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Academic literature on the topic 'Threats and promises'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Egan, Suzanne M., and Ruth M. J. Byrne. "Inferences From Counterfactual Threats and Promises." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 4 (May 1, 2012): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000147.

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We examine how people understand and reason from counterfactual threats, for example, “if you had hit your sister, I would have grounded you” and counterfactual promises, for example, “if you had tidied your room, I would have given you ice-cream.” The first experiment shows that people consider counterfactual threats, but not counterfactual promises, to have the illocutionary force of an inducement. They also make the immediate inference that the action mentioned in the “if” part of the counterfactual threat and promise did not occur. The second experiment shows that people make more negative inferences (modus tollens and denial of the antecedent) than affirmative inferences (modus ponens and affirmation of the consequent) from counterfactual threats and promises, unlike indicative threats and promises. We discuss the implications of the results for theories of the mental representations and cognitive processes that underlie conditional inducements.
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Macdonald, Ken. "Threats and Promises." Index on Censorship 37, no. 3 (August 2008): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220802306812.

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Wood, Jeffrey S., Matthew Haigh, and Andrew J. Stewart. "“This Isn’t a Promise, It’s a Threat”." Experimental Psychology 63, no. 2 (March 2016): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000315.

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Abstract. Participants had their eye movements recorded as they read vignettes containing implied promises and threats. We observed a reading time penalty when participants read the word “threat” when it anaphorically referred to an implied promise. There was no such penalty when the word “promise” was used to refer to an implied threat. On a later measure of processing we again found a reading time penalty when the word “threat” was used to refer to a promise, but also when the word “promise” was used to refer to a threat. These results suggest that anaphoric processing of such expressions is driven initially by sensitivity to the semantic scope differences of “threats” versus “promises.” A threat can be understood as a type of promise, but a promise cannot be understood as a type of threat. However, this effect was short lived; readers were ultimately sensitive to mismatched meaning, regardless of speech act performed.
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McNamara, John M., and Alasdair I. Houston. "Credible threats and promises." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (November 29, 2002): 1607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1069.

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We consider various implications of information about the other player in two–player evolutionary games. A simple model of desertion shows that information about the partner's behaviour can be disadvantageous, and highlights the idea of credible threats. We then discuss the general issue of whether the partner can convince the focal player that it will behave in a specific way, i.e. whether the focal player can make credible threats or promises. We show that when desertion decisions depend on reserves, a player can manipulate its reserves so as to create a credible threat of desertion. We then extend previous work on the evolution of trust and commitment, discussing conditions under which it is advantageous to assume that a partner will behave in a certain way even though it is not in its best interest.
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Ellingsen, Tore, and Magnus Johannesson. "Promises, Threats and Fairness." Economic Journal 114, no. 495 (April 1, 2004): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00214.x.

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Eylon, Yuval. "Just Threats." Journal of Moral Philosophy 6, no. 1 (2009): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552409x365946.

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AbstractThe paper argues that Rawls's account of the obligation to keep promises entails that inasmuch as we are obliged to keep promises, we are also obliged to carry out threats. On the basis of the principle of fairness, Rawls claimed that a social practice creates a moral obligation if it is just, and one has benefited from it or entered it voluntarily. A practice of threats meets Rawls's first principle of justice. We may reasonably assume that immoral threats, just like immoral promises, are not socially obliging. Threats meet Rawls's second principle of justice mainly because weaker parties benefit from drawing red lines, backed by credible threats. Finally, threats create social benefits: they contribute to social cooperation and collaboration. The argument entails that we must either accept the counterintuitive claim that threats are morally binding, or reject Rawls's account of the obligation to keep promises.
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Beller, Sieghard, Andrea Bender, and Gregory Kuhnmünch. "Understanding conditional promises and threats." Thinking & Reasoning 11, no. 3 (August 2005): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546780442000141.

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Heath, Joseph. "Threats, Promises and Communicative Action." European Journal of Philosophy 3, no. 3 (December 1995): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.1995.tb00052.x.

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Chung, Bobby W., and Daniel H. Wood. "Threats and promises in bargaining." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 165 (September 2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.002.

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Fauziah, Mira. "Janji dan Ancaman Sebagai Metode Dakwah Alquran." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu'ashirah 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jim.v15i1.5454.

