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1
OMORI, HITOSHI. "REMARKS ON NAIVE SET THEORY BASED ONLP." Review of Symbolic Logic 8, no. 2 (February 12, 2015): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000525.
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AbstractDialetheism is the metaphysical claim that there are true contradictions. And based on this view, Graham Priest and his collaborators have been suggesting solutions to a number of paradoxes. Those paradoxes include Russell’s paradox in naive set theory. For the purpose of dealing with this paradox, Priest is known to have argued against the presence of classical negation in the underlying logic of naive set theory. The aim of the present paper is to challenge this view by showing that there is a way to handle classical negation.
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WEBER, ZACH. "TRANSFINITE NUMBERS IN PARACONSISTENT SET THEORY." Review of Symbolic Logic 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020309990281.
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This paper begins an axiomatic development of naive set theory—the consequences of a full comprehension principle—in a paraconsistent logic. Results divide into two sorts. There is classical recapture, where the main theorems of ordinal and Peano arithmetic are proved, showing that naive set theory can provide a foundation for standard mathematics. Then there are major extensions, including proofs of the famous paradoxes and the axiom of choice (in the form of the well-ordering principle). At the end I indicate how later developments of cardinal numbers will lead to Cantor’s theorem, the existence of large cardinals, and a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis.
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Kreis, Guido. "The Challenge of Paradox: Infinity and Contradiction in Western and Chinese Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 44, no. 3-4 (March 3, 2017): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0440304008.
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Kant claimed that it is impossible for us to have a consistent notion of the infinite. I shall concentrate on three versions of the paradoxes of the infinite: Kant’s first antinomy, the paradoxes of Cantorian set theory, and applications of Cantorian arguments to the metaphysics of the world. I shall dare two side-glance looks at Ancient Chinese Philosophy, where analogies to the Western paradoxes can be found. I shall first discuss key passages from the Chinese sophists, and then consider the formulation of the Law of Non-Contradiction in the Moist Canons. I conclude that the paradoxes of the infinite remain a major challenge for reason.
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Xue, Yang. "Reflection on Set theory: Is the barber example a genuine illustration of Russell's paradox?" Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4283.
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Since the formulation of Russell’s paradox, many people have created more accessible models while trying to understand and solve the paradox. The Barber paradox is the most famous one, but it is not the case that this paradox was not proposed by Russell. This paper will demonstrate the nature of both paradoxes through truth-functional language and propose possible solutions (theory of types) for Russell’s paradox. The reason why the Barber paradox is a pseudo paradox will also be illustrated with a possible solution. There is a huge difference between the paradoxes due to the fundamental difference in the set, and more reasons will be clarified in the paper.
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Nescolarde-Selva, Josué-Antonio, José-Luis Usó-Doménech, Lorena Segura-Abad, Kristian Alonso-Stenberg, and Hugh Gash. "Solutions of Extension and Limits of Some Cantorian Paradoxes." Mathematics 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040486.
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Cantor thought of the principles of set theory or intuitive principles as universal forms that can apply to any actual or possible totality. This is something, however, which need not be accepted if there are totalities which have a fundamental ontological value and do not conform to these principles. The difficulties involved are not related to ontological problems but with certain peculiar sets, including the set of all sets that are not members of themselves, the set of all sets, and the ordinal of all ordinals. These problematic totalities for intuitive theory can be treated satisfactorily with the Zermelo and Fraenkel (ZF) axioms or the von Neumann, Bernays, and Gödel (NBG) axioms, and the iterative conceptions expressed in them.
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Swart, Barbara. "Fair pricing, and pricing paradoxes." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1136.
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The St Petersburg Paradox revolves round the determination of a fair price for playing the St Petersburg Game. According to the original formulation, the price for the game is infinite, and, therefore, paradoxical. Although the St Petersburg Paradox can be seen as concerning merely a game, Paul Samuelson (1977) calls it a “fascinating chapter in the history of ideas”, a chapter that gave rise to a considerable number of papers over more than 200 years involving fields such as probability theory and economics. In a paper in this journal, Vivian (2013) undertook a numerical investigation of the St Petersburg Game. In this paper, the central issue of the paradox is identified as that of fair (risk-neutral) pricing, which is fundamental in economics and finance and involves important concepts such as no arbitrage, discounting, and risk-neutral measures. The model for the St Petersburg Game as set out in this paper is new and analytical and resolves the so-called pricing paradox by applying a discounting procedure. In this framework, it is shown that there is in fact no infinite price paradox, and simple formulas for obtaining a finite price for the game are also provided.
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Kakkar, Shiva. "The goblet and two faces." Learning Organization 26, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tlo-04-2018-0052.
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Purpose Paradox theory looks at ambidexterity as a set of paradoxical yet interrelated demands. A form of response to such paradoxes is transcendence. Currently, there is limited understanding of the concept among researchers. Using concepts from the Indian philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, this paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of transcendence, highlight some of the epistemological challenges it presents and suggest ways in which the concept can be used by practitioners and ambidexterity researchers. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses concepts and theories from advaitic episteme to look at concepts of paradox and transcendence. The method of adhyaropa–apavada is introduced as a way to help individuals get a transcendental perspective of paradoxes. The application of the method is demonstrated using secondary data from published research on ambidexterity management. Findings It is postulated that transcendence is an “intuitive experience” born out of reflexive thinking. The dialectic of adhyaropa–apavada (affirmation followed by recension) is suggested as a pedagogical tool that can promote reflexive thinking. Originality/value The paper significantly adds to the theoretical understanding of paradoxes and transcendence in ambidexterity literature. The paper also makes a strong pedagogical contribution to literature by suggesting the dialectic of adhyaropa–apavada that can be used by managers to promote reflexive thinking among subordinates when faced with paradoxical situations.
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Niizato, Takayuki, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yoh-ichi Mototake, Hisashi Murakami, Takenori Tomaru, Tomotaro Hoshika, and Toshiki Fukushima. "Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis." Entropy 22, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070726.
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Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and introduced two new factors. First, we defined the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from Δ t = 5 / 120 to Δ t = 120 / 120 s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish schools according to their group sizes and the degree of group integrity around the reaction time scale of the fish, despite the small group sizes. Compared with the short time scale, the interaction heterogeneity observed in the long time scale seems to diminish. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT 3.0 analysis.
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Halabi, Dana L., and Mitra Saamira. "Paradoxes in Policy Practice: Signaling Postsecondary Pathways in the Rust Belt." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400106.
