Journal articles on the topic 'Three-dimensional mode'

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1

Williamson, C. H. K. "Three-dimensional wake transition." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 328 (December 10, 1996): 345–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096008750.

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It is now well-known that the wake transition regime for a circular cylinder involves two modes of small-scale three-dimensional instability (modes A and B), depending on the regime of Reynolds number (Re), although almost no understanding of the physical origins of these instabilities, or indeed their effects on near-wake formation, have hitherto been made clear. We address these questions in this paper. In particular, it is found that the two different modes A and B scale on different physical features of the flow. Mode A has a larger spanwise wavelength of around 3–4 diameters, and scales on the larger physical structure in the flow, namely the primary vortex core. The wavelength for mode A is shown to be the result of an ‘elliptic instability’ in the nearwake vortex cores. The subsequent nonlinear growth of vortex loops is due to a feedback from one vortex to the next, involving spanwise-periodic deformation of core vorticity, which is then subject to streamwise stretching in the braid regios. This mode gives an out-of-phase streamwise vortex pattern.In contrast, mode-B instability has a distinctly smaller wavelength (1 diameter) which scales on the smaller physical structure in the flow, the braid shear layer. It is a manifestation of an instability in a region of hyperbolic flow. It is quite distinct from other shear flows, in that it depends on the reverse flow of the bluff-body wake; the presence of a fully formed streamwise vortex system, brought upstream from a previous half-cycle, in proximity to the newly evolving braid shear layer, leads to an in-phase stream-wise vortex array, in strong analogy with the ‘Mode 1’ of Meiburg & Lasheras (1988) for a forced unseparated wake. In mode B, we also observe amalgamation of streamwise vortices from a previous braid with like-sign vortices in the subsequent braid.It is deduced that the large scatter in previous measurements concerning mode A is due to the presence of vortex dislocations. Dislocations are triggered at the sites of some vortex loops of mode A, and represent a natural breakdown of the periodicity of mode A instability. By minimizing or avoiding the dislocations which occur from end contamination or which occur during wake transition, we find an excellent agreement of both critical Re and spanwise wavelength of mode A with the recent secondary stability analysis of Barkley & Henderson (1996).Wake transition is further characterized by velocity and pressure measurements. It is consistent that, when mode-A instability and large-scale dislocations appear, one finds a reduction of base suction, a reduction of (two-dimensional) Reynolds stress level, a growth in size of the formation region, and a corresponding drop in Strouhal frequency. Finally, the present work leads us to a new clarification of the possible flow states through transition. Right through this regime of Re, there exist two distinct and continuous Strouhal frequency curves: the upper one corresponds with purley small- scale instabilities (e.g. denoted as mode A), while the lower curve corresponds with a combination of small-scale plus dislocation structures (e.g. mode A*). However, some of the flow states are transient or ‘unstable’, and the natural transitioning wake appears to follow the scenario: (2D→A*→B).
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2

Xu, Li Zhong, Jin Liang Li, and Ya Jun Li. "The Three-Dimensional Dynamics for Toroidal Drive." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.536.

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In this paper, a model to simulate the dynamic behavior of the toroidal drive is developed. The three-dimensional dynamic model includes all six rigid body motions of the stator, worm, rotor and the planets. Using the model, the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the drive system are investigated. The vibration modes are classified into single modes and coupled modes. The single modes include planet mode, worm mode and stator mode. The vibration and frequency characteristics of different modes are obtained. The relation between modes and half cone angle of the planet tooth is discussed. The relation between vibrations and bearing stiffness is also discussed. When the bearing stiffness is about 10 times of the mesh stiffness, some vibration displacements of the drive system are quite small and can be neglected. Meanwhile, the dynamic equations for the drive system can be simplified.
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3

Kato, K., K. Hokkirigawa, T. Kayaba, and Y. Endo. "Three Dimensional Shape Effect on Abrasive Wear." Journal of Tribology 108, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261193.

