Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Threat responses'
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Woods, Richard David. "Collective responses to acoustic threat information in jackdaws." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/25978.
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Navigating the physical world may present only a small fraction of the challenges faced by social animals. Sociality brings with it numerous benefits, including access to important information that may have otherwise been harder to come by. However, almost every aspect of these apparent benefits may also entail additional cognitive challenges, including how to interpret signals from conspecifics, who to attend to, and how to incorporate knowledge about signallers when deciding how to respond. One approach to understanding the cognitive abilities associated with social function is to investigate social species that take part in potentially costly group behaviours, where individual decisions must be made in a social context. In this thesis I explore how jackdaws (Corvus monedula), a highly sociable corvid species, use acoustic information to coordinate collective anti-predator responses. In Chapter Two I showed using playback experiments that the magnitude of collective responses to anti-predator recruitment calls known as “scolding” calls depends on the identity of the caller, with larger responses to familiar colony members than unfamiliar individuals. In Chapter Three I then used habituation-dishabituation experiments to show that this vocal discrimination operates at the level of the individual, with jackdaws discriminating between the calls of different conspecifics, regardless of their level of familiarity. In Chapter Four, I examined whether aspects of call structure conveyed information about threat levels. Here, I found that high rates of scolding calls were associated with elevated threats, and playback experiments suggested that this information might result in larger group responses. The finding that jackdaws are capable of mediating their response to alarm calls based on the identity of the individual caller, and on structural variation in call production, raised the question of whether jackdaws employed similar forms discrimination between acoustic cues made by predators in their environment. I investigated this in Chapter Five, using playback experiments to show that jackdaws responded not only to the vocalisations of resident predators, but that this ability extended to novel predators, and that responsiveness was mediated by the phase of the breeding season in which predators were heard. Together, these findings provide insights in to how discrimination among acoustic cues can mediate group behaviour in species that respond collectively to threats.
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Thornton, Claire. "Pain responses in athletes : the role of contact sports." Thesis, University of Derby, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623023.
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Sammy, Nadine Soraya. "Helping athletes meet the challenge : determinants of challenge and threat responses." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33978.
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Acute stress has numerous potential consequences for individuals, from their behaviour to their performance on a task. Psychological models like the biopsychosocial model (BPSM) of challenge and threat, the theory of challenge and threat states in athletes (TCTSA) and the integrative framework of stress, attention, and visuomotor performance (IFSAVP) have attempted to explain the variability in individual responses to stress in motivated performance situations. The BPSM proposes that individuals engaged in a task make conscious and unconscious evaluations of the situational demands, such as the required effort, and their personal resources, such as their abilities. These demand-resource evaluations result in relatively different psychological outcomes namely, challenge and threat responses which represent two ends of a continuum. Both the BPSM and the TCTSA suggest that these psychological consequences have corresponding physiological responses allowing for objective measurements of challenge and threat responses. Performance differences have been observed between challenged and threatened individuals across a range of tasks, although motor tasks have been relatively under-examined within this context. Furthermore, as put forward in the IFSAVP, challenge responses are associated with better attentional control compared with threat responses though this has also been under-examined. As challenge responses are characterised by better physiological, performance and attentional outcomes, it is important to understand what determines challenge and threat responses. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to examine key determinants of challenge and threat responses and to replicate and extend findings regarding performance and attentional outcomes. Four experimental studies were conducted to test proposed determinants and the aforementioned outcomes. Arousal reappraisal and self-efficacy were found to be determinants of challenge and threat responses across both subjective (self-report) and objective (cardiovascular reactivity) measures. Self-control was shown not to influence challenge and threat responses via either measure while situational motivation regulations predicted only subjective but not objective measures of challenge and threat. Importantly, situational motivation regulations also predicted task engagement, a prerequisite of challenge and threat responses. Across all four studies, there were no performance effects and of the three studies which examined attention, there were no attention effects. Descriptive data trends however, indicated a more complex and nuanced relationship between challenge and threat responses and performance and attention. The findings of this thesis develop the BPSM, the TCTSA and the IFSAVP. They also have several other theoretical and practical implications.
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Myers, Paul Allen. "Future hope and the threat of nuclear war evangelical responses /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Breinlinger, Sara Louise. "Responses to intergroup threat : studies in social identity, gender and status." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286269.
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Chamberlain, Laura. "An empirical examination of emotional and cognitive responses to threat appeals." Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/26880/.
