Academic literature on the topic 'Three Province'

This paper constructs the indicator system for evaluating eco-innovation, and studies the eco-innovation performance of 30 provinces in China in 2009 by the factor analysis method, and makes a comparison analysis with the situation of three northeastern provinces. The result shows: innovative strength, technical environment and the degree of environment protection are the key factors influencing eco-innovation performance, the innovative strength of Liaoning province is the greatest in three northeastern provinces, but it's at greater expense of environment; Heilongjiang Province has better environment for technology development, but innovative strength is weak; Jilin province has no advantage in these three factors

Three new species of Sosippinae from Argentina are described; one new species of Hippasella Mello-Leitão, 1944, H. alhue sp. nov., from temperate Andean forests in the Argentinean provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro and two new species of Aglaoctenus Tullgren, 1905, A. yacytata sp. nov., from the rainforests in Misiones province, and A. puyen sp. nov., from temperate Andean forests in Río Negro province. Aglaoctenus oblongus (C. L. Koch, 1847) is recorded for first time in Entre Ríos province and new records for Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and Montevideo (Uruguay) are provided. The distribution of A. lagotis (Holmberg, 1876) is updated with first time records for the Argentinean provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Chaco, Formosa, La Rioja, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, San Luis and Entre Ríos, new localities in the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Santa Fé and Córdoba.

Three new species of the genus Chydaeus Chaudoir, 1854 are described from Vietnam: C. abramovi sp. nov. (Lao Cai Province), C. majusculus sp. nov. (Lam Dong and Khanh Hoa provinces) and C. dalatensis sp. nov. (Lam Dong Province). A key for identification of six species and subspecies of Chydaeus known from Vietnam is provided.

Abstract Increase of atmospheric aerosols has a profound impact on the Earth’s climate. It’s also one of the crucial factors that cuasesd more fequent air pollution events in China. Monthly average Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from MODIS and UltraViolet Absorbing aerosol Index (UVAI) from OMI during 2011 to 2019 are used to analyse the trend of absorption and total aerosol optical properties over three typical provinces of China, namely Shandong, Gansu and Guangdong provinces. The results show the average annual AOD of the three provinces are all decreasing while UVAI rises during this period. In addition, the monthly variation of AOD and UVAI are also obviously different over these provinces. In particular, the peak value of AOD appeared in July and the trough appeared in December over Shandong Province. And the peak appeared in April over Gansu Province, but AOD decrease slower then over Shandong Province. And there were two peaks in April and August over Guangdong Province. For UVAI, the peaks over Shandong and Gansu provinces both occur in January, while that over Guangdong Province appears in March. Above mentioned differences in the long-term trend and monthly variation of AOD and UVAI might be closely related to the meteorological conditions and aerosol emission of these three provinces.

From 1890 to 1892, Sir Samuel Griffith, as Premier of Queensland, promoted a scheme under which Queensland would itself have been divided into a federation of initially three provinces — North, Central and South Queensland — and then two provinces, North and South Queensland. This startling idea would certainly have changed the map of Australia, probably permanently. At least at some points, the idea was expressed that each province would enter the Australian federation as a separate State and the Queensland federal government would simply be dissolved upon federation. The Bill to divide Queensland into a federation of two provinces passed the lower House of State Parliament but was defeated in the nominee Legislative Council. It then fell victim to the change of government consequent upon Griffith’s appointment as Chief Justice of Queensland, to the urgent problems presented by the economic depression, and even, from the conservative point of view, to the rise of labour in politics. Little has been known about this nearly successful plan until now. This article attempts to close that gap.

Based on TOPSIS-Grey Relational Analysis Method, the three dimensions of cultivated land quantity, quality and ecological danger are organically integrated to build a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of practical and national cultivated land resources and quantitative calculation method by taking the province-level administrative region as the evaluation unit. The index of cultivated land quantity, quality, and ecological danger and the comprehensive index of cultivated land resources are calculated quantitatively in 31 province-level administrative regions of China. The comprehensive endowment and superiority of cultivated land resources in each province are also analysed systematically. The results show that there are 10 provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions) classified as “high superiority” provinces in terms of cultivated land resources. There are 9 provinces classified as “relatively high superiority” provinces. The dominant types of cultivated land resources in China can be classified into six types: superiority type of quantity, superiority type of quantity and ecology, superiority type of quality and ecology, superiority type of ecology, comprehensive superiority type, and unclear superiority type. Most provinces have a certain “single superiority”, “double superiority”, or “comprehensive superiority”.

Currently, there have been three new autonomous regions established as a result of regional expansion in Papua Island, namely South Papua Province, Central Papua Province, and Papua Mountain Province. The formation of new provinces is expected to become a prime mover for accelerating equitable economic development in the Papua region. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to analyze the impact of the formation of the province on the economic performance of Papua Island. The method used is the Final Demand Impact analysis of the Input-Output (I-O) Table. The results of this study indicate that the formation of the province has an impact on increasing the economic output of Papua Island by 37.7 percent and 69.5 percent for an increase in added value and contributing to an increase in employment of 71.1 percent or as many as 1.5 million people. The improvement in the economic performance of Papua Island, in turn, will indirectly have a positive effect on improving people's welfare and strengthening regional competitiveness and the contribution of the regional economy to the national economy. In addition, it also reduces the level of inequality in economic development nationally, which is still dominated by Java Island.