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Al-Quran is a reference book of Islamic propagation. The Qur'an has its own way of conveying propaganda to man. There are several methods of da'wah submitted by the Qur'an, among them with methods of promise and threats. The terms promises and threats have been discussed by experts among the Mu'tazila with the concept of wa'ad and wa'id. In the book of al-Milal wa al-Nihal by AsySyahrastani mentions what is meant by wa'ad and wa'id according to ahlussunnah including the original Kalam Allah. Allah promises rewards for those who carry out His commands and threaten with torment for everyone who transgresses. Everyone who carries out his command is entitled to reward according to the promise of goodness and every wretched person has the right to be tortured for doing a prohibited act. It has nothing to do with reason. Meanwhile the Mu'tazila argue that wa'ad and wa'id are not = Allah's kalam at the time of the Azaan but the command and the prohibition, the promise of reward and the threat of punishment based on the new kalam. Whoever survives because he executes the command and gets the reward. Whoever loses because he violates the threat. As a result he got the punishment and all that was obtained through reason. Many examples of verses about promises and threats are spreading in the Qur'an. The expression of promises and threats in the Qur'an has distinctive features and editorials. Each of the verse's editors has the following characteristics: the verse editorial of the promise is usually characterized by: First, expressed by the sentence of condition, with the custom of the word man and the answer with the word fa. Secondly, the editorial of the appointment is also expressed with the sentence ististna (exceptions). Thirdly, the wording of the promise is expressed in the word wabasysyiri. Meanwhile, the verse about the threat usually has the following characteristics: First, expressed in the word wail. There are 27 times the word wail in the Qur'an. Second, expressed by the terms of condition. Third, expressed by the phrase wabasysyiri (convey the good news). Da'wah method through promise gives a very big influence to people who believe in Allah SWT. that is, first, the method of promise can motivate the believers to worship sincerely and multiply doing good. Second, people of faith and righteous deeds are more patient in facing the tough trials of life in the world. Third, it can show to the believer that how great grace is given by Allah SWT. to mankind. Fourth, giving awareness to the believer that if he has faith and works righteous the reward is not only obtained in the hereafter, but there is a reward given directly by Allah SWT. in a world of quiet, peaceful and well-off lives. The verse of the threat is also very influential to the person who believes in Allah SWT. Among these, first, people who believe in Allah SWT. and faith in the Day of Resurrection will be afraid of death and life after death. Therefore, he will be motivated to worship sincerely and multiply righteous deeds. Second, people who believe in Allah SWT. convinced that the threat of Allah SWT. against the person who rcommits the munk must be valid. Because the threat is something that is shown directly by Allah SWT. in this world.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Литвиненко, Галина Іванівна, Галина Ивановна Литвиненко, Halyna Ivanivna Lytvynenko, and O. Snytnikova. "Artificial intelligence: threats and promises." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16063.

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There are any number of vaguely plausible reasons why Friendly AI might be humanly impossible, and it is still more likely that the problem is. But one should not so quickly write of the challenge, especially considering the stakes. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16063
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Семіконь, Ярослава Володимирівна. "Стратегічні ходи: зобов’язання, загрози, обіцяння." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43875.

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Дипломна робота: 100 ст., 15 табл., 17 рис., 2 дод. та 19 джерел. Тема: Стратегічні ходи: зобов’язання, загрози, обіцянки В роботі розглянуто проблему досягнення кращого виграшу в іграх та життєвих ситуаціях з використанням різних типів стратегічних ходів. Об’єкт дослідження: Життєві та повсякденні ситуації у відносинах людей, фактори проблеми прийняття рішень особистостей. Предмет дослідження: Стратегічні ходи в іграх та ситуаціях, що збільшують виграші в кінцевих результатах. Мета дослідження: Дослідити існуючі методи стратегічних ходів. Порівняти теоретичне знаходження найкращої стратегії та стратегії реальних людей. В роботі наведено результати знаходження оптимальної стратегії для обох гравців та використані реальні дані для їх порівняння з теоретичними даними. Для аналізу використані реальні дані, отримані з особистого джерела опитування друзів та знайомих.
Bachelor thesis: 100 p., 15 tabl., 17 fig., 2 appendices, 19 sources. The theme: Strategic moves: commitments, threats, promises The paper considers the problem of achieving the best winnings in games and real situations using different types of strategic moves. Object of research: Life and everyday situations in human relations, factors of the problem of decision-making of individuals. Subject of research: Strategic moves in games and situations that increase winnings in the end results. The purpose of research is to investigate existing methods of strategic moves. Compare the theoretical finding of the best strategy and the strategy of real people. The paper presents the results of finding the optimal strategy for both players and it is used real data to compare them with theoretical data. Real data obtained from a personal source of a survey of friends and acquaintances were used for the analysis.
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Axel, Brian Keith. "Promise and threat : a historical anthropology of the Sikh diaspora /." 1998. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9910916.