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The three dimensional shape effect of asperity on abrasive wear was investigated with in-situ experiments in the scanning electron microscope. The geometry of model asperity was represented by attack angle and dihedral angle, where attack angle changed in 0∼90 deg and dihedral angle in 0∼180 deg. Wear modes of shearing, cutting, and wedge forming were observed and each mode was related to attack angle and dihedral angle by wear mode diagram. Wear rate in cutting mode increased with attack angle and was maximum at a certain dihedral angle.
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4

Brissaud, M., L. Eyraud, and H. Kleimann. "Three‐dimensional model for piezoelectric ceramic mode vibration determination." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, S1 (May 1986): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023239.

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5

Xu, Fei, Yu Long Li, and Wan Lin Guo. "Fracture Parameters on Three-Dimensional Sliding Mode Fracture." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.447.

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In the recent years three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic analyses have been conducted extensively for the opening mode (mode I) fracture and the constraint effects are discussed in detail. However less work is focused on other modes as sliding mode (mode II), tearing mode (mode III) or the mixed mode fracture in three-dimensional. In this paper the thickness effect on pure mode II case is discussed by the finite element method (FEM). Modified Boundary Layer (MBL) model is used, which has the ability to take into account the combined effects of the in-plane constraint (T-stress) and the out-of-plane constraint (finite thickness). The result demonstrates the weak thickness dependence on the near tip stress and strain fields under mode II loading. And the size of the 3D zone at mode II loading is determined to range from 1.0 to 1.2 times the thickness. Two fracture parameters of J integral and crack tip sliding displacement (CTSD) are discussed, which are almost same at different thickness planes except those very near the surface. It is interesting to find that the relations between J and CTSD keep linear at different thickness planes. T-stress is symmetry on stress and strain distributions along the crack plane. However its effects indicate weak thickness dependent on the CTSD and J integral fracture parameter.
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6

Corke, T. C., J. D. Krull, and M. Ghassemi. "Three-dimensional-mode resonance in far wakes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 239, no. -1 (June 1992): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092004348.

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7

Jiangli Dong, Kin Seng Chiang, and Wei Jin. "Compact Three-Dimensional Polymer Waveguide Mode Multiplexer." Journal of Lightwave Technology 33, no. 22 (November 15, 2015): 4580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2478961.

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8

Luo, WenYu, RenHe Zhang, and Henrik Schmidt. "Three-dimensional mode coupling around a seamount." Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 54, no. 9 (July 30, 2011): 1561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-011-4442-6.

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9

Gao, Huajian. "Three-Dimensional Slightly Nonplanar Cracks." Journal of Applied Mechanics 59, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899525.

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Three-dimensional slightly nonplanar cracks are studied via a perturbation method valid to the first-order accuracy in the deviation of the crack shape from a perfectly planar reference crack. The Bueckner-Rice crack-face weight functions are used in the perturbation analysis to establish a relationship, within first-order accuracy, between the apparent and local stress intensity factors for the nonplanar crack. Perturbation solutions for a cosine wavy crack with arbitrary wavelengths are used to examine the effects of three T-stress components, Txx, TXZ, TZZ, on the stability of a mode 1 planar crack in the x-z plane with front lying along the z-axis. A condition for the mode 1 crack to be stable against three-dimensional wavy perturbations of wavelengths λx and λz is determined as Txx + Tzzg < 0 where g is negative, with a very small magnitude, for 0<λx/λz<1/3 and positive for 1/3<λx/λz<∞; this suggests that when Txx = 0, a compressive stress Tzz may cause crack deflection with large wavelengths parallel to the crack front and a tensile stress Tzz may cause deflection with small wavelengths parallel to the front. For comparable T-stress values, it is shown that a negative Txx always enhances the stability of a mode 1 planar crack and a negative Tzz ensures the stability of a mode 1 crack against perturbations parallel to the crack front. The shear component Txz, while not affecting the mode 1 path stability, induces a mode 3 stress intensity factor once crack deflection occurs, and thus promotes the formation of en echelon-type cracking patterns.
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10

Machida, Kenji. "Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis by Three-dimensional Local Hybrid Method." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.523.

