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1
Bogdanov, D. E. "Patentability of Solutions in the Field of Bioprint Technologies: A Comparative Law Aspect." Lex Russica, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.183.2.077-089.
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The paper is devoted to the issues of advisability of introducing amendments to the civil legislation in connection with the development of additive technologies or the possibility of effective application of the existing rules of law to the regulation of «innovative» civil relations.Digitization of objects of the material world associated with the creation of their digital prototypes constitutes a revolutionary element of 3D printing technology. A three-dimensional digital model (CAD file) can be easily modified, distributed and embodied in the form of a physical object by printing it on a 3D printer. This gives rise to new risks of infringement of exclusive rights to objects of patent law. In a foreign doctrine, a discussion has started regarding the possibility of qualifying the creation and circulation of digital models of patented products (inventions) as a direct infringement or indirect infringement of exclusive rights.The paper concluded that Russian patent law was not ready for the challenge generated by the development of 3D printing technology, since it was not aware of the concept of indirect infringement of the exclusive right. In Russian law enforcement practice, the concept of direct patent infringement is interpreted in a restrictive manner.The question of admissibility of patenting technical solutions in the field of bioprinting has been studied. It is concluded that in Russian law there are no fundamental obstacles to patenting technical solutions in the field of bioprinting technologies. Russian legislation provides for the possibility of patenting «natural products», as well as methods and means of treatment, which distinguishes the Russian approach from the American or European one. If the risk of genetic instability of pluripotent cells is leveled, the technology for creating bioprinted human organs will comply with the requirements of civil law. In particular, it will meet the requirements for the compliance of patented technical solutions with the public interest, the principles of humanity and morality.
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Osborn, Lucas S. "Of PhDs, Pirates, and the Public." 2013 Fall Intellectual Property Symposium Articles 1, no. 4 (March 2014): 811–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i4.1.
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The confluence of three-dimensional printing, three-dimensional scanning, and the Internet will erode the dividing line between the physical and the digital worlds and will bring millions of laypeople into intimate contact with the full spectrum of intellectual property laws. One of the areas most affected by 3D printers will be three-dimensional art. This Article analyzes several ways in which 3D printing technology will affect the creation, delivery, and consumption of art. Not only does 3D printing offer great promise for creative works, but it also presents a problem of piracy that may accompany the digitization of three-dimensional works. As 3D printing technology’s relationship to intellectual property law is largely unexplored, this Article explores foundational issues regarding how copyright law applies to 3D printing technology, laying the groundwork upon which further analysis of 3D printing’s effects on copyright law may be built.
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Zhang, Xiaofei, Changhong Linghu, and Jizhou Song. "Three-Dimensional Mechanical Modeling of Magnet-Controlled Transfer Printing." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 05 (June 2019): 1950042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s175882511950042x.
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The recently developed magnet-controlled transfer printing is valuable to develop advanced engineering systems due to its ability to tune the interfacial adhesion strength continuously and rapidly. A three-dimensional analytical model based on the energy method is developed for the magnet-controlled transfer printing. The predicted interfacial adhesion strengths agree well with experiments. A scaling law is established for the normalized interfacial adhesion strength, which depends on only four non-dimensional parameters: the normalized stamp size, the normalized stamp height, the normalized work of adhesion, and the normalized magnetic pressure. The influences of the non-dimensional parameters on the adhesion strength are fully investigated. This study provides a theory to guide the design of stamp and selection of the magnetic pressure to enable a successful magnet-controlled transfer printing.
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Ammalainen, Victoria. "Legal Aspects of 3D Printing." Legal Concept, no. 3 (October 2021): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.3.20.
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Introduction: the article discusses the legal aspect of 3D printing and computer 3D models, which are printed using a 3D printer. The prospects, threats and challenges that the development of 3D printing technologies entails are examined. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to adapt the new technological realities to the current legislation and it is necessary to take into account which particular object will be displayed in the three-dimensional model, since this will determine which rights to objects will be affected. Methods: the methodological basis of this scientific article is a number of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by methods of information processing and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and generalization. Results: the author’s position on 3D models and their legal regulation is presented. Conclusions: as a result of the study, recommendations were made for improving the regulatory framework, the author proposes to delimit the legal protection of 3D models by amending Art. 1259, 1352 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
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Peng, Ju, Jin Huang, and Jianjun Wang. "Modelling of Power-Law Fluid Flow Inside a Piezoelectric Inkjet Printhead." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072441.
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Piezoelectric three-dimensional inkjet printing has been used to manufacture heterogeneous objects due to its high level of flexibility. The materials used are non-Newtonian inks with complex rheological properties, and their behavior in the context of inkjet printing has not been fully understood: for example, the fact that the shear-thinning viscosity affects the droplet generation. Therefore, a control strategy coping with shear-thinning behaviors is needed to ensure printing consistency. In this paper, a novel model-based approach is presented to describe the shear-thinning ink dynamics inside the piezoelectric inkjet printhead, which provides the basis to design the excitation parameters in a systematic way. The dynamic equation is simplified into a quasi-one-dimensional equation through the combination of the boundary layer theory and the constitutive equation of the power-law fluid, of which the viscosity is shear-thinning. Based on this, a nonlinear time-varying equivalent circuit model is presented to simulate the power-law fluid flow rate inside the tube. The feasibility and effectiveness of this model can be evaluated by comparing the results of computational fluid dynamics and the experimental results.
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Kam, Seonju. "Three-Dimensional Printing Fashion Product Design with Emotional Durability Based on Korean Aesthetics." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010240.
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Given the potentially significant environmental impacts of fashion design, various design approaches are required to extend product lifespan. Digital design methods may play an essential role in reducing the environmental impact of products and production processes. In addition, a design approach inspired by nature, where humans have long lived, is valid for sustainable design innovation. The purpose of this study is to examine the aesthetics of Koreans, who prefer nature, and to find a sustainable fashion design approach by using it as a knowledge database. In this study, a parametric design methodology that can reflect knowledge-based data in the process of producing 3D printing sustainable fashion products, considering the emotional durability of consumers, was used. The study results are as follows. From the aesthetic point of view of Korea, sustainable design characteristics represent unique Korean folk art, resilience to nature, and simplicity that resembles nature. The properties of the form represented to “forms resembling nature”, “changeable forms”, “organic forms”, and “minimal forms”. Materials were “nature inspired textures”, “rustic natural materials”, and “regional materials”. Colors were “the colors of nature” and “indigenous colors”. The parametric controls variables used for 3D printing the fashion products were size, assembly style, and sustainable material. These control parameters were used to create designs according to the individual taste of users. In the 3D printing fashion product design process, pieces were printed in different shapes and sizes by controlling the parameters to create designs according to users’ tastes and Korean aesthetics. It was determined that this process could extend the lifespan of products, and that it is possible to modify sustainable fashion products according to personal taste by adjusting numerical values and extracting visual images based on knowledge of art and culture.
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Yang, Yang, Wei Yuan, Xiaoqing Zhang, Yuhang Yuan, Chun Wang, Yintong Ye, Yao Huang, Zhiqiang Qiu, and Yong Tang. "Overview on the applications of three-dimensional printing for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries." Applied Energy 257 (January 2020): 114002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114002.
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De Schepper, Stijn, Gopinath Gnanasegaran, John C. Dickson, and Tim Van den Wyngaert. "Absolute Quantification in Diagnostic SPECT/CT: The Phantom Premise." Diagnostics 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122333.
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The application of absolute quantification in SPECT/CT has seen increased interest in the context of radionuclide therapies where patient-specific dosimetry is a requirement within the European Union (EU) legislation. However, the translation of this technique to diagnostic nuclear medicine outside this setting is rather slow. Clinical research has, in some examples, already shown an association between imaging metrics and clinical diagnosis, but the applications, in general, lack proper validation because of the absence of a ground truth measurement. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing or 3D printing has seen rapid improvements, increasing its uptake in medical imaging. Three-dimensional printed phantoms have already made a significant impact on quantitative imaging, a trend that is likely to increase in the future. In this review, we summarize the data of recent literature to underpin our premise that the validation of diagnostic applications in nuclear medicine using application-specific phantoms is within reach given the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing or 3D printing.
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Alshammari, Yousef Lafi A., Feiyang He, and Muhammad A. Khan. "Modelling and Investigation of Crack Growth for 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) with Various Printing Parameters and Ambient Temperatures." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213737.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the significant industrial manufacturing methods in the modern era. Many materials are used for 3D printing; however, as the most used material in fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) offers good mechanical properties. It is perfect for making structures for industrial applications in complex environments. Three-dimensional printing parameters, including building orientation, layers thickness, and nozzle size, critically affect the crack growth in FDM structures under complex loads. Therefore, this paper used the dynamic bending vibration test to investigate their influence on fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate under dynamic loads and the Paris power law constant C and m. The paper proposed an analytical solution to determine the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip based on the measurement of structural dynamic response. The experimental results show that the lower ambient temperature, as well as increased nozzle size and layer thickness, provide a lower FCG rate. The printing orientation, which is the same as loading, also slows the crack growth. The linear regression between these parameters and Paris Law’s coefficient also proves the same conclusion.
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Rojek, Izabela, Dariusz Mikołajewski, Ewa Dostatni, and Jakub Kopowski. "Specificity of 3D Printing and AI-Based Optimization of Medical Devices Using the Example of a Group of Exoskeletons." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021060.
