Journal articles: 'Three-dimensional scanner'

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Carvalho, William S., Viviane de S. M. Almeida, Leonardo Provedel, Anderson da S. Maciel, and Viviane A. Sarmento. "Volumetric Evaluation of 3D Models Generated by Different Surface Treatment Protocols." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 3, no. 5 (December 23, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2022.3.5.229.

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The objective of this study was to compare the volume of three-dimensional (3D) models generated by different scanners and computational modeling protocols. Eight dry mandibles were scanned by five different computed tomography (CT) scanners and by a 3D-scanner. Three-dimensional models were generated, received different surface treatment processes, and the final volume of the 3D models was compared. The results show that there was no significant difference among the volume of the 3D models generated by the different CT scanners and surface treatment techniques, however, the model volume generated by the 3D-scanner show the highest volume. It can be concluded that the different combinations of surface treatment protocols did not determine differences in the model volume generated by different CT and CBCT scanners and that the 3D-scanner determined the highest volume models.

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Ahdi Rezaeieh, Sasan, Ali Zamani, Konstanty Bialkowski, Graeme Macdonald, and Amin Abbosh. "Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Torso Scanner." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051015.

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A three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic torso scanner system is presented. This system aims at providing a complimentary/auxiliary imaging modality to supplement conventional imaging devices, e.g., ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for pathologies in the chest and upper abdomen such as pulmonary abscess, fatty liver disease and renal cancer. The system is comprised of an array of 14 resonance-based reflector (RBR) antennas that operate from 0.83 to 1.9 GHz and are located on a movable flange. The system is able to scan different regions of the chest and upper abdomen by mechanically moving the antenna array to different positions along the long axis of the thorax with an accuracy of about 1 mm at each step. To verify the capability of the system, a three-dimensional imaging algorithm is proposed. This algorithm utilizes a fast frequency-based microwave imaging method in conjunction with a slice interpolation technique to generate three-dimensional images. To validate the system, pulmonary abscess was simulated within an artificial torso phantom. This was achieved by injecting an arbitrary amount of fluid (e.g., 30 mL of water), into the lungs regions of the torso phantom. The system could reliably and reproducibly determine the location and volume of the embedded target.

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Borodina, Irina D., Leon S. Grigoryants, Magammed A. Gadzhiev, Svetlana S. Apresyan, Roman V. Batov, Alexander G. Stepanov, and Samvel V. Apresyan. "Comparative evaluation of the accuracy of the dental arch display using modern intraoral three-dimensional scanners." Russian Journal of Dentistry 26, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2802-2022-26-4-287-297.

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BACKGROUND: At present, modern dentists used dental intraoral three-dimensional (3D) scanners routinely in their daily work. Obtaining an optical 3D image of the teeth and dentition helps avoid errors at the stage of obtaining traditional silicone impressions and significantly reduces the level of discomfort during dental procedures. Intraoral scanner systems are commercially available today. Despite their advantages over traditional silicone impressions, the accuracy of the optical impressions obtained during total and subtotal prosthetics on the upper and lower jaw are still questionable. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of scanning models of the patients dentition obtained using intraoral scanners and to determine the currently available models of digital devices that are optimal in terms of price and quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The reference scan (master model) was an optical image of the reference model of the upper jaw of a patient with a full dentition made by additive 3D-printing technology obtained using a laboratory scanner. To level out the shrinkage errors of photopolymerization materials, the resulting model was scanned on the same day using intraoral scanners selected for the study. The obtained scan results were compared with the reference scan of the control group. Based on the measurements made at reference points, the average error value relative to the master model and its precision were calculated for each scanner. In addition to the average values, the error parameters of the scanners in the frontal and chewing sections were calculated, as well as the arc error, which was equal to the difference in the values of the discrepancy at the reference points at which the maximum and minimum values were obtained. The cost and availability of scanners on the domestic market, under the sanctions policy of foreign countries, were also considered. RESULTS: The CEREC Primescan AC scanner showed the best accuracy according to the results of model discrepancies. It has an average error of 13.727.34. The arc error was 18.8 microns, and the discrepancies in the frontal area and chewing area were 18 and 6.8 microns, respectively. 3Shape Trios 3 scanner has the closest accuracy, with an average error of 16.285.94 microns. The error value of Aoralscan 3 was 42.0818.34 microns, its arc accuracy was 65 microns, and the discrepancies in the frontal and chewing areas were 33 and 55.1 microns, respectively. Emerald S Mode C had an average error of 35.8422.29 microns, which was higher than that of Medit i500 and Aoralscan 3; however, Aoralscan 3 showed better precision (18.34 microns versus 22.29 microns). According to the comparison results of the models in the MeshLab program, CEREC Primescan AC showed the smallest median of distances (18 microns). The TRIOS 3 and Emerald S Mode C differed from the standard by an average of 29 microns, and Aoralscan 3 scanners had of 33 microns and Medit i500 had 41 microns. CONCLUSION: The precision of Aoralscan 3 scanner, which is the best among its analogs in the price category, makes it the most affordable scanner for dental surgical, orthodontic, and orthopedic fields. CEREC Primescan AC is the leader of the premium scanners involved in the study and available in the dental market.

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Mutwalli, Hussam, Michael Braian, Deyar Mahmood, and Christel Larsson. "Trueness and Precision of Three-Dimensional Digitizing Intraoral Devices." International Journal of Dentistry 2018 (November 26, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5189761.