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Context Research increasingly suggests that the high school diploma has lost its meaning as a symbol of life preparation. Having faced economic struggles earlier and longer than most regions of the United States, the “Rust Belt” region offers important lessons for the broader nation regarding how high schools might prepare youth for stable futures. Much like in towns in India and China, communities in the United States’ Rust Belt experience a paradox of wanting youth to find successful careers but not leave the area. Focus of Study Recent research connections between high school and college have focused on the role of signaling strategies in preparing young people for postsecondary opportunities. High-quality signals that are clear, aligned, and consistent can positively influence student outcomes. This article examines the types of policy signals that local Rust Belt communities are trying to develop to both improve postsecondary attendance of young people and retain young people in their home communities as they choose career pathways. Research Design Three cases—”Steeltown,” “Milltown,” and “Railtown”—were chosen using a comparative case study design intended for the purpose of explanation building. Data-collection strategies consisted of a combination of semistructured interviews and document collection to ascertain the visions, intentions, and implementation of the reform efforts of the selected communities. Interview protocols explored the actors, problem definitions, collaborative patterns, and implementation of initiatives. Extensive written documentation from each city that served as validity checks of the interview data. Data analysis involved a grounded theory approach of moving from raw data to conclusions using a data reduction process that involved an extensive coding strategy and case histories. Findings The strategies of the three cases suggest that three specific signaling strategies were most often used to address individual and community policy needs in these Pennsylvania communities: achievement, alignment, and awareness. The focus on academic achievement was the most consistent strategy, but weak in terms of providing a connection to postsecondary signaling. Awareness strategies consisted of teaching youth and their families about the growing fields of industry in a local area. Alignment strategies provided a way for youth to see the full pathway to potential careers. They included a focus on creating easier transitions between traditional high school, vocational-technical high schools, community colleges, technical schools, and four-year institutions. Conclusions The alignment strategies presented in these cases were not always consistent with the awareness strategies that encouraged youth to stay local in job searches. Alignment strategies therefore often prioritized youth needs over community needs. If alignment efforts are paired with building awareness of local career opportunities, however, they could help to strengthen and rebuild Rust Belt communities. A combined strategy could both increase understanding of careers and provide a pathway to get the training necessary to compete for these available jobs.
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VINCENT, THOMAS L. "THE G-FUNCTION METHOD FOR ANALYZING DARWINIAN DYNAMICS." International Game Theory Review 06, no. 01 (March 2004): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000083.
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Darwinian dynamics refers to the dynamical processes underlying natural selection that drives evolution. We are interested in the evolution of strategies used by biological entities. There are two dynamical processes involved, population dynamics (relationship between population density and the agents affecting density) and strategy dynamics (relationship between strategy values and the agents affecting these values). Darwinian dynamics is a total dynamic obtained through the coupling of these two processes, the modeling of which, involves dynamical systems, optimization, stability, and game theory. Using a method called the G-function approach, we explore how an evolutionary process can take place in a set of differential equations, and we examine some interesting links between evolutionary stability and optimization as embodied in the ESS maximum principle. One of the interesting paradoxes is how a "hill-climbing" algorithm can end up at a stable local minimum and why this might have important implications in understanding speciation (the creation of new species from a homogeneous population). Finally, we will examine how these concepts are currently being applied to model the development of tumors in humans.
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Genest, Sylvie. "Systems Theory and Intercultural Communication: Methods for Heuristic Model Design." Humans 3, no. 4 (November 23, 2023): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans3040023.
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This article focuses on methods for designing heuristic models within the paradigm of systems theory and in the disciplinary context of intercultural communication. The main question arises from the striking observation that common language is insufficient to develop knowledge about human communication, especially when many factors of complexity (such as ambiguity, paradoxes, or uncertainty) are involved in the composition of an abstract research object. This epistemological, theoretical, and methodological problem is one of the main challenges to the scientificity of anthropological theories and concepts on culture. Moreover, these questions lie at the heart of research on intercultural communication. Authors and theorists in the complexity sciences have already stressed the need, in such cases, to think in terms of models or semiotic representations, since these tools of thought can mediate much more effectively than unformalized language between the heterogeneous set of perceptions arising from the field of experience, on the one hand, and the philosophical principles that organize speculative thought, on the other. This sets the scene for a reflection on the need to master the theory of heuristic models when it comes to developing scientific knowledge in the field of intercultural communication. In this essay, my first aim is to make explicit the conditions likely to ensure the heuristic value of a model, while my second aim is to clarify the operational function and required level of abstraction of certain terms, such as heading, concept, category, model, and system that are among the most commonly used by academics in their descriptive accounts or explanatory hypotheses. To achieve this second objective, I propose to create cognitive meta-categories to identify the three (nominal, cardinal, or ordinal) roles of words in the reference grids that we use to classify our ideas and to specify how to use these meta-categories in the construction of our heuristic models. Alongside the theoretical presentation, examples of application are provided, almost all of which are drawn from my own research into the increased cultural vigilance of the majority population in Québec since the reasonable accommodation crisis in this French-speaking province of Canada. The typology I propose will perhaps help to avoid the confusion regularly committed by authors who attribute only cosmetic functions to words that nevertheless have a highly heuristic value and who forget to consider the logical leaps of their theoretical thinking in the construction of heuristic models.
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Král, Pavel, Martina Richterová, and Věra Králová. "Why does talent leave organizations? Talent retention of trainee program graduates." European Conference on Management Leadership and Governance 18, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 229–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecmlg.18.1.889.
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Organizations fight for talent, and talent management has become an integral part of human resource management. Trainee programs are a part of talent management, which allows organizations to attract primarily university graduates with high potential. Trainee programs are highly selective and require high investment. However, much of the talent successfully finishing trainee programs (i.e. trainee program graduates) leave the organization before they can return the investment to the organization. The literature on talent management is centered around the process of attraction and development of talent but stays silent about talent retention. Thus, this research identifies and explores the reasons why trainee program graduates leave organizations.
The study draws on a qualitative case study of the largest car producer in the Czech Republic with an established and highly developed trainee program. Data comprises of four sources: First, the interviews with the trainee program graduates, both who remained or left the organization after finishing the trainee program. Second, extensive internal talent management documentation related to the trainee program. Third, the consultations with human resource management specialists. Fourth, field notes from employee’s non-participant observation. Grounded theory analysis was used to analyze the data.
The findings reveal three overarching factors that determine the turnover of trainee program graduates: the sense of uniqueness, instantaneity, and privilege. These factors represent expectations that are set by the organization but are not achieved by the trainee program graduates. These factors uncover the underlying paradoxical nature of trainee programs, which is highlighted by two trainee program paradoxes: focus paradox and prestige paradox.
The research has several theoretical contributions. In the first place, the findings expand talent management literature by identifying critical issues that may lead to talent drainage instead of talent retention. This research also contributes to generational cohort theory. Practical implications provide suggestions on how to integrate trainee programs into human resource management practices to achieve expected and desired benefits of talent management for organizations.
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RIPLEY, DAVID. "NAIVE SET THEORY AND NONTRANSITIVE LOGIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 8, no. 3 (January 26, 2015): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000501.