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Three-dimensional-printed medical devices are a separate group of medical devices necessary for the development of personalized medicine. The present article discusses a modern and specific group of medical devices and exoskeletons, which aims to present our own experiences in the selection of materials, design, artificial-intelligence optimization, production, and testing of several generations of various upper limb exoskeletons when considering the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) and the ISO 13485 and ISO 10993 standards. Work is underway to maintain the methodological rigor inherent in medical devices and to develop new business models to achieve cost-effectiveness so that inadequate legislation does not stop the development of this group of technologies (3D scanning, 3D printing, and reverse engineering) in the healthcare system. The gap between research and engineering practice and clinical 3D printing should be bridged as quickly and as carefully as possible. This measure will ensure the transfer of proven solutions into clinical practice. The growing maturity of 3D printing technology will increasingly impact everyday clinical practice, so it is necessary to prepare medical specialists and strategic and organizational changes to realize the correct implementation based on the needs of patients and clinicians.
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Zhao, Li, Zhaoliang Jiang, Cheng Zhang, and Wenping Liu. "Influence of 3D printing stress wave on residual stress." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 135, no. 6 (September 1, 2021): 64002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/135/64002.
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Abstract As a popular rapid manufacturing technology, three-dimensional printing (3D printing) has been widely adopted in medical, automotive, aerospace, construction and other industrial fields. The stereo lithography apparatus (SLA) is an effective 3D printing method for ceramic printing. However, shrinkage from monomer to polymer and laser stress wave cause residual stress in the formed parts during SLA. Serious quality defects including cracks, warpage and deformation caused by residual stress have remained to be a problem. Basically, the laser stress wave plays an important role in the generation of 3D printing residual stress. In this work, to investigate the propagation mechanism of the laser stress wave, the finite element method was adopted to simulate the SLA process of zirconia. The influence of 3D printing factors on the residual stress was obtained, and we found that the wave velocity of the stress wave obtained by the simulation model was highly consistent with the theoretical wave velocity. Meanwhile, the attenuation formula of the stress wave in the 3D printing process was obtained by fitting to investigate its attenuation law. Based on the above results, the attenuation law of the 3D printing stress wave has a direct influence on the development and variation trend of its residual stress.
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Peng, Ju, Jin Huang, Jianjun Wang, Fanbo Meng, Hongxiao Gong, and Bu Ping. "The Driving Waveform Design Method of Power-Law Fluid Piezoelectric Printing Based on Iterative Learning Control." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030935.
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In some applications of piezoelectric three-dimensional inkjet printing, the materials used are power-law fluids as they are shear thinning. Their time-varying viscosities affect the droplet formation, which is determined by the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet. To obtain a fine printing effect, it is necessary to present a driving waveform design method that considers the shear-thinning viscosities of materials to control the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet, which lays the foundation for the single and stable droplet generation during the printing process. In this research, we established the relationship between the driving waveform and the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet by modifying a model that describes the inkjet mechanism of power-law fluid. The modified model was used to present a driving waveform design method based on iterative learning control. The iterative learning law of the method was designed based on the gradient descent algorithm and demonstrated its convergence. The driving waveform design method was verified to be practical and feasible by implementing drop generation experiments.
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Чернєва, О. С., Andrzej Wojnar, and Sara Pogan. "The 3dp – three-dimensional printing – is it a real prospect of automating the building processes." Сучасні технології та методи розрахунків у будівництві, no. 13 (August 23, 2020): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/6775-2410-6208-2020-3(13)-16.
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The construction industry is particularly well-suited to take the advantages of the 3DP technology however it still seems to be a distant perspective. The method itself, allows to manufacture prefabricated elements, small landscape facilities and detached houses, pedestrian bridges (of relatively little span lengths) etc. On that field, the considered technology is already prospering. Furthermore, the technology is a great solution for scale models used by architects. The 3-Dimensional print turned out to be a quick and an almost unbeatable way of presenting a concept to the potential investors. The visualization of the project became easier, giving an exact mapping of the surroundings and the structure itself, which helps to eliminate the risk of possible architectural or constructional mistakes. The technology facilitates the implementation of any needed amendments, whereas the scale models became one of the verification ways of the project’s documentation and the building’s proportions. However, more research and law regulations are needed to state the final applicability and limitations of the presented technology. Ensuring the mechanical properties along with the quality control work together to provide us with safe elements for the use of large-scale engineering. The article presents the application of 3D printing technology in construction and bridge engineering. Available technologies and methods of printing objects were presented. Examples of structures made of various materials are presented: concrete, steel and synthetics. The features of an emerging 3-dimensional monolithic objects are conditioned upon the used software advancement, printing technology, the printer used and the material applied. In the mentioned construction industry, where the labour workload becomes an increasingly significant component in the final cost of the construction project, the 3DP could revolutionise the whole process of the execution methodology. The „complexity and universality” of a facility and its execution method is being understood as an increased number of openings, irregular and complex shapes, the precision of the formed elements, fragments or segments and efficiency of the technology used. (Review article)
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Kim, Yeon, Lee, and Yeon. "Strength Development Characteristics of SBR-Modified Cementitious Mixtures for 3-Demensional Concrete Printing." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154164.
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The properties of normal cementitious mixtures currently employed to the construction projects cannot be used to the three-dimensional concrete printing technology. This study experimentally investigated the compressive and flexural strength development of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified cementitious mixtures for use as basic three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) materials. The SBR/cement ratio was a variable of the mix proportion used to produce cast and printed specimens. Experiments were conducted using these specimens to determine the compressive and flexural strength levels of the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures. The results indicated that the compressive strengths of the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures proposed in this study were never less than those of existing 3D concrete printing materials previously introduced for 3DCP applications. It was confirmed that the addition of SBR latex effectively improved the strength of the cementitious mixtures because the relative compressive and flexural strengths increased with increases in the SBR/cement ratio. Moreover, the higher early (i.e., 1-day) strength indicates that the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures would be advantageous to the 3DCP process. However, the compressive and flexural strengths of the printed specimens were weaker than those of the cast specimens.
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Chaudhary, Rajat, Raziyeh Akbari, and Carlo Antonini. "Rational Design and Characterization of Materials for Optimized Additive Manufacturing by Digital Light Processing." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020287.
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Additive manufacturing technologies are developed and utilized to manufacture complex, lightweight, functional, and non-functional components with optimized material consumption. Among them, vat polymerization-based digital light processing (DLP) exploits the polymerization of photocurable resins in the layer-by-layer production of three-dimensional objects. With the rapid growth of the technology in the last few years, DLP requires a rational design framework for printing process optimization based on the specific material and printer characteristics. In this work, we investigate the curing of pure photopolymers, as well as ceramic and metal suspensions, to characterize the material properties relevant to the printing process, such as penetration depth and critical energy. Based on the theoretical framework offered by the Beer–Lambert law for absorption and on experimental results, we define a printing space that can be used to rationally design new materials and optimize the printing process using digital light processing. The proposed methodology enables printing optimization for any material and printer combination, based on simple preliminary material characterization tests to define the printing space. Also, this methodology can be generalized and applied to other vat polymerization technologies.
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Liu, Huanbao, Guangming Zheng, Xiang Cheng, Xianhai Yang, and Guangxi Zhao. "Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Nozzle Structure Parameters on Material Controllability." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090826.
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With the evolution of three-dimensional (3D) printing, many restrictive factors of 3D printing have been explored to upgrade the feasibility of 3D printing technology, such as nozzle structure, print resolution, cell viability, etc., which has attracted extensive attention due to its possibility of curing disease in tissue engineering and organ regeneration. In this paper, we have developed a novel nozzle for 3D printing, numerical simulation, and finite element analysis have been used to optimize the nozzle structure and further clarified the influence of nozzle structure parameters on material controllability. Using novel nozzle structure, we firstly adopt ANSYS-FLUENT to analyze material controllability under the different inner cavity diameter, outer cavity diameter and lead length. Secondly, the orthogonal experiments with the novel nozzle are carried out in order to verify the influence law of inner cavity diameter, outer cavity diameter, and lead length under all sorts of conditions. The experiment results show that the material P diameter can be controlled by changing the parameters. The influence degree of parameters on material P diameter is shown that lead length > inner cavity diameter > outer cavity diameter. Finally, the optimized parameters of nozzle structure have been adjusted to estimate the material P diameter in 3D printing.
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Karayannis, Panagiotis, Stratos Saliakas, Ioannis Kokkinopoulos, Spyridon Damilos, Elias P. Koumoulos, Eleni Gkartzou, Julio Gomez, and Constantinos Charitidis. "Facilitating Safe FFF 3D Printing: A Prototype Material Case Study." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053046.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has introduced a paradigm shift in the manufacturing world, and it is increasing in popularity. In cases of such rapid and widespread acceptance of novel technologies, material or process safety issues may be underestimated, due to safety research being outpaced by the breakthroughs of innovation. However, a definitive approach in studying the various occupational or environmental risks of new technologies is a vital part of their sustainable application. In fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing, the practicality and simplicity of the method are juxtaposed by ultrafine particle (UFP) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission hazards. In this work, the decision of selecting the optimal material for the mass production of a microfluidic device substrate via FFF 3D printing is supported by an emission/exposure assessment. Three candidate prototype materials are evaluated in terms of their comparative emission potential. The impact of nozzle temperature settings, as well as the microfluidic device’s structural characteristics regarding the magnitude of emissions, is evaluated. The projected exposure of the employees operating the 3D printer is determined. The concept behind this series of experiments is proposed as a methodology to generate an additional set of decision-support decision-making criteria for FFF 3D printing production cases.