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Aim. To measure the trueness and precision under repeatable conditions for different intraoral scanners (IOSs) when scanning fully edentulous arch with multiple implants. Materials and Methods. Three IOSs and one industrial scanner were used to scan one edentulous master cast containing five implant scan bodies and three spheres. The cast was scanned thirty times with each scanner device. All scans were analyzed in the inspect software, and three-dimensional locations of the implants and the interarch distance between the spheres were measured. The values were compared to measurements made with one coordinate measuring machine (true value). One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the differences between IOSs and in comparison with the true value. Results. Significant differences were found between all IOSs. For the implant measurements, Trios 3 had the lowest trueness (≤114 μm), followed by Trios 3 mono (≤63 μm) and Itero element (≤−41 μm). Trios had the lowest precision (≤135 μm), followed by Itero element (≤101 μm) and Trios 3 mono (≤100 μm). With regard to the interarch distance measurements, Trios 3 had the lowest trueness (≤68 μm), followed by Trios 3 mono (≤45 μm) and Itero element (≤40 μm). Trios 3 had the lowest precision (≤206 μm), followed by Itero element (≤124 μm) and Trios 3 mono (≤111 μm). Conclusion. The results from this in vitro study suggest that precision is low for the tested IOS devices when scanning fully edentulous arches with multiple implants.

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Huang, Yunbao, and Xiaoping Qian. "A Dynamic Sensing-and-Modeling Approach to Three-Dimensional Point- and Area-Sensor Integration." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 3 (November 3, 2006): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2714585.

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The recent advancement of 3D non-contact laser scanners enables fast measurement of parts by generating a huge amount of coordinate data for a large surface area in a short time. In contrast, traditional tactile probes in the coordinate measurement machines can generate more accurate coordinate data points at a much slower pace. Therefore, the combination of laser scanners and touch probes can potentially lead to more accurate, faster, and denser measurements. In this paper, we develop a dynamic sensing-and-modeling approach for integrating a tactile point sensor and an area laser scanner to improve the measurement speed and quality. A part is first laser scanned to capture its overall shape. It is then probed via a tactile sensor where the probing positions are dynamically determined to reduce the measurement uncertainty based on a novel next-best-point formulation. Technically, we use the Kalman filter to fuse laser-scanned point cloud and tactile points and to incrementally update the surface model based on the dynamically probed points. We solve the next-best-point problem by transforming the B-spline surface’s uncertainty distribution into a higher dimensional uncertainty surface so that the convex hull property of the B-spline surface can be utilized to dramatically reduce the search speed and to guarantee the optimality of the resulting point. Three examples in this paper demonstrate that the dynamic sensing-and-modeling effectively integrates the area laser scanner and the point touch probe and leads to a significant amount of measurement time saving (at least several times faster in all three cases). This dynamic approach’s further benefits include reducing surface uncertainty due to the maximum uncertainty control through the next-best-point sensing and improving surface accuracy in surface reconstruction through the use of Kalman filter to account various sensor noise.

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Lee, Keun Ho, Sung Jae Kim, Yong Ho Cha, Jae Lim Kim, Dong Kyu Kim, and Sang Jun Kim. "Three-dimensional printed prosthesis demonstrates functional improvement in a patient with an amputated thumb: A technical note." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 42, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616679315.

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Background and Aim: Three-dimensional printer is widely used in industry, biology, and medical fields. We report a finger prosthesis produced by a three-dimensional scanner and printer for a 67-year-old man with a right thumb amputation above the metacarpophalangeal joint. Technique: His right amputated and left intact hands were scanned with a three-dimensional scanner, and the left-hand image was rotated to the right side to design the right thumb prosthesis. The designed prosthesis was printed with a three-dimensional printer using the fused filament fabrication output system. Discussion: The Jebsen–Taylor hand function test and Box and Block Test scores improved after application of the prosthesis. Most Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology results were “very satisfied,” and most Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey results were “very easy.” Preparing the prosthesis made by three-dimensional scanner and three-dimensional printer was faster and cheaper than preparing a conventional prosthesis. Clinical relevance Using three-dimensional scanning and printing technique, we can easily produce specifically shaped finger prostheses for specific movements in amputated patients with low cost.

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Mezei, Adrián, and Tibor Kovács. "Curvature Adaptive 3D Scanning Transformation Calculation." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 62, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.11540.

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Three-dimensional objects can be scanned by 3D laser scanners that use active triangulation. These scanners create three-dimensional point clouds from the scanned objects. The laser line is identified in the images, which are captured at given transformations by the camera, and the point cloud can be calculated from these. The hardest challenge is to construct these transformations so that most of the surface can be captured. The result of a scanning may have missing parts because either not the best transformations were used or because some parts of the object cannot be scanned. Based on the results of the previous scans, a better transformation plan can be created, with which the next scan can be performed. In this paper, a method is proposed for transforming a special 3D scanner into a position from where the scanned point can be seen from an ideal angle. A method is described for estimating this transformation in real-time, so these can be calculated for every point of a previous scan to set up a next improved scan.

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Nouri, Taoufik. "Three-dimensional scanner based on fringe projection." Optical Engineering 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.200616.

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Lee, Changyeop, Wonseok Choi, Jeesu Kim, and Chulhong Kim. "Three-dimensional clinical handheld photoacoustic/ultrasound scanner." Photoacoustics 18 (June 2020): 100173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100173.

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Park, Jae Won, Se An Oh, Ji Woon Yea, and Min Kyu Kang. "Fabrication of malleable three-dimensional-printed customized bolus using three-dimensional scanner." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2017): e0177562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177562.