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AbstractIn a recent series of papers, I and others have advanced new logical approaches to familiar paradoxes. The key to these approaches is to accept full classical logic, and to accept the principles that cause paradox, while preventing trouble by allowing a certain sort of nontransitivity. Earlier papers have treated paradoxes of truth and vagueness. The present paper will begin to extend the approach to deal with the familiar paradoxes arising in naive set theory, pointing out some of the promises and pitfalls of such an approach.
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Herman, Ari, and John Caughman. "Probability Axioms and Set Theory Paradoxes." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020179.
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In this paper, we show that Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with Choice (ZFC) conflicts with basic intuitions about randomness. Our background assumptions are the Zermelo–Fraenekel axioms without Choice (ZF) together with a fragment of Kolmogorov’s probability theory. Using these minimal assumptions, we prove that a weak form of Choice contradicts two common sense assumptions about probability—both based on simple notions of symmetry and independence.
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Khovrat, Artem, Denys Teslenko, Nural Нурал, and Valentyna Kyriy. "THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR IRRATIONAL COMPONENT OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY IN SPECIFIC MARKETS." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 2 (24) (August 5, 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2023.24.221.
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The subject matter of the article is the theoretical-methodical and applied principles of behavioural economics and their implementation in Ukrainian society. The goal of the work is to analyse the theory of irrationality in the economic context to find out what its character is in modern Ukrainian conditions, as well as to confirm the main paradoxes inherent in the individual’s decision-making behaviour. The following tasks were solved in the article: highlighting important aspects of the theory of irrationality for experimental analysis; determination of the methodology of experiments based on internationally recognized works; proposing a hypothesis regarding Ukrainian realities; conducting experiments according to the proposed methodology to test the proposed hypotheses and systematize the obtained results. The following methods are used: analytical and inductive methods for determining the set of behavioural experiments and building hypotheses regarding their results; experimental method and method of mathematical processing to check the presence of selected behavioural deviations in Ukraine. The following results were obtained: it was determined that in Ukrainian society there is a difference between the degree of individualistic attitudes in different age groups; determined change in the perception of information of different generations as a result of more significant digitization of the young population; a higher tendency of children to risk for certain conditions is determined; the similarity of the obtained results of the experiments with the global ones are established and the impact of technologies on the economic behaviour of individuals and the peculiarities caused by the historical context and expanded access to information, in general, are determined. Conclusions: the use of analytical and inductive methods in combination with an experimental approach confirmed the existence of some of the classic behavioural patterns for modern Ukrainian society, in particular: the Allais paradox, the effect of bounded rationality, the effect of joining the majority, the effect of ownership and asymmetric dominance. In addition, based on the obtained results, it was determined that for Ukraine there is a significant difference between the nature of irrationality in different age groups, however, the postulation of this statement beyond the selected target groups requires additional research, as well as consideration of the context of other market entities.
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Usó-Doménech, José-Luis, Josué-Antonio Nescolarde-Selva, Lorena Segura-Abad, Hugh Gash, and Kristian Alonso-Stenberg. "Cantor Paradoxes, Possible Worlds and Set Theory." Mathematics 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7070628.
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In this paper, we illustrate the paradox concerning maximally consistent sets of propositions, which is contrary to set theory. It has been shown that Cantor paradoxes do not offer particular advantages for any modal theories. The paradox is therefore not a specific difficulty for modal concepts, and it also neither grants advantages nor disadvantages for any modal theory. The underlying problem is quite general, and affects anyone who intends to use the notion of “world” in its ontology.
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Ogarenko, E. S. "THREE PARADOXES OF THE THEORY OF DEMOCRACY." International and Political Studies, no. 35 (November 10, 2022): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2707-5206.2022.35.259346.
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The article analyzes three paradoxes of the theory of democracy, which testify to the crisis of this theory. The reasons for the aggravated paradoxical vision of democracy can be considered both contradictions in the very theory of democracy and contradictions in the political practice of democratic states. In accordance with the proposed author's approach to the analysis of the paradoxes of the theory of democracy, attention should be focused on the key problem for the social form of existence, the problem of the relationship between freedom, equality, and justice. The social exists as the intersection of the natural (necessary) and the conscious (free). Interests as motivators of behavior were placed in this "pause". The "superstructure" in the form of collective consciousness produces values as regulators of behavior. And the balance of interests and values becomes the main social problem, solved on the basis of the ratio of freedom and equality, which is assessed as fair or unfair. The latter is transferred to the specific embodiment of a just or unjust order in the person of the state.
The socialist value of the state priority of "workers' equality" was devalued in the early 90s of the 20th century due to the obvious dissonance between the theory and practice of equality and the collapse of the state order that represented this value - the USSR. Therefore, in the modern world, democratic systems balance on a fluid balance of freedom and order in the form of neo-liberal or neo-conservative state policies. But the desovereignization of the state postulated in D. Rodrik's paradox, confirmed by other researchers, casts doubt on the effectiveness of this policy in the modern world.
In order to comprehend the paradoxes of the theory of democracy, the author submits the following statements for consideration: 1. Democracy and the state are coexisting forms of social organization that can temporarily intersect and thus create the illusion of their consistent combination. The basis of this illusion was laid by the European interpretation of the direct democracy of antiquity. 2. Under the conditions of representative democracy, the illusion of a consistent combination of democracy and the state is stimulated through the propaganda mechanism of state self-identification of the population, based on a person's tendency to self-deceive and on the ideologies encouraged by the state that are relevant in a particular social system: nationalism, patriotism, socialism, liberalism, the rule of law. 3. It is necessary to recognize the existence in the conditions of a representative democracy of a “political class” that has a special economic and psychological motivation for behavior and therefore is interested in preserving and maintaining a special type of status (as a democratic variety of class) inequality, including through the propaganda of the ideological dogma of democracy.
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Turner, Ray. "A theory of properties." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 2 (June 1987): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274394.
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Frege's attempts to formulate a theory of properties to serve as a foundation for logic, mathematics and semantics all dissolved under the weight of the logicial paradoxes. The language of Frege's theory permitted the representation of the property which holds of everything which does not hold of itself. Minimal logic, plus Frege's principle of abstraction, leads immediately to a contradiction. The subsequent history of foundational studies was dominated by attempts to formulate theories of properties and sets which would not succumb to the Russell argument. Among such are Russell's simple theory of types and the development of various iterative conceptions of set. All of these theories ban, in one way or another, the self-reference responsible for the paradoxes; in this sense they are all “typed” theories. The semantical paradoxes, involving the concept of truth, induced similar nightmares among philosophers and logicians involved in semantic theory. The early work of Tarski demonstrated that no language that contained enough formal machinery to respresent the various versions of the Liar could contain a truth-predicate satisfying all the Tarski biconditionals. However, recent work in both disciplines has led to a re-evaluation of the limitations imposed by the paradoxes.In the foundations of set theory, the work of Gilmore [1974], Feferman [1975], [1979], [1984], and Aczel [1980] has clearly demonstrated that elegant and useful type-free theories of classes are feasible. Work on the semantic paradoxes was given new life by Kripke's contribution (Kripke [1975]). This inspired the recent work of Gupta [1982] and Herzberger [1982]. These papers demonstrate that much room is available for the development of theories of truth which meet almost all of Tarski's desiderata.
