cost to operate to aid in selection of the best UAS for a particular task. While the technology and exact UAS models vary through time, the lessons learned from this study illustrate that UAS are available at a variety of costs to satisfy varying coastal management data needs.
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Meeuwissen, Talia, Mable Chanzu, Julie Aubriot, Jimmy Kariuki, Carolyne Odhiambo, Hillary Okumu, Peter Karichu, and Emmah Mwende. How Sanitation and Hygiene Champions Emerged in Siaya County. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.019.
Abstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Siaya County and UNICEF documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County, Kenya.
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Katwere Ssemwanga, David, Dominic Lomongin Aballa, Steven Amoko, and Sheila Nduhukire. A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.018.
Abstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.
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Kwizera, Maurice, Kwizera, Maurice, Lambert Karangwa, Jeannette Murekatete, Gilbert Rukundo Mutabaruka, Jean Paul Mbarushimana, Tariya Yusuf, Inbar Hanna Yaffe, et al. Making Sanitation and Hygiene a Human Security Issue: The case of Nyamagabe District, Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.017.
Abstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale, it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Nyamagabe District and WaterAid documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Nyamagabe District, Rwanda.
7
Job, Jacob. Mesa Verde National Park: Acoustic monitoring report. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286703.
Abstract:
In 2015, the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) received a request to collect baseline acoustical data at Mesa Verde National Park (MEVE). Between July and August 2015, as well as February and March 2016, three acoustical monitoring systems were deployed throughout the park, however one site (MEVE002) stopped recording after a couple days during the summer due to wildlife interference. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline soundscape inventory of backcountry and frontcountry sites within the park. This inventory will be used to establish indicators and thresholds of soundscape quality that will support the park and NSNSD in developing a comprehensive approach to protecting the acoustic environment through soundscape management planning. Additionally, results of this study will help the park identify major sources of noise within the park, as well as provide a baseline understanding of the acoustical environment as a whole for use in potential future comparative studies. In this deployment, sound pressure level (SPL) was measured continuously every second by a calibrated sound level meter. Other equipment included an anemometer to collect wind speed and a digital audio recorder collecting continuous recordings to document sound sources. In this document, “sound pressure level” refers to broadband (12.5 Hz–20 kHz), A-weighted, 1-second time averaged sound level (LAeq, 1s), and hereafter referred to as “sound level.” Sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale relative to the reference sound pressure for atmospheric sources, 20 μPa. The logarithmic scale is a useful way to express the wide range of sound pressures perceived by the human ear. Sound levels are reported in decibels (dB). A-weighting is applied to sound levels in order to account for the response of the human ear (Harris, 1998). To approximate human hearing sensitivity, A-weighting discounts sounds below 1 kHz and above 6 kHz. Trained technicians calculated time audible metrics after monitoring was complete. See Methods section for protocol details, equipment specifications, and metric calculations. Median existing (LA50) and natural ambient (LAnat) metrics are also reported for daytime (7:00–19:00) and nighttime (19:00–7:00). Prominent noise sources at the two backcountry sites (MEVE001 and MEVE002) included vehicles and aircraft, while building and vehicle predominated at the frontcountry site (MEVE003). Table 1 displays time audible values for each of these noise sources during the monitoring period, as well as ambient sound levels. In determining the current conditions of an acoustical environment, it is informative to examine how often sound levels exceed certain values. Table 2 reports the percent of time that measured levels at the three monitoring locations were above four key values.
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Akinleye, Taiwo, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, Richards Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, and Will Moody. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-019.
Abstract:
Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
Abstract:
The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Wright, Kirsten. Collecting Plant Phenology Data In Imperiled Oregon White Oak Ecosystems: Analysis and Recommendations for Metro. Portland State University, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.64.
Abstract:
Highly imperiled Oregon white oak ecosystems are a regional conservation priority of numerous organizations, including Oregon Metro, a regional government serving over one million people in the Portland area. Previously dominant systems in the Pacific Northwest, upland prairie and oak woodlands are now experiencing significant threat, with only 2% remaining in the Willamette Valley in small fragments (Hulse et al. 2002). These fragments are of high conservation value because of the rich biodiversity they support, including rare and endemic species, such as Delphinium leucophaeum (Oregon Department of Agriculture, 2020). Since 2010, Metro scientists and volunteers have collected phenology data on approximately 140 species of forbs and graminoids in regional oak prairie and woodlands. Phenology is the study of life-stage events in plants and animals, such as budbreak and senescence in flowering plants, and widely acknowledged as a sensitive indicator of environmental change (Parmesan 2007). Indeed, shifts in plant phenology have been observed over the last few decades as a result of climate change (Parmesan 2006). In oak systems, these changes have profound implications for plant community composition and diversity, as well as trophic interactions and general ecosystem function (Willis 2008). While the original intent of Metro’s phenology data-collection was to track long-term phenology trends, limitations in data collection methods have made such analysis difficult. Rather, these data are currently used to inform seasonal management decisions on Metro properties, such as when to collect seed for propagation and when to spray herbicide to control invasive species. Metro is now interested in fine-tuning their data-collection methods to better capture long-term phenology trends to guide future conservation strategies. Addressing the regional and global conservation issues of our time will require unprecedented collaboration. Phenology data collected on Metro properties is not only an important asset for Metro’s conservation plan, but holds potential to support broader research on a larger scale. As a leader in urban conservation, Metro is poised to make a meaningful scientific contribution by sharing phenology data with regional and national organizations. Data-sharing will benefit the common goal of conservation and create avenues for collaboration with other scientists and conservation practitioners (Rosemartin 2013). In order to support Metro’s ongoing conservation efforts in Oregon white oak systems, I have implemented a three-part master’s project. Part one of the project examines Metro’s previously collected phenology data, providing descriptive statistics and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the methods by which the data were collected. Part two makes recommendations for improving future phenology data-collection methods, and includes recommendations for datasharing with regional and national organizations. Part three is a collection of scientific vouchers documenting key plant species in varying phases of phenology for Metro’s teaching herbarium. The purpose of these vouchers is to provide a visual tool for Metro staff and volunteers who rely on plant identification to carry out aspects of their job in plant conservation. Each component of this project addresses specific aspects of Metro’s conservation program, from day-to-day management concerns to long-term scientific inquiry.