Three new species of the genus Tartessus Stål, 1865 are described from Vietnam: T. kabakovi sp. n.—from Vinh Phuc Province; T. nigriventris sp. n.—from Gia Lai Province; T. iridescens sp. n.—from Ðồng Nai and Bà Rịa-ũng Tàu Provinces. These are first records of the subfamily Tartessinae from the country. T. malayus (Stål, 1859) is recorded and illustrated from Taiwan.

This research analyzes the differences in OCOP products between Thanh Hoa province and Nghe An province, Vietnam. OCOP products are analyzed based on three aspects: Product mean score (Product level), Structure of product type, and Structure of product region. The analysis sample includes 115 OCOP products from 3 to 5 stars in each province (230 products in total). Research results are confirmed that there are some differences in OCOP Products between Thanh Hoa province and Nghe An Province. Whereby, there is the difference in the mean score, the difference in the structure of product type, and the difference in the structure of product region. These results help the authorities in both provinces to have appropriate policies and support tools to develop local OCOP products by the goals and orientations of each locality to commercialize strongly rural products that have their comparative advantage.

This thesis used novel methodologies in dendrochemistry to observe past nutrient and Al change in relation to incremental stem xylem growth to predict current and future forest health. The methods included (1) sequential digestion of wood tissue to remove the elemental fraction that is mobile across tree rings leaving the structurally intrinsic, residual (or less mobile) ion fraction for analysis and (2) transformation of elemental concentrations into multivariate ratios (compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND)) over a time series. Sampling of trees represented a gradient in acidity resilience using three regions of southern Quebec (St. Lawrence Lowlands; Lower Laurentians; and Appalachian Highlands) and three species (red maple ( Acer rubrum L.); sugar maple (Acer sacharum Marsh.); and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The elemental residual fraction had differences from the mobile fraction over time for Ca, Mg and Mn, but not for K or Al. The base rich Saint-Lawrence region had the highest and slightly increasing incremental stem xylem Al of the regions yet had stable or increasing growth. By contrast the acid sensitive Appalachian region had the greatest increase in Al accompanied by a decrease in growth beyond 1970. The Appalachians also had the highest Mn, which had an adverse effect on growth of sugar maple. The acid-resilient species American beech had stable or decreasing Al while having stable or increasing growth in contrast to the less resilient sugar and red maple. The nutrient poor Laurentian region had a persistent deficiency of K over time but no relationships with Al. Aluminium had a general negative correlation with the other canons. Although Mn had the highest levels in red maple for each region, it appears to be limiting growth. The changes in wood chemistry and growth over time appear to be driven by the resilience of the region or species to increasing acidic load in the ecosystems.