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LINNEBO, ØYSTEIN. "THE POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF SETS." Review of Symbolic Logic 6, no. 2 (March 14, 2013): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020313000014.
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AbstractSome reasons to regard the cumulative hierarchy of sets as potential rather than actual are discussed. Motivated by this, a modal set theory is developed which encapsulates this potentialist conception. The resulting theory is equi-interpretable with Zermelo Fraenkel set theory but sheds new light on the set-theoretic paradoxes and the foundations of set theory.
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Kostic, Jovana. "Two ways of approaching the paradoxes in logic and mathematics." Theoria, Beograd 64, no. 3 (2021): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2103021k.
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It is usual to think of the paradoxes appearing inside a particular logical or mathematical theory as the serious obstacles hindering any further development of that theory. Paradoxes are supposed to show that a theory in question is built on an unstable, or even contradictory foundation, and thus point the need for its complete revision. However, a different view on the paradoxes is also possible. They could instead be understood as the arguments which show that some particular assumptions concerning the objects with respect to which they appear, or the ways of reasoning about them, are wrong. If treated in that way, paradoxes or their solutions could lead to some new insights into the nature of objects they concern. They could thus turn out to make a useful focus in developing the understanding of these objects. In this work, the effect that the first approach towards the paradoxes had on development of logic and mathematics, in particular set theory, will be described. Using some examples, we will try to show that the alternative view on the paradoxes or their formal equivalents actually leads to some important results in logic, and at the same time, opens the door to a new logical theory - the so-called theory of concepts.
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Liszka, James. "The problematics of truth and solidarity in Peirce’s rhetoric." Semiotica 2018, no. 220 (January 26, 2018): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0079.
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AbstractA strong case can be made that Peirce’s formal rhetoric is primarily a theory of inquiry. Peirce’s convergence theory of truth requires a community of inquiry enduring indefinitely over time. Such a community, then, must promote “solidarity” in Peirce’s terms, a consistent practice of cooperation among inquirers over generations. One of the tasks of his formal rhetoric, then, is to analyze the conditions for solidarity. Using Peirce’s framework of a belief-desire model for practical action, solidarity can be promoted if there are commonly desired ends and a consensus of beliefs about the best means to attain those ends in inquiry. Peirce recognizes, however, that the community of inquiry is constituted with different types of inquirers who have different purposes for inquiry. He divides them among the “pure” theoretical scientists, applied scientists and practical inquirers – the general public – who are interested in the practical applications that can bring betterment to their lives. It is argued here that Peirce’s apparent inconsistencies concerning the role and purpose of science can be attributed to cautions addressed to each of these different audiences. The remainder of the paper explores the problematics of solidarity in a community of inquirers who have different ends for inquiry, and how Peirce attempts to address the puzzles and paradoxes that result.
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WELCH, P. D. "ULTIMATE TRUTH VIS-À-VIS STABLE TRUTH." Review of Symbolic Logic 1, no. 1 (June 2008): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020308080118.
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We show that the set of ultimately true sentences in Hartry Field's Revenge-immune solution model to the semantic paradoxes is recursively isomorphic to the set of stably true sentences obtained in Hans Herzberger's revision sequence starting from the null hypothesis. We further remark that this shows that a substantial subsystem of second-order number theory is needed to establish the semantic values of sentences in Field's relative consistency proof of his theory over the ground model of the standard natural numbers: \Delta _3^1-CA0 (second-order number theory with a \Delta _3^1-comprehension axiom scheme) is insufficient. We briefly consider his claim to have produced a ‘revenge-immune’ solution to the semantic paradoxes by introducing this conditional. We remark that the notion of a ‘determinately true’ operator can be introduced in other settings.
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Bogdanovic, Mario. "MARKETING PARADOXES: EXPLICATION OF SOME BASIC MARKETING PARADOXES." MEST Journal 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.11.11.01.02.
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This paper aims to clarify the relationship between marketing and important economic/business categories and the internal relationship between two fundamental marketing principles. The author used a qualitative approach to determine the existence of mentioned paradoxes, i.e., using logic-verbal methods is usual in economic theory/philosophy where rational discussion is the essence of understanding economic phenomena and delivering significant insights. The results showed three existing contemporary marketing paradoxes. The first is the paradox of marketing and sales/entrepreneurship, i.e., a paradox between satisfying the wishes and needs of the customers and the salesman/entrepreneur. The second is the paradox of marketing and rational consumer/homo economicus because of their conflicting goals. The third is the intramarketing paradox, i.e., between old and new basic marketing principles, because of substantial incompatibility and dubious effect on consumer well-being. A limitation of this paper is the lack of a mainstream marketing approach that does not emphasize significant concepts contradictions and the absence of quantitative methodology for testing the theses/conclusions. The theoretically unsolvable marketing paradoxes solving can be facilitated by finding a dialectical compromise between achieving contradictory goals closest to the optimal win-win principle. Solutions where only one of the parties in the relationship should dominantly benefit (win-lose) are of no use.
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DEAN, WALTER. "INCOMPLETENESS VIA PARADOX AND COMPLETENESS." Review of Symbolic Logic 13, no. 3 (May 23, 2019): 541–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020319000212.
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AbstractThis paper explores the relationship borne by the traditional paradoxes of set theory and semantics to formal incompleteness phenomena. A central tool is the application of the Arithmetized Completeness Theorem to systems of second-order arithmetic and set theory in which various “paradoxical notions” for first-order languages can be formalized. I will first discuss the setting in which this result was originally presented by Hilbert & Bernays (1939) and also how it was later adapted by Kreisel (1950) and Wang (1955) in order to obtain formal undecidability results. A generalization of this method will then be presented whereby Russell’s paradox, a variant of Mirimanoff’s paradox, the Liar, and the Grelling–Nelson paradox may be uniformly transformed into incompleteness theorems. Some additional observations are then framed relating these results to the unification of the set theoretic and semantic paradoxes, the intensionality of arithmetization (in the sense of Feferman, 1960), and axiomatic theories of truth.
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Gilmore, Paul C. "Natural deduction based set theories: a new resolution of the old paradoxes." Journal of Symbolic Logic 51, no. 2 (June 1986): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200031261.