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In the displacement measurement inside a specimen by speckle photography, it is not easy to get clear Young's fringes images. Stress-intensity factors of mixed mode can be estimated by embedded speckle photography. However, the error of the stress intensity factor inside a specimen was considerably large. To evaluate the 3-D stress field inside the specimen from displacement data on the free surface obtained from the 2-D intelligent hybrid method, we developed the 3-D local hybrid method based on an inverse problem analysis. The accuracy of the 3-D local hybrid method varies depending on the depth of the plane of error assessment, hybrid domain size, and specimen thickness. Hence the optimal analysis conditions were discussed.
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11

Tsinias, Vasilis, and George Mavros. "Efficient experimental identification of three-dimensional tyre structural properties." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018773561.

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Modal testing is routinely applied to tyres for the identification of structural parameters and prediction of their vibration response to excitations. The present work focuses on the more demanding case of modal testing with the aim of constructing a full mathematical model of a tyre, appropriate for use in a generic time-based simulation. For this purpose, the less common free–free boundary condition is employed for the wheel, while the tyre belt is excited in all three directions, namely radial tangential and lateral. To improve efficiency, a novel partial identification method is developed for the mode shapes, whereby measured and predicted frequency responses are matched around distinct resonance peaks, while eliminating the effect of out-of-band modes. Axial symmetry of the tyre requires high purity mode shapes to avoid angular dependency of the tyre’s response. For this reason, experimental mode shapes are digitally filtered and combined with their orthogonal counterparts. Processed data reveal apparent repetition of selected mode shapes, and this is attributed to rim deflection.
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12

Dong, Hui Ru, Quan Liang Liu, Zhi Guo Zhang, and Yun Xiang Cheng. "Experimental Methods for Three-Dimensional Mixed Mode Fracture." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.923.

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Experimental methods that can be used in three-dimensional mixed mode fracture researches are investigated. The methods are capable of determining the initiation load, maximal load, crack tip opening displacement, crack tip slipping displacement and initiation angle of the mixed mode crack simply and conveniently. As an example, the effect of thickness on mixed-mode I/II fracture of a kind of aluminum alloy is revealed by the methods.
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13

Bogart, Christopher W., and T. C. Yang. "Mode decomposition for a three‐dimensional sparse array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 4 (October 1992): 2447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.404544.

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14

Pichon, L., and A. Razek. "Three dimensional resonant mode analysis using edge elements." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 2 (March 1992): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.123979.

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15

Gross, Simon, Nicolas Riesen, John D. Love, and Michael J. Withford. "Three-dimensional ultra-broadband integrated tapered mode multiplexers." Laser & Photonics Reviews 8, no. 5 (July 15, 2014): L81—L85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201400078.

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16

Raga, F., F. Bonilla, M. Sanz-Cortés, and F. Bonilla-Musoles. "Three-dimensional inversion mode rendering in molar pregnancy." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 31, no. 3 (2008): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.5216.

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17

Ritchie, Cameron J., Warren S. Edwards, Laurence A. Mack, Dale R. Cyr, and Yongmin Kim. "Three-dimensional ultrasonic angiography using power-mode Doppler." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 22, no. 3 (January 1996): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(95)02052-7.

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18

Yang, T. C., and Christopher W. Bogart. "Matched mode processing for sparse three‐dimensional arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 6 (June 1994): 3149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409979.

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19

Inan, Ozgur, Serkan Dag, and Fazil Erdogan. "Three Dimensional Fracture Analysis of FGM Coatings." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.373.

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In this study the three – dimensional surface cracking of a graded coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate is considered. The main objective is to model the subcritical crack growth process in the coated medium under a cyclic mechanical or thermal loading. Because of symmetry, along the crack front conditions of mode I fracture and plane strain deformations are assumed to be satisfied. Thus, at a given location on the crack front the crack propagation rate would be a function of the mode I stress intensity factor. A three – dimensional finite element technique for nonhomogeneous elastic solids is used to solve the problem and the displacement correlation technique is used to calculate the stress intensity factor.
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20

Bosco, M., and P. Meunier. "Three-dimensional instabilities of a stratified cylinder wake." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 759 (October 20, 2014): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.517.