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Advertising and other forms of communications are often used by government bodies, non-government organisations, and other institutions to try to influence the population to either a) reduce some form of harmful behaviour (e.g. smoking, drunk- driving) or b) increase some more healthy behaviour (e.g. eating healthily). It is common for these messages to be predicated on the chances of some negative event occurring if the individual does not either a) stop the harmful behaviour, or b) start / increase the healthy behaviour. This design of communication is referred to by many names in the relevant literature, but for the purposes of this thesis, will be termed a ‘threat appeal’. Despite their widespread use in the public sphere, and concerted academic interest since the 1950s, the effectiveness of threat appeals in delivering their objective remains unclear in many ways. In a detailed, chronological and thematic examination of the literature, two assumptions are uncovered that have either been upheld despite little evidence to support them, or received limited attention at all, in the literature. Specifically, a) that threat appeal characteristics can be conflated with their intended responses, and b) that a threat appeal always and necessarily evokes a fear response in the subject. A detailed examination of these assumptions underpins this thesis. The intention is to take as a point of departure the equivocality of empirical results, and deliver a novel approach with the objective of reducing the confusion that is evident in existing work. More specifically, the present thesis frames cognitive and emotional responses to threat appeals as part of a decision about future behaviour. To further develop theory, a conceptual framework is presented that outlines the role of anticipated and anticipatory emotions, alongside subjective probabilities, elaboration and immediate visceral emotions, resultant from manipulation of the intrinsic message characteristics of a threat appeal (namely, message direction, message frame and graphic image). In doing so, the spectrum of relevant literature is surveyed, and used to develop a theoretical model which serves to integrate key strands of theory into a coherent model. In particular, the emotional and cognitive responses to the threat appeal manipulations are hypothesised to influence behaviour intentions and expectations pertaining to future behaviour. Using data from a randomised experiment with a sample of 681 participants, the conceptual model was tested using analysis of covariance. The results for the conceptual framework were encouraging overall, and also with regard to the individual hypotheses. In particular, empirical results showed clearly that emotional responses to the intrinsic message characteristics are not restricted to fear, and that different responses to threat appeals were clearly attributed to specific intrinsic message characteristics. In addition, the inclusion of anticipated emotions alongside cognitive appraisals in the framework generated interesting results. Specifically, immediate emotions did not influence key response variables related to future behaviour, in support of questioning the assumption of the prominent role of fear in the response process that is so prevalent in existing literature. The findings, theoretical and practical implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Popper, Claire Elizabeth. "Cognitive and psychophysiological responses to threat stimuli : the effect of perceived proximity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412214.
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Coan, James A., Lane Beckes, Marlen Z. Gonzalez, Erin L. Maresh, Casey L. Brown, and Karen Hasselmo. "Relationship status and perceived support in the social regulation of neural responses to threat." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626075.
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Strong social ties correspond with better health and well being, but the neural mechanisms linking social contact to health remain speculative. This study extends work on the social regulation of brain activity by supportive handholding in 110 participants (51 female) of diverse racial and socioeconomic origins. In addition to main effects of social regulation by handholding, we assessed the moderating effects of both perceived social support and relationship status (married, cohabiting, dating or platonic friends). Results suggest that, under threat of shock, handholding by familiar relational partners attenuates both subjective distress and activity in a network associated with salience, vigilance and regulatory self-control. Moreover, greater perceived social support corresponded with less brain activity in an extended network associated with similar processes, but only during partner handholding. In contrast, we did not observe any regulatory effects of handholding by strangers, and relationship status did not moderate the regulatory effects of partner handholding. These findings suggest that contact with a familiar relational partner is likely to attenuate subjective distress and a variety of neural responses associated with the presence of threat. This effect is likely enhanced by an individual's expectation of the availability of support from their wider social network.
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Winnie, John Arthur Jr. "Behavioral responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to the threat of wolf (Canus lupus) predation." Diss., Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/winnie/WinnieJ0506.pdf.
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Eshelman, Lee Renee. "Emotion regulation and PTSD: Modulating responses to threat-relevant stimuli among sexually victimized women." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami153130704215266.
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Haas, Ingrid Johnsen. "The Context-Dependent Nature of Uncertainty: Responses to Uncertainty are Moderated by the Presence or Absence of Threat." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1344358354.
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Sandberg, Linda. "Fear of violence and gendered power relations : Responses to threat in public space in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-48591.
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Several cases of single repeat offenders in urban space have raised public concern in Sweden during recent decades. Few studies have been conducted on consequences of the kind of ‘hostage situations’ that emerge when one individual offender causes fear and affects a larger group of people in a specific place. The concern of this thesis is to examine consequences of the Haga Man phenomenon: the case of a serial rapist operating between 1998 and 2006 in Umeå, a medium-sized Swedish city. This thesis explores some of the ways not only women but also men in Umeå responded to this specific situation, the threat from a single repeat offender, and how fear of crime and changing public crime discourses influenced gendered power relations. The thesis examines different aspects of fear and safety in public space, such as the views of those who are fearful; of those who are feared; perceptions of both women’s and men’s bodies; their emotions and experiences in relation to fear of violence in public spaces; and the significance of space and place for our understanding of fear. The empirical data of this thesis consist of in-depth interviews with a total of 47 women and men in Umeå. The thesis is based on four empirical studies. The first (Paper I) sought to identify similarities and differences across narratives in terms of the major components of young people’s talk about fear. In their stories women positioned themselves as fearful and in need of protection, while men in their stories positioned themselves as fearless protectors. Men and women reproduced ways of speaking considered appropriate to their gender, thus performing masculinity and femininity through their talk. Paper II, examines consequences of the Haga Man phenomenon on constructions of white masculinities. Three masculine positions; the dangerous stranger, the suspect and the protector were identified. These three constructions of masculinity were not clear-cut or ‘belonging’ to specific men – several of the interviewees articulated various forms of masculinities but stressed them in different ways depending on, for instance, age and/or ethnicity/race. Paper III, focuses on changing perceptions and representations of female and male bodies, and illustrates how a change took place; from a focus on how women should conduct themselves to be safe, towards men’s bodily behaviour in order to present themselves in non-threatening ways. In Paper IV, women’s fear of violence is discussed in relation to Swedish gender equality discourses and contextual constructions of femininity. The results show the difficulties of claiming the official position of a gender-equal femininity. Several female respondents expressed an ambivalent attitude about their own fear; they felt afraid, but also felt that as (equal) women they should be able to do what they wanted, whenever they wanted. Result from this thesis shows that this situation produced a shared approach to fear for women of different ages, classes and ethnicities in Umeå. The similarity in the women’s responses to the threat from the Haga Man is as an expression of a normative femininity. The male respondents did on the other hand express complex emotional positions as they talked about their own fears, women’s fear of unknown men and how they felt they were under suspicion and compared to the perpetrator. As this thesis provides an understanding of how men and women responded and reacted to the threat from the Haga man, it contributes to a better understanding of how fear of violence affects people in their everyday lives.