Cette thèse présente trois essais sur l’économie de la santé de la population québécoise, y compris la santé des nouveau-nés. Elle introduit dans les analyses les outils de l’économétrie spatiale en apportant une attention particulière à la corrélation spatiale entre les caractéristiques socioéconomiques (notamment le revenu) et de la santé des individus (obésité) et des nouveau-nés. L’unité d’analyse c’est les secteurs de recensement et les individus vivants dans la province du Québec. Dans notre étude nous proposons une analyse beaucoup plus fine des déterminants du revenu et des résultats de santé chez les nouveau-nés. La principale motivation de notre recherche vient du fait qu’il est généralement admis que la consommation des services de santé et des biens néfastes pour la santé varient de façon significative avec le revenu des individus. Les individus plus riches ou plus pauvres auront tendance à consommer plus ou moins ces biens et services. Cependant, le revenu lui-même varie dans le temps et dans l’espace. Ces dimensions spatiales et temporelles doivent être prises en compte dans la modélisation des relations entre des caractéristiques démographiques, socioéconomiques et la santé des individus. L’introduction d’une analyse spatio-temporelle dans les questions d’économie de la santé nous permettra de tenir compte des corrélations spatiales et temporelles afin de mieux estimer et déterminer les raisons probables de la variation de nos variables d’intérêt selon l’échelle géographique des différentes études. D’un point de vue politique, cette approche permettra à l’avenir d’anticiper et de prendre des mesures préventives en ce qui concerne la santé de la population québécoise. La modélisation de l’état de santé innove en ce qu’elle intègre les caractéristiques de l’environnement immédiat des individus de même que les corrélations spatiales dans les caractéristiques inobservables. Ces deux volets des déterminants de la santé sont généralement négligés ou omis dans des études économiques et économétriques portant sur les questions de santé publique. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc d’introduire la modélisation des interactions spatiales dans l’analyse des questions de santé publique. L’idée étant que, comme le stipule la première loi de la géographie, tout interagit avec tout mais deux choses voisines ont plus de chances d’entrer en interaction que deux choses lointaines. Les chapitres de cette thèses ont liés par l’intégration d’une dimension spatiale dans l’analyse des corrélations. De façon spécifique, le premier chapitre s’intéresse à la relation entre l’obésité, mesuré à travers l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et les résultats du marché du travail (revenu et nombre d’heures travaillées) dans une perspective spatio-temporelle. Nous utilisons les données de l’Enquête Nationale sur la Santé de la Population (ENSP). Les résultats de ce chapitre nous permettent de constater la présence au Québec d’une corrélation entre le revenu des individus et ceux de leurs voisins. Cela montre l’influence spatiale que le voisinage a sur un individu. La non prise en compte de cet aspect aurait pu conduire à une conclusion incorrecte sur la relation entre le niveau de revenu et l’obésité. Ceci nous a également permis de tester séparément la présence des deux phénomènes spatiaux que sont l’auto régression et l’autocorrélation en modélisant explicitement le fait que les résidus peuvent être liés entre eux. L’on note également une sous estimation des effets marginaux du modèle non spatial par rapport au modèle spatial. Cette sous-estimation varie entre 5% et 17%. Un raffinement des estimations a donc été effectué grâce au modèle spatial. S’agissant de la relation entre obésité et les résultats du marché du travail, nos analyses permettent d’observer qu’au Québec, les personnes obèses travaillent plus d’heures que les personnes ayant un IMC normal. L’obésité n’a pas d’incidence sur le revenu des personnes qui y travaillent. Les modèles estimés utilisent des variables dépendantes continues. Le deuxième chapitre évalue la relation entre le revenu du secteur de recensement où vivent les mères et les résultats défavorables de naissance (prématuré et faible poids). Ce chapitre, au meilleur notre connaissance, se distingue de la littérature existante en ce sens qu’il utilise deux modèles différents : en plus d’un modèle probit bivarié spatial, nous utilisons également un modèle spatial SUR, qui est compatible avec l’introduction d’une variable spatiotemporelle décalée dans la modélisation. Notre analyse a été réalisée avec les données de nouveau-nés admis et nés à l’unité de néonatologie du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval(CHUL). Nos résultats montrent l’existence d’une corrélation positive entre les nouveau-nés prématurés et ceux ayant un faible poids à la naissance au niveau individuel et au niveau des secteurs de recensements. L’introduction de la variable spatio-temporelle retardée dans la modélisation spatiale SUR montre que l’âge gestationnel décalé dans le temps et dans l’espace affecte positivement l’âge gestationnel des nouveau-nés. Les résultats montrent également que l’âge gestationnel et le poids d’un nouveau-né sont influencés positivement par ceux de leurs voisins. Cela montre l’influence spatiale que le voisinage a sur les mères. Le fait de ne pas prendre en compte l’effet de l’influence de comportements de certaines mères sur d’autre saurait pu entrainer l’omission d’éventuelles corrélations spatiales dans les caractéristiques inobservables qui influencent les résultats défavorables de naissance. Le fait que ces résultats aient été obtenus en estimant un modèle probit bivarié et un modèle spatial SUR indique la robustesse de la corrélation. Une comparaison des résultats du modèle probit bivarié spatial et du modèle spatial SUR a été effectuée. De plus, nous notons que, quel que soit le modèle utilisé dans l’étude, un faible niveau de revenu dans le secteur de recensement est associé à un risque élevé d’accouchement prématuré et de faible poids à la naissance. Le troisième chapitre traite de la probabilité des nouveau-nés de contracter des infections nosocomiales ou d’être victimes d’incidents médicaux lorsque leurs mères vivent dans la région métropolitaine de recensement du Québec. L’objectif de ce dernier chapitre est de savoir si l’environnement immédiat de la mère de l’enfant et ses caractéristiques peuvent expliquer les risques associés aux infections nosocomiales et aux incidents médicaux. Ces relations ont été peu analysées dans la littérature. La principale contribution de ce chapitre réside dans le fait que la littérature qui s’intéresse à cette question a très souvent omis de considérer l’impact de la proximité de certaines mères sur d’autres. Ces interactions pourraient avoir des effets sur les infections nosocomiales de leurs nouveau-nés. Nous effectuons notre analyse avec les données du chapitre précédent. Un modèle probit bivarié spatial a également été utilisé pour mieux capter la corrélation entre les incidents médicaux et les infections nosocomiales contractées parles nouveau-nés. Les résultats de ce chapitre nous permettent de constater que les facteurs a un niveau des secteurs de recensement qui ne sont pas observés et captés par les effets spatiaux n’influencent pas les infections nosocomiales et les incidents médicaux de façons connexes. Plus précisément, les secteurs de recensement où les nouveau-nés souffrent d’infections nosocomiales ne sont pas susceptibles d’avoir les mêmes nouveau-nés ayant subi des incidents médicaux. Les résultats montrent également que les prématurés et les nouveau-nés de faible poids à la naissance sont plus susceptibles de présenter à la fois des infections nosocomiales et des incidents médicaux. Les nourrissons transférés de la maternité à l’Unité de Soins Intensifs Néonatals (USIN) sont plus susceptibles de contracter une infection nosocomiale et d’expérimenter un incident médical. En outre, les enfants nés dans des secteurs de recensement à revenu élevé ont tendance à être moins vulnérables aux infections.
This dissertation presents three essays on the health economics of the Quebec population,including newborn health. It introduces the spatial econometrics tools into the analyses,paying particular attention to the spatial correlation between socioeconomic characteristics(notably income) and the health of individuals (obesity) and newborns. The unit of analysis is the census tracts and individuals living in the province of Quebec. In our study, we propose a much more refined analysis of the determinants of income and health outcomes among new borns. The main motivation for our research comes from the fact that it is generally accepted that the consumption of health services and goods that are harmful to health vary significantly with the income of individuals. Richer or poorer individuals will tend to consume these goods and services to a greater or lesser extent. However, income itself varies overtime and space. These spatial and temporal dimensions need to be taken into account when modelling the relationships between demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics of individuals. The introduction of spatial and temporal analyses into health economics issues will allow us to take into account spatial and temporal correlations in order to better estimate and determine the likely reasons for the variation in outcomes of interest across at different geographic scales. From a policy perspective, this approach will allow to anticipate and take preventive measures in the future with respect to the health of the population of Quebec.Health status modelling is innovative in that it integrates the characteristics of individuals ’immediate vicinity as well as spatial correlations in unobservable characteristics. These two components of the determinants of health are generally neglected or omitted in economic and econometric studies of public health issues.The main objective of this dissertation is therefore to introduce the modelling of spatial interactions into the analysis of public health issues. The idea is that, as stated in the first law of geography, everything interacts with everything, but two things that are close are more likely to interact than two things that are far away. The chapters of this dissertation are linked by the integration of a spatial dimension in the analysis of correlations. Specifically,the first chapter focuses on the relationship between obesity, measured through body mass index (BMI) and labour market outcomes (income and number of hours worked) from a spatiotemporal perspective. We use data from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The results of this chapter allow us to observe the presence in Quebec of a correlation between the income of individuals and that of their neighbours. This shows the spatial influence that neighbourhood has on an individual. Failure to take this aspect into account could have led to an incorrect conclusion about the relationship between income level and obesity. This also allowed us to separately test for the presence of the two spatial phenomena of autoregression and autocorrelation by explicitly modelling the fact that the residuals may be related to each other. In addition, we find that the marginal effects of the non-spatial model were underestimated compared to the spatial model. This underestimation ranges from 5% to17%. A refinement of the estimates was therefore made using the spatial model. With respect to the relationship between obesity and labour market outcomes, our analyses show that, inQuebec, obese individuals work more hours than individuals with a normal BMI. Obesity has no impact on the income of those who work there. The estimated models use continuous dependent variables.The second chapter assesses the relationship between income in the census tract where mothers live and adverse birth outcomes (premature and low birth weight). This chapter,to the best of our knowledge, differs from the existing literature in that it uses two different models: in addition to a spatial bivariate probit model, we also use a spatial SUR model, which is compatible with the introduction of a lagged spatiotemporal variable in the modelling. Our analysis was performed with data from neonates admitted and born at the neonatology unit of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL). Our results show the existence of a positive correlation between premature newborns and low birth weight babies at the individual and census tract levels. The introduction of the delayed spatiotemporal variable in the SURspatial modelling shows that the spatially and temporally lagged gestational age positively affects the gestational age of newborns. The results also show that the gestational age and weight of a newborn are positively influenced by those of their neighbours. This shows the spatial influence that neighbourhood has on mothers. Failure to take into account the effect of the influence of some mothers’ behaviours on others could have resulted in the omission of possible spatial correlations in unobservable characteristics that influence adverse birthout comes. The fact that these results were obtained by estimates of both the bivariate probitmodel and the spatial SUR model indicates the robustness of the correlation. A comparison of the results of the spatial bivariate probit model and the spatial SUR model was performed.In addition, we note that regardless of the model used in the study, low income in the censustract is associated with a high risk of preterm birth and low birth weight.The third chapter deals with the likelihood of newborns contracting nosocomial infections or suffering medical incidents when their mothers live in the Quebec census metropolitan area. The objective of this last chapter is to determine whether the child’s mother’s nearby environment and characteristics can explain the risks associated with nosocomial infections and medical incidents. These relationships have barely been analyzed in the literature. The main contribution of this chapter lies in the fact that the literature on this question has typically failed to consider the impact of the proximity of some mothers on others. These interactions could have effects on nosocomial infections in their newborns. We conduct our analysis with the data from the previous chapter. A spatial bivariate probit model was incorporated to better capture the correlation between medical incidents and nosocomial infections acquired by newborns. The results of this chapter show that factors at the census tract level that are not observed and captured by spatial effects do not influence nosocomial infections and medical incidents in related ways. Specifically, census tracts where newborns suffer from nosocomial infections are not likely to have the same newborns with medical incidents. The results alsos how that premature and low birth weight infants are more likely to have both hospital acquired infections and medical incidents. Infants transferred from the maternity ward to theNeonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are more likely to develop a nosocomial infection and experience a medical incident. In addition, children born in high income census tracts tend to be less vulnerable to infections.