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Singh, Rajesh, Anita Gehlot, Shaik Vaseem Akram, Lovi Raj Gupta, Manoj Kumar Jena, Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, and Raman Kumar. "Cloud Manufacturing, Internet of Things-Assisted Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technology: Reliable Tools for Sustainable Construction." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137327.
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The United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda on sustainable development goals (SDGs) encourages us to implement sustainable infrastructure and services for confronting challenges such as large energy consumption, solid waste generation, depletion of water resources and emission of greenhouse gases in the construction industry. Therefore, to overcome challenges and establishing sustainable construction, there is a requirement to integrate information technology with innovative manufacturing processes and materials science. Moreover, the wide implementation of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology in constructing monuments, artistic objects, and residential buildings has gained attention. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud manufacturing (CM), and 3DP allows us to digitalize the construction for providing reliable and digitalized features to the users. In this review article, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing the IoT, CM, and 3D printing (3DP) technologies in building constructions for achieving sustainability. The recent convergence research of cloud development and 3D printing (3DP) are being explored in the article by categorizing them into multiple sections including 3D printing resource access technology, 3D printing cloud platform (3D–PCP) service architectures, 3D printing service optimized configuration technology, 3D printing service evaluation technology, and 3D service control and monitoring technology. This paper also examines and analyzes the limitations of existing research and, moreover, the article provides key recommendations such as automation with robotics, predictive analytics in 3DP, eco-friendly 3DP, and 5G technology-based IoT-based CM for future enhancements.
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Aghimien, Douglas, Clinton Aigbavboa, Lerato Aghimien, Wellington Thwala, and Lebu Ndlovu. "3D PRINTING FOR SUSTAINABLE LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE FOR THE URBAN POOR." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.2.129.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of an assessment of the possible measures needed for the adoption of three-dimensional (3D) printing for sustainable low-income houses that can be beneficial to the urban poor. The study adopted a quantitative approach and answers were sought from construction professionals actively involved in a construction project in the country. The study revealed through factor analysis that 3D printing for sustainable low-income housing delivery in South Africa could be encouraged through effective promotion and training, government support, improvement of 3D printing technology, and affordability of the technology. The study contributes significantly to the body of knowledge as it reveals the possible measures for improving the adoption of 3D printing in housing delivery in South Africa—an aspect that has not gained significant attention in the fourth industrial revolution and housing delivery discourse in the country.
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Daulbayev, Ch, Z. Mansurov, F. Sultanov, M. Shams, A. Umirzakov, and S. Serovajsky. "A Numerical Study of Fluid Flow in the Porous Structure of Biological Scaffolds." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj974.
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Tissue engineering (TE) is one of the promising areas that aims to address the global problem of organ and tissue shortages. The successful development of TE, particularly in bone tissue engineering, consists of the use of modern methods that allow the creation of scaffolds, the physicochemical, mechanical, and structural parameters of which will allow achieving the desired clinical results. The vast possibilities of the rapidly developing technology of three-dimensional (3D) printing, which allows the creation of individual scaffolds with high precision, has led to various developments in bone tissue TE. In this work, for the successful use of three-dimensional printing in TE to ensure the diffusion of nutrients during cell cultivation throughout the entire structure of the scaffold, a model of a rotating scaffold is proposed, and the movement of the diffusion flow of nutrient fluid is calculated based on Darcy’s law, which regulates the flow of fluids through porous media. The conducted studies of the rate of diffusion flow of nutrients based on glucose in the porous structure of scaffolds with a 10% content of calcium hydroxyapatite demonstrated the promise of using a model of a rotating composite scaffold in TE of bone tissue. The results show that at a scaffold rotation speed of 12 rpm, the diffusion flow rate of nutrients in the composite scaffolds porous structure is practically not affected by their geometric shape.
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Alshebly, Yousif Saad, Khameel B. Mustapha, Ali Zolfagharian, Mahdi Bodaghi, Mohamed Sultan Mohamed Ali, Haider Abbas Almurib, and Marwan Nafea. "Bioinspired Pattern-Driven Single-Material 4D Printing for Self-Morphing Actuators." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 10141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610141.
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Four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers is a leading research field due to the possibilities allowed by using these materials. The strain difference in the structures that is caused by the different stiffness profiles can be used to influence the shape-memory effect in the actuators. In this study, the influence of patterns on the strain is tested in polylactic acid (PLA) actuators using patterns made of different shapes. Five bioinspired geometrical shapes, namely, circles, squares, hexagons, rhombuses, and triangles, are used in the three-dimensional (3D) printing of the actuators. The use of shapes of different sizes along with combinations of different patterns in the PLA actuators is carried out to develop 40 actuators with different designs. The effects of the patterns and their characteristics are analysed and compared. The self-bending angles of the actuators range from 6.19° to 30.86°, depending on the patterns and arrangement used. To demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the proposed designs in practical applications, a hand-like shaped gripper is developed. The results show that the gripper can grip objects with uniform and non-uniform cross-sections. The developed gripper demonstrates that the proposed concept can be implemented in various applications, including self-morphing structures and soft robotics.
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Markiewicz-Patkowska, Julita I., Sławomir Pytel, Piotr Oleśniewicz, and Krzysztof Widawski. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY AS A NEW TECHNIQUE TO MAKE DIDACTIC PRESENTATIONS MORE ATTRACTIVE." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 69, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v69i1.2720.
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In the 21st century, the form of presenting information plays an incredibly important role in arousing interest in research problems. Stereoscopy is among the imaging techniques that have evoked much interest in the recent years. Its numerous applications that can be observed in various fields (such as medicine, space science, law, marketing, or entertainment industry) suggest that we should also use this technology for didactic purposes. The aim of the article is to discuss the process of creating three-dimensional photography and the opportunities offered by stereoscopy, which makes it possible to obtain images with depth effect and impression of solidity. The authors describe different ways to obtain three-dimensional images and the devices applied in the process, as well as techniques of presenting three-dimensional material to a wider audience. The methods of free-viewing (the oldest method of viewing stereoscopic images), anaglyph (a simple method applied in printing and displaying static images and movies on screen), lenticular raster (employing a series of narrow vertical cylindrical lenses), and stereoscopy (in which mirrors, lenses, prisms, or filters are used) are discussed. Also, the application of computer technology is reviewed and the ways in which stereoscopy can benefit from this medium owing to the use of LCD shutter glasses. Contemporary technology offers considerable opportunities, at the same time posing ever-increasing demands, which are mentioned in the paper, too. Teaching is most effective when information is received through multiple channels, combining verbal and visual messages. Owing to 3D images, the recipients grasp more information details, remember them longer, and are more interested in the message content. Creating didactic presentations with the use of three-dimensional photographs or films is presented as a way of arousing interest, allowing direct participation in the cognitive process, and facilitating the reception of the transmitted content.
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Wu, Weiwei, Xiaodiao Huang, Yuanyuan Li, Chenggang Fang, and Xianhui Jiang. "A modified LBM for non-Newtonian effect of cement paste flow in 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2017-0124.
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Purpose The screw extruder is applied in cement-three-dimensional (3D) printing. The cement paste flow in 3D printing is the typical Herschel–Bulkley fluid. To understand the flow in the channel, the improved lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is proposed. Design/methodology/approach For Herschel–Bulkley flow, an improved LBM is presented to avoid the poor stability and accuracy. The non-Newtonian effect is regard as a special forcing term. The Poiseuille flow is taken to discuss the detailed process of the method. With the method, the analytical solution and numerical solution are obtained and compared. Then, the effect of the initial yield stress on the numerical solution is both explored by the shear-thickening fluid and the shear-thinning fluid. Moreover, the variations of the relative errors under different lattice nodes and different power-law indexes are analyzed. Finally, the method is applied into the simulation of the flow in the extruder of cement-3D printing. Findings The results show that the improved method is effective for Herschel–Bulkley fluids, which can simulate the flow in the extruder stably and accurately. Practical implications The simulation can contribute to understand the cement paste flow in the screw extruder, which helps to optimize the structure of the extruder in the following periods. Originality/value The improve method provide a new way to analyze the flow in the extruder of cement-3D printing. Also, in the past research, LBM for Herschel–Bulkley fluid is ignored, whereas the study can provide the reference for the numerical simulation.
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Sun, Haoyu, Huiqi Zheng, Xiaoyang Sun, and Wei Li. "Customized Investment Decisions for New and Remanufactured Products Supply Chain Based on 3D Printing Technology." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052502.
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Three-dimensional printing and customized products are gradually emerging, and many manufacturers use 3D printing technology to customize products according to the individual needs of consumers. We focus on the differential pricing of new products and remanufactured products after being customized by 3D printing and the profit distribution of supply chain members. Through building the Stackelberg game model led by the manufacturer, we discuss how supply chain members should make investment decisions about customized new and customized remanufactured products with the goal of maximizing the manufacturer’s profit when there are two models of remanufacturing by the OEM and remanufacturing by the retailer. Finally, through the simulation analysis of MATLAB, we explain how the manufacturer and the retailer make decisions under the influence of customization sensitivity coefficient and customization cost. We also analyze the impact of relevant factors on the level of customization effort and whether supply chain members are suitable for custom production. We found that when the level of customization effort is relatively low, both the manufacturer and the retailer should choose the manufacturer to complete the customization process. However, when the level of customization effort is relatively high the manufacturer can transfer the customization process to the retailer, but the retailer should still let the manufacturer lead the customization process for his own profit maximization.