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Williams, P. G. "Mutant culture : the politics of ambivalence in Western cultural responses to the nuclear threat since 1945." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418817.
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Krause, Elischa [Verfasser], Alfons O. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hamm, Alfons O. [Gutachter] Hamm, and Paul [Gutachter] Pauli. "Threat from the inside: Characterization of defensive responses to interoceptive threats / Elischa Krause ; Gutachter: Alfons O. Hamm, Paul Pauli ; Betreuer: Alfons O. Hamm." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233428349/34.
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Nagel, Barbara Jean. "Risk Comparisons: The Role of Self-Threat vs. Self-Affirmation in Shaping Responses to Social Comparative Risk Information." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1384505067.
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Simpson, Eleanor Jane. "Dealing with social threat : examining behavioural responses to anxiety-provoking situations for young adults with mild intellectual disability." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5047/.
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Background: People with intellectual disabilities (ID) may respond differently to social stressors due to differences in social conditioning and acquisition of skills. The present study examined whether social worries are more salient for young people ID than their non disabled peers, and whether there are differences in their responses to socially stressful situations. Method: Forty-one participants aged 16 to 22 took part in this study; 20 typically developing young adults and 21 with mild ID were recruited through local further education colleges. The groups participated in an open-ended ‘worry’ interview where they described their worries and rated them in terms of salience. They were then asked how they would cope in a series of 6 ‘social threat’ scenarios, using pictorial vignette stimuli. Responses for worries and coping were content analysed and categorised. Results: It was found that there were some differences between the groups in terms of content of worries reported, with the ID group reporting more worries about maintaining friendships and being bullied, whereas the non-ID group worried more about future aspirations and gaining independence. In terms of coping styles, the control group endorsed more sophisticated responses involving management of social and emotional presentation, but overall coping between the groups was broadly similar. Finally, both groups reported a high rate of ‘emotion-focussed’ responding in response to situations involving risk of social rejection, and this appears to reflect that these situations may be particularly stressful for both groups. Discussion/Implications: This study contributes to the literature on transition and social coping for those with ID, and in particular adds weight to the idea that young adults with ID have a different profile of worries at this life stage, but this does not appear to impair social coping, and those with ID possess a variety of strategies to utilise in situations of social stress, although these strategies may be less sophisticated at times than non-disabled peers.
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Frampton, Jessica R. "Rethinking Jealousy Experience and Expression: An Examination of Specialness Meaning Framework Threat and Identification of Retroactive Jealousy Responses." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555506209028382.
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Salhi, Riadh. "An investigation into the influence that social and physical anti-smoking threat appeals have upon adolescent behavioural responses." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54340/.
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The application of social marketing is rising due to its ability to promote behavioural change. This has catalysed the implementation of threat appeals across the health domain. The prominence of including physical threats that aim to elicit a fearful response has prevailed throughout threat appeal research. This over reliance and limited research has provided an opportunity to explore how other content influence attitudes and intentions towards behaviour. To the best of my knowledge, no research has systematically compared the differences between adolescents’ responses to social and physical threat appeals, specifically with those aged 11-13 who are the most vulnerable to starting to smoke. With theory suggesting that preventing adolescent smoking initiation holds the greatest reward; a conceptual model has been developed to evaluate how coping response is elicited to threat appeals. The model provides an interesting theoretical approach to evaluate responses that aim to reduce adolescent smoking initiation. Identified as one of the greatest failures in public health, marketing has been recommended to conquer adolescent initiation. The thesis provides innovative results, comparing responses between smoking classifications that provides practical findings. Attitudinal and intentional responses towards smoking was shown to be significantly different between samples depending on threat witnessed, thus identifying the need to segment campaigns. The development of the coping response classification provides a tool to assess whether the observer accepts the threat or disregards it. Specifically the research addresses three areas: 1) To investigate the differences between adolescent non-smokers’ and smokers’ responses to threat appeals; 2) To compare how social threats and physical threats influence post exposure responses; and 3) To develop a coping response classification to evaluate and estimate attitudinal and intentional responses between samples for each threat appeal to better understand responses to social marketing campaigns.
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Jagusztyn, Nicole Ellis. "Internalized Racism as a Moderator for Stereotype Threat: Effects on Self-Handicapping, Performance, and Cardiovascular Responses in Black Individuals." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002019.
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Biral, Bilal Emre. "The British Threat To The Ottoman Presence In The Persian Gulf During The Era Of Abdulhamid Ii And The Responses Towards It." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611303/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes how the Ottomans attempted to survive under the intensified British threat in the Persian Gulf during the period of Abdülhamid II (1876-1909). British statesmen at that time and Western sources inspired by these political elites have argued that there was no British menace that aimed to undermine the Ottoman presence in the Persian Gulf but that the Ottomans could not rule and hold the region. This thesis argues the contrary, that there was a formidable British threatening policy toward the Ottoman presence in the Persian Gulf which aimed at keeping the Ottomans out of the region by various effective means, particularly by using local autonomous sheikhs who served as proté
gé
s in undermining the Ottoman administration in the Gulf region. Furthermore, this thesis argues that the Ottomans generated policy for the region that has formed in response to the British threat. In this regard, the Ottoman government generated several responses, which were also reforms for the local people and administration in the Gulf region, to avert the British threat
however the Ottomans faced the serious challenges of Britain and the autonomous sheikhs in the realization of these responses. In all, this study concludes that the Ottoman Empire did not control the region completely and effectively owing not to its incompetence, yet the British policy did not allow for the Ottoman presence in the region.