Decomposition and N dynamics of grain-corn residues were investigated in a field study in southwestern Quebec, with particular reference to the roles of different plant parts (stems, leaves etc.) in determining overall residue mass loss and N content. A litterbag study was conducted, with surface and buried placements in plots under three tillage systems (no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage, established five years before litterbag placement). Residue mass loss and N content were monitored over a two-year period. Separate data were obtained for leaves, stems, husks, and cobs. Net values for all residues combined were calculated taking into account initial proportions of each plant part at harvest. Overall estimates were made based on residue depth-distribution typical of each tillage system. A spreadsheet-based model of surface residue mass loss was developed, incorporating litterbag mass and other surface-residue data, in order to determine how well litterbag results predicted surface residue mass loss in the field, and to test alternative assumptions regarding residue decomposition and/or burial. Buried residues lost mass more quickly than surface residues, as expected. Thus residue breakdown would be fastest in a conventional system, slowest under no-till, and intermediate with reduced tillage. Substantial decreases in mass and residue N content occurred between fall placement and first sampling in spring, despite low temperatures for much of this period. Mass loss in the first period was substantial for stems as we as husks and leaves. Cobs decomposed most slowly throughout. Nitrogen dynamics, including effects of depth on residue N content, differed greatly by residue type. All the lower-N residues (cobs, husks, stems) immobilized N at some point. However, during the two-year study, N immobilization by one or more residue types was always counterbalanced or exceeded by N release by other residue, at least for the sampling intervals included. Pa

