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MATSUI, MASAFUMI, SOMSAK PANHA, WICHASE KHONSUE, and NORIHIRO KURAISHI. "Two new species of the “kuhlii” complex of the genus Limnonectes from Thailand (Anura: Dicroglossidae)." Zootaxa 2615, no. 1 (September 17, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2615.1.1.
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Phylogenetic relationships inferred from sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNA val , and 16S rRNA genes and nuclear POMC and RAG-1 genes revealed that fanged frogs from Thailand usually associated with Limnonectes kuhlii are monophyletic and are collectively sister to the clade containing three Chinese and Japanese species. Within the Thai clade, the northern lineage, the southern lineage, and a population originally assigned to L. megastomias show unresolved relationships with each other, but are separated by genetic distances that correspond to values found among species of the Chinese-Japanese clade. Hybridization and past gene introgression are not detected among these three lineages of fanged frogs from Thailand. Adult specimens of the northern and southern lineages are phenotypically similar to each other, but can be separated by the combination of several morphometric characters. From the genetic and morphological evidence, they are considered to represent taxonomically different species. We therefore describe the northern lineage as L. taylori sp. nov. and the southern lineage as L. jarujini sp. nov. Taxonomic identity of the Loei population of L. megastomias requires future morphological investigation. The distribution pattern of fanged frogs within Thailand is discussed and the significance of the Three Pagodas Fault Zone is noted.
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Kanjanapayont, Pitsanupong, Peekamon Ponmanee, Bernhard Grasemann, Urs Klötzli, and Prayath Nantasin. "Quantitative finite strain analysis of the quartz mylonites within the Three Pagodas shear zone, western Thailand." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0011.
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AbstractThe NW–trending Three Pagodas shear zone exposes a high–grade metamorphic complex named Thabsila gneiss in the Kanchanaburi region, western Thailand. The quartz mylonites within this strike–slip zone were selected for strain analysis. 2–dimensional strain analysis indicates that the averaged strain ratio (Rs) for the lower greenschist facies increment of XZ– plane is Rs = 1.60–1.97 by using the Fry’s method. Kinematic vorticity analysis of the quartz mylonites in the shear zone showed that the mean kinematic vorticity number of this increment is Wk = 0.75–0.99 with an average at 0.90 ±0.07. The results implied that the quartz mylonites within the Three Pagodas shear zone have a dominant simple shear component of about 72% with a small pure shear component. A sinistral shear sense is indicated by kinematic indicators from macro– to micro–scale. We conclude that the Three Pagodas shear zone deformed in the process of sinstral shear–dominated transpression, which is similar to the Mae Ping shear zone in the north.
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Qodri, Muhammad Fatih, Lindung Zalbuin Mase, and Suched Likitlersuang. "Non-Linear Site Response Analysis of Bangkok Subsoils Due to Earthquakes Triggered by Three Pagodas Fault." Engineering Journal 25, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2021.25.1.43.
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Li, Yuan Jun. "An Earthquake Fault Zone Discovered in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2207.
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The Maluxiang – Changduhe at Badong County is a newly discovered seismic active fault zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the occurrence of fault is EW / N ∠60 °-70 °. The fault appears as a deeply linear valley on the topography and the fault breccia bandwidth is up to 200m. The fault is densely distributed with many springs and covered by luxuriant forests. The new site of Badong County is set up on the top of fault zone, and exists a lot of active landslides. The tested data of the absolute age of the landslides slip zone soil indicates that the landslide is active since the late Pleistocene. The Three Gorges Reservoir has continued seismic activity since 2003, and the fault zone suffers the greatest damage which is the most direct evidence as an indication of fault activity. Therefore, research on the fault zone is very important and significant for immigrant settlement in the Three Gorges reservoir.
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Snyder, David B., Brian J. Roberts, and Steven P. Gordey. "Contrasting seismic characteristics of three major faults in northwestern Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-027.
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The Lithoprobe Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) profiles crossed three major tectonic zones of the northwestern Canadian Shield and northern Canadian Cordillera that are diverse in age and in depth of penetration. The oldest (26302590 Ma), the Yellowknife River fault zone, formed as a strike-slip fault in a tensional strain regime. Reflector attenuation or truncations align vertically beneath the fault trace through much of the crust, implying a near-vertical fault plane. The youngest (6010 Ma), the Tintina fault zone, produced cumulative dextral strike-slip displacements of 425 km, perhaps 800 km. Tomographic velocity and ray-trace models of reflection data indicate that several fault splays form a tectonic zone 30 km wide at the surface, but truncations of deeper crustal reflections suggest that the zone thins in the mid-crust and widens near the Moho. This apparent variable width versus depth of the Tintina fault is atypical of major strike-slip faults worldwide. The Teslin fault was an active terrane boundary during accretion of terranes onto North America. Observed reflection geometries indicate that the juxtapositions of highly contrasting metamorphic grades across the Teslin fault are confined to the upper crust along SNORCLE line 3, implying that the fault soles eastward into a mid-crustal detachment at the interpreted top of North American crust. The limited depth extent of the Teslin fault zone is similar to some models of the San Andreas fault and may result from their similar histories as convergent margin structures.
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Wang, Jing, Yongwei Guo, Youwei Cui, Ke Sun, and Huili Chu. "Structural Formation, Evolution, and Genetic Mechanisms of Fault in Controlling Hydrocarbon Migration of Unconventional Rocks: A Case Study of Zhuangnan Fault." Geofluids 2022 (April 6, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1263893.
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Zhuangnan fault zone was affiliated with Gubei subsag of the Zhanhua sag in Jiyang Depression, Bohai gulf basin. Zhuangnan fault zone has two functions as the main east-west strike-slip accommodation structure. That is, on the one hand, Zhuangnan fault zone inherited the rules of development of regional tectonic. On the other hand, the present structure framework of Zhanhua sag was reconstructed by Zhuangnan fault zone. In the study, there are four main seismic reflectors: T0, T1, T2, and T6. They are the basis for researching the planar and vertical features of Zhuangnan fault zone. The structural formation, evolution, and genetic mechanisms of Zhuangnan fault zone are studied from three aspects of geometry, kinematics, and dynamics. In geometry, by the closure interpretation of 43 south-north interpretation sections and 24 east-west interpretation sections, the result indicates that Zhuangnan fault zone has its special regularity and characteristic which has three-piece planar characterization (eastern part, middle part, and western part). Three types of plane combination forms are determined: arched, linear, and “S” curved type. The plane combination structure styles of the Zhuangnan fault zone mainly include feather row, horsetail, grid, diagonal, and parallel style. These planar structural features play an important role in indicating the fault zoning of Zhuangnan fault zone. Based on the plane and section structural styles of Zhuangnan fault zone and the analysis of dynamic evolution, it is found that Zhuangnan fault zone has a succession relationship between deep and shallow fault systems. From tectonic evolution and regional dynamic point of view, this paper discusses the activity law of the Zhuangnan fault zone and the boundary faults on the east and west sides of Jiyang Depression, which are Changdi fault, Wuhaozhuang fault, and Chengnan fault, respectively. This study provides a new and more reasonable explanation for the unique structural characteristics of Zhuangnan fault zone and further confirms the important role and regulation mechanism of Zhuangnan fault zone.
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Li, De Wu. "Study on the Vertical Rational Structure of Tunnel Lining in the Fault-Rupture Zone." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2870.