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Klynn, Nicholas M. "Supranationalism in the Fight Against Transnational Threats: A Comparative Study of ASEAN and EU Policy Responses to Human Trafficking." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/509.
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Transnational security threats are among the most pressing and complicated problems facing both governmental and non-governmental actors in today's world. Human trafficking is one example of contemporary transnational security threat that is relatively less studied compared to other transnational security threats. Because transnational security threats such as human trafficking exist above and outside the boundaries of state control, it may be supposed that a greater degree of supranationalism in the policy responses to them would yield better results in combatting these modern-day ills. Anti-trafficking efforts from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union are examined to assess the impact of degree of supranationalism present in the respective policy responses to determine if any advantage is gained from aligning supranational policies to transnational problems. This question is not answered conclusively due to a lack of supranationalism present in key areas of EU governance responsible for law enforcement efforts.
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Hamel, Michael Graham. "RESISTANCE TO MANDATED HEALTHCARE CHANGE: USING PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE TO PREDICT RESPONSES TO THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT INSURANCE COVERAGE REQUIREMENT." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1139.
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The Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed on March 23rd, 2010, contains widesweeping legislation aimed at reforming the current U.S. healthcare system. The ACA has been lauded by its proponents and deeply criticized by its opponents. The current paper included two experimental studies designed to test if the individual insurance mandate requirement is a specific source of the psychological and behavioral resistance displayed toward the ACA. In study 1 the individual insurance mandate requirement did not produce greater negative attitudes towards the ACA or the current Presidential administration and it did not predict attitudes towards the longevity of the ACA. Democrats were found to have significantly less negative attitudes towards the ACA and towards the longevity of the ACA and Democrats also reported a lower likelihood of the ACA being repealed in comparison to Independents, Republicans or Libertarians. In study 2, the non-significant individual insurance mandate findings from study 1, were replicated in study 2. However, Democrats again were found to have significantly less negative attitudes towards the ACA and towards the longevity of the ACA in comparison to Independents, Republicans and those with no political affiliation. Democrats also indicated that they were less likely to vote for a political candidate who supports the repeal of the ACA in comparison to Independents, Republicans and those with no political affiliation. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Byrne, A. "The effect of a self-affirmation manipulation on threat processing, drinking behaviour, and implicit responses to alcohol cues in hazardous drinkers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471608/.
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This thesis aims to add to the literature on self-affirmation as a means of reducing derogation of health risk messages, and engendering behaviour change. By exclusively sampling university students who drink hazardously, this study is also intended to add to the evidence base regarding interventions for alcohol misuse in this high-risk group. Part 1 of the thesis reviews another type of intervention for student drinking, namely, parent-based interventions. Numerous experimental studies have been published in recent years which examine the efficacy of this type of intervention. Findings suggest that parental influence on young people can extend into late adolescence and the early twenties, and, consequently, delivering an intervention solely to parents can produce effects on youth alcohol misuse. Part 1 therefore aims to summarise what is known about these interventions thus far, and make recommendations for future research. Part 2 of the thesis reports an experimental study of the efficacy of a self-affirmation manipulation on derogation of a health risk message, as well as changes in drinking behaviour one week after the intervention. Furthermore, it describes the results of a test of the effects of self-affirmation on automatic approach-avoidance biases to alcohol-related stimuli, which were assessed using a Relevant-feature Stimulus-Response Compatibility task. The third part of the thesis critically appraises aspects of Part 2. It elaborates on the decision-making processes involved in choosing a measure of implicit cognition, and formulating a risk message. It also describes difficulties with recruitment and how these were addressed, and concludes with reflections on the work from a clinical perspective.
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Saulter, Leah J. "The Effects of Simulated Police Presence on Initial Perceptions and Emotional Responses of College Aged Males." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1543334195172356.
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Martz-Ludwig, Denise M. "The effects of female gender role appraisal and body image threat on the stress responses of women : a validation of the feminine gender role stress scale /." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41687.
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The purpose of the present study was 1) to begin exploring the relationship between female gender role stress and eating disorders and 2) to validate the ability of the Feminine Gender Role Stress scale (FGRS; Gillespie, 1990) to distinguish between women who are more likely to evidence behavioral and physiological reactivity to a "feminine" (body image) stressor than a neutral control condition. The FGRS scale was developed to measure the cognitive tendency among women to appraise specific situations as stressful due to commitments, beliefs, and values that are a product of the traditional female gender role. It was proposed that women with high female gender role stress, as measured by this scale, should display more reactivity when female stressors are encountered. This hypothesis was tested by selecting women who scored high and low on the FGRS scale and subjecting them to a situation found to be more stressful for women than for men during which physiological and psychological distress were monitored. The stressor entailed a body-image-threat physical exam and interview which was designed to be a stressor relevant to body image disturbance and eating disorders. The experimental design was a 2 (High verses Low FGRS women) by 2 (Stress condition verses a Control condition) factorial design with cardiovascular reactivity and self-reported anxiety as dependent variables.