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AbstractThis paper describes experimentally, numerically and theoretically how the three-dimensional instabilities of a cylinder wake are modified by the presence of a linear density stratification. The first part is focused on the case of a cylinder with a small tilt angle between the cylinder’s axis and the vertical. The classical mode A well-known for a homogeneous fluid is still present. It is more unstable for moderate stratifications but it is stabilized by a strong stratification. The second part treats the case of a moderate tilt angle. For moderate stratifications, a new unstable mode appears, mode S, characterized by undulated layers of strong density gradients and axial flow. These structures correspond to Kelvin–Helmholtz billows created by the strong shear present in the critical layer of each tilted von Kármán vortex. The last two parts deal with the case of a strongly tilted cylinder. For a weak stratification, an instability (mode RT) appears far from the cylinder, due to the overturning of the isopycnals by the von Kármán vortices. For a strong stratification, a short wavelength unstable mode (mode L) appears, even in the absence of von Kármán vortices. It is probably due to the strong shear created by the lee waves upstream of a secondary recirculation bubble. A map of the four different unstable modes is established in terms of the three parameters of the study: the Reynolds number, the Froude number (characterizing the stratification) and the tilt angle.
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21

Banerjee, Sankha, Benjamin S. H. Connell, and Dick K. P. Yue. "Three-dimensional effects on flag flapping dynamics." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 783 (October 19, 2015): 103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.516.

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We examine three-dimensional (3D) effects on the flapping dynamics of a flag, modelled as a thin membrane, in uniform fluid inflow. We consider periodic spanwise variations of length $S$ (ignoring edge effects), so that the 3D effects are characterized by the dimensionless spanwise wavelength ${\it\gamma}=S/L$, where $L$ is the chord length. We perform linear stability analysis (LSA) to show increase in stability with ${\it\gamma}$, with the purely 2D mode being the most unstable. To confirm the LSA and to study nonlinear responses of 3D flapping, we obtain direct numerical simulations, up to Reynolds number 1000 based on $L$, coupling solvers for the Navier–Stokes equations and that for a thin membrane structure undergoing arbitrarily large displacement. For nonlinear flapping evolution, we identify and characterize the effect of ${\it\gamma}$ on the distinct flag motions and wake vortex structures, corresponding to spanwise standing wave (SW) and travelling wave (TW) modes, in the absence and presence of cross-flow respectively. For both SW and TW, the response is characterized by an initial instability growth phase (I), followed by a nonlinear development phase (II) consisting of multiple unstable 3D modes, and tending, in long time, towards a quasi-steady limit-cycle response (III) dominated by a single (most unstable) mode. Phase I follows closely the predictions of LSA for initial instability and growth rates, with the latter increased for TW due to suppression of restoring forces by the cross-flow. Phase II is characterized by multiple competing flapping modes with energy cascading towards the more unstable mode(s). The wake is characterized by interwoven (SW) and oblique continuous (TW) shed vortices. For phase III, the persistent single dominant mode for SW is the (most unstable) 2D flag displacement with a continuous parallel wake structure; and for TW, the fundamental oblique travelling-wave flag displacement corresponding to the given ${\it\gamma}$ with continuous oblique shedding. The transition to phase III occurs slower for greater ${\it\gamma}$. For the total forces, drag decreases for both SW and TW with decreasing ${\it\gamma}$, while lift is negligible in phase I and II and comparable in magnitude to drag in phase III for any ${\it\gamma}$.
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22

Jiang, Hongyi, Liang Cheng, and Hongwei An. "Three-dimensional wake transition of a square cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 842 (March 6, 2018): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.104.