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Jiang, Hai Lin. "Precision Analysis of Reconstructed Aluminum Alloy Handle." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2226.

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In order to carry out the error analyses of the aluminum alloy in reverse engineering, Mastercam was used to create three-dimensional (3D) parametric solid models and automatically generate NC program files. By using the generated NC program, a simulating is processed on a milling machine. The surface of the obtained product 1 was immediately scanned by a laser scanner. Using the obtained results from the laser scanner, the three-dimensional models were created in Geomagic Studio. Reanalysis of the three dimensional models, product 2 can be obtained. Finally, Error analysis was carried out by comparing the 3D scan data with the original design models. The current research demonstrates that error analysis by the present method is feasible. However, since aluminum was selected as the processing material, the scanned data is not satisfactory; contrast error is greater after reverse engineering.

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Maeng, Jiyoun, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim, Myung-Joo Kim, and Ho-Beom Kwon. "A New Approach to Accuracy Evaluation of Single-Tooth Abutment Using Two-Dimensional Analysis in Two Intraoral Scanners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061021.

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The aim of this study was to two-dimensionally evaluate deviation errors at five digital cross-sections of single-tooth abutment in regards to data obtained from two intraoral scanners, and to evaluate accuracy of individual scanners. Two intraoral scanners, the Trios 3® (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) and EzScan® (Vatech, Hwaseong, Korea), were evaluated by utilizing 13 stone models. The superimposed 3D data files were sectioned into five different planes: buccal-lingual section (BL), mesial-distal section (MD), transverse high section (TH), transverse middle section (TM), and transverse low section (TL). Accuracy comparison between the two scanners in 5 groups was performed. BL vs. MD of each scanner, and three transverse groups (TH, TM, TL) of each scanner were analyzed for accuracy comparison. In comparison of 2-D analyses for two intraoral scanners, Trios 3® showed statistically significant higher accuracy in root mean square (RMS) at BL, TH, and TL (p < 0.05). For each scanner, RMS value showed that mesial-distal sections were more prone to error than buccal-lingual section, which exhibited statistically significant errors (p < 0.05) while the transverse groups did not. Two-dimensional analysis is more insightful than three-dimensional analysis on single-tooth abutment. In mesiodistal areas, rough prepped areas, and sharp edges where scanner accessibility is difficult, high deviation errors are shown.

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Delgado, Carlos Alberto, Roberto Shimabuku, Erika Alarcón, Luis Huicho, and Augusto Cesar Ferreira De Moraes. "Reliability of unconventional torso anthropometry using a three-dimensional scanner in Peruvian children and adolescents." F1000Research 7 (March 2, 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13936.1.

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Background: Three-dimensional (3D) scanners have made it possible to measure and display body surface and shape with high precision. These are fast measurements with minimum discomfort, which is especially useful when children are involved. The objective was to assess the reliability and validity of a 3D-scanner for measuring unconventional torso parameters in children and adolescents. Methods: This is a sub-sample of the SAYCARE study, an observational multicentre research effort being conducted in six South American countries, aimed at developing methods to collect data on cardiovascular health biomarkers, lifestyles, and environmental, social and family risk factors. Images were captured using a portable scanner (iSense, Cubify, USA) attached to a Tablet 128Gb with OSX (Ipad-Air Apple, USA). Images were reshaped to exclude head, hair, arms and legs; area and volume were measured using 3D design software ((Rhinoceros for OSX, v5.02, USA). Results: The sub-sample for our study comprised 54 girls and 46 boys, aged 6 to 17 years old, from two private schools in Lima, Peru. Out of 100 participants, 82 were scanned twice. There was strong reliability (rho_c> 0.80) between first and second measurements of area and volume in boys of every age group. In girls, the reliability coefficient was moderate (rho_c> 0.70) only for area comparison in adolescents older than 10 years of age. The mean torso area was 0.55 m2 (SD 0.08) in girls and 0.63 m2 (SD 0.13) in boys. The overall mean torso volume was 24.4 l (SD 5.33) in girls and 31.47 l (SD 10.14) in boys. Area under ROC curve oscillates between 0.5707 and 0.6383 when volume/area ratio was compared to the selected “gold standard” (waist to height ratio > 0.5). Conclusion: Use of portable and low cost 3D-scanners provides a reliable but inaccurate alternative for area and volume torso measurements in children and adolescents.

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Majid, Z., C. L. Lau, and A. R. Yusoff. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECORDING OF BASTION MIDDLEBURG MONUMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-323-2016.

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This paper describes the use of terrestrial laser scanning for the full three-dimensional (3D) recording of historical monument, known as the Bastion Middleburg. The monument is located in Melaka, Malaysia, and was built by the Dutch in 1660. This monument serves as a major hub for the community when conducting commercial activities in estuaries Malacca and the Dutch build this monument as a control tower or fortress. The monument is located on the banks of the Malacca River was built between Stadhuys or better known as the Red House and Mill Quayside. The breakthrough fort on 25 November 2006 was a result of the National Heritage Department through in-depth research on the old map. The recording process begins with the placement of measuring targets at strategic locations around the monument. Spherical target was used in the point cloud data registration. The scanning process is carried out using a laser scanning system known as a terrestrial scanner Leica C10. This monument was scanned at seven scanning stations located surrounding the monument with medium scanning resolution mode. Images of the monument have also been captured using a digital camera that is setup in the scanner. For the purposes of proper registration process, the entire spherical target was scanned separately using a high scanning resolution mode. The point cloud data was pre-processed using Leica Cyclone software. The pre-processing process starting with the registration of seven scan data set through overlapping spherical targets. The post-process involved in the generation of coloured point cloud model of the monument using third-party software. The orthophoto of the monument was also produced. This research shows that the method of laser scanning provides an excellent solution for recording historical monuments with true scale of and texture.