The results supported the predicted interaction between FGRS and Stress Condition on heart rate reactivity. High FGRS women in the Stress Condition evidenced greater heart rate reactivity than Low FGRS women or participants in the Control Condition. Support for experimental hypotheses was found in a Similar trend for interaction for systolic blood pressure reactivity, whereas diastolic blood pressure reactivity was less supportive. It is believed that the FGRS scale can distinguish which women will evidence stress in situations which challenge traditional female gender role values and beliefs. Therefore, the FGRS may have utility for determining which women are more vulnerable to developing female predominant psychopathology, such as eating disorders.Master of Science
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Benke, Christoph [Verfasser], Alfons [Akademischer Betreuer] Hamm, Alfons [Gutachter] Hamm, Paul [Gutachter] Pauli, and Andreas von [Gutachter] Leupoldt. "Threat from the inside: Determinants of defensive responses to body sensations and clinical implications / Christoph Benke ; Gutachter: Alfons Hamm, Paul Pauli, Andreas von Leupoldt ; Betreuer: Alfons Hamm." Greifswald : Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153713012/34.
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King, Kenya Latonya. "Stereotype Threat and Survey Response Bias." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50814.
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Stereotype threat is the threat of confirming a negative stereotype about a group with which a person identifies. Researchers have found that stereotype threat can result in underperformance in multiple domains, shifts in social behavior, and shifts in assessed implicit attitudes, the likelihood of which increases as an individual's concern about the domain of interest increases. According to theory, this threat can be "alleviated",thereby diminishing or eliminating its impact. In this project, over the course of two experiments, the impact of stereotype threat and stereotype threat-alleviation on explicit self-report measures are examined.
In experiment one, white college student participants were exposed (or not) to an on-line task intended to elicit race-based stereotype threat. Differences in reporting style (i.e., bias) between the two groups on self-reported measures of race-related attitudes were examined. It was hypothesized that the group exposed to stereotype threat would endorse lower racism and lower stereotypicality (i.e., stereotypic "White" behaviors, attitudes, adjectives, and beliefs). The data provided only partial support for the hypothesis - the threat group reported significantly less stereotypicality than the non threat group. However, the groups were not statistically different on measures of racism or race and social policy.
In experiment two, again examining white college students who participated on-line, a stereotype threat-alleviation task was added, and whether this diminished or removed bias was examined. It was hypothesized the threat group would endorse lower stereotypicality and racism than the non threat group and the group receiving the threat alleviation task. The findings from study one did not replicate in study two. Instead, contrary to predictions, across measures of racism and stereotypicality, it was the non threat group that consistently showed the lowest scores.
Potential explanations for these findings are offered, including the possibility of having eliciting stereotype threat, cognitive dissonance, or both for the threat and non threat groups via their filler task. Finally, implications for assessing, broaching, and reducing stereotype threat in clinical and research applications are also discussed.Ph. D.
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Dean, Ava May. "Social action in response to an external threat." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27286.
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The problem for study was whether certain selected factors influenced social workers' responses to nuclear disarmament. Using a random sampling of B.C.A.S.W. members throughout the province of British Columbia, a semi-structured mail questionnaire solicited responses to a number of questions aimed at discovering the respondents' perceptions of the seriousness of the nuclear threat, the sense of personal or professional responsibility for action against that threat, belief in their own ability, and the B.C.A.S.W.'s ability to act to counter the threat, and their sense of personal efficacy.
Most respondents saw nuclear disarmament as a social work issue that was important in comparison with other issues, and for which social workers had something unique to offer. The majority also saw global social issues to be as important as local ones and money spent on the arms race as taking money away from social programs. However, respondents saw very little adverse effects on their clients, their families, and themselves. There were some relationships individually between respondents' nuclear disarmament activity and the selected factors. There were no strong relationships, however, between single items of measure and respondents' actual nuclear disarmament activity, and there were moderate relationships between measures of B.C.A.S.W. ability to act and respondents' activity. As well, there were low relationships between several items of personal and professional responsibility and respondents' nuclear disarmament activity. However, action may result from a combinations of factors, rather than one factor in isolation, and multiple regression techniques could show stronger relationships.
Respondents were inconsistent in their answers. This means that, in looking at social workers' attitudes toward the threat of nuclear war, research may have to deal with the issue on several levels: the political, the personal, the professional, and the social.Arts, Faculty of
Social Work, School of
Graduate
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Popovski, Vesselin. "International constitutionalism : responses to threats to the peace." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418252.
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Lahneman, William J. "Challenge and response: new threat, new constraints, new Navy." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28024.
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The apparent reduction in the magnitude of the Soviet threat must not obscure the fact that challenges to the national interests of the United States still remain. This thesis proposes that challenges to U.S. national interests have changed to such a degree that American strategic planners must adopt a new planning paradigm to replace the traditional one based on containment of the Soviet Union. The thesis focuses on naval force and organizational planning over the next ten to fifteen years, a timeframe during which the international environment should undergo a transition to a multipolar balance of power system. The thesis concludes that the Navy of the future can be smaller, but must retain its technological superiority in all areas of warfare. A vigorous research and development effort remains essential, and production of new systems and platforms must continue, albeit in smaller numbers and at higher unit costs. Projection of power ashore will be the principal mission of conventional naval forces. Organizationally, the Navy must expand its intelligence gathering efforts, and must formalize career progressions for strategic planners, international negotiators and legislative affairs subspecialists. The thesis includes a discussion of significant domestic constraints that promise to jeopardize the attainment of the desired force structure
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Galletti, Thomas. "Data breach - services for threat detection, analysis and response." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7026/.
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Nel mondo della sicurezza informatica, le tecnologie si evolvono per far fronte alle minacce. Non è possibile prescindere dalla prevenzione, ma occorre accettare il fatto che nessuna barriera risulterà impenetrabile e che la rilevazione, unitamente ad una pronta risposta, rappresenta una linea estremamente critica di difesa, ma l’unica veramente attuabile per poter guadagnare più tempo possibile o per limitare i danni.