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Related to the actual project in the new Qi Daoliang tunnel between Lanzhou and Lintao highway, select 300-meter calculation range along the tunnel vertically including fault-rupture zone and effect fault-rupture zone, utilize 8 -node, 6-plane block element to scatter the calculating range, at the same time, use the deduced 8 -node, three dimensional jointed element to imitate the transformation gap of the tunnel lining, employ three-dimensional elasto-plastic static finite element program to analyze stress and transformation state of surrounding rock and lining in different construction stages of the new Qi Daoliang tunnel. Through the analysis and comparison of the calculation result of the three conditions: not placing transformation gap through, placing one transformation gap in the middle of the fault-rupture zone, placing two transformation gaps in the beginning and the end of the fault-rupture zone etc, we can get the following points: ①The gallery transformation in the fault-rupture zone and the plastic area in the surrounding rock are obviously bigger than the non-fault-rupture zone. ②Owing to the effect of fault-rupture zone, the increasing range of internal force of the initial support and twice lining is about 10% to 30%. ③Placing the transformation gap in the fault-rupture zone can obviously play a role in releasing lining internal force and transformation energy in the surrounding rock. ④In the start and end changing point of fault-rupture zone, the transformation gap should be placed in the tunnel lining.
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Li, Y. G., and P. C. Leary. "Fault zone trapped seismic waves." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 1245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0800051245.
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Abstract Two instances of fault zone trapped seismic waves have been observed. At an active normal fault in crystalline rock near Oroville in northern California, trapped waves were excited with a surface source and recorded at five near-fault borehole depths with an oriented three-component borehole seismic sonde. At Parkfield, California, a borehole seismometer at Middle Mountain recorded at least two instances of the fundamental and first higher mode seismic waves of the San Andreas fault zone. At Oroville recorded particle motions indicate the presence of both Love and Rayleigh normal modes. The Love-wave dispersion relation derived for an idealized wave guide with velocity structure determined by body-wave travel-time inversion yields seismograms of the fundamental mode that are consistent with the observed Love-wave amplitude and frequency. Applying a similar velocity model to the Parkfield observations, we obtain a good fit to the trapped wavefield amplitude, frequency, dispersion, and mode time separation for an asymmetric San Andreas fault zone structure—a high-velocity half-space to the southwest, a low-velocity fault zone, a transition zone containing the borehole seismometer, and an intermediate velocity half-space to the northeast. In the Parkfield borehole seismic data set, the locations (depth and offset normal to fault plane) of natural seismic events which do or do not excite trapped waves are roughly consistent with our model of the low velocity zone. We conclude that it is feasible to obtain near-surface borehole records of fault zone trapped waves. Because trapped modes are excited only by events close to the fault zone proper—thereby fixing these events in space relative to the fault—a wider investigation of possible trapped mode waveforms recorded by a borehole seismic network could lead to a much refined body-wave/tomographic velocity model of the fault and to a weighting of events as a function of offset from the fault plane. It is an open question whether near-surface sensors exist in a stable enough seismic environment to use trapped modes as an earth monitoring device.
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Kongsukho, Sittiporn, and Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont. "Quartz c-axis fabric characterization of the strike-slip ductile deformation within the Three Pagodas shear zone, western Thailand." Heliyon 8, no. 12 (December 2022): e12038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12038.
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Kang, Yongshui, Congcong Hou, Jingyi Liu, Zhi Geng, Jianben Chen, and Bin Liu. "Numerical Analyses on the Stability of a Deep Coalmine Roadway Passing through a Fault Zone: A Case Study of the Gugui Coalfield in China." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082114.
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Massive deformation often occurs when deep coalmine roadways pass through a fault zone due to the poor integrity of rock mass and high tectonic stress. To study deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock in the fault zone of a coalmine, a roadway passing through the FD1041 fault zone in China’s Gugui coalfield was investigated in this research. The geo-stress characteristics of this fault zone were analyzed based on the Mohr failure theory. Furthermore, a three-dimensional model for the experimental roadway in the FD1041 fault zone was built and calculated by a numerical program based on the distinct element method. Stability conditions of the roadway, using several types of support methods, were calculated and compared. Calculation results indicated that pre-grouting provides favorable conditions for the stability of a roadway in a fault zone. Finally, an optimized support strategy was proposed and implemented in the experimental roadway. Monitored results demonstrated that the optimized support strategy is appropriate for this fault zone.
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KOTHYARI, G. C., R. K. DUMKA, A. P. SINGH, G. CHAUHAN, M. G. THAKKAR, and S. K. BISWAS. "Tectonic evolution and stress pattern of South Wagad Fault at the Kachchh Rift Basin in western India." Geological Magazine 154, no. 4 (June 27, 2016): 875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000509.
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AbstractWe describe a study of the E–W-trending South Wagad Fault (SWF) complex at the eastern part of the Kachchh Rift Basin (KRB) in Western India. This basin was filled during Late Cretaceous time, and is presently undergoing tectonic inversion. During the late stage of the inversion cycle, all the principal rift faults were reactivated as transpressional strike-slip faults. The SWF complex shows wrench geometry of an anastomosing en échelon fault, where contractional and extensional segments and offsets alternate along the Principal Deformation Zone (PDZ). Geometric analysis of different segments of the SWF shows that several conjugate faults, which are a combination of R synthetic and R’ antithetic, propagate at a short distance along the PDZ and interact, generating significant fault slip partitioning. Surface morphology of the fault zone revealed three deformation zones: a 500 m to 1 km wide single fault zone; a 5–6 km wide double fault zone; and a c. 500 m wide diffuse fault zone. The single fault zone is represented by a higher stress accumulation which is located close to the epicentre of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake of Mw 7.7. The double fault zone represents moderate stress at releasing bends bounded by two fault branches. The diffuse fault zone represents a low-stress zone where several fault branches join together. Our findings are well corroborated with the available geological and seismological data.
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Jiang, Shuai, Weifeng Wang, Aizhu Zhang, and Weiwei Zhou. "Genetic Mechanism and Evolution of the Covert Fault Zone and Its Oil-Controlling Mode in Qikou Sag, Eastern China." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010098.
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Covert fault zone is an important type of geological phenomenon that is closely related to hydrocarbon formation and distribution but has often been overlooked because it lacks obvious fault displacement and fault plane. To meet this challenge, a novel cognitive framework is proposed in this study, in which criteria for identifying the existence of covert fault zone are developed based on the regional tectonic backgrounds and geophysical data. The Riedel shear model is then utilized to analyze the genetic mechanism of the covert fault zone. The Mohr-Coulomb theory is also introduced to conduct a structural physical simulation to interpret the evolution process of the covert fault zone. Information about the genetic mechanism and evolution of the covert fault zone is finally combined to determine the oil-controlling mode. The study site is Qikou Sag in Eastern China. It is found that the covert fault zone in Qikou Sag meets four recognition criteria and is generated by the stress transferred from the strike-slip activity of the basement fault. Moreover, it can be concluded that the covert fault zone in Qikou Sag contains five evolution stages and controls the reservoir mainly via three aspects, that is, sedimentary sand, subtle traps and oil accumulation mode.
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Shen, Hong Yu, Wen Jun Zhang, Yu Bo Duan, and Jian Jun Xu. "A New PMU-Based Fault Location Algorithm for Three-Terminal." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3925.