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Three-dimensional (3-D) wake transition for flow past a square cylinder aligned with sides perpendicular and parallel to the approaching flow is investigated using direct numerical simulation. The secondary wake instability, namely a Mode A instability, occurs at a Reynolds number ($Re$) of 165.7. A gradual wake transition from Mode A* (i.e. Mode A with vortex dislocations) to Mode B is observed over a range of $Re$ from 185 to 210, within which the probability of occurrence of vortex dislocations decreases monotonically with increasing $Re$. The characteristics of the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship are analysed. At the onset of Mode A*, a sudden drop of the 3-D Strouhal number from its two-dimensional counterpart is observed, which is due to the subcritical nature of the Mode A* instability. A continuous 3-D Strouhal–Reynolds number curve is observed over the mode swapping regime, since Mode A* and Mode B have extremely close vortex shedding frequencies and therefore only a single merged peak is observed in the frequency spectrum. The existence of hysteresis for the Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities is examined. The unconfined Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities are hysteretic and non-hysteretic, respectively. However, a spanwise confined Mode A could be non-hysteretic. It is proposed that the existence of hysteresis at a wake instability can be identified by examining the sudden/gradual variation of the 3-D flow properties at the onset of the wake instability, with sudden and gradual variations corresponding to hysteretic (subcritical) and non-hysteretic (supercritical) flows, respectively.
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23

Leysinger Vieli, G. J. M. C., R. C. A. Hindmarsh, and M. J. Siegert. "Three-dimensional flow influences on radar layer stratigraphy." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871729.

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AbstractVariations in the depth of radar-detectable englacial layers (isochrones) are commonly used to assess past variability in accumulation rates, but little is known about the effect of internal and basal flow variations on isochrone deflections (e.g. bumps, troughs). In this paper, we show how the isochrones are affected by such variation using a three-dimensional flow model to investigate changes in the flow mode and in increased basal melting. We also investigate how transverse flows with lateral velocity gradients affect the development of isochrones. We use the model to visualize how such variations will be seen in radar lines which cross the flow direction. We show that in the presence of lateral gradients in the flow field we can produce bumps and troughs when viewed along transects perpendicular to the flow. The model results show that the influences of flow convergence, melting and changes in flow mode, when coupled together, affect isochrones over the whole depth of the ice sheet. Finally, changes in the near-surface layers cannot be solely attributed to spatial variation in the accumulation rate; there can also be a strong signal from changes in the flow mode.
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24

Barros, Rui Carneiro, and Ricardo Almeida. "PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC THREE‐DIMENSIONAL BUILDING FRAMES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2005.9636327.

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The effect of higher modes of vibration on the total non‐linear dynamic response of a structure is a very important and unsolved problem. To simplify the process the static non‐linear pushover analysis was proposed associated with the capacity spectrum method, utilising a load pattern proportional to the shape of the fundamental mode of vibration of the structure. The results of the pushover analysis, with this load pattern, are very accurate for structures that respond primarily in the fundamental mode. But when the higher modes of vibration become important for the total response of the structure, this load pattern loses its accuracy. To minimise this problem a new multimode load pattern is proposed based on the relative participation of each mode of vibration in the elastic response of a structure subjected to an earthquake ground motion. This load pattern is applied to the analyses of symmetric frames as well as to stiffness asymmetric and mass asymmetric irregular building frames, under seismic actions of distinct orientations, permitting to draw significant conclusions.
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25

DeCourcy, Brendan J., and Timothy F. Duda. "A coupled mode model for omnidirectional three-dimensional underwater sound propagation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, no. 1 (July 2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0001517.

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26

Tuan, Le Anh, Soon-Geul Lee, Luong Cong Nho, and Dong Han Kim. "Model reference adaptive sliding mode control for three dimensional overhead cranes." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 14, no. 8 (August 2013): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-013-0180-1.

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27

Chang, Ting-Yueh, Falin Chen, and Min-Hsing Chang. "Three-dimensional stability analysis for a salt-finger convecting layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 841 (February 26, 2018): 636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.103.

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A three-dimensional linear stability analysis is carried out for a convecting layer in which both the temperature and solute distributions are linear in the horizontal direction. The three-dimensional results show that, for $Le=3$ and 100, the most unstable mode occurs invariably as the longitudinal mode, a vortex roll with its axis perpendicular to the longitudinal plane, suggesting that the two-dimensional results are sufficient to illustrate the stability characteristics of the convecting layer. Two-dimensional results show that the stability boundaries of the transverse mode (a vortex roll with its axis perpendicular to the transverse plane) and the longitudinal modes are virtually overlapped in the regime dominated by thermal diffusion and the regime dominated by solute diffusion, while these two modes hold a significant difference in the regime the salt-finger instability prevails. More precisely, the instability area in terms of thermal Grashof number $Gr$ and solute Grashof number $Gs$ is larger for the longitudinal mode than the transverse mode, implying that, under any circumstance, the longitudinal mode is always more unstable than the transverse mode.
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28

Gerolymos, G. A. "Coupled Three-Dimensional Aeroelastic Stability Analysis of Bladed Disks." Journal of Turbomachinery 115, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929317.