The purpose of this thesis is to design a computer model which compares three sprinkler irrigation systems---portable pipe with volume gun, traveller with volume gun and towable/non-towable centre pivot---for potato production. The model user is required to enter a set of basic data: crop and field conditions, irrigation technical parameters and basic economic data, following which the model establishes the preliminary irrigation system and a comparative investment analysis. The model was applied and tested on a potato farm situated in Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix (southwestern Quebec). Based on a 14-year climatic analysis, supplemental irrigation for a normal rainfall growing period (368 mm) was estimated at 250 mm. The application of the model indicates that for a normal rainfall period with an assumed yield increase of 25% over non-irrigated production, all three systems provide net profits (increases of 11% to 50%). However, when determining the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) on a 10-year period, the maximum rate attained by the more profitable systems---portable pipe and non-towable centre pivot (both with an electric pump)---was 14%, a rate inferior to the IRR for non-irrigated production (17%). The Net Present Value (NPV) analysis for the two most profitable irrigation systems provided a slightly higher NPV value for irrigated than for non-irrigated production ($10,942---irrigated vs $10,522---non-irrigated production). The payback period for those two irrigation systems was 7 years. Greater gains of irrigated over non-irrigated yields would be expected for a dry period because of low and unpredictable yields in non-irrigated conditions. A farmer planning to invest in an irrigation system must carefully investigate all technical and socio-economic aspects. The model presented gives the farmer a useful tool with which to do this.

This qualitative study investigates the consequences of advancing three preschoolers into kindergarten in the province of Quebec, where the derogation exemption enables younger children to start school before they reach the age of admission of five years by September 30th. The rationale for this study came from an interest to discover the perspectives of the students, their teachers, and their parents on the topic of derogation. This study examines how these students, one in grade 4 and two in grade 6, feel about being the youngest in the class, and how teachers and parents perceive them as learners and socializers. The research design is based on an exploratory qualitative case study approach. The methods used to collect the data consist of interviews conducted with the three selected students, their homeroom teachers, and two parents; observations of the students in their school settings, and the analysis of documents such as field notes and journal entries. The interviews are analyzed within a socio-cultural interpretive framework in order to examine the way that derogation has affected the social and emotional lives of the three selected children. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is explored. This concept presents the idea that children develop their learning potential in a setting where they can learn with more capable peers and adults who provide guidance and support. When these younger children are advanced into a kindergarten class, they are placed in a setting with older peers and adult teachers. One of the issues addressed in this study is how the social milieu encourages derogated children to develop their cognitive approach to problem solving and learning. The themes that emerged from this study include the importance of parental support, peer acceptance, and self-esteem. The younger derogated students are more likely to experience success in their academic and social-emotional lives if they have good parental support, a

Measurements of vertical and horizontal components of hydraulic conductivity were made by the falling head permeameter, the standard piezometer and the piezometer with packing device on 4 farms in the Saint-Lawrence lowlands of Quebec, Canada. All fields are considered to be between imperfectly and slowly drained.
The values obtain by the 2 types of piezometer were calculated with the aid of 3 different equations and were compared.
The falling head permeameter technique was found to be not appropriate to study anisotropy in clay and clay loam soils due to its high variability and small volume of soil sampled.
Both piezometers were found well suited to make directional hydraulic conductivity measurements. Values of vertical hydraulic conductivity twice greater than values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity were obtained by piezometer measurements in a subsoil of a St-Benoit soil series.