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Existing two-terminal fault location method can not be directly applied to the three-terminal transmission lines, this paper presents a new PMU-based fault location algorithm for three-terminal transmission lines. The development of the algorithm takes advantage of PMU measurement data synchronization, uses distributed parameter line model, first of all judging the fault zone after a failure, uses Thevenin's Theorem to merge the non-slip fault, so the three-terminal system is simplified the two-terminal system, Then we can use the two-terminal fault location principle of fault location. Through MATLAB simulation shows the correctness of the algorithm.
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Zhao, Yuqing, You-Kuan Zhang, and Xiuyu Liang. "Three-Dimensional Hydromechanical Modeling during Shearing by Nonuniform Crust Movement." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9605313.
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Hydromechanical modeling of a geological formation under shearing by the nonuniform crust movement during 10000 years was carried out to investigate the solid stress and pore pressure coupling processes of the formation from the intact to the fractured or faulted. Two three-dimensional numerical models were built and velocities in opposite directions were applied on the boundaries to produce the shearing due to the nonuniform crust movement. The results show that the stress and pore pressure became more and more concentrated in and around the middle of the formation as time progresses. In Model I with no fault, stress and pore pressure are concentrated in the middle of the model during shearing; however, in Model II with a fault zone of weakened mechanical properties, they are more complex and concentrated along the sides of the fault zone and the magnitudes decreased. The distribution of stress determines pore pressure which in turn controls fluid flow. Fluid flow occurs in the middle in Model I but along the sides of the fault zone in Model II. The results of this study improve our understanding of the rock-fluid interaction processes affected by crustal movement and may guide practical investigations in geological formations.
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RABINOVITCH, A., M. FRIEDMAN, and D. BAHAT. "Fracture mechanics model of a fault termination zone." Geological Magazine 149, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000227.
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AbstractA fault termination zone from Middle Eocene chalks near Beer Sheva, Israel, is analysed via a fracture mechanical technique. The zone consists of the end of the primary fault, three secondary faults and joints associated with these structures. We demonstrate that the shape of the first secondary fault can be obtained from theoretical fracture mechanical calculations. This shape also enables us to obtain the set of conditions which induced the observed structures. The technique reveals the relative importance of the different variables that appear in the theory. The most significant parameters in determining the shape of the first secondary fault are the vertical dimension of the primary fault, the ratio of the two horizontal differential stresses and the initiation angle of the secondary fault. Results indicate that the fault termination zone was created under an almost pure shear load. The true lateral displacement of the primary fault is unknown; hence, exact calculation of the stresses leading to the secondary fault is hardly possible. However, an estimation, based on a partial conversion of this displacement to an uplift, yields σ1 and σ3 values at initiation of between 3.8 and 7.6 MPa and 3.65 and 7.3 MPa, respectively.
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Pelties, Christian, Yihe Huang, and Jean-Paul Ampuero. "Pulse-Like Rupture Induced by Three-Dimensional Fault Zone Flower Structures." Pure and Applied Geophysics 172, no. 5 (July 4, 2014): 1229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0881-0.
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Huang, Lei, and Chi-yang Liu. "Three Types of Flower Structures in a Divergent-Wrench Fault Zone." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122, no. 12 (December 2017): 10,478–10,497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014675.
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Li, Ke, and Han Guo. "Optimization of Tunnel Support Type through Fault Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1184.
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The mechanical properties of tunnel surrounding rock in fault zone is usually quite weak, and the support pressure and displacement are larger than other sections, so the support type in fault zone is a critical issue for tunnel safety. Three types of tunnel support through fault zone were analyzed by finite element method (FEM): ①Reinforced concrete support, ②bolting-shotcreting and reinforced concrete support,③grouting and reinforced concrete support. The result shows that support stress and surrounding rock displacement with grouting and reinforced concrete support is quite smaller than the other support types.
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Sharp, R. V., K. E. Budding, J. Boatwright, M. J. Ader, M. G. Bonilla, M. M. Clark, T. E. Fumal, et al. "Surface faulting along the Superstition Hills fault zone and nearby faults associated with the earthquakes of 24 November 1987." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 252–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790020252.
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Abstract The M 6.2 Elmore Desert Ranch earthquake of 24 November 1987 was associated spatially and probably temporally with left-lateral surface rupture on many northeast-trending faults in and near the Superstition Hills in western Imperial Valley. Three curving discontinuous principal zones of rupture among these breaks extended northeastward from near the Superstition Hills fault zone as far as 9 km; the maximum observed surface slip, 12.5 cm, was on the northern of the three, the Elmore Ranch fault, at a point near the epicenter. Twelve hours after the Elmore Ranch earthquake, the M 6.6 Superstition Hills earthquake occurred near the northwest end of the right-lateral Superstition Hills fault zone. Surface rupture associated with the second event occurred along three strands of the zone, here named North and South strands of the Superstition Hills fault and the Wienert fault, for 27 km southeastward from the epicenter. In contrast to the left-lateral faulting, which remained unchanged throughout the period of investigation, the right-lateral movement on the Superstition hills fault zone continued to increase with time, a behavior that was similar to other recent historical surface ruptures on northwest-trending faults in the Imperial Valley region. We measured displacements over 339 days at as many as 296 sites along the Superstition Hills fault zone, and repeated measurements at 49 sites provided sufficient data to fit with a simple power law. Data for each of the 49 sites were used to compute longitudinal displacement profiles for 1 day and to estimate the final displacement that measured slips will approach asymptotically several years after the earthquakes. The maximum right-lateral slip at 1 day was about 50 cm near the south-central part of the North strand of Superstition Hills fault, and the predicted maximum final displacement is probably about 112 cm at Imler Road near the center of the South strand of the Superstition Hills fault. The overall distributions of right-lateral displacement at 1 day and the estimated final slip are nearly symmetrical about the midpoint of the surface rupture. The average estimated final right-lateral slip for the Superstition Hills fault zone is about 54 cm. The average left-lateral slip for the conjugate faults trending northeastward is about 23 cm. The southernmost ruptured member of the Superstition Hills fault zone, newly named the Wienert fault, extends the known length of the zone by about 4 km. The southern half of this fault, south of New River, expressed only vertical displacement on a sinuous trace. The maximum vertical slip by the end of the observation period there was about 25 cm, but its growth had not ceased. Photolineaments southeast of the end of new surface rupture suggest continuation of the Superstition Hills fault zone in farmland toward Mexico.
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Bok-Rae, Kim. "The Glocalization of Andong Area Studies." International Area Review 10, no. 2 (September 2007): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000202.
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Leadership has 1 The purpose of this study is to prepare and submit a case study for the City of Andong during the Fifth International Convention Centre of Asian Scholars (ICAS 5). Andong is home to the well-preserved Korean culture of splendid old temples, stone pagodas, traditional Confucian Academies, and homes of the nobility. Because the region is in the heart of a traditional Confucian culture region where nationally well-known academies still exist and continue to be revered, there is an extensive research effort currently underway to make the region, “Kyongbuk,” a Confucian Culture Zone during the next ten years. As a glocal city model, we will choose Andong. This study is divided into three parts: • The prospective paradigm and possibility of Andong area studies (Korean Confucianism) • The contemporary meaning of Yangban (Korean aristocrats) community formation in Andong • Management of Andong cultural heritages – Tour complex planning – Andong Culture & Art Institute – Andong Cultural Park and Art Center – Globalization of Andong Mask dance Festival – Museum of Andong traditional culture Tourism in Confucian Cultural Zone – Andong spa complex – Plans registering 3 Andong cultural heritages as UNESCO world cultural treasures
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Özsayin, Erman, and Kadir Dirik. "The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0026-7.