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In the present work an algorithm for the coupled aeromechanical computation of three-dimensional compressor cascades vibrating in a traveling-wave mode is presented and applied to the determination of aeroelastic stability of a transonic fan rotor. The initial vibratory modes are computed using a finite-element structural analysis code. The unsteady flow field response to blade vibration is estimated by numerical integration of the three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations. Coupling relations are formulated in the frequency domain, using a mode-modification technique, based on modal projection. The vibratory mode is updated at the end of the aerodynamic simulation of each period, and the updated mode is used for the simulation of the next period. A number of results illustrate the method’s potential.
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29

Spiridonov, V., Z. Dimitrovski, and M. Curic. "A Three-Dimensional Simulation of Supercell Convective Storm." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/234731.

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A supercell convective storm is simulated by using a cloud-resolving model. Numerical experiments have been performed in 3D by using the same domain size, with a different spatial and temporal resolution of the model. High-resolution cloud model has been shown to represent convective processing quite well. Running the model in a high-resolution mode gives a more realistic view of the life cycle of convective storm, internal structure, and storm behavior. The storm structure and evolutionary properties are evaluated by comparing the modeled radar reflectivity to the observed radar reflectivity. The comparative analysis between physical parameters shows good agreement among both model runs and compares well with observations, especially using a fine spatial resolution. The lack of measurements of these species in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model results with observations. A three-dimensional simulation using higher grid resolution mode exhibits interesting features which include a double vortex circulation, cell splitting, and secondary cell formation.
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30

Hu, Z. J., S. G. Zhang, Xiu Hua Zheng, Yong Da Yan, T. Sun, Qing Liang Zhao, and Shen Dong. "Three-Dimensional Micromachining Based on AFM." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.800.

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With the development of science and technology, Atomic Force Microscope is widely applied to the field of machining process in nanometer scale. Due to the limitation of the inventive purpose of AFM, only height mode and deflection mode can be applied in AFM-tip micromachining. It can’t control the machining depth during the micromachining process at present. In this paper, a new micromachining system is set up, which composed of a high precision three-dimensional stage, an AFM, a diamond probe and a special control device. By utilizing variation parameters PID algorithm and controlling the machining depth directly, the micromachining system can resolve the problem mentioned above.
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31

Yang, Rong Jun, and Yun Guo Shi. "Three-Dimensional Trajectory Control via Nonlinear Adaptive Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1285.

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A representation of robust nonlinear controller is proposed for ammunitions space trajectory control, which is combined adaptive dynamic inverse with sliding mode control. The control law design accomplishes 3-D trajectory tracking using attitude angle as control input, and includes the parameter update to correct force model errors, also sliding mode switch portion to resist winds. A transition reference trajectory which is easy to implement for tracking is designed, according to the actual location and speed of start control point. Simulation results show the proposed control strategy get accurate tracking performance of excellent dynamic characteristics in large uncertainties.
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32

Kim, Young Jong, Hyun-Gyu Kim, and Seyoung Im. "Mode decomposition of three-dimensional mixed-mode cracks via two-state integrals." International Journal of Solids and Structures 38, no. 36-37 (September 2001): 6405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(00)00408-x.

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33

Tang, Jian, and Lang Wu. "Research on Three-Dimensional Teaching Mode in Civil Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2432.