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Chingondole, Samuel Mpeleka. "A promise or a threat? : a theological critique of genetic engineering and biotechnology with particular reference to food security and sovereignty in Africa." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3745.

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Today, Africa has more countries with food security problems than any other region on the globe. Two-thirds of all countries suffering food insecurity are in Africa. Present trends would mean that the number of chronically undernourished people in the Southern region of Africa would rise from 180 to 300 million by the year 2010. In this research, I note that in the face of this food or hunger crisis, particularly in Africa, some have argued that genetic engineering biotechnology promises to combat food insecurity. Opponents of the technology argue that, to the contrary, genetic engineering biotechnology undermines food security, food sovereignty and livelihoods on the continent. The technology is designed to block access to food and kill agricultural biodiversity, vest excessive, monopolistic and exclusive power in the hands of a few biotechnologists and giant multinational corporations, and ultimately, create hunger and poverty in Africa and other developing countries by undermining organic and conventional means of farming. The thesis offers a critical theological assessment of the structural, ecological and socioeconomic effects of genetic engineering and biotechnology on agriculture, food production, food security and sovereignty in Africa against some core theological principles. The study, therefore, brings a careful critique to the growing area of science in its relationship to the current issues of food security and sovereignty. The theological framework provides a moral framework for analysis that can be applied in the debate about genetic engineering and biotechnology. In this thesis, I will consistently demonstrate that opponents of the GE technology think that proponents of r-DNA technology are mostly driven by the intent to generate and maximize profits rather than a concern for the common well being, and the intent to control all the stages of agricultural production. The corporate control over essential agricultural resources such as seeds and food entails that multinational companies have control over fundamental human rights of access to healthy, safe and adequate food, nutrition, and ultimately to social and economic development itself. This, then, becomes an issue of justice and hence the concern of the churches and theologians. In this light, then, the study argues that issues of food security and sovereignty cannot be meaningfully and credibly pursued without taking adequate recognition of moral, ethical and theological insights. Such framework would guide scientific and GE technological activities.
Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Books on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Threats and Promises: Reissue of Harlequin Intrigue - 34. Sutton, Surrey, England: Severn House, 2012.

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Eaton, Jonathan. Threats and promises. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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National Institute of Justice (U.S.), ed. "Technocorrections", the promises, the uncertain threats. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2000.

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W, Davis James. Threats and promises: The pursuit of international influence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Beyond Silk Road: Potential risks, threats, and promises of virtual currencies : hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, November 18, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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Responding to immigration: Perceptions of promise and threat. New York: LFB Scholarly, 2001.

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Canada, Science Council of. Emerging sensor technology: The promise and the threat. Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, 1987.

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Katz, Sylvan. Emerging sensor technology: The promise and the threat. Ottawa, Ont: Science Council of Canada, 1987.

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George, Reynolds. Promise or threat?: A study of "Greater Yellowstone ecosystem" management. Riverton, Wyo. (1210 Mary Anne Dr., Riverton 82501): WeCare, 1987.

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name, No. Promise and peril: The paradox of religion as resource and threat. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Leat, Diana. "Foundations and Democracy: Threat or Promise?" In Philanthropic Foundations, Public Good and Public Policy, 121–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48289-1_10.

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Phillipson, Robert. "English in Europe: Threat or Promise?" In Language, Power and Identity Politics, 65–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592841_4.

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Johnson, Leslie T. "Competition in Retail Banking: Threat or Promise?" In Financial Institutions in Europe under New Competitive Conditions, 191–202. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1986-0_15.

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Jensen-Pennington, Henning. "Envisioning Higher Education for the Future." In The Promise of Higher Education, 393–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_58.

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AbstractIn a constantly changing global society, higher education faces threats, challenges and opportunities that are not static, but are constantly evolving and transforming. Higher education institutions are prone to appreciate universal values, traditions and stability, which is specific and extremely relevant assets that help explain the profound roots they have put down across many cultures and highlight their enduring contribution to societal development in almost all dimensions, from material production and scientific innovation to artistic creativity and critical thinking about the surrounding world.
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Colic-Peisker, Val, and Adrian Flitney. "The Promise and Threat of the Internet Age." In The Age of Post-Rationality, 183–211. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6259-9_7.