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The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extensionThe NW-SE striking extensional Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskişehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilıca Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgölü Basin. The Sultanhanı Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgölü Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.
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Kürçer, A., E. Özdemir, Ç. Uygun Güldoğan, and T. Y. Duman. "THE FIRST PALEOSEISMIC TRENCH DATA FROM ACIPAYAM FAULT, FETHİYE BURDUR FAULT ZONE, SW TURKEY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11703.
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The Acıpayam Fault is an active fault segment which is located on the central part of Fethiye Burdur Fault Zone in SW Turkey. According to the Active Fault Map of Turkey published by MTA (Turkey), it is described as a Quaternary fault. Acıpayam Fault extends from Acıpayam at northeast to Akköprü Dam at southwest. The general strike of fault is N 35°E, approximately 60 km long and it’s a normal fault with minor sinistral strike-slip component. The fault is composed of three fault section, which are named as Örenköy, Olukbaşı and Yolçatı, seperated from each other by step-over zones. In this study, active tectonic features of Acıpayam fault are investigated and paleoismological trench surveys are perfomed at the Örenköy fault section. Two cross trenches were excavated along the fault. The samples collected from the trenches were dated using the 14C dating method. Örenköy trenches were photographed using the Paleoseismological Three Dimensional Virtual Photography Method, which is a new tecnique for paleoseismology. According to the trench microstratigraphy, structural data and dating results, Acıpayam fault is described as a Holocene fault. The date of last event that occurred on the Acıpayam fault is between 3030 ± 30 BP and 2410 ± 30 BP.
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Marlow, Christopher, Christine Powell, and Randel Cox. "Aeromagnetic Interpretations of the Crittenden County Fault Zone." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200209.
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Abstract The Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ) is a potentially active fault zone located within 25 km of Memphis, Tennessee, and poses a significant seismic hazard to the region. Previous research has associated the fault zone with basement faults of the eastern Reelfoot rift margin (ERRM) and described it as a northeast-striking, northwest-dipping reverse fault. However, we suggest that there is an incomplete understanding of the fault geometry of the CCFZ and the ERRM in this region due to significant gaps in seismic reflection profiles used to interpret the fault systems. To improve our understanding of the structure of both fault systems in this region, we apply two processing techniques to gridded aeromagnetic data. We use the horizontal gradient method on reduction-to-pole magnetic data to detect magnetic contacts associated with faults as this technique produces shaper gradients at magnetic contacts than other edge detection methods. For depth to basement estimations, we use the analytic signal as the method does not require knowledge of the remnant magnetization of the source body. We suggest that the CCFZ extends approximately 16 km farther to the southwest than previously mapped and may be composed of three independent faults as opposed to a continuous structure. To the northeast, we interpreted two possible faults associated with the ERRM that intersect the CCFZ, one of which has been previously mapped as the Meeman–Shelby fault. If the CCFZ and the eastern rift margin are composed of isolated fault segments, the maximum magnitude earthquake that each fault segment may generate is reduced, thereby, lowering the existing seismic hazard both fault systems pose to Memphis, Tennessee.
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Lai, Jin Xing, Chi Liu, and Fei Zhou. "3D-FEM Stability Analysis of Fault Fractured Zone of Road Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.166.
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In order to analyze the stability of the tunnel construction of the fault fracture zone, by adopting the three-dimensional finite element, the paper analyzed the construction process of the Qingshashan Tunnel passing through the F5 fault fracture zone, and the rules and characteristics of deformation, stress distribution and its rules of changes, and the distribution range of the failure zone of the surrounding rock in the construction process, which would have important significance in guiding tunnel construction. Studies have shown that the three-dimensional finite element has a broad application prospect in tunnel projects.
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Blasweiler, Marjolein, Matthew W. Herman, Fenna Houtsma, and Rob Govers. "Tectonic Context and Possible Triggering of the 2019–2020 Puerto Rico Earthquake Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 2A (January 12, 2022): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210224.
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Abstract An historically unprecedented seismic moment was released by crustal events of the 2019–2020 earthquake sequence near southwest Puerto Rico. The sequence involved at least two, and perhaps three interacting fault systems. The largest Mw 6.4 event was likely triggered by left lateral strike-slip events along the eastern extension of the North Boquerón Bay-Punta Montalva fault zone. The mainshock occurred in a normal fault zone that extends into a region where previous studies documented extensional deformation, beyond the Ponce fault and the Bajo Tasmanian fault. Coulomb stress changes by the mainshock may have triggered further normal-faulting aftershocks, left lateral strike-slip events in the region where these two fault zones interacted, and possibly right lateral strike-slip aftershocks along a third structure extending southward, the Guayanilla fault zone. Extension directions of the seismic sequence are consistently north-northwest–south-southeast-oriented, in agreement with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems-inferred motion direction of eastern Hispaniola relative to western Puerto Rico, and with crustal stress estimates for the overriding plate boundary zone.
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Susong, David D., Susanne U. Janecke, and Ronald L. Bruhn. "Structure of a fault segment boundary in the Lost River fault zone, Idaho, and possible effect on the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake rupture." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0800010057.
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Abstract The 1983 Borah Peak earthquake (Ms 7.3) initiated within the southern part of the Thousand Springs segment in the Lost River fault zone, east-central Idaho. The earthquake rupture propagated unilaterally to the northwest over a distance of 36 km and was accompanied by sinistral-normal slip within the fault zone. At the surface, the southern-most part of the rupture zone is marked by a bend in the Lost River fault zone at the intersection between the Thousand Springs segment to the north and the Mackay segment of the fault zone to the southeast. The intersection between the two fault segments is a lens-shaped area that contains numerous NW- and NE-striking faults that cut the Paleozoic bedrock. Several of the faults within the intersection zone ruptured at the surface during the 1983 earthquake. A three-dimensional geometrical model of the intersection zone between the Thousand Springs and Mackay fault segments was constructed from geological mapping in conjunction with previously published interpretations of geodetic and seismological data. The longitudinal axis of the intersection zone plunges to the southwest, where its projected position in the subsurface roughly coincides with the location of the 1983 earthquake's hypocenter at a depth of 15 to 16 km. The intersection zone between the two fault segments may have played a dual role during the Borah Peak earthquake, both marking the site of rupture nucleation, but also acting to arrest spread of the rupture to the southeast onto the adjacent Mackay segment.
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Qin, Lei, Pieter-Ewald Share, Hongrui Qiu, Amir A. Allam, Frank L. Vernon, and Yehuda Ben-Zion. "Internal structure of the San Jacinto fault zone at the Ramona Reservation, north of Anza, California, from dense array seismic data." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 1225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa482.