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Designing principles of concrete structure" is a basis course of Civil Engineering major in higher education institutions. The Three-dimensional teaching mode of "Trinity" on the basis of the combination of classroom teaching, learning on initiative through internet and practice has been discussed in the course. It tries to combine these three aspects organically in order to raise students' learning ability on their initiative and improve their accomplishment of major knowledge and ability of practicing, laying a good foundation for the cultivation of prominent talents.
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34

Deenadayal, Mamata, and Aarti Tolani. "Diagnosing hydrosalpinx by three-dimensional ultrasonography in inversion mode." Journal of Case Reports and Images in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/z08-2017-31-cs-11.

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Byun, Joon-Hyung, John W. Gillespie, and Tsu-Wei Chou. "Mode I Delamination of a Three-Dimensional Fabric Composite." Journal of Composite Materials 24, no. 5 (May 1990): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839002400503.

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36

Weiland, T. "Three dimensional resonator mode computation by finite difference method." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 21, no. 6 (November 1985): 2340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1985.1064178.

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Yan, R., R. Betti, J. Sanz, H. Aluie, B. Liu, and A. Frank. "Three-dimensional single-mode nonlinear ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 2 (February 2016): 022701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4940917.

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Zernov, Nikolay N. "Higher-order mode theory of three-dimensional irregular waveguides." Radio Science 28, no. 3 (May 1993): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92rs01925.

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Almutairi, Naif B., and Mohamed Zribi. "Sliding Mode Control of a Three-dimensional Overhead Crane." Journal of Vibration and Control 15, no. 11 (July 6, 2009): 1679–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546309105095.

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40

An, Shinmo, Hyun-Shik Lee, Yong-Beom Jeong, Young Chul Jun, Seung Gol Lee, Se-Guen Park, El-Hang Lee, and O. Beom-Hoan. "Nanofocusing of light using three-dimensional plasmonic mode conversion." Optics Express 21, no. 23 (November 6, 2013): 27816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.027816.

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41

Oshiro, Osamu, Ayumu Matani, Kunihiro Chihara, Taisei Mikami, and Akira Kitabatake. "Three Dimensional Echocardiography with a Reconstructed B-Mode Image." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1997): 3221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.3221.

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42

Bercovici, D., G. Schubert, and G. A. Glatzmaier. "Influence of heating mode on three-dimensional mantle convection." Geophysical Research Letters 16, no. 7 (July 1989): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl016i007p00617.

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Ruiz, Gonzalo, Anna Pandolfi, and Michael Ortiz. "Three‐dimensional cohesive modeling of dynamic mixed‐mode fracture." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 52, no. 12 (September 10, 2001): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.273.

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Renner, Michael, and Georg von Freymann. "Transverse Mode Localization in Three-Dimensional Deterministic Aperiodic Structures." Advanced Optical Materials 2, no. 3 (January 2, 2014): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201300494.

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Chiu, Ching‐Sang, and Laura L. Ehret. "Three‐dimensional acoustic mode propagation in the Gulf Stream." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026562.

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Mertens, G., R. B. Wehrspohn, H. S. Kitzerow, S. Matthias, C. Jamois, and U. Gösele. "Tunable defect mode in a three-dimensional photonic crystal." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 24 (December 12, 2005): 241108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2139846.

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47

Marinak, M. M., B. A. Remington, S. V. Weber, R. E. Tipton, S. W. Haan, K. S. Budil, O. L. Landen, J. D. Kilkenny, and R. Wallace. "Three-Dimensional Single Mode Rayleigh-Taylor Experiments on Nova." Physical Review Letters 75, no. 20 (November 13, 1995): 3677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.75.3677.

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Becken, M., O. Ritter, and H. Burkhardt. "Mode separation of magnetotelluric responses in three-dimensional environments." Geophysical Journal International 172, no. 1 (January 2008): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03612.x.

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Yang, Y., M. Loeblein, S. H. Tsang, K. K. Chow, and E. H. T. Teo. "Three-dimensional graphene based passively mode-locked fiber laser." Optics Express 22, no. 25 (December 12, 2014): 31458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.031458.

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50

Powell, Alexander W., Rhiannon C. Mitchell-Thomas, Shiyu Zhang, Darren A. Cadman, Alastair P. Hibbins, and J. Roy Sambles. "Dark Mode Excitation in Three-Dimensional Interlaced Metallic Meshes." ACS Photonics 8, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01811.

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