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Harbaugh, Jeremy Thomas. "Do You Own Your 3D Bioprinted Body?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, no. 1 (March 2015): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591512.
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By the end of 2013, almost 122,000 organ transplant candidates in the United States remained active on the national waiting list. The current number of candidates exceeds 123,000. To address this overwhelming need, researchers have been exploring methods to supplement traditional organ donations. At the forefront of this research is regenerative medicine, the field of regenerating or replacing tissue and organ function by studying the body’s own healing mechanisms. Regenerative medicine is quickly fulfilling its promise of producing vascularized, functioning organs in vitro by combining two other areas of research: the replication of cell lines in vitro and the recent adaptation of three-dimensional printing for the health care industry. Today, physicians armed with the latest generation of bioprinters and imaging equipment are creating high-resolution airway splints and personalized bone replacements for human use. These techniques have even achieved success with more complicated structures, including human kidneys and livers.
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Panwar, Ajay, and Jasdeep Shangari. "THE FUTURE: 3D MANUFACTURING OF MEDICAL DEVICES." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i07.046.
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-Three-dimensional (3D) printing is the future in the manufacturing world; its applications are widely applicable from the construction industry, engine components, replacement parts, oil and fuel tanks, welding, and manufacturing medical devices. It allows transforming designs in the digital environment into physical objects using layers manufacturing methods. Specifically, in the medical segment, 3D manufacturing is spreading faster since it will enable the unique customization to meet the patient's needs, such as heart valve design, and for physicians such as a unique ergonomic surgical tool to increase useability, thus positively impacting patient outcome. Various 3D manufacturing technologies depending upon the material have made it possible to achieve a variety of applications and provide a competitive cost advantage. However, like any other new technology, 3D printing is no different in facing the challenges in its adoption. It is imperative to take a deeper dive to discuss 3D manufacturing in the medical device industry, current 3D printer technology, its applications in the medical industry, and finally, the manufacturing and product design challenges
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Zavala Castro, Octavio, and Hung-da Wan. "Improving 3D Printing Laboratory Operations: A Case Study of Lean Six Sigma Implementation." BOHR International Journal of Operations Management Research and Practices 1, no. 1 (2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijomrp.011.
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Managing a three-dimensional (3D) printing facility was found to be more challenging than using the technology. Our research laboratory provides 3D printing services to students and faculty who need the technology to fulfill their education or research objectives. Students enrolled in Senior Design classes, in particular, rely on the availability of services to support their capstone projects. While demand increases, the laboratory becomes less efficient and sometimes chaotic. To improve the operations, Lean Six Sigma methods were applied to enhance effectiveness and efficiency. Through a DMAIC project, we enhanced the availability of resources for requestors and prevented delay or accumulation of work. The new operating procedures enabled the laboratory to provide quicker services with fewer mistakes. This case study demonstrates that Lean Six Sigma is not only useful in manufacturing but also in research and educational settings.
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Panarello, Andrew Philip, Corey Edward Seavey, Mona Doshi, Andrew K. Dickerson, Thomas J. Kean, and Bradley Jay Willenberg. "Transforming Capillary Alginate Gel (Capgel) into New 3D-Printing Biomaterial Inks." Gels 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8060376.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has great potential for creating tissues and organs to meet shortfalls in transplant supply, and biomaterial inks are key components of many such approaches. There is a need for biomaterial inks that facilitate integration, infiltration, and vascularization of targeted 3D-printed structures. This study is therefore focused on creating new biomaterial inks from self-assembled capillary alginate gel (Capgel), which possesses a unique microstructure of uniform tubular channels with tunable diameters and densities. First, extrusions of Capgel through needles (0.1–0.8 mm inner diameter) were investigated. It was found that Capgel ink extrudes as slurries of fractured and entangled particles, each retaining capillary microstructures, and that extruded line widths W and particle sizes A were both functions of needle inner diameter D, specifically power-law relationships of W~D0.42 and A~D1.52, respectively. Next, various structures were successfully 3D-printed with Capgel ink, thus demonstrating that this biomaterial ink is stackable and self-supporting. To increase ink self-adherence, Capgel was coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) to create a cationic “skin” prior to extrusion. It was hypothesized that, during extrusion of Capgel-PLL, the sheared particles fracture and thereby expose cryptic sites of negatively-charged biomaterial capable of forming new polyelectrolyte bonds with areas of the positively-charged PLL skin on neighboring entangled particles. This novel approach resulted in continuous, self-adherent extrusions that remained intact in solution. Human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were then cultured on this ink to investigate biocompatibility. HLFs readily colonized Capgel-PLL ink and were strongly oriented by the capillary microstructures. This is the first description of successful 3D-printing with Capgel biomaterial ink as well as the first demonstration of the concept and formulation of a self-adherent Capgel-PLL biomaterial ink.
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Zhang, Zhi, Jenny Paulsson, Jian Gong, and Ji’e Huan. "Legal Framework of Urban Underground Space in China." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 8297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208297.
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The booming of three-dimensional (3D) land use brings a change of the connotation of land rights, which will expand “flat” 2D land legislation with 3D land legislation. The legal issues of urban underground space for 3D objects in large cities around the world have been attracting more and more attention. A supportive legal framework is crucial for underground space utilization in a country. This paper analyzes the present 173 representative laws and regulations of urban underground space utilization and management of China from 1998 to 2018, and attempts to interpret the current laws and regulations of underground space from four aspects; by quantity, spatial distribution, legislative force and content. The result shows that poor legal framework of urban underground space in China, including low-level of legislative force, disunity of local legislation standard and absence of special statutes and regulations, are the main reasons causing ownership disputation, registration chaos, as well as no unanimous judicial practice. To address these issues, the paper refers to a case study for underground space legal framework in Japan and aims to form a set of top-down unified legal framework, including basic law, special statutes and regulations, as well as supplementary policies and documents of urban underground space, and proposes that the underground space planning should be incorporated as one essential portion of the master planning in China. By studying the legal system of underground space in Japan and China, this study may offer better insight for those conducting UUS legal framework research as well as serve as reference for countries with similar legal issues.
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Friederichs, Jan, Daniel Wegener, Lutz Eckstein, Felix Hartung, Michael Kaliske, Tobias Götz, and Wolfram Ressel. "Using a New 3D-Printing Method to Investigate Rubber Friction Laws on Different Scales." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 250–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.20.190218.
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ABSTRACT Rubber friction is a complex phenomenon that is composed of different contributions. Because it always consists of a friction pairing, the road surface topology has a main impact on the adhesive and sliding characteristics in the rubber-road interaction. New manufacturing processes offer the means to develop specific road surfaces. By using a modified three-dimensional (3D) printing method based on selective laser melting with stainless steel, it is possible to create any desired surface up to a resolution of 20 μm. In this work, several metallic surfaces are built for two separate purposes. First, the rubber-road interaction is analyzed and compared for metal and asphalt. Second, theoretical friction laws are investigated with synthetic surfaces. Toward this aim, the friction coefficients are measured in both dry and wet conditions. A multiscale approach for friction properties on different length scales is implemented to accumulate the micro and mesoscopic friction into a macroscopic friction coefficient. On each length scale, a homogenization procedure generates the friction features as a function of slip velocity and contact pressure for the next coarser scale. Within the multiscale approach, adhesion implemented as nonlinear traction separation law is assumed to act only on microscopic length scales. By using the finite element method, the sensitivity of the influencing factors, such as macroscopic slip and load conditions, is investigated. The friction loss from dry to wet conditions cannot be explained by loss of adhesion alone. Hysteresis has to be affected as well. A possible hypothesis for this is the trapped water pools in the texture. The road surface is effectively smoothed and thus hysteresis reduced. To verify this hypothesis, a hysteretic friction model is calibrated to dry measurements. The cavities in the modeled texture are then filled incrementally to simulate various amounts of trapped water.
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Zhu, Yongsheng, Fengxin Sun, Changjun Jia, Chaorui Huang, Kuo Wang, Ying Li, Liping Chou, and Yupeng Mao. "A 3D Printing Triboelectric Sensor for Gait Analysis and Virtual Control Based on Human–Computer Interaction and the Internet of Things." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710875.
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Gait is the information that can reflect the state index of the human body, and at the same time, the leg is the organ with the maximum output power of the human body. Effective collection of maximum mechanical power output and gait information can play an important role in sustainable energy acquisition and human health monitoring. In this paper, a 3D printing triboelectric nanogenerator (3D printed TENG) is fabricated by 3D printing technology, it is composited of Poly tetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) film, Nylon film, and 3D printing substrate. Based on the principle of friction electrification and electrostatic induction, it can be used as the equipment for human sustainable mechanical energy collection and gait monitoring. In order to solve the problems of energy collection, gait monitoring, and immersion experience, we conducted the following experiments. Firstly, the problem of sustainable energy recovery and reuse of the human body was solved. Three-dimensionally printed TENG was used to collect human mechanical energy and convert it into electric energy. The capacitor of 2 μF can be charged to 1.92 V in 20 s. Therefore, 3D printed TENG can be used as a miniature sustainable power supply for microelectronic devices. Then, the gait monitoring software is used to monitor human gait, including the number of steps, the frequency of steps, and the establishment of a personal gait password. This gait password can only identify a specific individual through machine learning. Through remote wireless transmission means, remote real-time information monitoring can be achieved. Finally, we use the Internet of Things to control virtual games through electrical signals and achieve the effect of human–computer interaction. The peak search algorithm is mainly used to detect the extreme points whose amplitude is greater than a certain threshold and the distance is more than 0.1 s. Therefore, this study proposed a 3D printed TENG method to collect human mechanical energy, monitor gait information, and then conduct human–computer interaction, which opened up a multi-dimensional channel for human energy and information interaction.