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SUMMARY We image the internal structure of the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) near Anza, California, with seismic data recorded by two dense arrays (RA and RR) from ∼42 000 local and ∼180 teleseismic events occurring between 2012 and 2017. The RA linear array has short aperture (∼470 m long with 12 strong motion sensors) and recorded for the entire analysed time window, whereas the RR is a large three-component nodal array (97 geophones across a ∼2.4 km × 1.4 km area) that operated for about a month in September–October 2016. The SJFZ at the site contains three near-parallel surface traces F1, F2 and F3 from SW to NE that have accommodated several Mw > 6 earthquakes in the past 15 000 yr. Waveform changes in the fault normal direction indicate structural discontinuities that are consistent with the three fault surface traces. Relative slowness from local events and delay time analysis of teleseismic arrivals in the fault normal direction suggest a slower SW side than the NE with a core damage zone between F1 and F2. This core damage zone causes ∼0.05 s delay at stations RR26–31 in the teleseismic P arrivals compared with the SW-most station, and generates both P- and S-type fault zone trapped waves. Inversion of S trapped waves indicates the core damaged structure is ∼100 m wide, ∼4 km deep with a Q value of ∼20 and 40 per cent S-wave velocity reduction compared with bounding rocks. Fault zone head waves observed at stations SW of F3 indicate a local bimaterial interface that separates the locally faster NE block from the broad damage zone in the SW at shallow depth and merges with a deep interface that separates the regionally faster NE block from rocks to the SW with slower velocities at greater depth. The multiscale structural components observed at the site are related to the geological and earthquake rupture history at the site, and provide important information on the preferred NW propagation of earthquake ruptures on the San Jacinto fault.
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Liu, Hewu, and Bo Jiang. "Geochemical Alteration and Mineralogy of Coals under the Influence of Fault Motion: A Case Study of Qi’nan Colliery, China." Minerals 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070389.
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Geochemical characteristics of rocks in fault zones have been extensively studied, while there are limited studies on coal occurring in fault zones of underground coal mine. In this study, five coal samples were carefully collected from a reverse fault zone in Qi’nan colliery. Systematical detection methods were employed to analyze the different chemical and physical characteristics of fault-related coal samples. Through comparative analysis, the following insights are obtained. Three subdivided fault zones were classified according to the deformation characteristics of coal samples. Frictional heat and strong ductile deformation generated by fault motion led to the dissociation of phenol and carboxyl groups in coal molecules, which sharply decreased the concentrations of elements Co and Mo bound to these functional groups in zone I. The modified pore-cleat system in zone I with higher pore volume and lower permeability allowed solutions containing enriched trace elements to migrate through zone I locally. Concentrations of HREE, MREE and related elements associated with the invasive solutions showed significant positive anomalies in zone I. Precipitation and smearing of clay minerals in zone I led to poorer connectivity. Disruption and delamination of laminar clay minerals by strong compression-shear stress significantly increased the adsorption sites for related elements, especially the HREE and MREE. Nano-scale clay minerals resulting from stress-induced scaly exfoliation also enhanced the retention capability of REE in zone I.
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Metaxas, Ch P., N. S. Lalechos, and S. N. Lalechos. "KASTORIA “BLIND” ACTIVE FAULT: HAZARDOUS SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE NW GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11195.
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The Aliakmon river bed, as well as a series of certain parallel narrow grabens, striking NW-SE are filled with Neogene-Quaternary deposits; thus showing the existence of the covered, “blind”, fault zone, which borders the Eastern edge of Meso-Hellenic Trench and passes in close vicinity to the Kastoria town. Distribution of earthquakes epicentres (M≥4.0, for the period of 1930-2009) along this segmented rupture zone, proves the existence at depth of an active seismogenic fault which has generated some strong earthquakes in the past: 1709, M = 6.0; 1812, M = 6.5 and 1894, M = 6.1 (~ 100-year Recurrence Time events). The calculations of Lapsed Rate characterizing the stage of the fault seismic cycle (LR = 115%) show that the active Kastoria fault could be in a pre-seismic stage of its seismic cycle. Applying the seismicity rates model (time-independent Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model) and using the fault seismicity parameters, obtained inside the fault influence zone, as input in EZ-FRISK® software, the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis has been carried out for the area of Kastoria town. The results show that calculated magnitude for event with 100- year recurrence time is ~6.1, which correspond to the magnitude of three events, occurred at the fault during the last 300 years (corresponding average slip rate . 3 mm/year). As the calculated Hazard Curve shows, the event of that range could give ground shaking in the Kastoria town in the order of 0.625 g at the spectral period of 0.3 sec.
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Tao, Tingye, Hao Chen, Shuiping Li, Xiaochuan Qu, and Yongchao Zhu. "Interseismic Fault Coupling and Slip Rate Deficit on the Central and Southern Segments of the Tanlu Fault Zone Based on Anhui CORS Measurements." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051093.
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The Tanlu fault zone, extending over 2400 km from South China to Russia, is one of the most conspicuous tectonic elements in eastern Asia. In this study, we processed the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of Anhui Continuously Operating Reference System (AHCORS) between January 2013 and June 2018 to derive a high-precision velocity field in the central and southern segments of the Tanlu fault zone. We integrated the AHCORS data with those publicly available for geodetic imaging of the interseismic coupling and slip rate deficit distribution in the central and southern segments of the Tanlu fault zone. This work aims at a better understanding of strain accumulation and future seismic hazard in the Tanlu fault zone. The result indicates lateral variation of coupling distribution along the strike of the Tanlu fault zone. The northern segment of the Tanlu fault zone has a larger slip rate deficit and a deeper locking depth than the southern segment. Then, we analyzed three velocity profiles across the fault. The result suggests that the central and southern segments of the Tanlu fault zone are characterized by right-lateral strike-slip (0.29–0.44 mm/y) with compression components (0.35–0.76 mm/y). Finally, we estimated strain rates using the least-squares collocation method. The result shows that the dilatation rates concentrate in the region where the principal strain rates are very large. The interface of extension and compression is always accompanied by sudden change of direction of principal strain rates. Especially, in the north of Anhui, the dilatation rate is largest, reaching 3.780×10−8/a. Our study suggests that the seismic risk in the northern segment of the Tanlu fault zone remains very high for its strong strain accumulation and the lack of historical large earthquakes.
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Bistacchi, Andrea, Matteo Massironi, and Luca Menegon. "Three-dimensional characterization of a crustal-scale fault zone: The Pusteria and Sprechenstein fault system (Eastern Alps)." Journal of Structural Geology 32, no. 12 (December 2010): 2022–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.003.
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Jahnke, Gunnar, Heiner Igel, and Yehuda Ben-Zion. "Three-dimensional calculations of fault-zone-guided waves in various irregular structures." Geophysical Journal International 151, no. 2 (November 2002): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01784.x.
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Pilgerstorfer, Thomas, Harald Hölzl, and Bernd Moritz. "Passing a major fault zone three times: NATM helps TBM to succeed." Geomechanics and Tunnelling 13, no. 5 (October 2020): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.202000030.
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Jian, Shikai, Li-Yun Fu, Zonghu Liao, Wubing Deng, and Qizhen Du. "Elastic characteristics of fault damage zones within superdeep carbonates in Tarim Basin, Northwest China." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 19, no. 4 (July 9, 2022): 650–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxac040.