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AbstractThe comprehension principle of set theory asserts that a set can be formed from the objects satisfying any given property. The principle leads to immediate contradictions if it is formalized as an axiom scheme within classical first order logic. A resolution of the set paradoxes results if the principle is formalized instead as two rules of deduction in a natural deduction presentation of logic. This presentation of the comprehension principle for sets as semantic rules, instead of as a comprehension axiom scheme, can be viewed as an extension of classical logic, in contrast to the assertion of extra-logical axioms expressing truths about a pre-existing or constructed universe of sets. The paradoxes are disarmed in the extended classical semantics because truth values are only assigned to those sentences that can be grounded in atomic sentences.
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Millroth, Philip, Håkan Nilsson, and Peter Juslin. "The decision paradoxes motivating Prospect Theory: The prevalence of the paradoxes increases with numerical ability." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 4 (July 2019): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006161.
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AbstractProspect Theory (PT: Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) of risky decision making is based on psychological phenomena (paradoxes) that motivate assumptions about how people react to gains and losses, and how they weight outcomes with probabilities. Recent studies suggest that people’s numeracy affect their decision making. We therefore conducted a large-scale conceptual replication of the seminal study by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), where we targeted participants with larger variability in numeracy. Because people low in numeracy may be more dependent on anchors in the form of other judgments we also manipulated design type (within-subject design, vs. single-stimuli design, where participants assess only one problem). The results from about 1,800 participants showed that design type had no effect on the modal choices. The rate of replication of the paradoxes in Kahneman and Tversky was poor and positively related to the participants’ numeracy. The Probabilistic Insurance Effect was observed at all levels of numeracy. The Reflection Effects were not fully replicated at any numeracy level. The Certainty and Isolation Effects explained by nonlinear probability weighting were replicated only at high numeracy. No participant exhibited all 9 paradoxes and more than 50% of the participants exhibited at most three of the 9 paradoxes. The choices by the participants with low numeracy were consistent with a shift towards a cautionary non-compensatory strategy of minimizing the risk of receiving the worst possible outcome. We discuss the implications for the psychological assumptions of PT.
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Iashin, Boris Leonidovich. "Paradoxes in scientific cognition and nonclassical logics." Философская мысль, no. 2 (February 2020): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.2.32172.
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The subject of this research is the scientific paradoxes and such means for its resolution as nonclassical logics. The author defends a thesis that paradoxes often stimulate the scientific development. It is demonstrated that most vividly the problem of paradoxes manifested in crises in the fundamentals of mathematics; the attempts for its resolution in many ways contributes to the emergence of nonclassical logics. It is substantiated that nonclassical logics helped to resolve and explain the paraded occurring in scientific cognition. Comparative analysis is conducted on the capabilities of three-valued “quantum logics” of Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann and “logics of complementarity” of Hans Reichenbach. Potential of the three-valued logics of D. Bochvar and nonclassical systems of A. Zinoviev in resolution and explanation of logical paradoxes, as well as importance of temporary logics of G. H. Wright for the philosophy of science is revealed. Special attention is paid to the paraconsistent logics. The author determines two points of view in understanding of their essence and value for science and philosophy, which juxtaposition shows that none of them fully complies with the actual state of affairs. The main conclusion consists in the statement that paradoxes of scientific cognition should not be assessed just negatively; they also carry a positive meaning: detection of paradoxes in the theory testifies to the need for their elimination, more detailed research and stricter approach towards development of the theory, which in solution of this task can be accomplished by nonclassical logics.
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Maalouf, Malek, and Britta Gammelgaard. "Managing paradoxical tensions during the implementation of lean capabilities for improvement." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 36, no. 6 (June 6, 2016): 687–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-10-2014-0471.
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Purpose – Through the identification and investigation of the organisational paradoxes in lean, the purpose of this paper is to deepen the understanding of lean implementation intricacies, and contribute to sustaining lean in companies. Design/methodology/approach – Case study based on semi-structured interviews with participants in lean conversion from three companies in Denmark. The companies come from different business sectors: public transport, healthcare and finance. Findings – This study identifies three types of organisational paradoxes in lean: organising, performing and belonging. The study also points to a range managerial responses used for dealing with the three paradoxes and facilitating lean transformation. Research limitations/implications – This is a theory development paper which increases the understanding regarding the role of the organisational paradoxes in facilitating or hindering lean transformation. Practical implications – The study generates insights which help managers identify and deal with the individual motivations for opposing lean practices, and thus facilitates lean transformation. Originality/value – This study adds clarity to the process of managing lean implementation by identifying three different motivations for people to oppose lean transformation. The study also recommends managerial actions for dealing with each situation.
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Nurmi, Hannu. "The Incidence of Some Voting Paradoxes Under Domain Restrictions." Group Decision and Negotiation 29, no. 6 (August 17, 2020): 1107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-020-09697-9.
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Abstract Voting paradoxes have played an important role in the theory of voting. They typically say very little about the circumstances in which they are particularly likely or unlikely to occur. They are basically existence findings. In this article we study some well known voting paradoxes under the assumption that the underlying profiles are drawn from the Condorcet domain, i.e. a set of preference profiles where a Condorcet winner exists. The motivation for this restriction is the often stated assumption that profiles with a Condorcet winner are more likely than those without it. We further restrict the profiles by assuming that the starting point of our analysis is that the Condorcet winner coincides with the choice of the voting rule under scrutiny. The reason for making this additional restriction is that—intuitively—the outcomes that coincide with the Condorcet winner make those outcomes stable and, thus, presumably less vulnerable to various voting paradoxes. It will be seen that this is, indeed, the case for some voting rules and some voting paradoxes, but not for all of them.
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ZARDINI, ELIA. "NAIVE TRUTH AND NAIVE LOGICAL PROPERTIES." Review of Symbolic Logic 7, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 351–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000045.
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AbstractA unified answer is offered to two distinct fundamental questions: whether a nonclassical solution to the semantic paradoxes should be extended to other apparently similar paradoxes (in particular, to the paradoxes of logical properties) and whether a nonclassical logic should be expressed in a nonclassical metalanguage. The paper starts by reviewing a budget of paradoxes involving the logical properties of validity, inconsistency, and compatibility. The author’s favored substructural approach to naive truth is then presented and it is explained how that approach can be extended in a very natural way so as to solve a certain paradox of validity. However, three individually decisive reasons are later provided for thinking that no approach adopting a classical metalanguage can adequately account for all the features involved in the paradoxes of logical properties. Consequently, the paper undertakes the task to do better, and, building on the system already developed, introduces a theory in a nonclassical metalanguage that expresses an adequate logic of naive truth and of some naive logical properties.