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Majid, Z., C. L. Lau, and A. R. Yusoff. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECORDING OF BASTION MIDDLEBURG MONUMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-323-2016.

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This paper describes the use of terrestrial laser scanning for the full three-dimensional (3D) recording of historical monument, known as the Bastion Middleburg. The monument is located in Melaka, Malaysia, and was built by the Dutch in 1660. This monument serves as a major hub for the community when conducting commercial activities in estuaries Malacca and the Dutch build this monument as a control tower or fortress. The monument is located on the banks of the Malacca River was built between Stadhuys or better known as the Red House and Mill Quayside. The breakthrough fort on 25 November 2006 was a result of the National Heritage Department through in-depth research on the old map. The recording process begins with the placement of measuring targets at strategic locations around the monument. Spherical target was used in the point cloud data registration. The scanning process is carried out using a laser scanning system known as a terrestrial scanner Leica C10. This monument was scanned at seven scanning stations located surrounding the monument with medium scanning resolution mode. Images of the monument have also been captured using a digital camera that is setup in the scanner. For the purposes of proper registration process, the entire spherical target was scanned separately using a high scanning resolution mode. The point cloud data was pre-processed using Leica Cyclone software. The pre-processing process starting with the registration of seven scan data set through overlapping spherical targets. The post-process involved in the generation of coloured point cloud model of the monument using third-party software. The orthophoto of the monument was also produced. This research shows that the method of laser scanning provides an excellent solution for recording historical monuments with true scale of and texture.

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Nikoyan, Levon, and Rinil Patel. "Intraoral Scanner, Three-Dimensional Imaging, and Three-Dimensional Printing in the Dental Office." Dental Clinics of North America 64, no. 2 (April 2020): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2019.12.004.

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Altyntsev, M. A., and G. D. Geraschenko. "The study of 3D modelling accuracy using terrestrial laser scanning data of Geomax Zoom 300." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 18, 2022): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-1-76-85.

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One of the tasks solved by terrestrial laser scanning data is three-dimensional modeling of territories. Due to the high density of the resulting point cloud, it is possible to create three-dimensional models of objects with a high level of detail. To date, a large number of models of laser scanners have been released, the technical characteristics of which can be significantly distinguished. To understand the possible accuracy of constructing three-dimensional modes based on the data of a certain laser scanner model and where the scan positions should be placed, a number of studies have to be preliminary performed. The accuracy analysis of the laser scanning data obtained using Geomax Zoom 300 and the results of three-dimensional modeling based on control measurements is carried out. Recommendations have been proposed for the use of this laser scanner model to construct 3D models of maximum possible accuracy and detail.

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Brajlih, Tomaz, Spela Ekselenski, Igor Drstvensek, and Urska Kostevsek. "ACCURACY TEST OF DENTAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL SCANNER." Journal of Production Engineering 21, no. 2 (December 2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jpe-2018-02-035.

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Nabbout, Fidele, and Pascal Baron. "Orthodontics and dental anatomy: Three-dimensional scanner contribution." Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 7, no. 6 (2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_394_17.

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Sasaki, M., T. Yamaguchi, J. H. Song, K. Hane, M. Hara, and K. Hori. "Optical scanner on a three-dimensional microoptical bench." Journal of Lightwave Technology 21, no. 3 (March 2003): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2003.811793.

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Yang, Shengyuan, and Wenhao Huang. "Three-dimensional displacements of a piezoelectric tube scanner." Review of Scientific Instruments 69, no. 1 (January 1998): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148500.

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Åslund, N., A. Liljeborg, P. O. Forsgren, and S. Wahlsten. "Three-dimensional digital microscopy using the PHOIBOSl Scanner." Scanning 9, no. 6 (1987): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950090603.

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Xie, Xue Dong, Xin Kuan Liu, and Jun Ting Cheng. "Measurement Technique Based on the Three-Dimensional White-Light Scanner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.993.

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White light scanner plays a vital role in reverse engineering. It has penetrated into all industries. It includes cars, grinding, aircraft, and mobile phone industry and so on. The paper introduces the basic principle of white light scanner and the measurement techniques.

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Hruboš, Marián, Dušan Nemec, Aleš Janota, Rastislav Pirník, Emília Bubeníková, Michal Gregor, Bohuslava Juhásová, and Martin Juhás. "Sensor fusion for creating a three-dimensional model for mobile robot navigation." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 4 (July 2019): 172988141986507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419865072.

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This article deals with the design of an automated system for creating a three-dimensional model of the environment with its texture. The method for creating a three-dimensional model of the environment is based on the use of a two-dimensional scanner for which the supporting hardware has been designed and constructed. The whole system extends the use of a two-dimensional scanner that is embedded in a robotic system. Supporting hardware rotates the scanner around the scan axis. This will create a three-dimensional model of the environment using a two-dimensional scanner. Thus, the resulting three-dimensional scan is formed by subsequent two-dimensional scans, each shifted with respect to the previous one. It was necessary to design the appropriate software for hardware management to control the movement of the engine, the scanner, and to process the measured data. The proposed system can be placed on various exploration robotic systems that map the space using the proposed method. Wheeled, band robotic systems or drones can be used to explore hard-to-reach environment.