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Abstract Superdeep fault-karst carbonate reservoirs discovered over 7 km deep are controlled by strike-slip fault zones and karst collapses in Tarim Basin, Northwest China. The resulting fracture-cave system provides favorable migration channels and reservoir spaces for hydrocarbon, while the characterization of the internal fault structures remains enigmatic. Based on seismic imaging data, we conducted an integrated study on fault damage zones by seismic curvature attributes, velocity anisotropies, and seismic attenuations. The results show that three typical fault-zone patterns can be identified in the study area, including paratactic multiple fault cores, interactive fault cores and one primary-several subsidiary fault cores. These typical patterns can be clearly characterized via curvature attributes. The elastic characteristics of fault damage zones are significantly affected by seismic frequencies, which are manifested from velocity anisotropies and seismic attenuations. The maximum seismic attenuation occurs along with the orientation of fault cores. There is a strong anisotropic characteristic of P-wave phase velocity with incident angle of three fault-zone models. It appears that seismic attributes associated with geological steering are an effective tool for the subsurface characterization of fault damage zones.
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Williams, Jack N., Virginia G. Toy, Cécile Massiot, David D. McNamara, Steven A. F. Smith, and Steven Mills. "Controls on fault zone structure and brittle fracturing in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault." Solid Earth 9, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-469-2018.
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Abstract. Three datasets are used to quantify fracture density, orientation, and fill in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault: (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill core collected within 25 m of its principal slip zones (PSZs) during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer images, (2) field measurements from creek sections up to 500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of ∼ 0.7–2 km from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to have formed at relatively high confining pressures and/or in rocks that had a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversely, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic or schistose foliation, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that were mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the ∼ 500 m width of the field transects. By combining our datasets with measurements of permeability and seismic velocity around the Alpine Fault, we further develop the hierarchical model for hanging-wall damage structure that was proposed by Townend et al. (2017). The wider zone of foliation-parallel fractures represents an outer damage zone that forms at shallow depths. The distinct < 160 m wide interval of widely oriented gouge-filled fractures constitutes an inner damage zone. This zone is interpreted to extend towards the base of the seismogenic crust given that its width is comparable to (1) the Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected by fault zone guided waves and (2) damage zones reported from other exhumed large-displacement faults. In summary, a narrow zone of fracturing at the base of the Alpine Fault's hanging-wall seismogenic crust is anticipated to widen at shallow depths, which is consistent with fault zone flower structure models.
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Ma, Sujian, Liang Zhang, Dong Wang, XinRong Tan, Sifeng Li, and Yang Liu. "Analysis of Tunnel Lining Failure Mechanism under the Action of Active Fault." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9918021.
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The underground structure that crosses the active fault will cause more serious damage under the dislocation of the active fault. Relying on an actual tunnel in the southwest mountainous area to establish a three-dimensional finite element model, the failure mechanism of the tunnel under strike-slip and thrust fault dislocation is revealed from the lining deformation, stress distribution, and plastic zone distribution, and the results show that the damage range of the lining distributes in the area of the fracture and the damage effect is greatly affected by the movement amount of the active fault. The lining damage under the active fault dislocation is mainly tensile damage, while the lining under the thrust fault dislocation shows compression damage on both sides of the fracture when there is a fracture with a large dip angle. The development range of plastic zone is positively correlated with the dip angle of the fracture and the amount of movement, and the development range is negatively correlated with the dip angle of the fracture and positively correlated with the amount of dislocation. The plastic zone range can be predicted, and the key monitoring range can be set according to the movement form of the active fault, the dip angle of the fracture zone, and the amount of fault movement.
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Bloom, Colin K., Andrew Howell, Timothy Stahl, Chris Massey, and Corinne Singeisen. "The influence of off-fault deformation zones on the near-fault distribution of coseismic landslides." Geology 50, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49429.1.
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Abstract Coseismic landslides are observed in higher concentrations around surface-rupturing faults. This observation has been attributed to a combination of stronger ground motions and increased rock mass damage closer to faults. Past work has shown it is difficult to separate the influences of rock mass damage from strong ground motions on landslide occurrence. We measured coseismic off-fault deformation (OFD) zone widths (treating them as a proxy for areas of more intense rock mass damage) using high-resolution, three-dimensional surface displacements from the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand. OFD zones vary in width from ~50 m to 1500 m over the ~180 km length of ruptures analyzed. Using landslide densities from a database of 29,557 Kaikōura landslides, we demonstrate that our OFD zone captures a higher density of coseismic landslide incidence than generic “distance to fault rupture” within ~650 m of surface fault ruptures. This result suggests that the effects of rock mass damage within OFD zones (including ground motions from trapped and amplified seismic waves) may contribute to near-fault coseismic landslide occurrence in addition to the influence of regional ground motions, which attenuate with distance from the fault. The OFD zone represents a new path toward understanding, and planning for, the distribution of coseismic landslides around surface fault ruptures. Inclusion of estimates of fault zone width may improve landslide susceptibility models and decrease landslide risk.
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Nantasin, Prayath, Christoph Hauzenberger, Xiaoming Liu, Kurt Krenn, Yunpeng Dong, Martin Thöni, and Pornsawat Wathanakul. "Occurrence of the high grade Thabsila metamorphic complex within the low grade Three Pagodas shear zone, Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand: Petrology and geochronology." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 60 (October 2012): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.07.025.
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Wang, Lian Jin, Yan Jun Chen, and Chou Chou Yang. "Hydrocarbon Prospect of Block VI, East Gobi Basin." Advanced Materials Research 827 (October 2013): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.827.148.
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2D seismic reflection data and magnetism data, gravity data and electrical data together define the overall subsurface structure of the East Gobi basin (EGB), and reflect Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental rift evolution through deposition of at least five distinct stratigraphic sequences. Three major NE-SW trending fault zones divide the basin[. In the paper, through strata sequence description and sedimentary facies analysis, as well as zone appraisal for the oil and gas in the study area, we conclude that western step-fault zone of the block VI of EGB was most favorable pay, then the reverse faulted-nose structure in the east, while in the western slope and eastern fault zone, their hydrocarbon prospect need further proved.
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Forouzesh, Alireza, Mohammad S. Golsorkhi, Mehdi Savaghebi, and Mehdi Baharizadeh. "Support Vector Machine Based Fault Location Identification in Microgrids Using Interharmonic Injection." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082317.
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This paper proposes an algorithm for detection and identification of the location of short circuit faults in islanded AC microgrids (MGs) with meshed topology. Considering the low level of fault current and dependency of the current angle on the control strategies, the legacy overcurrent protection schemes are not effective in in islanded MGs. To overcome this issue, the proposed algorithm detects faults based on the rms voltages of the distributed energy resources (DERs) by means of support vector machine classifiers. Upon detection of a fault, the DER which is electrically closest to the fault injects three interharmonic currents. The faulty zone is identified by comparing the magnitude of the interharmonic currents flowing through each zone. Then, the second DER connected to the faulty zone injects distinctive interharmonic currents and the resulting interharmonic voltages are measured at the terminal of each of these DERs. Using the interharmonic voltages as its features, a multi-class support vector machine identifies the fault location within the faulty zone. Simulations are conducted on a test MG to obtain a dataset comprising scenarios with different fault locations, varying fault impedances, and changing loads. The test results show that the proposed algorithm reliably detects the faults and the precision of fault location identification is above 90%.
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Rieken, Eric, and Richard L. Thiessen. "Three-dimensional model of the Cascadia subduction zone using earthquake hypocenters, western Washington." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820062533.