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de Rubeis, Tullio, Annamaria Ciccozzi, Letizia Giusti, and Dario Ambrosini. "The 3D Printing Potential for Heat Flow Optimization: Influence of Block Geometries on Heat Transfer Processes." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 15830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315830.
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The building envelope is a crucial element in the regulation of thermal energy in the indoor environment, from which comfortable living inevitably depends. Designing a low-dispersion envelope represents a fundamental strategy to minimize the energy demand and HVAC systems’ consumption. To this end, the need to select suitable insulation has become increasingly important, and the search for new solutions is constantly evolving. This justifies the great interest in the study of energy-efficient and sustainable insulation materials that are able to provide the low thermal transmittance values of multilayer components. To date, 3D printing has experienced a growing popularity for the research of alternative building materials (e.g., concrete). Conversely, it still appears to be very uncommon for the research of purely energy-efficient solutions. The aim of this work is to compare the thermal performance of three 3D-printed PLA (polylactic acid) blocks, characterized by different internal geometries and air cavities: (i) a multi-row structure; (ii) a square structure; (iii) a honeycomb structure. The study was conducted theoretically, with two-dimensional heat transfer modeling, and experimentally, by means of a heat flow meter and infrared thermography. The results showed that the configurations of the 3D-printed blocks reduced the flow of heat exchange. In addition, as the complexity of the blocks’ internal structure increased, a heat flow reduction could be observed. In particular, the honeycomb structure showed a better behavior than the other two blocks did, with an experimental transmittance value that was equal to 1.22 ± 0.04 W/m2K. This behavior, which was mainly due to an attenuation of convective and radiative internal heat exchanges, suggests that the 3D printing has great potential in this field.
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Bogdanov, D. E. "Techno-Determinism in Private Law: Influence of Bioprinting on Developing the Concept of Protecting the Right to Digital Image." Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, no. 50 (2020): 678–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2020-50-678-704.
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Introduction: the new technological revolution became a trigger in the development of the non-pecuniary benefits concept. In the context of digital transformation, personal privacy protection appears to be a serious problem. A person is found to be in a vulnerable position facing challenges of the new digital reality. This could be illustrated by the example of bioprinting since this technology is connected with digitalization of the human body and creation of its digital three-dimensional model. As a result, a person is becoming dependent on their three-dimensional digital embodiment in implementing their rights to life and health. Evolution in the concept of the right to personal image through recognition of the right to digital image appears as the private law response to the technological challenges. Purpose: to identify and analyze the major problems related to protection of the human right to digital image in bioprinting, as well as to determine an effective model of tort liability for encroachment on the personal digital image associated with the use of bioprinting technologies. Methods: dialectical, formal logical, functional, and other general scientific research methods, as well as special legal methods, including comparative legal and formal legal techniques. Results: the author has studied legal and philosophical problems associated with the bioprinting technology influence on the concept of protecting non-pecuniary benefits and its development; identified a trend associated with the evolution of the human right to digital image; considered the models of tort liability for encroachment on the personal digital image in European law in the comparative legal aspect; formulated prognostic conclusions concerning the model of liability for damage caused by violation of the right to digital image in Russian law. Conclusions: information about a person objectified in a digital three-dimensional model (CAD-file) deserves special protection. The possibility of access and use of such information about a person creates serious risks of causing damage to them. A person’s vulnerable position in bioprinting technologies indicates the need to recognize an absolute non-pecuniary right with a person to their digital image registered in the corresponding digital model (CAD-file). The philosophical and legal concept of human vulnerability serves as a theoretical foundation for the elaboration of solutions aimed at creating an efficient set of tools for protecting the human right to digital image. This concept was manifested in the European law in expanding the possibility of compensation for non-pecuniary damage, its presumption in case of encroachment on non-pecuniary benefits, as well as establishment of the no-fault liability standard. It is necessary to introduce in Russian legislation a special tort establishing the no-fault liability standard for damage caused by encroachment on a personal digital image. Presumption of moral damage in such encroachments, as well as the possibility of recovering exemplary damages from a delinquent, would correspond to the goals of general and special prevention.
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Khaki, Shirin, Maud Rio, and Philippe Marin. "Characterization of Emissions in Fab Labs: An Additive Manufacturing Environment Issue." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052900.
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The emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, such as 3D printing and laser cutting, has created opportunities for new design practices covering a wide range of fields and a diversity of learning and teaching settings. The potential health impact of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from AM technologies is, therefore, a growing concern for makers. The research behind this paper addresses this issue by applying an indoor air quality assessment protocol in an educational fabrication laboratory. The paper presents the evaluation of the particle emission rate of different AM technologies. Real-time monitoring of multiple three-dimensional Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) printers and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) laser cutters was performed in different usage scenarios. Non-contact electrical detectors and off-line gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to detect VOCs. The results show that the emitted particle surface area concentrations vary between 294 and 406.2 μm2/cm3 for three-dimensional printers, and between 55.06 and 92.3 μm2/cm3 for laser cutters. The experiments demonstrate that the emission concentrations were highly dependent on the filtration systems in place. The highest quantities of VOCs emitted included Cyclohexene and Benzyl Alcohol for PLA, ABS and TPE 3D printers, and formic acid and Xylene for PMMA laser cutters. The experiment concludes that signature emissions are detectable for a given material type and an AM technology pair. A suitable mitigation strategy can be specified for each signature detected. Finally, this paper outlines some guidelines for improving indoor air quality in such specific environments. The data provided, as well as the proposed indoor air quality protocol, can be used as a baseline for future studies, and thus help to determine whether the proposed strategies can enhance operator and bystander safety.
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Lu, Su-Ju, Ya-Hui Chen, Hazel Huang, and Ying-Chieh Liu. "The Role of Digital-Media-Based Pedagogical Aids in Elementary Entomology: An Innovative and Sustainable Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 10067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610067.
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It has been challenging for city school pupils to learn about insects, given the lack of live insects. To overcome this challenge, the objective of this study is to propose the use of emerging digital media, namely three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies, to create reusable, fake, “live” insects. In this study, we designed two 3D-printed pedagogical aids to support elementary entomology. The first aid was a set of cards showing photos of the 3D-printed insect prototype, which could help the learners in close observation of the insect body’s regions and parts, and the second 3D-printed aid was a construction kit mimicking physical insects, which were made of an enlarged 3D-printed insect prototype. The two aids were used in our field experiment to examine the effectiveness in learning and motivation. A total of 153 pupils were grouped into three groups (one using the existing multimedia e-book, one using the first 3DP aid, and one using the second aid). The results confirm that the digital media application—in this case, 3DP technologies—were able to compensate for the lack of the live insects. These results raised our confidence in using a customized size 3D-printed insect prototype to enhance rudimentary entomology inside the classroom. If the 3DP technologies are used properly, they could offer an innovative and sustainable solution.
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Zhao, Lihuan, Jie Yu, Siyu Zhang, and Cuiyu Li. "Study of an arm model for compression sleeve design and garment pressure measurement." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501987265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019872656.
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Compression garments apply garment pressure to suppress growth and flatten hypertrophic scars caused by serious burns. In order to reduce the pain caused by a trial-made compression garment for burn patients, one of the most studied parts of the human body, the arm, was selected as the research object, and the characteristics of an arm model that could be used for compression sleeve design and garment pressure measurement were studied. Five human arm models were made based on three-dimensional-printing technology, and then a compression sleeve was made based on Laplace’s law. After that, the garment pressures that the compression sleeve applied on the five human arm models and on a real human arm were tested. Finally, the garment pressure magnitudes and the distribution on a real human arm and on each arm model were compared and analyzed. The results show that when other conditions were consistent, the garment pressure on the arm model was inversely proportional to the hardness of the model, and the garment pressure magnitudes and the distribution on the model whose hardness was close to that of a real human arm were very similar to those of a real human arm. Moreover, consistent with the previous research results, the garment pressure of the compression sleeve that was made based on Laplace’s law increased with the increase of the arm circumference, and it decreased with decreasing circumference. The results of this study can provide a reference for the exploration of a mannequin that can substitute for a real human body in the design of compression garments.
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Koval, Viktor, Piotr Olczak, Nataliia Vdovenko, Olena Boiko, Dominika Matuszewska, and Inesa Mikhno. "Ecosystem of Environmentally Sustainable Municipal Infrastructure in the Ukraine." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810223.