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Persson, Anna, Matts Andersson, Agneta Oden, and Gunilla Sandborgh-Englund. "A three-dimensional evaluation of a laser scanner and a touch-probe scanner." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2006.01.003.

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Komissarov, A. V., A. V. Remizov, M. M. Shlyakhova, and K. K. Yambaev. "Handheld Laser Scanner Research." Geodesy and Cartography 952, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-952-10-47-54.

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The authors consider hand-held laser scanners, as a new photogrammetric tool for obtaining three-dimensional models of objects. The principle of their work and the newest optical systems based on various sensors measuring the depth of space are described in detail. The method of simultaneous navigation and mapping (SLAM) used for combining single scans into point cloud is outlined. The formulated tasks and methods for performing studies of the DotProduct (USA) hand-held laser scanner DPI?8X based on a test site survey are presented. The accuracy requirements for determining the coordinates of polygon points are given. The essence of the performed experimental research of the DPI?8X scanner is described, including scanning of a test object at various scanner distances, shooting a test polygon from various scanner positions and building point cloud, repeatedly shooting the same area of the polygon to check the stability of the scanner. The data on the assessment of accuracy and analysis of research results are given. Fields of applying hand-held laser scanners, their advantages and disadvantages are identified.

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Chen, Kai, Kai Zhan, Xiaocong Yang, and Da Zhang. "Accuracy Improvement Method of a 3D Laser Scanner Based on the D-H Model." Shock and Vibration 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965904.

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A three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner with characteristics such as acquiring huge point cloud data and noncontact measurement has revolutionized the surveying and mapping industry. Nonetheless, how to guarantee the 3D laser scanner precision remains the critical factor that determines the excellence of 3D laser scanners. Hence, this study proposes a 3D laser scanner error analysis and calibration-method-based D-H model, applies the D-H model method in the robot area to the 3D laser scanner coordinate for calculating the point cloud data and creatively derive the error model, comprehensively analyzes six external parameters and seven inner structure parameters that affect point cloud coordinator error, and designs two calibration platforms for inner structure parameters. To validate the proposed method, we used SOKKIA total station and BLSS-PE 3D laser scanner to attain the center coordinate of the testing target sphere and then evaluate the external parameters and modify the point coordinate. Based on modifying the point coordinate, comparing the point coordinate that considered the inner structure parameters with the point coordinate that did not consider the inner structure parameters, the experiment revealed that the BLSS-PE 3D laser scanner’s precision enhanced after considering the inner structure parameters, demonstrating that the error analysis and calibration method was correct and feasible.

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Im, Chang-Hee, Ji-Man Park, Jang-Hyun Kim, You-Jung Kang, and Jee-Hwan Kim. "Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194419.

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To assess the accuracy of various intraoral scanners (IOSs) and to investigate the existence of mutual compatibility that affects the accuracy between IOS and 3-dimensional (3D) printing using a scan quadrant model. For clinical implication, crown preparations and cavity design according to prosthetic diagnosis and treatment considerations must be acquired by a digital scanner. The selected typodont model was scanned using a reference scanner, from which reference (Ref) standard tessellation language (STL) data were created. Data obtained by scanning the typodont model with IOSs based on three different technologies were divided into three groups (CS3600, i500, and Trios3). Scanned data from the groups were divided into sub-groups of digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography apparatus (SLA), based on which 3D printed models (3DP) were fabricated. The 3DP dental models were scanned to obtain a total of 90 3DP STL datasets. The best-fit algorithm of 3D analysis software was used for teeth and arch measurements, while trueness was analyzed by calculating the average deviation among measured values based on superimposition of Ref and IOS and 3DP data. The differences between Ref and IOS (Ref-IOS), Ref and 3DP (Ref-IOS/3DP), and IOS and 3DP data (IOS-3DP) were compared and analyzed, while accuracy within each of the three main groups was assessed. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and repeated measures ANOVA test were used (p < 0.05). The major finding is that the mutual relationships between IOSs and 3D printers vary depending on the combination. However, i500 intraoral scanner and DLP 3D printer was the combination that showed the best trueness value.

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Suryajaya, William, Maria Purbiati, and Nada Ismah. "Accuracy of digital dental models and three-dimensional printed dental models in linear measurements and Bolton analysis." F1000Research 10 (March 4, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.31865.1.

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Background: Due to advances in digital technology, it is possible to obtain digital dental models through intraoral scanning. The stereolithographic data collected from the scanner can subsequently be printed into a three-dimensional dental model in resinic material. However, the accuracy between digital dental models and printed dental models needs to be evaluated since it might affect diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of digital models scanned by a Trios intraoral scanner and three-dimensional dental models printed using a Formlabs 2 3D printer in linear measurements and Bolton analysis. Methods: A total of 35 subjects were included in this study. All subjects were scanned using a Trios intraoral scanner to obtain digital study models. Stereolithographic data from previous scanning was printed using a Formlabs 2 3D printer to obtain printed study models. Mesiodistal, intercanine, intermolar, and Bolton analysis from all types of study models were measured. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability. All data were then statistically analyzed. Results: The reliability tests were high for both intraobserver and interobserver reliability, which demonstrates high reproducibility for all measurements on all model types. Most of the data compared between study models showed no statistically significant differences, though some data differed significantly. However, the differences are considered clinically insignificant. Conclusion: Digital dental models and three-dimensional printed dental models may be used interchangeably with plaster dental models for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes. Keywords: Accuracy, 3D printing, digital dental model, printed dental model.