Introdurremo quindi un nuovo modello operativo composto da procedure capaci di affrontare le nuove sfide che il malware costantemente offre e allo stesso tempo di sollevare i comparti IT da attività onerose e sempre più complesse, ottimizzandone il processo di comunicazione e di risposta.
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Arribas-Douglas, Miramelinda Badri. "China's Response to Disputes in the South China and East China Seas." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1449844399.
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Fitzsimmons, James. "Ecological Responses to Threats in an Evolutionary Context: Bacterial Responses to Antibiotics and Butterfly Species’ Responses to Climate Change." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23807.
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Humans are generally having a strong, widespread, and negative impact on nature. Given the many ways we are impacting nature and the many ways nature is responding, it is useful to study responses in an integrative context. My thesis is focused largely (two out of the three data chapters) on butterfly species’ range shifts consistent with modern climate change in Canada. I employed a macroecological approach to my research, drawing on methods and findings from evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, conservation biology, and natural history. I answered three main research questions. First, is there a trade-off between population growth rate (rmax) and carrying capacity (K) at the mutation scale (Chapter 2)? I found rmax and K to not trade off, but in fact to positively co-vary at the mutation scale. This suggests trade-offs between these traits only emerge after selection removes mutants with low resource acquisition rates (i.e., unhealthy genotypes), revealing trade-offs between remaining genotypes with varied resource allocation strategies. Second, did butterfly species shift their northern range boundaries northward over the 1900s, consistent with climate warming (Chapter 3)? Leading a team of collaborators, we found that most butterfly species’ northern range boundaries did indeed shift northward over the 1900s. But range shift rates were slower than those documented in the literature for more recent time periods, likely reflecting the weaker warming experienced in the time period of my study. Third, were species’ rates of range shift related to their phylogeny (Chapter 3) or traits (Chapter 4)? I found no compelling relationships between rates of range shift and phylogeny or traits. If certain traits make some species more successful at northern boundary range expansion than others, their effect was not strong enough to emerge from the background noise inherent in the broad scale data set I used.
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Włodarczyk, Aleksandra [Verfasser]. "Response to Naturalistic Threats in Infancy / Aleksandra Włodarczyk." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1193491568/34.
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Jankowski, Thaddeus K. Sr. "Planning for success: constructing a first responder planning methodology for homeland security." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2275.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release, distribution is unlimited
The planning methodologies used today by most U.S. fire departments are excellent for traditional missions, but wholly inadequate for the threats posed by terrorism. Planning in the fire service and the rest of the first responder community historically has relied on a one-dimensional approach that uses a scenario-based planning (SBP) methodology. This thesis argues that the fire service and others in the first responder community will be able to contribute to homeland security missions much more effectively, and efficiently, by switching to specially adapted versions of capabilities-based planning. This thesis proposes a new integrated planning methodology that combines the planning strengths of scenariobased planning, threat-based planning, and capabilities-based planning. The new method identifies capabilities that could be used to manage and mitigate the consequences of the different types of contingencies within the various response spectrums. It allows an organization to perform analysis and efficiency studies to evaluate the different spectrums of contingencies against existing capabilities and create a menu of capabilities necessary for the first responder to respond to all its missions, including immediate threats and terrorism, in the most efficient and cost-effective manner.
Battalion Chief, Fire Department City of New York
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Johansson, Moa. "Disgust and fear in detection performance and response biases to threat pictures." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6964.
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Cognitive theories claim that phobias involve unconscious processing and that anxious individuals search the environment for threatening stimuli and therefore detect them more rapidly. However, evidence for this is mixed and suggests that anxious individuals do not detect threat more accurately but are more liberal to report that they detected threat even if there was no actual threat (response bias). In this study, 55 women performed a detection task with pictures of snakes, spiders, and guns. The pictures were backward masked to reduce their visibility. Participants also filled in questionnaires that assessed their fear and disgust. As found in previous studies, detection performance did not correlate with fear. However, inconsistent with previous results, disgust sensitivity correlated with lower detection performance of snakes, and response biases varied with fear of spiders or snakes. These findings provide mixed support for notions of relationships between fear and disgust in threat detection.
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Yang, Yanhua (Sunny). "Earnings management as a response to the threat of exchange delisting." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219221.
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Weinlein, Michael C. "Funding for first responders from a threat and prevention approach." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FWeinlein.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Paul Stockton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52). Also available online.
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Al, Guray. "Turkey's response to threats of weapons of mass destruction." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401656.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 2001.Thesis Advisor (s): Lavoy, Peter R. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-138). Also Available online.
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Humphries, Mary Paulette. "Social support, perceived threat, coping response and coping effectiveness among psychiatric nurses." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722443.
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The present study, based on Lazarus' cognitive theory, identified coping strategies utilized by psychiatric nurses, and examined correlations between social support, perceived threat and coping effectiveness. The correlational design utilized a convenience sample of registered nurses holding membership in the Indiana State Nurses' Association Council on Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Practice. Subjects completed a demographic sheet, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, Jalowiec Coping Scale, McNett Coping Effectiveness Questionnaire, and a one-item threat evaluation scale. Problem-focused coping was preferred by the sample. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between social support and coping effectiveness, a significant negative correlation between threat and coping effectiveness, and a non-significant negative correlation between social support and threat. Conclusions were psychiatric nurses utilize problem-focused coping strategies, there was a significant relationship betweeen social support and coping effectiveness, and threat and coping effectiveness, and a nonsignificant relationship between social support and threat.School of Nursing
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LeFever, Brett Christopher. "Evaluation of maritime operational threat response forces for the Pacific Coast Theater." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Mar/09Mar%5FLeFever.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Jacobs, Patricia A. ; Gaver, Donald P. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 24, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: MOTR, Homeland Defense, Simulation, MIO, Port Defense, Analytical Model, West Coast Ports Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-116). Also available in print.