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Maharaj, Satish, Simone Chang, Karan Seegobin, Fauzia Rana, and Marwan Shaikh. "Anti-PF4/Heparin Antibody Levels in Bacteremia, Fungemia and Sepsis." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117917.
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Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by antibodies targeting platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. The immune response leading to HIT remains perplexing with many paradoxes. Unlike other drug induced reactions, anti-PF4/heparin antibody generation does not follow the classic immunologic response. As Greinacher and colleagues have shown, the primary immune response lacks IgM precedence and class switching, and heparin-induced antibodies can induce HIT by day 5 in heparin-naïve patients.Continued exposure to heparin also is puzzling with a weak or declining secondary immune response. Research by Krauel and colleagues suggests that that there is close interplay among infection, PF4 and the immune system. In 2010 they demonstrated that human and murine PF4 bind to Gram positive (S.aureus, S.pneumoniae, L.monocytogenes) and Gram negative (E.coli, N.meningitidis) bacteria in vitro, with bacterial surfaces acting as polyanions. High dose heparin inhibited this binding and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies from patients with HIT reacted with these PF4/bacterial complexes (S. aureus and E. coli). Using a murine model, they went on to show that polymicrobial sepsis in the absence of heparin led to antibody generation. In a separate study, Krauel and colleagues also showed that PF4 binds specifically to the lipid A component of Gram negative bacteria. In this analysis, we report on anti-PF4/heparin antibody levels in groups of patients hospitalized for sepsis, as compared to a control group without sepsis. We examined 200 patients with sepsis, retrospectively identified, from a hospital database of anti-PF4/heparin testing done in medical inpatients with thrombocytopenia but low pretest probability of HIT. This included patients with bacteremia (57), fungemia (7) and sepsis without septicemia (136). For comparison, data from 50 patients without sepsis during the same time period was used. Inclusion criteria for all groups were age 18 years and older and antibody testing within 4 days of admission. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis of HIT or heparin allergy, prior hospitalization or heparin exposure within 90 days of admission, cardiopulmonary bypass or orthopedic surgery within 6 months, hemodialysis, active or past malignancy, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune disease or immunosuppressive therapy. All patients studied were on subcutaneous heparin at prophylactic doses only (i.e. no intravenous use, no therapeutic anticoagulation). UFH use predominated with prevalence of >85% in all groups. Testing was done using a commercially available standardized solid phase enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) to detect antibodies (IgG/IgA/IgM) directed against PF4 complexed with polyvinylsulfonate (Genetic Testing Institute, Wisconsin). All assays were performed in the central hospital laboratory according to manufacturer's specifications and measured in optical density (OD) units. The data sets demonstrated continuous unimodal distribution with high OD outliers, indicative of varying immune responses along a continuum. Statistical significance was calculated using independent t-testing with p-value set at 0.05 for significance. Results showed that patients hospitalized with sepsis have higher anti-PF4/heparin antibody levels. Both patients with bacteremia, and sepsis without bacteremia, had significantly higher OD than patients without sepsis (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between Gram negative and Gram positive bacteremia and antibody levels. This suggests that bacterial cell wall components of both classes have similar antigenicity. Interestingly, patients with fungemia had much lower antibody levels compared to bacteremia and sepsis. Despite the small sample size for fungemia, this difference trended strongly towards statistical significance (p=0.05). The threshold for a positive EIA is currently established at OD>0.400, a value based on sensitivity and set by the manufacturer. When the prevalence of a positive EIA was assessed, 16% patients with sepsis and bacteremia tested positive compared to 4% in the control group. In summary, there is an increased prevalence of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies in patients hospitalized with bacterial but not fungal sepsis. These results support the theory that bacterial infection has a role to play in preimmunization leading to anti-PF4/heparin antibody generation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Zamorev, Anton, and Alexander Fedyukovsky. "Euathlus and Crocodile paradoxes: dialectic solution’s advantages." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411022.
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The paper is devoted to two ancient legal cases which, to date, have had no uniform solution: The Euathlus paradox and The Crocodile paradox. The aim of this work is not only searching logically faultless solution of both problems, but also developing the general approach to solving any similar cases without involving principles other than formal logic and the primary contract between litigants. The central problem of the research is that of incompleteness of this problem provisions, resulting in a set of various treatments the same questions. In the paper the following problems are solved: four exhaustive approaches to the problem of legal cases, which are called formal, authoritative, liberal and dialectic, are specified; the solution of the Euathlus paradox, which is inevitable with all the four approaches in the condition of their consistent application, is obtained; the solution of the Crocodile paradox, which is true with the dialectic approach, but impossible with three others, is obtained; it is proved that the dialectic approach not only combines the advantages of the first three approaches, but it is without their disadvantages that makes it a unique worthy applicant for the role of the universal approach.
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陈, 照辉. "Discussion of Three Paradoxes in the Teaching of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics." Creative Education Studies 09, no. 03 (2021): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ces.2021.93101.
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Wilson, Robert R. "Rules/Conventions: Three Paradoxes in the Game/Text Analogy." South Central Review 3, no. 4 (1986): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3189681.
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KNIGHT, D. "Review. The Three Paradoxes of Roland Barthes. Lombardo, Patrizia." French Studies 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/46.1.109.
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Gargaillo, Florian. "Graffiti and the British Postwar Poem." Genre 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-10001378.
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Abstract This essay considers how British poetry responded to the rise of graffiti after World War II, using the work of Dannie Abse, Philip Larkin, and Tony Harrison as case studies. Poets of this era were awkwardly placed to discuss graffiti. The striking formal differences between the two genres made graffiti difficult to imitate and cannibalize. Moreover, poets occupied an ambiguous position vis-à-vis the establishment culture that graffitists wished to contest. Conscious of their difficult situation, poets took up a variety of approaches, each marked by distinctive paradoxes. Abse viewed graffiti with a distancing sociological eye, even as he recognized the limits of that perspective by stressing the culpability of each person, including himself, in widening social inequalities. Larkin approached graffiti with a mix of disdain at the defacement of public property and envy over the liberties that the graffitist could take against middle-class sensibilities. Harrison found himself pulled between sympathy for a social world that was once his own and a deeper sense of alienation now that his education and his work as a poet had set him apart from that community. Such paradoxes lend the poems a special value when set against a broader public discourse that tended to simply defend or condemn graffiti.
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Nicolescu, Adrian, and Mirela Teodorescu. "A Unifying Field in Logics - Book Review." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 43 (November 2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.43.48.