In this ethnographic inquiry, I examine how a selected group of Chinese immigrant children in Montreal, Quebec negotiate literacy practices in three languages, Chinese, English and French. I collected data between 1998--2002 through participant observations in different socio-cultural-linguistic contexts that include a Chinese Heritage Language school and the students' home domains. Data sources also include interviews, classroom discourses, field-notes and the students' written texts in the three languages. I draw on Vygotskian socio-cultural theory as an overarching framework to conceptualize my understanding of Chinese immigrant children's triliterate actions. I use Wertsch's concept of "mediational means", Bakhtin's notions of "utterance, voice, dialogicality" and Ivanic's theory of "writing and identity" to present portraits that illustrate the complex relationships among the children's contexts, agency, cultural positionings and uses of literacy as mediational means. I examine the children's perceptions of their multiple school experiences, their school and language affiliations and identity. Lightfoot's concept of "portraiture" is a useful methodology to illustrate how multilingual children present and negotiate their life worlds in the three languages and spaces---from home to school and from heritage language school to formal public school. The reflective understandings that emerge from this inquiry are integrated within the contexts of the historical role of Confucianism and the characteristics of the written Chinese language. The results of my inquiry suggest that multilingual children's literate actions are interwoven with issues of agency, access, choice, identity, power and status in different contexts. Results further indicate that maintenance of a heritage language in its written form is possible when children receive appropriate parental support and guidance and have access to literacy materials. The development of multili

Masters in Public Administration - MPA
This study is an investigation of how the policy of centralising government departments of the former homelands affected various stakeholders in the province. There is general concern from the people of this former homelands that there is poor service delivery in these areas since the creation of the new provincial government. In attempt to cover social, economic and, political impacts of centralisation, data were gathered through face to face interview, mailed questionnaires and, telephone interviews. The study concluded that there is a great need of devolving power to the former homelands which are now called regions in the province, as an attempt of bringing back service to where people are. In a calculated move to use the offices in the former homelands, the government may also remove the pietersburg components of government departments which are not critical to the functions of headquarters and place them in Venda, Gazankulu and, Lebowa.

This thesis presented a study of post-settlement experiences of land reform beneficiaries, with a focus on three case studies from Limpopo Province. Since 1994, the South African government has implemented a land reform programme that aims to redress the injustices in land ownership patterns in the country. This study included a review of international and local literature on land reform with particualr interest in what happens after land transfer and settlement.

Subirrigation systems are generally used in humid areas to provide suitable moisture conditions for plant growth. These systems can also be used to reduce pesticide loadings from agricultural lands, since they tend to keep the discharging waters within farm boundaries for extended periods of time. This allows for greater pesticide microbial and chemical degradation.
A three-year field lysimeter study was initiated to investigate the role of subirrigation systems in reducing the risk of water pollution from the three most commonly used herbicides in Quebec, namely atrazine (2-chloro-4[ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-1,3,5-triazine), metribuzin (4-am ino-6(1,1-di meth yl eth yl)-3-(meth yl thio)-1,2,4-tria zin-5(4H)-one), and meto lach lor (2-chlo ro-N-(2-eth yl-6-methyl phen yl)-N-(2-meth oxy-1-meth yl eth yl)acet amide). Eighteen PVC lysimeters, 1 m tall x 0.45 m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil. Three water table management treatments, i.e. two subirrigation treatments with constant water table depths of 0.4 and 0.8 m, respectively, and a free drainage treatment in a completely randomized design with three replicates were used. Grain corn (Zea mays L.) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown on lysimeters, and herbicides were applied each year at the locally recommended rates at the beginning of each summer. Soil and water samples were collected at different time intervals after each natural or simulated rainfall event. Herbicides were extracted from soil and water samples and were analyzed using Gas Chromatography.
From the three years results (1993--1995), it has been concluded that all three herbicides were quite mobile in this sandy soil, as they leached to the 0.85 m depth below the soil surface quite early in the growing season. This suggests that if the drainage effluent or seeping waters from sandy soils of agricultural lands in southern Quebec drain freely, they may be considered to be a serious non-point source of pollution to the water bodies. The results have also shown that herbicide concentration decreased with soil depth as well as with time, meaning that the higher herbicide residues were found at top layers, and soon after the herbicide application. The herbicide mass balance study revealed that when the drainage effluent was kept within the lysimeters under the subirrigation setup, there was a statistically significant reduction of atrazine and metribuzin residues (shorter half lives) in the adsorbed and liquid phases. However, the reduction in metolachlor concentration under the subirrigation system was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that subirrigation, combined with certain herbicides can significantly reduce the herbicide loadings from corn and potato farms in southwestern Quebec, and become environmentally beneficial.
A computer simulation model (PRZM2), was used to simulate atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor leaching in the lysimeters, under subsurface drainage conditions. The simulated values for all three chemicals in most of the cases followed the leaching pattern of observed data. But the model either under- or over-estimated the herbicide concentrations in the soil. This could have been caused by simplistic instantaneous linear adsorption/desorption of herbicides, and inadequacy of conventional Darcian approach for the treatment of matrix flow.