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Hosein, Gus. "International Co-Operation as A Promise and A Threat." In Information Technology and Law Series, 23–46. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-467-7_3.

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Dandapani, Krishnan, Mohammad Hashemi Joo, and Yuka Nishikawa. "Is FinTech a threat or a promise to banks?" In The Routledge Handbook of FinTech, 216–31. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429292903-16.

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Forde, James. "The Promise and the Threat of Boyer and Haitian Republicanism." In The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy, 155–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52608-5_6.

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Knobel, Marcelo. "Towards the Other Side of Complexity: Values and Decisions in a Time of Uncertainty." In The Promise of Higher Education, 211–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_32.

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AbstractHumanity is experiencing a moment of great uncertainty. This is not the first time a pandemic threatens the lives of millions of people. However, the speed with which governments and scientists are reacting to events is unprecedented. In an incredibly short time after the discovery of the virus, public health measures were implemented, and the development of defences in the form of public policies, medical therapies, and vaccines began. At this precarious moment, when the proliferation of information (and misinformation) from a variety of sources contribute to the spread of panic, universities and the scientific community emerge as the best and most reliable sources of information. It is only highly qualified specialists who can truly address the pandemic and its terrible economic, political, and public health consequences.
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Marginson, Simon, and Lili Yang. "Higher Education and Public Good in East and West." In The Promise of Higher Education, 161–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_25.

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AbstractThe 70th year of the IAU has been marked not only by the Covid-19 pandemic but by the geopolitical tension between the United States and China. After almost four decades of cooperation, which began in shared opposition to Soviet Russia and a shared interest in China’s modernisation, the leaders of each country have become strident critics of the other. The escalating war of words has led to disruptions in trade, communications and visas and now threatens the vast and fruitful cooperation between universities and researchers. Much is at stake. Many US universities are in China, such as Stanford with its state-of-the-art centre at Peking University and NYU with a branch campus in Shanghai. Chinese universities benefit from visits in both directions, from bench-marking using American partner templates and from the return of US-trained doctoral graduates. US-China links in science are focused on crucial areas like biomedicine and epidemiology, planetary science and ecology, engineering, materials, energy, cybernetics.
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Conference papers on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Donaghy, Kevin. "Recognizing advice, warnings, promises and threats." In the 13th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991146.991211.

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Mu'azu, Abubakar Aminu, and Ibrahim A. Lawal. "E-learning system vulnerabilities: Threats and promises for students' information system." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on E-Learning, E-Management and E-Services (IS3e). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/is3e.2012.6414958.

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Zevakhina, Natalia. "Quantity inferences in conditionals: a pilot experimental study." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0058/000473.

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Relying upon Fillenbaum (1975), the paper reports on a more systematic experimental study of the role of the following factors (and levels) in the derivation of Conditional Perfection: negation (no negation, negation in an antecedent, negation in a consequent, negation both in an antecedent and a consequent), order of two clauses of a conditional sentence (if p, q; q, if p), and face vs. non-face speech acts (promises, threats vs. causals, temporals and contingent universals).
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CAPRIOTTI, MARGHERITA, ANDREW ELLISON, HYUNGSUK E. KIM, FRANCESCO LANZA DI SCALEA, and HYONNY KIM. "IMPACT DAMAGE DETECTION IN COMPOSITE AEROSPACE STRUCTURES BY MULTI-RESOLUTION NDE INSPECTIONS." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35784.

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Assessing the health of aerospace structures and understanding the underlying mechanics that govern composite strength constitute a main focus of research in the area of aerospace design and airworthiness certification. Impact damage is one of the major threats to composite aerospace structures for its frequency of occurrence, complexity and minimum external visibility. While non-destructive evaluation (NDE) provides a variety of solutions to inspect the subsurface and internal components of structures non-invasively, a gap exists between the mechanics of damage formation, growth and tolerance, and the inspectability of the structure. This study is focused on the quantitative correlation between impact damage mechanics and ultrasonic NDE inspections, where damage severity, mode interaction and progression are identified in real-scale composite panels of complex geometry, representative of commercial aircraft, impacted to reproduce different damage types at the skin-to-stringer interface and the stringer cap. High resolution X-ray CT scanning and conventional ultrasonic scanning (UT) have been used to map the damage state and identify relevant impact damage features. Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) scanning was then employed as a rapid in-situ inspection technique to not only detect damage but also provide quantitative information about damage severity and mode. The correlation of multi-resolution multi-dimensional NDE data promises new insights on damage studies and solutions to damage detection and prognosis through viable NDE inspections.
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Pärn, Erika. "Cybersecurity of Digital Twins in the Built Environment." In Construction Blockchain Conference 2021. Design Computation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.wbnf3640.