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Suryajaya, William, Maria Purbiati, and Nada Ismah. "Accuracy of digital dental models and three-dimensional printed dental models in linear measurements and Bolton analysis." F1000Research 10 (September 1, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.31865.2.

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Background: Due to advances in digital technology, it is possible to obtain digital dental models through intraoral scanning. The stereolithographic data collected from the scanner can subsequently be printed into a three-dimensional dental model in resinic material. However, the accuracy between digital dental models and printed dental models needs to be evaluated since it might affect diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of digital models scanned by a Trios intraoral scanner and three-dimensional dental models printed using a Formlabs 2 3D printer in linear measurements and Bolton analysis. Methods: A total of 35 subjects were included in this study. All subjects were scanned using a Trios intraoral scanner to obtain digital study models. Stereolithographic data from previous scanning was printed using a Formlabs 2 3D printer to obtain printed study models. Mesiodistal, intercanine, intermolar, and Bolton analysis from all types of study models were measured. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability. All data were then statistically analyzed. Results: The reliability tests were high for both intraobserver and interobserver reliability, which demonstrates high reproducibility for all measurements on all model types. Most of the data compared between study models showed no statistically significant differences, though some data differed significantly. However, the differences are considered clinically insignificant. Conclusion: Digital dental models and three-dimensional printed dental models may be used interchangeably with plaster dental models for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes. Keywords: Accuracy, 3D printing, digital dental model, printed dental model.

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Zheng, Jia Zhu. "Measurement of a Single Standing Tree Volume Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanner System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1470.

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With the application of the three-dimensional laser scanner, it makes possible that measure the shape and size of the sanding tree accurately. In this paper we put forward a new approach to reckon the volume of a single standing tree with three-dimensional laser scanner, explain the principle of the three-dimensional laser scanning system and how to establish the model of a single standing tree based on three-dimensional laser scanner and computer program. We have a test for a single standing tree volume with three-dimensional laser scanner, and also expatiate the specific process of reckoning the volume of a single standing tree with the model. As shown by the test, we can work out fast and exactly the single standing tree volume. If the approach can be apply on the measurement of stand volume, there has a great improvement in the precision and efficiency of measurement.

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Karp, Joel S., Margaret E. Daube-Witherspoon, and Gerd Muehllehner. "Factors Affecting Accuracy and Precision in PET Volume Imaging." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 11, no. 1_suppl (March 1991): A38—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.35.

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Volume imaging positron emission tomographic (PET) scanners with no septa and a large axial acceptance angle offer several advantages over multiring PET scanners. A volume imaging scanner combines high sensitivity with fine axial sampling and spatial resolution. The fine axial sampling minimizes the partial volume effect, which affects the measured concentration of an object. Even if the size of an object is large compared to the slice spacing in a multiring scanner, significant variation in the concentration is measured as a function of the axial position of the object. With a volume imaging scanner, it is necessary to use a three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm in order to avoid variations in the axial resolution as a function of the distance from the center of the scanner. In addition, good energy resolution is needed in order to use a high energy threshold to reduce the coincident scattered radiation.

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Lee, Kyungmin Clara, and Seong-Joon Park. "Digital Intraoral Scanners and Alginate Impressions in Reproducing Full Dental Arches: A Comparative 3D Assessment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217637.

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The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare in vivo full arch intraoral scans obtained using two intraoral scanners and conventional impression. Twenty patients were scanned using TRIOS and iTero scanners, as well as conventional impression. Dental models obtained from alginate impression were scanned with a laboratory desktop scanner. Individual intraoral scan data were compared with corresponding model scans using three-dimensional (3D) surface analysis. The average surface deviations were calculated for quantitative evaluation, and these values were compared between two intraoral scanners using the paired t-test. In the 3D surface analysis, most deviations between intraoral scans and model scans presented on the posterior teeth. The average surface deviations were less than 0.10 ± 0.03 mm. The results of 3D surface analysis indicated that there was 0.10 mm of overall deviation between conventional alginate impressions and in vivo full dental arch intraoral scans. Clinicians should take this into consideration when performing intraoral scanning for full dental arches.

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Kathariya, Rahul. "Cover story: Three-dimensional HD intraoral scanner – simplifying dentistry." Journal of the International Clinical Dental Research Organization 9, no. 1 (2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jicdro.jicdro_13_17.

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Chun, Jong S., Kwan S. Lee, Dong A. Suh, and Chang J. Lim. "Use of Three-Dimensional Scanner Data for Apparel Patterns." Japanese journal of ergonomics 38, Supplement (2002): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.38.supplement_88.

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Herman, Gabor T. "Three-Dimensional Imaging on a CT or MR Scanner." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 12, no. 3 (May 1988): 450???458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198805000-00019.

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Herman, Gabor T. "Three-Dimensional Imaging on a CT or MR Scanner." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 12, no. 3 (May 1988): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198805010-00019.

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Binnig, G., and D. P. E. Smith. "Single‐tube three‐dimensional scanner for scanning tunneling microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 57, no. 8 (August 1986): 1688–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139196.

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Knoops, Paul G. M., Caroline A. A. Beaumont, Alessandro Borghi, Naiara Rodriguez-Florez, Richard W. F. Breakey, William Rodgers, Freida Angullia, N. U. Owase Jeelani, Silvia Schievano, and David J. Dunaway. "Comparison of three-dimensional scanner systems for craniomaxillofacial imaging." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 70, no. 4 (April 2017): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2016.12.015.