AbstractWithin the context of climate change, the province of Phuket in Thailand is the only province in Thailand without any large rivers, which means that it is potentially at risk from problems associated with water scarcity in the future. Phuket Island is also the largest island in Thailand with an area of 543 km2 comprised of three districts (Thalang, Muang and Kathu); 77% of the island is mountainous and 23% consists of plains, primarily in the central and eastern regions. Most water is derived from rainfall, which is stored in reservoirs, mine shafts, and groundwater sources. Due to geography, Phuket is a popular tourist destination. Rates of development in the hotel industry and residential areas, as well as the population, have been rapid in recent decades. However, these developments have severely degraded watershed areas. Economic growth and increases in the number of tourists has resulted in an increase in demand for water, and in the year 2020 consumption exceeded 100,000 m3/day (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020). Moreover, trends of water use in Phuket are expected to increase by 12% annually, and it is forecasted that the water demand for local consumption and tourism will rise to 103.07 million m3/year in 2032 (Patong Municipality 2020). As the water supply in the three major reservoirs (Bang Wad, Bang Niew Dam and Klong Katha) are limited due to long periods of a dry weather (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020), there are problems of water scarcity in Phuket and other areas with public water systems in the province. The droughts in 2002 and 2019–2020 caused severe water scarcity in Phuket, and this has become an important issue that the province needs to address.

The geophysical data sets available for the western Churchill Province have had a bearing on the understanding of its structure, evolution and metal endowment. New data were acquired and interpreted during the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program (2008-2020). Regional, high-resolution aeromagnetic, and targeted gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were collected in GEM, in conjunction with geological mapping projects, in order to provide control on bedrock features beneath widespread glacial overburden and flat-lying sedimentary basins. Quantitative estimates of three-dimensional geometry were obtained in key areas through geophysical models integrating the geophysical characteristics with local rock property measurements. These geophysical data sets contributed to new knowledge and interpretations in three related research fields: 1) location and nature of Rae cratonmp;gt;'s boundaries within the western Churchill Province; 2) definition of internal Rae architecture; and 3) identification of reactivated structures controlling gold and uranium mineralization. The new data, models and emerging tectonic and metallogenic frameworks will serve as guides for future exploration in this remote, complex, challenging region.

Despite climate change being a major concern for the sanitation sector, rural sanitation remains neglected in the wider discussions of climate impacts on WASH services. Also, the voices of vulnerable individuals, households, and communities who are experiencing the effects of climate change in relation to sanitation issues are missing. This learning brief presents learnings from a practitioner’s experience of integrating climate risk considerations into a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) programme. The interventions were piloted across three districts of Savannakhet province with a focus on villages that have frequently experienced heavy rainfall and flooding in the past. The learning brief is intended to provide inspiration and ideas to WASH experts and practitioners with interest in integrating considerations of climate change into rural sanitation programming.

The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology collects geochemical data at a fraction of the cost of traditional laboratory methods. Although the pXRF spectrometer provides concentrations for 41 elements, only a subset of these elements meet the criteria for definitive, quantitative, and qualitative data. However, high-quality pXRF data obtained by correct application of analytical protocols, can provide robust insight to stratigraphy and sediment characteristics that are often not observed by, for example, visual core logging, grain size analysis, and geophysical logging. We present examples of geochemical results obtained from pXRF analysis of drill core samples from three boreholes located in Canada, that demonstrate: 1) Definitive stratigraphic boundaries observed in geochemical changes obtained from 380 analyses collected over 150 m of core, which intersects three Ordovician sedimentary formations and Precambrian granite. These boundaries could not be reconciled by traditional visual core logging methods. 2) Significant elemental concentration changes observed in 120 samples collected in each of two ~120 m deep boreholes located in a confined paleo-glacial foreland basin. The collected geochemical data provide insight to sediment provenance and stratigraphic relationships that were previously unknown. 3) Abrupt changes in the geochemical signature in a subset of 135 samples collected from a 151 m deep borehole intersecting Quaternary glacial derived till, sands, and ahomogeneous silt and clay succession. These data provide a platform for discussion on ice sheet dynamics, changes in depositional setting, and changes in provenance. Results from each of these studies highlights previously unknown (invisible) geological information revealed through geochemical analyses. A significant benefit of using pXRF technology is refining sampling strategies in near real time and the ability to increase sample density at geochemical boundaries with little increase in analysis time or budget. The data also provide an opportunity to establish a chemostratigraphic framework that complements other stratigraphic correlation techniques, including geophysical methods. Overall, data collected with pXRF technology provide new insights into topics such as spatial correlations, facies changes, provenance changes, and depositional environment changes.