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For the Ukrainian population, there are factors surrounding the choices and preferences one must consider when changing permanent residence. Smart residential areas should be built according to Ukrainian legislation and global innovations, which would reduce administrative dislocations, the load on megalopolises, and negative anthropogenic impacts, and should be based on the increase in energy efficiency and reducing waste. We analyzed the core principles of designing smart residential areas and concluded that constructing cutting-edge residential areas should involve private investments in order to avoid shadow schemes and irrational use of funds (in the Ukraine, the share of the shadow market is more than 50%). Research shows that, as humans inhabit a three-dimensional space, it is possible to predict migration and other permanent residence/behavioral responses, the analysis of which allows controlling migration flows and improves the conditions of Ukraine’s small residential areas based on decarbonization. We conclude that energy saving systems can reduce consumption in a city by 60% and improve Ukraine’s ecosystem. Research also shows that reducing “dislocation”, in terms of population density, by creating open, innovative, eco-friendly environments based on green economy principles, can provide innovative development maps and economic, social, and cultural population growth, decreasing the load on big cities/regional economies, and encourage the restoration of sales markets and production after the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a model to assess the innovativeness of residential areas, apply alternative methods of energy generation, and analyze the impact of the energy production and consumption market in Europe (with recommendations for the Ukraine). This article estimates energy intensity indicators of the gross domestic product in the Ukraine and in Europe, offering methods to decrease energy dependence and increase energy efficiency in the Ukraine, by adopting alternative energy sources (e.g., biohydrogen out of residues, air, and solar energy), and enhancing environmental legislation.
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Turner, Chris, Mariale Moreno, Luigi Mondini, Konstantinos Salonitis, Fiona Charnley, Ashutosh Tiwari, and Windo Hutabarat. "Sustainable Production in a Circular Economy: A Business Model for Re-Distributed Manufacturing." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 4291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164291.
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The emergence of new technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and advanced robotics, together with risks such as climate change, rising labour costs, and a fluctuating economy, are challenging the current UK manufacturing model. In this paper, business models for re-distributed manufacture (RdM) are developed using anIDEF (Icam DEFinition for Function Modelling) description to serve as a guide for the implementation of the RdM concept in the consumer goods industry. This paper explores the viability of a re-distributed business model for manufacturers employing new manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing, as part of a sustainable and circular production and consumption system. An As-Is value chain model is presented alongside the proposed new business model for a sustainable re-distributed manufacturing system. Both are illustrated via a case study drawn from the shoe manufacturing industry. The case study shows that there is a need for robust facilities in close proximity to the customer. These facilities are store fronts which can also manufacture, remanufacture, and provide services. The reduction in transportation and increase in customer involvement throughout the process are the main benefits that would accrue if a re-distributed model is implemented in the given industry.
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Ding, Fei, Yuanqing Yang, Rucha A. Deshpande, and Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi. "A review of gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces: fundamentals and applications." Nanophotonics 7, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 1129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0125.
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AbstractPlasmonic metasurfaces, which can be considered as the two-dimensional analog of metal-based metamaterials, have attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years because of the ease of fabrication and unprecedented control over the reflected or transmitted light while featuring relatively low losses even at optical wavelengths. Among all the different design approaches, gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces – a specific branch of plasmonic metasurfaces – which consist of a subwavelength thin dielectric spacer sandwiched between an optically thick metal film and arrays of metal subwavelength elements arranged in a strictly or quasi-periodic fashion, have gained awareness from researchers working at practically any frequency regime as its realization only requires a single lithographic step, yet with the possibility to fully control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of the reflected light. In this paper, we review the fundamentals, recent developments, and opportunities of gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces. Starting with introducing the concept of gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces, we present three typical gap-surface plasmon resonators, introduce generalized Snell’s law, and explain the concept of Pancharatnam-Berry phase. We then overview the main applications of gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces, including beam-steerers, flat lenses, holograms, absorbers, color printing, polarization control, surface wave couplers, and dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces. The review is ended with a short summary and outlook on possible future developments.
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Pratapa, Praneetha, Ramesh Subramoniam, and Jighyasu Gaur. "Role of Standards as an Enabler in a Digital Remanufacturing Industry." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031643.
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There is plenty of research describing remanufacturing (reman) as the ultimate form of recycling. However, few studies have shown how standards that provide universally accepted definitions and practices can shift towards digitization and how digital technology can act as a catalyst for digital reman. Furthermore, there is no clear direction as to why and how standards and digital technology should work together in reman. Only minimal research (one article from the SCOPUS database) has explored the intersection of these three areas: reman challenges, standards, and digital technology. Many challenges that reman companies face prevent them from successfully transitioning to sustainable production methods. The challenges include high cost of resources, complex parts design, limited core availability, lack of internationally accepted definitions and protocols, poor design of reverse logistics networks, and poor consumer perceptions. On the other hand, digital technology can act as an enabler fueling environmental resilience through innovation. This paper studies how standards can play a role in helping digital technology solve reman challenges, thereby achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal and providing significant opportunities for innovation for small and large enterprises transitioning towards digital reman. The current study is validated by highly experienced reman professionals using the analytical hierarchical process. It is intended to help practitioners assess their organization’s current manufacturing practices and improve resource productivity and business growth using the identified standards and technologies. Three-dimensional printing was found to have the most potential in solving reman challenges. Surprisingly, the Internet of Things ranked low despite lacking information on used products or cores being a significant challenge for suppliers.
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Islam, Md Tasbirul, Usha Iyer-Raniga, and Sean Trewick. "Recycling Perspectives of Circular Business Models: A Review." Recycling 7, no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050079.
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The circular business model (CBM) is one of the main building blocks of circular economy (CE), and recycling is one of the main strategies for achieving it. CBM literature is currently evolving, and recycling-oriented discussion has been found in a scattered manner. This review article aims to identify critical components of the recycling-focused business model in CE and evaluate potential business and research opportunities in the area. Data collection was undertaken from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection and ScienceDirect database. Results of the study showed that efficiency of municipal solid waste management, reporting mechanism of recyclers cost of recycled materials, the establishment of a plastic hub, implementation of extended producer responsibility, strategic partnership, incentives, and product design were highlighted as critical requirements for efficient recycling operated business models, especially for waste solar PV panels, e-waste, textile waste, and vehicles and battery sector. It also identified the benefits of using recycled materials in reducing carbon footprint, energy consumption, and achieving low environmental impact. Three-dimensional printing, sensor-based RFID tags, digital twins, additive manufacturing, Industry 4.0, and the Internet of Things (IoT) were found as state-of-the-art technological innovations applied to recycling-oriented circular business models. This article provides critical practical solutions for new business model development and indicates vital future research directions along with a conceptual framework development, which would be helpful for policymakers, business entities, and research academics.
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Krishnadas, Jane. "From east to west, can feminist legal strategies be transformative? Post-disaster to everyday times of crisis." Jindal Global Law Review 10, no. 2 (October 2019): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41020-019-00103-3.
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AbstractThis article engages with a key question raised by feminist legal scholars from the east to the west: whether women should or should not engage in rights strategies? Are rights systematically exercised to reproduce patriarchal, dominant sites of justice, or do rights constitute a multiple and relational force which may transform sites of justice? The experience of women’s engagements with law in South Asia has created a diversity of critical legal knowledge and scholarship reflecting the pluralism of both women’s identities and needs based on caste, religion, class and sexuality across an array of legal spaces from the family, community and state. Women in South Asian scholarship have complicated the notion of the homogenous legal subject and the static dominant site of justice. In this article I return to my underpinning field research whilst living and working within an earthquake affected area of Maharashtra, India in the post-crisis rehabilitation period (1993–1998). This research explored how women exercised their rights to reconstruct lives at different tiers of justice: in public policy, private legislation and the non-formal sphere of community relations to deconstruct the concept of rights existing within a static framework of justice. Drawing upon feminist discourse across the east to the west, I have analysed the role of rights in post-disaster sites to understand how women move from victims to survivors, beneficiaries to contributors and objects to agents of change to inform contemporary research on how women in post-domestic violence situations may exercise rights to reconstruct their lives in times of crisis in the UK. Through this analysis I argue that rights may be empowering if one can exercise one’s right to identity as agency, resources as capacity and location as mobility, as a three dimensional strategy to transform the framework in which one is situated. Over the last decade, I have actively applied this transformative methodology to create an alternative relational, intersectional and holistic legal paradigm, to transform sites of justice, in times of every day crisis, through the CLOCK/ All India Access to Justice Strategy.
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Malinovska, Iryna. "Classification of copyrighted objects." Law and innovations, no. 3 (35) (September 21, 2021): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-17.