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Abstract The identification of seismically active fault planes is important for assessment of earthquake potential as well as development of neotectonic models and analysis of stress systems for a region. An automated set of computer programs, SEISPLN, has been developed for the identification of three-dimensional (3-D) alignments of seismic hypocenters. The SEISPLN technique is based on rotating a 3-D elongate grid system through the hypocenter distribution. The number of events in each cell is tabulated, and those cells which contain statistically significant numbers of events are considered to be potential fault surfaces. A multiple linear regression is applied to the set of hypocenters in each delineated cell to model the 3-D geometry of each of the inferred fault surfaces. We applied the technique to earthquakes located by the Washington Regional Seismic Network to separate the seismic events associated with the subducted Juan de Fuca (JDF) plate from events in the overlying crust. A total of 259 JDF-associated events were delineated, and the resulting 3-D models of the JDF slab beneath Washington reveal a complex combination of arching and flattening. Also, a steep orientation for the slab is observed beneath the southern portion of the Washington Cascades, while a much shallower orientation is inferred beneath the northern Cascades.
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Qu, Shao Dong, Chi Yang Liu, Li Jun Song, Hui Deng, Long Zhang, and Guang Zhou Mao. "Structure Evolution of Qinjiatun-Qindong Fault System in Lishu Subbasin." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.170.
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Three-dimensional(3-D) seismic data and structure analysis of the Lishu subasin in Songliao basin indicates that Qinjiatun fault zone is composed of two faults: East-Qin and West-Qin fault. This fault system initially formed at Huoshiling stage, peaked at Shahezi stage and faded dramatically from Yingcheng stage. The Qinjiatun fault was important in controlling strata thickness and distribution of the Huoshiling formation. Qindong fault, a typical strike-slip fault, developed relatively later, cutting the Qinjiatun fault, The major active stage was in Denglouku-Quantou stage, and weakened in the end of late Cretaceous. Qinjiatun fault zone was reversed at Denglouku stage when the regional stress went compressive, generating a structure nose that was potentially beneficial for hydrocarbon to accumulate. The strike-slip Qindong fault became active relatively later, cutting through the previous strata and proving pathways for both accumulation and effusion of hydrocarbon.
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Al-Husseini, Richard. "Spatio-temporal position of the Ediacaran Thalbah Basin in the Najd Fault System, Arabian Shield." GeoArabia 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia200117.
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ABSTRACT This paper starts with a bibliographic review of the lithostratigraphy and radiometric dating of the Ediacaran Thalbah Group in the northwestern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. It seeks to establish the spatio-temporal position of the group in the ongoing compilation and correlation of Ediacaran–Cambrian sedimentary time-rock units in the Middle East Geologic Time Scale (Al-Husseini, 2010, 2011, 2014). The group is defined and described in the Thalbah Basin, which crops out in the Al Wajh Quadrangle, and is approximately 100 km (NW-SE) by 40 km (SW-NE) in extent (Davies, 1985). The basin is situated within the approximately (ca.) 300 km-long, NW-trending Qazaz Fault Zone of the Najd Fault System. The Thalbah Group consists of three siliciclastic units: Hashim Formation (ca. 1,050–1,300 m thick) and likely coeval Zhufar Formation (ca. 600–1,400 m thick), and the younger Ridam Formation (ca. 1,000 m thick). Recently published U-Pb dating of detrital zircons gave ages of ≤ 596 ± 10 Ma for the Hashim Formation, and ≤ 612 ± 7 Ma for the Zhufar Formation (Bezenjani et al., 2014). The maximum depositional ages of the Hashim and Zhufar formations indicate they are approximately coeval to the lower part of the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Jibalah Group (≤ 605 ± 5 and ≥ 525 ± 5 Ma). The latter group was deposited in pull-apart basins along the ca. 600 km-long Rika and several other extensive fault zones of the NW-trending Najd Fault System in the northern and eastern parts of the Arabian Shield. The Qazaz Fault Zone left-laterally dislocated ophiolites of the NE-trending Yanbu Suture Zone (≥ 700 Ma) by about 100 km. The strike of the Qazaz Fault Zone projects into the Rika Fault Zone, along which five major pull-apart basins contain the Jibalah Group. The Rika Fault Zone dislocated by about 100 km the NS-trending ophiolite outcrop belts of the Ad Dafinah and Hulayfah fault zones (sometimes interpreted as parts the Nabitah Suture Zone, 680–640 Ma). Based on the time correlation of the Thalbah and Jibalah groups, and the highlighted structural features, the Rika and Qazaz fault zones are interpreted as a continuous 30 km-wide, 1,200 km-long, N63°W-striking fault zone, the “Rika-Qazaz Fault Zone”, which left-laterally dislocated the Arabian Shield by approximately 100 km after 605 ± 5 Ma and before 525 ± 5 Ma.
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Eichkitz, Christoph G., Sarah Schneider, Andreas B. Hölker, Philip Birkhäuser, and Herfried Madritsch. "On the impact of alternative seismic time imaging methods on subsurface fault mapping in the northernmost Molasse Basin, Switzerland." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (June 26, 2020): SQ1—SQ13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0305.1.
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The identification and characterization of tectonic faults in the subsurface represent key aspects of geologic exploration activities across the world. We have evaluated the impact of alternative seismic time imaging methods on initial subsurface fault mapping in three dimensions in the form of a case study situated in the most external foreland of the European Central Alps (the northernmost Molasse Basin). Four different seismic amplitude volumes of one and the same 3D seismic data set, differing in imaging technologies and parameterizations applied, were considered for the interpretation of a fault zone dissecting a Mesozoic sedimentary sequence that is characterized by a pronounced mechanical stratigraphy and has witnessed a multiphase tectonic evolution. For this purpose, we interpreted each seismic amplitude volume separately. In addition, we computed a series of seismic attributes individually for each volume. Comparison of the different data interpretations revealed consistent results concerning the mapping of the seismic marker horizons and main fault segments. Deviations concern the apparent degree of vertical and lateral fault zone segmentation and the occurrence of small-scale fault strands that may be regarded as important fault kinematic indicators. The compilation of all fault interpretations in map form allows the critical assessment of the robustness of the initial seismic fault mapping, highlighting well-constrained from poorly defined fault zone elements. We conclude that the consideration of multiple seismic processing products for subsurface fault mapping is advisable to evaluate general imaging uncertainties and potentially guide the development of fault zone model variants to tackle previously discussed aspects of conceptual interpretation uncertainties.
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Harland, W. Brian, and Paul A. Doubled Ay. "Chapter 8 Northwestern Spitsbergen." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.08.