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Paradoxism is an avant-garde movement in literature, art, philosophy, science, based on excessive use of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, parables, odds, paradoxes in creations. It was set up and led by the writer Florentin Smarandache since 1980's, who said: "The goal is to enlargement of the artistic sphere through non-artistic elements. But especially the counter-time, counter-sense creation. Also, to experiment." Paradoxism = paradox + ism, means the theory and school of using paradoxes in literary, artistic, philosophical, scientific creations. "Paradoxism started as an anti-totalitarian protest against a closed society, Romania of 1980's, where the whole culture was manipulated by a small group. Only their ideas and their publications counted. We couldn't publish almost anything. Later, I based it on contradictions. Why? Because we lived in that society a double life: an official one - propagated by the political system, and another one real. In mass-media it was promulgated that 'our life is wonderful', but in reality 'our life was miserable'. The paradox flourishing!” (Florentin Smarandache). The new theory generalizes the fuzzy logic and introduces also two new concepts: “neutrosophy”, the study of neutralities as an extension of dialectics and its derivative “neutrosophic”, such as “neutrosophic logic”, neutrosophic set”, “neutrosophic probability”, and “neutrosophic statistics” opening in this manner ways of research in four fields: philosophy, logics, set theory and probability/statistics. According to this new theory is also available Albers Einstein’s statement: “Not everything that can be controled counts and not everything that counts can be counted “
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Brown, Michael. "Hospice and the Spatial Paradoxes of Terminal Care." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 5 (May 2003): 833–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a35121.
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The purpose of my paper is to offer an understanding of home hospice from a perspective of political geography. Informed by critical political theories of care, and recent work on the geographies of public and private spheres, I explore one set of consequences of the spatial shift towards home death in metropolitan Seattle, Washington. Terminal hospice care done in the home creates an especially paradoxical home space. By blurring public–private boundaries, hospice care produces a political geography of home interpretable through four spatial paradoxes: a normative paradox of home being a good and bad place to die, a territorial paradox of control itself changing the home, a constitutive paradox between heart and welfare politics, and a relational paradox between autonomy and dependency. The implications for political and health geography, as well as political theory and hospice work itself are discussed as a consequence of recognizing these spatial paradoxes.
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Castaldo, Luca. "Fixed-point models for paradoxical predicates." Australasian Journal of Logic 18, no. 7 (December 30, 2021): 688–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v18i7.6576.
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This paper introduces a new kind of fixed-point semantics, filling a gap within approaches to Liar-like paradoxes involving fixed-point models à la Kripke (1975). The four-valued models presented below, (i) unlike the three-valued, consistent fixed-point models defined in Kripke (1975), are able to differentiate between paradoxical and pathological-but-unparadoxical sentences, and (ii) unlike the four-valued, paraconsistent fixed-point models first studied in Visser (1984) and Woodruff (1984), preserve consistency and groundedness of truth. Keywords: Semantic Paradoxes · Fixed-point semantics · Many-valued logic · Kripke’s theory oftruth
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Mentrasti, L. "Paradoxes in Rigid-Body Kinematics of Structures." Journal of Applied Mechanics 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789029.
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The paper discusses two paradoxes appearing in the kinematic analysis of interconnected rigid bodies: there are structures that formally satisfy the classical First and Second Theorem on kinematic chains, but do not have any motion. This can arise when some centers of instantaneous rotation (CIR) relevant to two bodies coincide with each other (first kind paradox) or when the CIRs relevant to three bodies lie on a straight line (second kind paradox). In these cases two sets of new theorems on the CIRs can be applied, pointing out sufficient conditions for the nonexistence of a rigid-body motion. The question is clarified by applying the presented theory to several examples.
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Ouyang, Taohua, Xin Cao, Jun Wang, and Sixuan Zhang. "Managing technology innovation paradoxes through multi-level ambidexterity capabilities." Internet Research 30, no. 5 (June 10, 2020): 1503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-10-2019-0434.
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PurposeIn this study, the authors aim to address the following two research questions: (1) How do technology innovation paradoxes manifest themselves in technological changes? (2) How do incumbent firms manage technology innovation paradoxes through multi-level organizational ambidexterity? To do so, the authors examine technology innovation in cloud computing, which has taken shape and brought about changes to the information technology industry. Specifically, the authors examine how a traditional software company, China Standard Software Co., Ltd. (CS2C), successfully navigated the technological transition to cloud computing from its existing operating systems business by managing innovation paradoxes through multi-level ambidexterity capabilities.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines a single exploratory case and conducts an in-depth analysis of how technology innovation paradoxes manifest themselves in technological changes and how incumbent firms manage technology innovation paradoxes through multi-level organizational ambidexterity. The data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously through three phases. In Phase 1, one of the authors who had worked at CS2C for many years enabled the authors to obtain access to the company. The data analysis during this phase provided the authors with the history and current situation of CS2C, enabling them to understand the external circumstances, such as particular historical period, and internal conditions, such as cultural and technological changes, that would be relevant throughout the course of their study. It also helped the authors identify organizational ambidexterity capability as the guiding theoretical concept for their research. In Phase 2, the authors engaged in site visits and conducted detailed interviews with employees working at CS2C. In Phase 3, most of the data analysis was conducted. When the interview data were not sufficient to support the theoretical analysis, additional data were collected via phone calls and emails, to assure data-theory-model alignment.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that technology innovation paradoxes manifest themselves as contradictory relationships and mutual support relationships between exploitative and exploratory innovation. In addition, the authors identify three integration mechanisms as key to multi-level organizational ambidexterity capabilities in managing technology innovation paradoxes in technological changes.Originality/valueThree important theoretical implications can be drawn from our case analysis. First, this research contributes to the knowledge of innovation paradoxes during technological changes. Second, this research provides a model of multi-level organizational ambidexterity capability in technological changes. Third, this research proposes three integration mechanisms driven by three types of ambidexterity capability at different organizational levels.
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Papachroni, Angeliki, and Loizos Heracleous. "Ambidexterity as Practice: Individual Ambidexterity Through Paradoxical Practices." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 56, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886320913048.
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Following the turn to practice in organization theory and the emerging interest in the microfoundations of ambidexterity, understanding the role of individuals in realizing ambidexterity approaches becomes crucial. Drawing insights from Greek philosophy on paradoxes, and practice theory on paradoxes and ambidexterity, we propose a view of individual ambidexterity grounded in paradoxical practices. Existing conceptualizations of ambidexterity are largely based on separation strategies. Contrary to this perspective, we argue that individual ambidexterity can be accomplished via paradoxical practices that renegotiate or transcend boundaries of exploration and exploitation. We identify three such paradoxical practices at the individual level that can advance understanding of ambidexterity: engaging in “hybrid tasks,” capitalizing cumulatively on previous learning, and adopting a mindset of seeking synergies between the competing demands of exploration and exploitation.
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Mansouri, Fatemeh, and Azar Darvishpour. "Applying Parse’s Human Becoming Theory for Caring of an Elderly with Spontaneous Pneumothorax Following the COVID-19: A Case Study." Journal of Caring Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 10, 2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.33017.