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Smart cities and digital twins promise to provide fully integrated and networked connectivity between virtual/digital assets and physical build¬ing/infrastructure assets to form digital economies. However, industrial espionage, cyber-crime and deplorable politically driven cyber-interventions threaten to disrupt and/or physically damage the critical infrastructure that supports national wealth generation and preserves the health, safety and welfare of the populous. The purpose of this presentation is to present a comprehensive review of cyber-threats confronting critical infrastructure asset management reliant upon a digital twins, common data environment (CDE) to augment building information modelling (BIM) implementation. BIM is expounded to provide newfound efficiency and productivity for the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector throughout the building life cycle. Presently the AECO sector is witnessing an unprecedented pace of digitalization of built assets much of which is reliant upon cloud-based systems to provide access to data-rich 3D representations of physical built assets.
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Jones, Joseph, Angela Ioniţă, and Ioan-Cosmin Mihai. "AI and IoT Mapping and the Transition to an Interconnected Cyber Defence and Intelligence Capabilities." In International Conference on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime. Romanian Association for Information Security Assurance, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19107/cybercon.2022.01.

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This paper brings together authors from a diverse range of technical areas to discuss the evolving cyber threat landscape and how military forces, have transformed their capabilities to meet present-day operational challenges in cyberspace. The Internet of Things (IoT) is based on the premise that enough data can lead to new perspectives on processes and systems. With over 7 billion IoT devices connected today, experts expect that number to increase to 22 billion by 2025. They can be used to support decisions and new products and services, or they can lead to internal savings and new external revenue streams. Despite countless discussions and opinions on the definition of AI in its various facets, successful IoT implementation projects require major actors to play their part, but in conjunction with human experts to work with to make better decisions in cyberspace, improving the quality of human-machine team’s actions in asymmetric operations. The Defence domain already looking at ways to organize better human-machine teams, which promise to boost individual and team performance, reduce threats to humans, enable new operating concepts, and ultimately boost national power.
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Paisley, Adam. "The Promise and Threat of Boiling Springs: Identifying and Mitigating Risk to Sanford Dam." In Geo-Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484036.027.

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Harmon, Brooke. "Platform for Rapidly Identifying and Engineering Novel Tissue Targeted Antibody Therapeutics for Chemical and Biological Threats." In Proposed for presentation at the Planning for Research and Optimization of Medical Investigations and Scientific Engagement (PROMISE) Workshop held January 28, 2021. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1842251.

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Geater, Jon. "Digital Twins and Blockchain: How Trustworthy Data Exchange Can Drive Better Business in Construction and Beyond." In Construction Blockchain Conference 2021. Design Computation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.ovri6760.

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Advanced digital technology including Digital Twins and Blockchain promise significant improvements in efficiency and innovation in the physical world of construction by streamlining processes through automation, and improving operations through detailed data insights. However, this opportunity comes with a risk: importing data and software from external parties creates a complex and fast-moving supply chain that requires constant verification, else bad data can poison automata and compromise business operations. This work presents Dynamic Resilience: a paradigm for trustworthy contextual decision-making based on zero trust principles that aim to keep operations safe and secure even with changing conditions and emerging threats.
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Zajic, Alenka, Milos Prvulovic, Haider Adnan Khan, and Monjur Alam. "Detailed tracking of program control flow using analog side-channel signals: a promise for IoT malware detection and a threat for many cryptographic implementations." In Cyber Sensing 2018, edited by Peter Chin and Igor V. Ternovskiy. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2304382.

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Reports on the topic "Threats and promises"

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Eaton, Jonathan, and Maxim Engers. Threats and Promises. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4849.

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Sedova, Katerina, Christine McNeill, Aurora Johnson, Aditi Joshi, and Ido Wulkan. AI and the Future of Disinformation Campaigns: Part 2: A Threat Model. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2021ca011.

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Artificial intelligence offers enormous promise to advance progress and powerful capabilities to disrupt it. This policy brief is the second installment of a series that examines how advances in AI could be exploited to enhance operations that automate disinformation campaigns. Building on the RICHDATA framework, this report describes how AI can supercharge current techniques to increase the speed, scale, and personalization of disinformation campaigns.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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