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刘, 杰. "Contrastive Analysis of Three-Dimensional Scanner in River Survey." Journal of Water Resources Research 08, no. 04 (2019): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2019.84046.

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Kawasue, Kikuhito, Shoji Sakai, Terufumi Wakiyama, Shigeki Oyama, and Hisashi Senda. "Three-dimensional scanner of a pipe with tilt detection." Artificial Life and Robotics 13, no. 1 (December 2008): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10015-008-0572-y.

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Fournier, Géromine, Frédéric Savall, Karim Nasr, Norbert Telmon, and Delphine Maret. "Three-dimensional analysis of bitemarks using an intraoral scanner." Forensic Science International 301 (August 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.006.

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Kayssoun, Ammar, and A. Nehir Özden. "Trueness and Precision of Three Different Scanners for Digitizing a Completely Edentulous Gypsum Model." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2021.3275.

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Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the precision and trueness of three different scanners to scan a maxillary edentulous model using three-dimensional evaluation software. Materials and Methods: A coordinate measuring machine was used as the reference scanner. Cone beam computed tomography, computed tomography (CT), and an intraoral scanner were used to digitize an edentulous gypsum model. Data were collected and loaded into three-dimensional evaluation software. The scan outputs were superimposed, and the accuracy (trueness and precision) of the scanners were compared. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the accuracy values among all groups (trueness) and to determine differences within groups (precision). Statistical significance was assessed with an independent sample t-test (= 0.05) for each group. Results: The mean precision values ranged from 3.5 to –0.2 m. Analysis of the superimposed scans onto the reference scan for each group revealed no significant differences in trueness and precision (p > 0.05) among all groups. Further, binary comparisons of the datasets of each group revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in terms of precision values, except in the CT group wherein significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for most models. Conclusions: No significant differences were observed in terms of accuracy (precision and trueness) among the three scanners. All scanners were effective in scanning the edentulous gypsum model.

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Henson, Kristy, Paul Constantino, F. Robin O’Keefe, and Greg Popovich. "Three-dimensional scanning and printing techniques to analyze and archive human skeletal remains." Library Hi Tech 37, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-10-2017-0206.

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Purpose The topic of human skeletal analysis is a sensitive subject in North America. Laws and regulations surrounding research of human skeletal material make it difficult to use these remains to characterize various populations. Recent technology has the potential to solve this dilemma. Three-dimensional (3D) scanning creates virtual models of this material, and stores the information, allowing future studies on the material. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach To assess the potential of this methodology, the authors compared processing time, accuracy and costs of computer tomography (CT) scanner to the Artec Eva portable 3D surface scanner. Using both methodologies the authors scanned and 3D printed one adult individual. The authors hypothesize that the Artec Eva will create digital replicas of <5 percent error based on Buikstra and Ubelaker standard osteometric measurements. Error was tested by comparing the measurements of the skeletal material to the Artec data, CT data and 3D printed data. Findings Results show that larger bones recorded by the Artec Eva have <5 percent error of the original specimen while smaller more detailed images have >5 percent error. The CT images are closer to <5 percent accuracy, with few bones still >5 percent error. The Artec Eva scanner is inexpensive in comparison to a CT machine, but takes twice as long to process the Eva’s data. The Artec Eva is sufficient in replication of larger elements, but the CT machine is still a preferable means of skeletal replication, particularly for small elements. Originality/value This research paper is unique because it compares two common forms of digitization, which has not been done. The authors believe this paper would be of value to natural history curators and various researchers.

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Wong, Jonathan M., David Elwood, and Delwyn G. Fredlund. "Use of a three-dimensional scanner for shrinkage curve tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 4 (April 2019): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0700.

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A procedure is proposed for conducting shrinkage limit tests using a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. Shrinkage limit tests were conducted on 27 different soils of varying plasticity. In this study only eight of the shrinkage curves were determined using 3D scanning techniques, while the remaining 19 were taken from literature. An individual specimen was scanned between 30 and 50 times to produce a high-resolution shrinkage curve. Shrinkage curves for each material were obtained by curve fitting a shrinkage model to the measured dataset. The primary intent of the research was to relate the shrinkage curve equation to the plasticity of a given soil. Using linear regression analysis, an empirical correlation was developed to reasonably relate parameter csh from the shrinkage model to the ratio of the plastic and liquid limits. The shrinkage curves produced based on the model have an average difference of ∼1.2% in terms of measured void ratio and predicted void ratio. The method was demonstrated to be robust for materials of low, medium, and high plasticity. The proposed methodology also presents a means of estimating a shrinkage curve in its entirety based solely on the volume of an air-dried sample, the specific gravity, and Atterberg limits of the specimen. This effectively reduces the amount of work needed to derive the shrinkage curve and could potentially reduce the time for a shrinkage limit test by half or more.

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Milde, Jan, and František Jurina. "Comparison of Selected Thermoplastic Materials in the Fused Deposition Modeling Process and their Influence on the Dimensional Accuracy of an Orthodontic Upper Teeth Model." Materials Science Forum 952 (April 2019): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.952.143.

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The article focuses on the research of selected thermoplastic materials processed by the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing method and dimensional accuracy of parts in particular. The selected thermoplastic materials were ABS, PLA and HIPS. The digital model of the object (upper teeth) was obtained by the intraoral 3D scanner of 3Shape TRIOS used in dentistry. Based on the 3D (Three Dimensional) scanned digital model, the manufacturing of the upper teeth was performed on the Zortrax M200 FDM 3D printer. Parameters of the manufactured parts were as follows: Layer thickness 0.09 mm, infill 20% and model orientation 0°. The manufactured parts were digitized by the GOM ATOS Triple Scan optical 3D scanner with the measuring volume of MV 170. The dimensional accuracy of the parts was evaluated in the GOM Inspect software.