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Formulation of the problem. The article is devoted to the classification of copyright objects. Researchers' views on the division of different works into relevant types and groups are analyzed. It is emphasized that copyright objects are in constant dynamics, due to globalization, development of scientific and technological progress, social networks. Recent research on the topic. The characteristics of copyright objects were addressed by the same researchers as O.E. Abramov, I.I. Vishchynets, O.V. Zhilinkova. O.O. Odintsova. O.O. Shtefan, R.B. Shishka, N.E. Yarkina. M.M. Yasharova, etc. Despite their contribution to the development of the concept of the object of copyright, an updated study of the classification of copyrighted objects by them is not offered in full. The purpose. To investigate and analyse the characteristics and features of copyrighted objects, to distinguish their common and distinctive features that are important for the classification of copyrighted objects. Article’s main body. It was established that for the objects of copyright remains unchanged what they are: should be the result of human creative activity; have novelty, originality, as inherent properties of creativity; characterized by fixation, which at the same time should be static, which complicates further changes to the object; free from the structure of the content, which can be varied in its content; objects regardless of the fact of publication. It is noted that there are changes in the legislation of Ukraine on expanding the list of copyright objects. Separately, the issue of original and derivative works was investigated. Certain feature of composite works. It is noted that the definition of the original work and its inherent features in the Law is important in terms of ensuring a unified systematic approach to law enforcement activities for both derivative works and part (title) of the work. On the basis of the above proposed the following classification of copyright objects: depending on the creative nature of the work, copyright objects may be divided into: original (created exclusively in the form of personal creative contribution of the author) and derivative works (creativity consists in searching, combining the creative achievements of other authors); in the objective form of expression: oral, written, electronic, three-dimensional; according to the criterion of the internal content of the work: simple (covering structurally one object) and complex (may consist of different objects of copyright); depending on the characteristics of the processing of the original work: objects of holistic processing of works and objects of partial processing (processing of excerpts of various works); depending on the nature of financial support, copyright objects may be divided into: objects created on the basis of state order, created on the basis of private orders or financed personally by the author at will; depending on the possibility of distinguishing homogeneous elements of the work into: dividing and indivisible works.
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Malinovska, Iryna. "Classification of copyrighted objects." Law and innovations, no. 3 (35) (September 21, 2021): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-17.
Full textAbstract:
Formulation of the problem. The article is devoted to the classification of copyright objects. Researchers' views on the division of different works into relevant types and groups are analyzed. It is emphasized that copyright objects are in constant dynamics, due to globalization, development of scientific and technological progress, social networks. Recent research on the topic. The characteristics of copyright objects were addressed by the same researchers as O.E. Abramov, I.I. Vishchynets, O.V. Zhilinkova. O.O. Odintsova. O.O. Shtefan, R.B. Shishka, N.E. Yarkina. M.M. Yasharova, etc. Despite their contribution to the development of the concept of the object of copyright, an updated study of the classification of copyrighted objects by them is not offered in full. The purpose. To investigate and analyse the characteristics and features of copyrighted objects, to distinguish their common and distinctive features that are important for the classification of copyrighted objects. Article’s main body. It was established that for the objects of copyright remains unchanged what they are: should be the result of human creative activity; have novelty, originality, as inherent properties of creativity; characterized by fixation, which at the same time should be static, which complicates further changes to the object; free from the structure of the content, which can be varied in its content; objects regardless of the fact of publication. It is noted that there are changes in the legislation of Ukraine on expanding the list of copyright objects. Separately, the issue of original and derivative works was investigated. Certain feature of composite works. It is noted that the definition of the original work and its inherent features in the Law is important in terms of ensuring a unified systematic approach to law enforcement activities for both derivative works and part (title) of the work. On the basis of the above proposed the following classification of copyright objects: depending on the creative nature of the work, copyright objects may be divided into: original (created exclusively in the form of personal creative contribution of the author) and derivative works (creativity consists in searching, combining the creative achievements of other authors); in the objective form of expression: oral, written, electronic, three-dimensional; according to the criterion of the internal content of the work: simple (covering structurally one object) and complex (may consist of different objects of copyright); depending on the characteristics of the processing of the original work: objects of holistic processing of works and objects of partial processing (processing of excerpts of various works); depending on the nature of financial support, copyright objects may be divided into: objects created on the basis of state order, created on the basis of private orders or financed personally by the author at will; depending on the possibility of distinguishing homogeneous elements of the work into: dividing and indivisible works.
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Gelting, Michael H. "Hvem var opænbarligh gen guth i Jyske Lovs Fortale? Et studie i Lovbogens teksthistorie." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 52 (December 19, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v52i0.41292.
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One sentence in the Prologue of the Law of Jutland (1241) has caused much scholarlydiscussion since the nineteenth century. Did it say that “the law which the king givesand the land adopts, he [i.e. the king] may not change or abolish without the consentof the land, unless he [i.e. the king] is manifestly contrary to God” – or “unless it [i.e.the law] is manifestly contrary to God”? In this article it is argued that scholarly conjectures about the original sense of the text at this point have paid insufficient attentionto the textual history of the law-book.On the basis of Per Andersen’s recent study of the early manuscripts of the Lawof Jutland, it is shown that the two earliest surviving manuscripts both have a readingthat leaves little doubt that the original text stated that the king could not change thelaw without the consent of the land unless the law was manifestly contrary to God. Theequivocal reading that has caused the scholarly controversy was introduced by a conservativerevision of the law-book (known as the AB text), which is likely to have originatedin the aftermath of the great charter of 1282, which sealed the defeat of the jurisdictionalpretensions of King Erik V. A more radical reading, leaving no doubt that the kingwould be acting contrary to God in changing the law without consent, occurs in an earlyfourteenth-century manuscript and sporadically throughout the fifteenth century, butit never became the generally accepted text. On the contrary, an official revision of thelaw-book (the I text), probably from the first decade of the fourteenth century, sought toeliminate the ambiguity by adding “and he may still not do it against the will of the land”,thus making it clear that it was the law that might be contrary to God.Due to the collapse of the Danish monarchy in the second quarter of the fourteenthcentury, the I text never superseded the AB text. The two versions coexistedthroughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and soon produced a number ofhybrid versions. One of these gained particular importance, since it was the text thatwas used for the first printed editions of the Law of Jutland in 1504 and 1508. Thus itbecame the standard text of the law-book in the sixteenth century. The early printededitions also included the medieval Latin translation of the Law of Jutland and theLatin glosses to the text. The glosses are known to be the work of Knud Mikkelsen,bishop of Viborg from 1451 to 1478. Based on a close comparison of the three texts, itis argued here that Bishop Knud was also the author of the revised Danish and Latintexts of the law-book that are included in the early printed editions, and that the wholework was probably finished in or shortly after 1466. Bishop Knud included the I text’saddition to the sentence about the king’s legislative powers.An effort to distribute Bishop Knud’s work as a new authoritative text seems tohave been made in 1488, but rather than replacing the earlier versions of the Lawof Jutland, this effort appears to have triggered a spate of new versions of the medievaltext, each of them based upon critical collation of several different manuscripts.In some of these new versions, a further development in the sentence on the king’slegislative power brought the sentence in line with the political realities of the late fifteenthcentury. Instead of having “he” [i.e. the king] as the agent of legal change, theyattribute the initiative to the indefinite personal pronoun man: at the time, any suchinitiative would require the agreement of the Council of the Realm.Only the printing press brought this phase of creative confusion to an end in theearly sixteenth century.Finally, it is argued that the present article’s interpretation of the original senseof this particular passage in the Prologue is in accordance with the nature of Danishlegislation in the period from c.1170 to the 1240s, when most major legislation happenedin response to papal decretals and changes in canon law.
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Sabri, Anir Mursyida, Mohd Anuar Ramli, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, and Mohammad Naqib Hamdan. "Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing of Organs according to the Perspective of Islamic Law." Asian Bioethics Review, July 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41649-022-00210-9.
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Errickson, D., R. M. Carew, A. J. Collings, M. J. P. Biggs, P. Haig, H. O’Hora, N. Marsh, and J. Roberts. "A survey of case studies on the use of forensic three-dimensional printing in England and Wales." International Journal of Legal Medicine, August 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02872-4.
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Abstract3D printing has rapidly developed and been applied in forensic science due to its use in creating demonstrations for courts of law. Much of the literature on this specific topic has focused on the use of 3D printed models in academia, the potential influence on a jury, and its use as a long-term documentation process, but with few actual forensic case examples. This paper offers an insight into the development of 3D printing in forensic practice and how 3D printing is currently being used in the criminal justice system in England and Wales.A series of case reports were gathered from multiple police forces and forensic practitioners in the UK to identify how 3D printing was being used. These discussions established who was requesting 3D printed exhibits, what type of technologies were being utilised, what type of exhibits were being printed, and resulting feedback for the use of 3D printed material within a criminal case. As a result, this research demonstrates the current use of 3D printing in England and Wales, discussing the associated cases that have been known to incorporate 3D prints. Likewise, this work explores the limitations that have been encountered by forensic practitioners and identifies a series of research questions that should be considered in future investigations.
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Koga, Shumon, David Straub, Mamadou Diagne, and Miroslav Krstic. "Stabilization of Filament Production Rate for Screw Extrusion-Based Polymer Three-Dimensional-Printing." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 142, no. 3 (December 23, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4045560.
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Abstract Polymer three-dimensional (3D)-printing has been commercialized rapidly during recent years; however, there remains a matter of improving the manufacturing speed. Screw extrusion has a strong potential to fasten the process through the simultaneous operation of the filament production and the deposition. This paper develops a control algorithm for screw extrusion-based 3D printing of thermoplastic materials through an observer-based output feedback design. We consider the thermodynamic model describing the time evolution of the temperature profile of an extruded polymer by means of a partial differential equation (PDE) defined on the time-varying domain. The time evolution of the spatial domain is governed by an ordinary differential equation that reflects the dynamics of the position of the phase change interface between polymer granules and molten polymer deposited as a molten filament. The steady-state profile of the distributed temperature along the extruder is obtained when the desired setpoint for the interface position is prescribed. To enhance the feasibility of our previous design, we develop a PDE observer to estimate the temperature profile via measured values of surface temperature and the interface position. An output feedback control law considering a cooling mechanism at the boundary inlet as an actuator is proposed. In extruders, the control of raw material temperature is commonly achieved using preconditioners as part of the inlet feeding mechanism. For some given screw speeds that correspond to slow and fast operating modes, numerical simulations are conducted to prove the performance of the proposed controller. The convergence of the interface position to the desired setpoint is achieved under physically reasonable temperature profiles.