To maintain measurement accuracy, stationary volume provers must be re-proved periodically. The most direct method of determining a provers volume is through a process known as water drawing where water is circulated through the prover and swept into certified measurement volumes. Since the can volumes can be directly calibrated by national metrology agencies, the traceability chain is short. However, proving with water requires that the prover be first cleaned of any hydrocarbon product that may alter the working volume of the prover and create waste products that must be handled properly. The master meter method uses the flowing product instead of water for the prover calibration and, therefore, eliminates substantial on-site waste handling issues. A master meter system consists of a portable volume prover and a turbine or positive displacement meter that is plumbed in series with the stationary prover to provide the calibration. The increased uncertainty associated with the two-step process of proving with a master meter is specifically mentioned in the API references concerning liquid meter proving; however, there has not been significant published testing to assess the differences in the methods. The objective of this project was to provide a comparison between the volume determined via the water draw method and that determined via the master eter method. A new stationary prover was used as the target device for the prover trials. Two water draw calibrations were performed and compared to the factory-provided water draw volume. The water draw results showed that with consistent measurement techniques, the results from three independent sources were within 0.02%. It is important to note that one data set had to be adjusted (based on tests) to provide this level of agreement.

Funding and priorities for technology development today determine the terrain for digital battles tomorrow, and they provide the arsenals for both attackers and defenders. Unfortunately, researchers and strategists disagree on which technologies will ultimately be most beneficial and which cause more harm than good. This report provides three examples showing that, while the future of technology is impossible to predict with certainty, there is enough empirical data and mathematical theory to have these debates with more rigor.

The Rush Valley 30' x 60' quadrangle extends southwest and west from the greater Salt Lake City–Provo metropolitan area with land use varied between public, military, Indian reservation, and private. This 1:62,500-scale geologic map will aid the proper management of land, water, and other resources. The map area lies within the eastern Basin and Range Province. Mountain ranges are composed of unexposed basement rocks overlain by exposed Neoproterozoic through Triassic rocks that are about 10.4 miles (16.8 km) thick, and by numerous Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic units (~47 to 20 Ma). The intervening valleys include bedrock covered with Miocene-Pliocene? rocks (~11 to 4 Ma) and Neogene-Quaternary surficial deposits. The map area is on the southern flank of the Uinta-Tooele structural zone. This area is in the Charleston-Nebo (Provo) salient of the Sevier fold-thrust belt and some thrust faults are exposed, but the overall Sevier belt geometry is obscured by extensive Cenozoic cover and later faulting. Following Sevier deformation, calk-alkaline volcanism occurred from several Paleogene volcanic centers (42 to 25 Ma). Extensional tectonism created the distinctive basin and range topography from about 20 Ma to the present. Early extensional basin fill includes Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks followed by Pliocene-Holocene surficial deposits primarily from lacustrine and alluvial depositional environments. Valley areas were covered by late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, and deposits are associated with three levels of regional shorelines. Normal faults cut the ranges and are known to bound some valley margins where not concealed. Although deep drill hole data are relatively sparse, gravity data were used to help constrain basin geometries.

Due to the increased utilization of mass-based flowmeters for flow measurement of hydrocarbons, there is a requirement for a direct method for proving/calibrating a mass flowmeter directly using a measured mass. The project objective was to identify, review and rank suitable methods for proving/calibrating a mass-based flowmeter directly using a measured mass. The preferred method has been recommended and potential changes to industry standards have been highlighted. This report has a related webinar.

Poliomyelitis (polio) remains a vital global public health challenge, particularly in countries where eradication efforts are ongoing. For almost three decades, polio programme and frontline workers in Pakistan have suffered human and financial losses due to complex political and bureaucratic management, local resistance to programme efforts, and the context of cross-border insurgency and insecurity.1 Many stakeholders in Pakistan continue to have low confidence in frontline workers and polio vaccination campaigns. In this environment, it is essential that vaccination programmes localise – by taking careful account of the local context, improving local ownership of the programmes, understanding and mitigating the issues at a grassroots level, and tailoring efforts to achieve polio eradication goals. This brief draws on evidence from academic and grey literature, data on polio vaccine uptake, consultations with partners working on polio eradication in Pakistan, and the authors’ own programme implementation experience in the country. The brief reviews the social, cultural, and contextual considerations relevant to increasing polio vaccine uptake amongst vulnerable groups in Pakistan’s tribal areas. It focuses on the current country context, in the aftermath of the 2018 merger of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (KPK). This brief is part of a series authored by participants from the SSHAP Fellowship, and was written by Luqman Hakeem and Riaz Hussain from Cohort 2. Contributions were provided by response partners in Pakistan including health communication and delivery staff and local administrative authorities. This brief was reviewed by Muhammad Sufyan (University of Swabi) and Ilyas Sharif (Quaid-e-Azam College of Commerce, University of Peshawar). The brief was supported by Megan Schmidt-Sane and Santiago Ripoll at the Institute of Development Studies and is the responsibility of SSHAP.