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Northwestern Spitsbergen is bounded by Billefjorden and Wijde-fjorden in the east and by the coastline in the north and west round to the southwest by Kongsfjorden (Fig. 8.1). The southern boundary overlaps with the Central Basin (Chapter 4) and central western sector of Spitsbergen (Chapter 9) along Kongsfjorden and Sveabreen. At this boundary Devonian and older rocks are uncon-formably overlain, and finally obscured to the south, by the cover of Carboniferous through Paleogene strata. This sector contains Andree Land, Albert I Land, Haakon VII Land, James I Land and northern Dickson Land. It is deeply penetrated by fjords and largely covered by ice.Apart from Quaternary sediments and volcanics, Cenozoic plateau lavas and the overlying platform sequence (Carboniferous through Paleogene) to the south, the main consideration here is with Devonian sediments, mid-Paleozoic migmatites and granites, and Precambrian metasediments.The Northwestern sector is bounded and divided by faults. The eastern boundary is delineated by the Billefjorden Fault Zone (BFZ) and the southwestern boundary is the postulated Kongs-fjorden-Hansbreen Fault Zone (KHFZ). These faults separate the Central Province respectively from the Eastern and Western provinces. Two main N-S oriented faults divide the sector into three terranes: the Raudfjorden Fault (RFF), and the Breibogen Fault (BBF) (Fig. 8.1) as noted by Holtedahl (1914). The three terranes are introduced below. (1) The Andree Land-Dickson Land Terrane is a large area of Devonian strata bounded by the Breibogen Fault Zone and the Billefjorden Fault Zone. (2) The Biskayerfonna-Holtedahlfonna Terrane is a N-S belt bounded to the
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Putiška, René, Ivan Dostál, Andrej Mojzeš, Vojtech Gajdoš, Kamil Rozimant, and Rastislav Vojtko. "The resistivity image of the Muráň fault zone (Central Western Carpathians) obtained by electrical resistivity tomography." Geologica Carpathica 63, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-012-0017-3.
Full textAbstract:
The resistivity image of the Muráň fault zone (Central Western Carpathians) obtained by electrical resistivity tomographyThe paper describes the application of geophysical prospecting techniques for estimation of the fault's inclination. The field survey was carried out across the Muráň fault structure in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts (central Slovakia). Three different geophysical methods were used to map the fault zone: Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP) and radon emanometry. All these methods have been used to locate the fault zone area, but the principal aims of this research are to test the efficiency of the 2D ERT technique to recognize the geometrical characterization of the fault and to improve our tectonic knowledge of the investigated area. For the synthetic cases, three geometric contexts were modelled at 60, 90 and 120 degrees and computed with the l2norm inversion method, the l1norm with standard horizontal and vertical roughness filter and the l1norm with diagonal roughness filter. In the second phase this geophysical methodology was applied to fieldwork data. Our results confirm that the ERT technique is a valuable tool to image the fault zone and to characterize the general geometry, but also the importance of setting up the right inversion parameters. The main contribution of the geophysical investigations in this case was the determination of the location and confirmation of the inclination of the Muráň fault. The result of this study is the ability to make a visual estimation of the direction and dip of the fault. Pursuant to this work the dipole-dipole electrode configuration produces the best resolution, particularly for the location of vertical and dipping structures. The advantage of this array is that it shows the ability to assess the trend of the dip and therefore it can be strongly recommended. The result is also a case study of a small scale tectonic survey involving geophysical methods.
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Delogkos, E., T. Manzocchi, C. Childs, C. Sachanidis, T. Barmpas, A. Chatzipetros, J. J. Walsh, and S. Pavlides. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF NORMAL FAULT ZONES IN KARDIA MINE, PTOLEMAIS BASIN, NW GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.21340.
Full textAbstract:
Six normal fault zones, with throws ranging from a few meters up to 50 m, were studied within an active, open pit, lignite mine in Ptolemais. Each fault was mapped 20 times over a period of five years because at intervals of ca. 3 months working faces are taken back between 20 and 50 m exposing fresh fault outcrops for mapping.Various resolutions of photographs and structural measurements were imported into a fully georeferenced 3D structural interpretation package, resulting in aseismic scale and outcrop resolution 3D fault volume with outcrop and panoramic photographs acting as the seismic sections in equivalent seismic surveys. Low resolution 3D models for the fault system structure at mine scale and higher-resolution 3D models for the fault zone structure were produced after geological interpretation and they can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
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Su, Pei Dong. "Prediction of the Toxic and Harmful Gas along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2025.
Full textAbstract:
The geological setting of Sichuan-Tibet Railway is complicated, while magmatic and metamorphic rocks are widely distributed. Reference to the other engineering experience of underground works under similar geological conditions at home and abroad, the analysis shows that it exists the hazardous possibility that the inorganic gas are toxic and harmful in the tunnels of Sichuan-Tibet Railway. Combining the conditions that inorganic gas produced and the geological conditions along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, it analyzes and predicates that CH4, CO2, H2S, SO2, CO, NO2, NH3 and H2 are the main types of poisonous gas along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. The poisonous gas is mainly distributed in the three suture zones, three crustal fault zones and more than three basement fault zones and mafic and ultrabasic rock zone, granites zone, volcanic zone and contact metamorphic zone. All these zones are the favorable migration point to area and gathering area to the toxic and harmful gas. It should be highly mentioned on the construction of the tunnels.
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Li, Yang, Ling Yu, Weidong Song, and Tianhong Yang. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Complex Rock Slope Stability Affected by Fault and Weak Layer Based on FESRM." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (December 7, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6380815.
Full textAbstract:
Slope stability analysis is the most important problem in slope engineering design and construction. Open-pit slope often spans several strata, many of which are relatively weak. There may be faults and weak layers across the whole rock. It is very necessary to study the instability mechanism and stability analysis of multistratigraphic slopes with faults and weak layers. In this paper, taking a complex three-dimensional slope with fault and weak layer as the research object, the evolution laws of the stress field and damage zone of the slope are analyzed by using the finite element strength reduction method. The results show that the fault and weak layer have different degrees of effect on the slope stability. The fault causes stress concentration and damage to nearby rock mass, and the weak layer causes stress concentration on the slope above it and forms a dangerous slip zone. Then the effect of the fault and weak layer on slope stability is discussed. Because the effect of horizontal structural plane on slope stability is greater than that of the vertical structural plane, the effect of weak layer on slope stability is greater than that of the fault in the slope. The research results can provide a theoretical guidance for the study of slope stability in practical engineering.
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Zhou, Rui, Xiaocheng Zhou, Ying Li, Miao He, Jingchao Li, Jinyuan Dong, Jiao Tian, et al. "Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characteristics of the Hot Springs in the Litang Fault Zone, Southeast Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Water 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091496.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the observation of the geochemical characteristics of 19 hot springs in the Litang Fault Zone (LFZ) from 2010 to 2019, the major elements, trace elements, and stable isotopes were investigated, and a conceptual model of ground fluid circulation in the LFZ was established. The main hydrochemical type of hot spring water samples is HCO3−-Na+. The δ2H values range from −157.6‰ to −123.4‰ and δ18O values range from −24.5‰ to −15.4‰. The hot spring water in the Litang fault zone is mainly recharged by infiltrating precipitation, with a recharge elevation of 4062~6018 m. Hydrochemical types of Litang hot springs are mainly controlled by the circulation of groundwater in a deep fault system, and are related to the rock lithology of thermal reservoir and water–rock reaction areas. Hot springs in the Litang fault zone attribute to three different heat sources, belonging to three geothermal systems. The flow direction of groundwater in the LFZ is roughly from northwest to southeast along the Litang fault. The deeper the circulation depth of hot spring water on the fault, the higher the thermal reservoir temperature and the stronger the seismic activity of the segment, which is closely related to the increase in pore fluid pressure, rock weakening, and deep fluid upwelling. This study is helpful for further study on regional hydrogeological environments and provides a scientific basis for revealing geothermal fluid movement in fault zones.