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ALLANINA, L. M. "MINERAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: ACTUAL LEGAL ISSUES." BALTIC HUMANITARIAN JOURNAL 10, no. 34 (February 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26140/bgz3-2021-1001-0096.
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Objective of the article is to consider the actual legal issues on mineral resource management. The article also deals with the specifics of subsurface objects of law, actual problems of Cadastral Registry and State registration of real property mineral rights are analyzed. Applied methods : include case study, comparison, legal norm interpretation, methods of formal logic and others. Results: the peculiarity of the mineral right is not only in a stable and termless nature of use but also in the strong connection between the rights to the subsurface parcel, surface plot and subsurface structures. The underground sites and underground structures should be identified as three-dimensional objects of law. Conclusion . An integrated amendment package to improve the mining and civil legislation is needed, including the Law dated February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 "On Subsoil" modified by the Law of December 8, 2020 N 429-FZ. In the cadastral information system, conditions for three-dimensional registration of facilities should be created.
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Phillips, Dougal, and Oliver Watts. "Copyright, Print and Authorship in the Culture Industry." M/C Journal 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2340.
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Historically the impact of the printing press on Western culture is a truism. Print gave rise to the mass reproduction and circulation of information with wide reaching consequences in all fields: political, social, and economic. An aspect that this paper wishes to focus on is that this moment also saw the birth (and necessity) of copyright legislation, to administer and protect this new found ability to package and disseminate text. The term copyright itself, used freely in debates surrounding contemporary topics such as iTunes, DVD piracy, and file-sharing, is not only semantically anachronistic but, as will be shown, is an anachronistic problem. The history that it carries, through almost three hundred years, underscores the difficulties at the heart of copyright in the contemporary scene. Indeed the reliance on copyright in these debates creates an argument based on circular definitions relating to only the statutory conception of cultural rights. No avenue is really left to imagine a space outside its jurisdiction. This paper asserts that notions of the “culture industry” (as opposed to some other conception of culture) are also inherently connected to the some three hundred years of copyright legislation. Our conceptions of the author and of intellectual pursuits as property can also be traced within this relatively small period. As clarified by Lord Chief Baron Pollock in the English courts in 1854, “copyright is altogether an artificial right” that does not apply at common law and relies wholly on statute (Jeffreys v Boosey). Foucault (124-42) highlights, in his attack on Romantic notions of the author-genius-God, that the author-function is expressed primarily as a legal term, through the legal concepts of censorship and copyright. Copyright, then, pays little attention to non-economic interests of the author and is used primarily to further economic interests. The corporate nature of the culture industry at present amounts to the successful application of copyright legislation in the past. This paper suggests that we look at our conception of literary and artistic work as separate from copyright’s own definitions of intellectual property and the commercialisation of culture. From Hogarth to File-Sharing The case of ‘DVD Jon’ is instructive. In 1999, Jon Lech Johansen, a Norwegian programmer, drew the ire of Hollywood by breaking the encryption code for DVDs (in a program called DeCSS). More recently, he has devised a program to circumvent the anti-piracy system for Apple’s iTunes music download service. With this program, called PyMusique, users still have to pay for the songs, but once these are paid for, users can use the songs on all operating systems and with no limits on copying, transfers or burning. Johansen, who publishes his wares on his blog entitled So Sue Me, was in fact sued in 1999 by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He argued that he created DeCSS as part of developing a DVD player for his Linux operating system, and that copying DVD movies was an ancillary function of the program for which he could not be held responsible. He was acquitted by an Oslo district court in early 2003 and again by an appeals court later that year. During this time many people on the internet found novel ways to publish the DeCSS code so as to avoid prosecution, including many different code encryptions incorporated into jpeg images (including the trademarked DVD logo, owned by DVD LLC) and mpeg movies, as an online MUD game scenario, and even produced in the form of a haiku (“42 Ways to Distribute DeCSS”). The ability to publish the code in a format not readily prosecutable owes less to encryption and clandestine messages than it does to anachronistic laws regarding the wholly legal right to original formats. Prior to 1709, copyright or licensing related to the book publishing industry where the work as formatted, pressed and disseminated was more important to protect than the text itself or the concept of the author as the writer of the text. Even today different copyrights may be held over the different formatting of the same text. The ability for hackers to attack the copyright legislation through its inherent anachronism is more than smart lawyering or a neat joke. These attacks, based on file sharing and the morphing fluid forms of information (rather than contained text, printed, broadcast, or expressed through form in general), amount to a real breach in copyright’s capability to administer and protect information. That the corporations are so excited and scared of these new technologies of dissemination should come as no surprise. It should also not be seen, as some commentators wish to, as a completely new approach to the dissemination of culture. If copyright was originally intended to protect the rights of the publisher, the passing of the Act of Anne in 1709 introduced two new concepts – an author being the owner of copyright, and the principle of a fixed term of protection for published works. In 1734, William Hogarth, wanting to ensure profits would flow from his widely disseminated prints (which attracted many pirate copies), fought to have these protections extended to visual works. What is notable about all this is that in 1734 the concept of copyright both in literary and artistic works applied only to published or reproduced works. It would be over one hundred years later, in the Romantic period, that a broader protection to all artworks would be available (for example, paintings, sculpture, etc). Born primarily out of guild systems, the socio-political aspect of protection, although with a passing nod to the author, was primarily a commercial concern. These days the statute has muddied its primary purpose; commercial interest is conflated and confused with the moral rights of the author (which, it might be added, although first asserted in the International Berne Convention of 1886 were only ratified in Australia in December 2000). For instance, in a case such as Sony Entertainment (Australia) Ltd v Smith (2005), both parties in fact want the protection of copyright. On one day the DJ in question (Pee Wee Ferris) might be advertising himself through his DJ name as an appropriative, sampling artist-author, while at the same time, we might assume, wishing to protect his own rights as a recording artist. Alternatively, the authors of the various DeCSS code works want both the free flow of information which then results in a possible free flow of media content. Naturally, this does not sit well with the current lords of copyright: the corporations. The new open-source author works contrary to all copyright. Freed Slaves The model of the open source author is not without precedent. Historically, prior to copyright and the culture industry, this approach to authorship was the norm. The Roman poet Martial, known for his wit and gifts of poetry, wrote I commend to you, Quintianus, my little books – if I can call them mine when your poet recites them: if they complain of their harsh servitude, you should come forward as their champion and give your guarantees; and when he calls himself their master you should say they are mine and have been granted their freedom. If you shout this out three or four times, you will make their kidnapper (plagiario) feel ashamed of himself. Here of course the cultural producer is a landed aristocrat (a situation common to early Western poets such as Chaucer, Spencer and More). The poem, or work, exists in the economy of the gift. The author-function here is also not the same as in modern times but was based on the advantages of reputation and celebrity within the Roman court. Similarly other texts such as stories, songs and music were circulated, prior to print, in a primarily oral economy. Later, with the rise of the professional guild system in late medieval times, the patronage system did indeed pay artists, sometimes royal sums. However, this bursary was not so much for the work than for upkeep as members of the household holding a particular skill. The commercial aspect of the author as owner only became fully realised with the rise of the middle classes in the eighteenth and nineteenth century and led to the global adoption of the copyright regime as the culture industry’s sanction. Added to this, the author is now overwhelmingly a corporation, not an individual, which has expanded the utilisation of these statutes for commercial advantage to, perhaps, an unforeseen degree. To understand the file-sharing period, which we are now entering at full speed, we cannot be confused by notions found in the copyright acts; definitions based on copyright cannot adequately express a culture without commercial concerns. Perhaps the discussion needs to return to concepts that predate copyright, before the author-function (as suggested by Foucault) and before the notion of intellectual property. That we have returned to a gift economy for cultural products is easily understood in the context of file-sharing. But what of the author? Here the figure of the hacker suggests a movement towards such an archaic model where the author’s remuneration comes in the form of celebrity, or a reputation as an exciting innovator. Another model, which is perhaps more likely, is an understanding that certain material disseminated will be sold and administered under copyright for profit and that the excess will be quickly and efficiently disseminated with no profit and with no overall duration of protection. Such an amalgamated approach is exemplified by Radiohead’s Kid A album, which, although available for free downloads, was still profitable because the (anachronistic) printed version, with its cover and artwork, still sold by the millions. Perhaps cultural works, the slaves of the author-corporation, should be granted their freedom: freedom from servitude to a commercial master, freedom to be re-told rather than re-sold, with due attribution to the author the only payment. This is a Utopian idea perhaps, but no less a fantasy than the idea that the laws of copyright, born of the printing press, can evolve to match the economy today that they purport to control. When thinking about ownership and authorship today, it must be recalled that copyright itself has a history of useful fictions. References Michel Foucault; “What Is an Author?” Twentieth-Century Literary Theory. Eds. Vassilis Lambropoulos and David Neal Miller. Albany: State UP of New York, 1987. 124-42. “42 Ways to Distribute DeCSS.” 5 Jun. 2005 http://decss.zoy.org/>. Jeffreys v Boosey, 1854. Johansen, Jon Lech. So Sue Me. 5 Jun. 2005 http://www.nanocrew.net/blog/>.
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