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Introduction: The elderly are one of the main groups at risk of contracting COVID-19. Using Parse’s human becoming in practice can lead to important changes in a person’s health. This study aimed to apply this theory in caring of an elderly patient with spontaneous pneumothorax following COVID-19. Methods: This research was a case study which was conducted in 2023 in Guilan (Iran). This study was conducted based on the three principles of Parse’s theory (meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence) using Purposive sampling. Nursing interventions were performed based on the PRISM model (presence, respect, information, services, and movement). The data analysis was done based on the qualitative analysis-synthesis process of Parse’s research methodology (2011). Results: Findings based on the first principle of Parse’s theory showed that the meaning of COVID-19 changed from "lethal" to "curable disease". In the second principle, the paradoxes of "disbelief/shock-active participation for recovery", "despair-hope", and "ignorance- searching for knowledge" were identified. According to the third principle, the patient and her daughter had learned how to take the path of transcendence and deal with disease conflicts and create the necessary change in dealing with paradoxes. Conclusion: The results showed that Parse’s theory could be used to improve health status and deal with paradoxes in elderly patients suffering from spontaneous pneumothorax. It is suggested that this theory will be used in future studies in the care of other patients.
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Zaslavskii, Oleg B. "OEDIPUS PLOT: PARADOXES OF IDENTIFICATION." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-8852-2021-2-99-123.
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This article deals with the plot structure of the Oedipus myth. From the set of known sources we select a series of elements that form a plot representing an object of our analysis. The author takes into account the following elements: 1) piercing of Oedipus’s ankles and the subsequent displacement of Oedipus to the mountain Cithaeron, 2) the deadly clash between Oedipus and Laius, 3) the riddle of the Sphinx and the Oedipus’s answer, 4) the suicide of the Sphinx, 5) the accession of Oedipus to the throne in Thebes, 6) Oedipus’s discovery of his own origins, 7) the suicide of Jocasta, 8) the self-blinding of Oedipus. In the plot there is a series of correspondences related to the number 3. In the riddle of the Sphinx that Oedipus solves, 3 stages of human life are indicated: infancy, maturity, old age. In the Sphinx, 3 components are integrated in one whole: “man + lion + bird”. Oedipus commits murder in the point where 3 roads meet. It is shown that incest and clash with the unrecognized father are expressed in the myth in the framework of such a ternary structure. The relevant elements that normally are separated from each other, merge in one point that is nothing else than a singular transformation. The other cases consist in mapping a common human history (that is continual by its very meaning) to a discrete sequence of three phases in an individual story of Oedipus. We also discuss some aspects of the Sphinx riddle that were not given a proper attention before. The feature with respect to which different stages of human life are classified, is related to legs. In turn, this motif is correlated with the presence or absence of footing. Deprivation of it is acts as a source of danger. In turn, this motif is correlated with the presence or absence of footing. Deprivation of it is acts as a source of danger. Both the contents of the riddle and the process of asking and guessing can be correlated with further investigation carried out by Oedipus.
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Ezell, Cynthia. "Every Set of Three." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/fourthgenre.23.2.0119.
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Pauluzzo, Rubens, Marta Guarda, Laura De Pretto, and Tony Fang. "Managing paradoxes, dilemmas, and change." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2017-0094.
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Purpose Drawing on Fang’s (2012) Yin Yang theory of culture while taking up the roadmap proposed by Li (2016) for applying the epistemological system of Yin Yang balancing to complex issues in management research, in general, and to paradoxical issues, in particular, the purpose of this paper is to explore how organizations and individuals in the West can balance cultural paradoxes and manage culture dilemmas through the lens of Yin Yang wisdom. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a qualitative case study. Data are gathered through interviews, documents, and field observations in four subsidiaries of an Italian insurance multinational corporation and were analyzed according to the three parameters, i.e., situation, context, and time (Fang, 2012). Findings The findings show how the integration and learning from seemingly opposite cultures and sets of values lead the organization and individuals to balancing cultural paradox and managing cultural dilemma effectively. With regard to situation, the authors find that both organizations and customers choose the most relevant value(s) to take advantage of specific events or circumstances, and that different value orientations can coexist. As for context, the authors show that organizations can adapt their values either through suppression and/or promotion, which can foster individuals to find new balancing within the paradox. In terms of time, the authors show that the process of learning from other cultures over time can play a role in the shift of people’s and organizations’ choices of attitudes and value orientations. Originality/value The paper suggests the relevance and usefulness of adopting Yin Yang wisdom to uncover the dynamic process of cultural learning in Western scenarios.
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Canovan, Margaret. "Sleeping Dogs, Prowling Cats and Soaring Doves: Three Paradoxes in the Political Theory of Nationhood." Political Studies 49, no. 2 (June 2001): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00309.
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Marinoff, Louis. "Three pseudo-paradoxes in ?quantum? decision theory: Apparent effects of observation on probability and utility." Theory and Decision 35, no. 1 (July 1993): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01075235.
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Liu, Tony Tai-Ting. "China rising and Northeast Asia: paradoxes amidst the new cold war." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 16, no. 2 (October 2, 2020): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2020-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of China’s rise for regional order, specifically in terms of the paradoxes of security, institution and power in Northeast Asia. Contrary to ideas propounded by the theory of economic interdependence and peace, this paper argues that the rise of China generated more anxieties for Northeast Asia than it saved. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a historical approach to the question of China’s rise and its relationship with Northeast Asia. This is a qualitative paper based on reflections and review of secondary sources and current events. Findings This paper finds that China’s rise has produced three paradoxes of security, institution and power in Northeast Asia. The paradoxes have shaped the geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape of Northeast Asia in the post-cold war period and are likely to continue to implicate regional order in the near future. Originality/value This paper is an original reflection of the author’s personal thoughts and opinions.
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Li, Yibing, Jie Chen, Fang Ye, and Dandan Liu. "The Improvement of DS Evidence Theory and Its Application in IR/MMW Target Recognition." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1903792.
Full textAbstract:
ATR system has a broad application prospect in the military field, especially in the field of modern defense technology. When paradoxes are in existence in ATR system due to adverse battlefield environment, integration cannot be effectively and reliably carried out only by traditional DS evidence theory. In this paper, a modified DS evidence theory is presented and applied in IR/MMW target recognition system. The improvement of DS evidence theory is realized by three parts: the introduction of sensor priority and evidence credibility to realize the discount processing of evidences, the modification of DS combination rule to enhance the accuracy of synthesis results, and the compound decision-making rule. The application of the modified algorithm in IR/MMW system is designed to deal with paradoxes, improve the target recognition rate, and ensure the reliability of target recognition system. Experiments are given to illustrate that the introduction of the modified DS evidence theory in IR/MMW system is better able to realize satisfactory target recognition performance through multisensor information fusion than any single-mode system.