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Haglund, Sean W. "Nuclear Terrorism calibrating funding for defensive programs in response to the threat." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FHaglund.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Moltz, James Clay. Second Reader: Davis, Zachary. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Nuclear, terrorism, domestic, risk, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), Global Nuclear Detection Architecture, Cooperative Threat Reduction(CTR), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of State (DOS), Russia, Highly-Enriched Uranium, Plutonium. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-105). Also available in print.
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Gibson, Kerry Roberts. "A relational identity threat response model: how the ups and downs of workplace relationships drive discretionary behavior." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54891.
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The relational identity threat response model describes how workplace relationships experiencing relational identity threat predict discretionary workplace behavior (i.e. momentary organizational voice, momentary behavioral engagement, and momentary supervisor-directed deviance). More specifically, the model utilizes an experience sampling methodology to capture the ebb and flow or momentary changes within supervisor-subordinate relationships with a focus on potential negative shifts in a subordinate’s relational identity with his/her supervisor. By examining momentary behavior, meaning actions subordinates take within a short period of time such as the last few hours, I draw attention to the often overlooked effects of dynamic workplace relationships, arguing that the ebb and flow within supervisor-subordinate interactions play a critical role in subordinate choice as to the amount of momentary organizational voice, momentary behavioral engagement, and momentary supervisor-directed deviance to offer. That is, I utilize recent developments within social identity theory (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Sluss & Ashforth, 2007) to examine how subordinates reconcile relational identity threat, or potential shifts in the nature of ‘who we are’ (Sluss & Ashforth, 2007). Further, the data support the argument that momentary relational voice, which is communication to the supervisor focused on improving the workplace relationship or relational functioning, partially mediates relational identity threat’s consequences for positive discretionary workplace behavior (i.e. momentary organizational voice, momentary behavioral engagement). Additionally, I draw attention to self-compassion (i.e. how a subordinate treats him or herself [Neff, 2003a]), which moderates subordinate responses to relational identity threat within a supervisor-subordinate relationship.
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Vilarem, Emma. "The interplay of action selection and attention allocation in response to social threat." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE080/document.
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Les décisions d’action que nous prenons au quotidien nécessitent de considérer les affordances fournies par notre environnement, ainsi que les informations sociales susceptibles de guider nos décisions. Mais dans un contexte véhiculant à la fois des informations sociales potentiellement menaçantes et de multiples opportunités d’action, comme lorsque l’on entre dans une rame de métro en cherchant un siège, comment choisissons nous rapidement le siège où s’asseoir tout en évaluant la présence d’un danger potentiel ? Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse a visé à étudier les processus liés à l’action et à l’attention dans un contexte social réaliste doté d’opportunités d’action. Dans notre première étude, les choix spontanés d’action et les informations cinématiques ont révélé que les expressions de colère et de peur ont un impact différent sur la sélection d’action, et favorisent les actions permettant d’éviter les individus en colère et d’approcher les individus effrayés. La seconde étude a montré que l’attention peut être allouée vers la finalité des actions privilégiées par les expressions de colère et de peur. La troisième étude a démontré, de façon cruciale, que cet effet attentionnel disparait lorsque les opportunités d’action sont retirées du contexte. De plus, l’activité saccadique enregistrée lors de la quatrième étude a permis d’explorer le développement de l’allocation attentionnelle, et a établi que l’attention était rapidement dirigée vers les visages émotionnels, puis réorientée vers la finalité de l’action choisie. Pour conclure, nos données suggèrent que l’action façonne l’attention en réponse à des signaux de menace et en présence d’opportunités d’actionEveryday action decision-making entails to take into account affordances provided by the environment, along with social information susceptible to guide our decisions. But within social contexts conveying potentially threatening information and multiple targets for action, as when entering a subway car, how do we decide very quickly where to sit while gauging the presence of a potential danger? The work conducted during my PhD aimed at investigating action and attentional processes in a realistic social context providing action opportunities. In the first study, spontaneous action choices and kinematics revealed that threat-related angry and fearful displays impact people’s free choice differently, i.e. favoured the selection of actions that avoided angry and approached fearful individuals. The second study further showed that attention was allocated to the space of the scene corresponding to the endpoint of the actions prioritized by those angry and fearful displays. Crucially, the third study evidenced that this effect disappeared when action opportunities were removed from the experimental context. Saccadic behaviour recorded in the fourth study allowed to access the development of attention allocation over time, and crucially revealed that attention was first quickly oriented toward threat before being directed toward the endpoint of the chosen action. Altogether, these findings suggest that action selection modulate attention allocation in response to social threat when embedded within realistic social contexts
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Flannery, Timothy. "Three Essays on the Incentives and Design of Survey Techniques." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556834.