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Lee, Miyeon, Dong Il Yoo, and Sungmin Kim. "Development of low cost three-dimensional body scanner using depth perception camera." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2017-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a relatively inexpensive and easily movable three-dimensional (3D) body scanner. Design/methodology/approach Multiple depth perception cameras and a turntable were used to form the hardware and a client-server computer network was used to control the hardware. Findings A portable and inexpensive yet quite accurate body scanner system has been developed. Research limitations/implications The turntable mechanism and semi-automatic model alignment caused some error. Practical implications This scanner is expected to facilitate the acquisition of 3D human body or garment data easily for various research projects. Social implications Many researchers might have an easy access to 3D data of large object such as body or whole garment. Originality/value Inexpensive yet expandable scanning system has been developed using readily available components.

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Gašparović, Boris, Luka Morelato, Kristijan Lenac, Goran Mauša, Alexei Zhurov, and Višnja Katić. "Comparing Direct Measurements and Three-Dimensional (3D) Scans for Evaluating Facial Soft Tissue." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052412.

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The inspection of patients’ soft tissues and the effects of various dental procedures on their facial physiognomy are quite challenging. To minimise discomfort and simplify the process of manual measuring, we performed facial scanning and computer measurement of experimentally determined demarcation lines. Images were acquired using a low-cost 3D scanner. Two consecutive scans were obtained from 39 participants, to test the scanner repeatability. An additional ten persons were scanned before and after forward movement of the mandible (predicted treatment outcome). Sensor technology that combines red, green, and blue (RGB) data with depth information (RGBD) integration was used for merging frames into a 3D object. For proper comparison, the resulting images were registered together, which was performed with ICP (Iterative Closest Point)-based techniques. Measurements on 3D images were performed using the exact distance algorithm. One operator measured the same demarcation lines directly on participants; repeatability was tested (intra-class correlations). The results showed that the 3D face scans were reproducible with high accuracy (mean difference between repeated scans <1%); the actual measurements were repeatable to some extent (excellent only for the tragus-pogonion demarcation line); computational measurements were accurate, repeatable, and comparable to the actual measurements. Three dimensional (3D) facial scans can be used as a faster, more comfortable for patients, and more accurate technique to detect and quantify changes in facial soft tissue resulting from various dental procedures.

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Gleadall-Siddall, Damien Oliver, Richard Lincoln Turpin, Caroline Clare Douglas, Lee Ingle, and Andrew Thomas Garrett. "Test–retest repeatability of the NX-16: a three-dimensional (3D) body scanner in a male cohort." Sport Sciences for Health 16, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00611-8.

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Abstract Purpose Whole-body three-dimensional scanning is a tool utilised for the collection of body girths, volume, and surface area measurements. Few studies have investigated the validity and repeatability of this technology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the test retest variability of the NX-16 body scanner (NX-16, TC2, Cary, North Carolina, USA). Methods Phase one involved the measurement of a mannequin on 300 occasions (30 scans over 10 sessions). In phase two, 13 apparently healthy male participants were recruited; each participant was scanned a total of four times (two scans over two sessions). Stature, body mass, and body fat % were obtained. Fourteen girth measurements were obtained (chest, underbust, stomach, waist, seat, hip, R/L bicep, R/L thigh, R/L mid-thigh, and R/L calf). Coefficient of variation was calculated for measurements obtained. Results Coefficient of variation for phase one ranged from 0.0% for the R calf, to 3.3% for the L thigh measurement. For phase two, values were higher, ranging from 0.5% for calf and chest to 4.6% for thigh measurements. Conclusions Test–retest variability of the measurements provided by the NX-16 body scanner varied according to body location. However, variability within measurements was low using a mannequin or human participant. The NX-16 body scanner (TC2, Cary, North Carolina, USA) may be a useful tool for tracking changes in body composition over time during large population studies.

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Raza, Syed Farhan, Muhammad Amjad, Kashif Ishfaq, Shafiq Ahmad, and Mali Abdollahian. "Effect of Three-Dimensional (3D) Scanning Factors on Minimizing the Scanning Errors Using a White LED Light 3D Scanner." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053303.

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The largest problem with scanning real objects involves bearing the huge costs of scanning and the low quality of point cloud data for a scanned object, thereby increasing the cost and lead time. Therefore, a need exists to improve the quality of scanning to save time, costs, and computational resources. In this research, the levels of optimal factors associated with a three-dimensional (3D) scanner were investigated, improving the quality of 3D scanning data. Optimizing the 3D scanner factors could help us acquire errorless digital scanned data that accurately resemble a 3D physical object and which may be further used in various engineering applications, e.g., additive manufacturing and non-engineering applications. For this study, four modes of 3D scanning (A, B, C, and D) were utilized with five crucial 3D scanning factors namely texture, watertightness, simplification, and alternate deployments of smoothness and sharpness. This research was divided into two stages. The former stage involved the 3D scanning of two samples with simple and complex geometrical intricacies and the later stage involved checking the scanned objects for any dimensional errors. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to measure the dimensional details of the real objects. For virtual metering, Solidworks was utilized. With reference to the limited literature in the current context, 3D scanning errors were highly reduced for the first time up to 0.1% for the complex sample when compared to the errors found for the simple sample.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Three-dimensional scanner'

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