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My dissertation focuses on the design and incentives of survey techniques. As many institutions use surveys to allocate funding or determine policy, ensuring surveys provide accurate information is essential. Though incentives certainly play a role in whether survey participants report information truthfully, economists have largely overlooked the issue while statisticians tend to focus on estimators without directly modeling incentive constraints. One of the chapters models and analyzes the incentives of a commonly used survey technique, randomized response, while the other two chapters of my dissertation design two response techniques which improve upon others found in the literature by obtaining more precise estimates and/or incentivizing participants better. In Chapter One "A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Randomized Response Technique," I explicitly model the decision of participants to truthfully respond in the randomized response survey as a game. Randomized response techniques are used to determine the proportion of a population that belongs to a stigmatized group and introduce noise so the surveyor cannot perfectly infer whether a participant belongs to a stigmatized group, regardless of how a participant responds. The interviewer wants to reduce noise as much as possible while maintaining enough noise to ensure participants respond truthfully. Unlike prior literature, I find that the incentives of a participant depend on the number of participants; therefore, the amount of noise required under randomized response decreases when the number of participants increases as adding respondents relaxes truth-telling constraints. However, adding respondents only relaxes incentive constraints to a limit, so some noise remains even when there are a large number of participants. I improve upon the original randomized response technique in two ways in Chapter 2: "Eliciting Private Information using Correlation: A Modification of Randomized Response." In standard randomized response techniques, participants receive questions independently by using a randomization device such as a die. With my technique, participants receive perfectly correlated questions which reduces the variance of the surveyor's estimator while still protecting the privacy of the subjects. Unlike with the randomized response technique, adding correlation allows the surveyor to use a dominant strategy mechanism though it provides limited information. In addition to correlation, my technique provides the surveyor with private information on the distribution of questions asked. Because of the private information, participants become more uncertain of which question is more associated with the stigmatizing characteristic giving them a stronger incentive to respond truthfully. My final chapter, Chapter 3 "A Response Technique with Dominant Strategies in Forced Responses," improves upon a randomized response technique commonly used in practice. In the forced response technique, a fraction of survey participants are directly asked whether they belong to the stigmatizing group while the remaining participants either simply state "yes" or "no" according to a privately observed command. Unlike the original randomized response technique, the surveyor must worry whether participants obey the command in addition to answering truthfully. Psychologically, participants may feel more inclined to disobey than to lie. Therefore, I design a technique where obeying the command is a dominant strategy by providing the surveyor with private information. The paper then discusses a more general response technique with private information and suggests restrictions on the mechanisms to ensure the surveyor does not have an incentive to try to "trick" respondents into believing they have more privacy protection than they actually do. The chapter concludes with a discussion on privacy measures.
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Selway, Katherine Mary. "Two-dimensional magnetotelluric responses of three-dimensional bodies /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbs469.pdf.
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Ferrari, Gianmarco. "Three-dimensional earthquake response of slopes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3374/.
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Metaparti, Satya Prakash. "Maritime security after 9/11: the shipping industry's response to the terrorist threat." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29950697.
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Disraelly, Deena S. (Deena Sara) 1974. "Public-private partnerships : security and emergency response collaboration in a new threat environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34783.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program; and, (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-225).
September 11th, 2001 marks the worst terrorist action to occur on United States soil and opens a new period in history in which indiscriminate terrorist acts are possible, if not probable. Many of these possible acts, as well as the actions to prevent and recover, will have an impact on the supply chain and services in ways that we cannot yet understand. Previous research has focused on theft prevention and the disruptions such thefts might cause, and very little research on the supply chain impacts of September 11th exist. What is clear, however, is that as government agencies include the creation of public-private partnerships as well as the introduction of new technology, increasing inventory, and building system resilience, among others. Limited examples of public-private partnerships for security exist, however, there are several examples of partnerships for emergency response. Since both emergency response partnerships and security collaboratives share the same objective - to protect and secure the personnel, facilities, and supply chain - this thesis investigates emergency response, early detection, and propose new policies and regulations and the threat of international terrorism continues, corporate America needs to find a method for securing their operations. These methods may post-September 11th security examples to determine the key factors in establishing successful public-private partnerships. The learnings indicate collaborative partnerships and emergency response cooperatives are the most commonly used for promoting security and that motivation, cooperative goals, communication and trust are the most important factors to creating successful partnerships. Other factors vary by level of importance depending
(cont.) on the type of partnership. Public regulation requires private cooperation in order to succeed. Similarly, private sector security relies on public sector concurrence. The greater the recognized interdependence between the public and private sector, the more likely the partnership is to succeed. Recommendations include introductory steps to creating such partnerships, as well as proposed actions which both sectors should consider to ensure partnership success.
by Deena S. Disraelly.
M.Eng.in Logistics
S.M.
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Jordan, Georgina Nora Mary. "Resilience, pathways and circumstances : unpicking livelihood threats and responses in the rural Philippines." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4433/.
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The response of small scale agricultural producers in the Philippines to livelihood threats arising from market integration has received less attention than responses to other threats. The ability of agricultural producers to respond to changes in their production environment is an important component of livelihood resilience. This research unravels the patterns of livelihood response used by small scale agricultural producers in the Philippines affected by livelihood threats resulting from changes in their production environment as a result of agricultural trade liberalisation. Research was conducted at the household level using a sustainable livelihoods based approach in order to examine the following research questions: (1) Does current livelihood and disaster theory adequately account for and explain the diverse livelihood options pursued by small scale agricultural producers facing threats based on deterioration?; (2) Are current distinctions between different patterns of responses and the rationale of such responses appropriate?; (3) Are current research methods adequate to the task of picking out individualized patterns and rationales of response?; and (4) What is the role of historical factors (institutional and personal) of past events – in moulding patterns of response? Findings from this study contribute to the limited existing empirical data on livelihood strategies in Mindanao. In particular the research shows that while current research methods capture the various livelihood activities that people engage in, they tend to take a static view of livelihoods, failing to capture the complexity of historical influences on livelihoods and livelihood pathways over time. The findings from the study also demonstrate that factors beyond context which are embedded in personal circumstance play a significant role in the rationale and patterns of livelihood response used by small scale producers in the research sites. The implications of these findings are considered from a wider policy and practice perspective and recommendations as regards the future directions of current research methods are presented.