Relevant bibliographies by topics / Threat responses

Academic literature on the topic 'Threat responses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Threat responses"

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Plant, E. Ashby, Joanna Goplen, and Jonathan W. Kunstman. "Selective Responses to Threat." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 9 (May 12, 2011): 1274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211408617.

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Baumann, Linda J., and Mary L. Keller. "Responses to Threat Information." Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 23, no. 1 (March 1991): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1991.tb00628.x.

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Limberg, Holger. "Impoliteness and threat responses." Journal of Pragmatics 41, no. 7 (July 2009): 1376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.02.003.

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Lamarche, Larkin, Brianne Ozimok, Kimberley L. Gammage, and Cameron Muir. "Men Respond Too: The Effects of a Social-Evaluative Body Image Threat on Shame and Cortisol in University Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 1791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317723406.

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Framed within social self-preservation theory, the present study investigated men’s psychobiological responses to social-evaluative body image threats. University men ( n = 66) were randomly assigned to either a high or low social-evaluative body image threat condition. Participants provided saliva samples (to assess cortisol) and completed measures of state body shame prior to and following their condition, during which anthropometric and strength measures were assessed. Baseline corrected values indicated men in the high social-evaluative body image threat condition had higher body shame and cortisol than men in the low social-evaluative body image threat condition. These findings suggest that social evaluation in the context of situations that threaten body image leads to potentially negative psychobiological responses in college men.
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Naaz, Farah, Lindsay K. Knight, and Brendan E. Depue. "Explicit and Ambiguous Threat Processing: Functionally Dissociable Roles of the Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01369.

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Highly influential models have proposed that responses to different types of threat are mediated by partially segregated neural systems, with the amygdala underlying phasic responses to explicit threat (fear) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) mediating sustained responses to ambiguous threat (anxiety). However, newer models have suggested similar recruitment of both regions across a wide spectrum of threat. Therefore, to empirically test these models and further elucidate the activation profiles and connectivity patterns of the amygdala and the BNST during threat processing, 20 participants were scanned using high-resolution fMRI (1.5 mm3). Using fearful faces and human screams as aversive stimuli, two threat conditions were created: Explicit Threat in which threats were certain and predictable (fear) and Ambiguous Threat in which threats were uncertain and unpredictable (anxiety). Results indicated that, although the amygdala and the BNST both showed heightened engagement across both threat conditions, the amygdala showed preferential engagement during Explicit Threat and displayed functional connectivity with regions involved in stimulus processing and motor response. By contrast, the BNST preferentially responded during Ambiguous Threat and exhibited functional connectivity with prefrontal regions underlying interoception and rumination. Furthermore, correlations with questionnaires measuring trait anxiety, worry, and rumination suggested that individual differences in affective style play a modulatory role in regional recruitment and network connectivity during threat processing.
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Holmes IV, Oscar, Marilyn V. Whitman, Kim S. Campbell, and Diane E. Johnson. "Exploring the social identity threat response framework." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2015-0068.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what individuals perceive as social identity threats, the sources of the threat, individuals’ responses, and the consequences of the threat. Design/methodology/approach – Narratives from 224 individuals were collected. A sample of 84 narratives were analyzed in depth using a qualitative content analysis approach. Findings – Initial support for identity threat response theory was found. Three new distinct threat responses – constructive action, ignore, and seek assistance – were uncovered. Additionally, harm/loss appraisals were found to be perceived and reacted to similarly to Petriglieri-defined identity threats. Originality/value – This study contributes to identity scholarship by shedding further light on the “theoretical black box” associated with identity threat. Such insight is necessary in further enhancing our understanding of the impact that identity threat has at the individual and organizational level.
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van Os, Annemiek, Dick de Gilder, Cathy van Dyck, and Peter Groenewegen. "Responses to professional identity threat." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 1011–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-12-2013-0273.

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Kellermanns, Franz W., and Tim Barnett. "Commentary: What Were They Thinking? The Role of Family Firm Mental Models on Threat Recognition." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00268.x.

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In this commentary, we extend Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb's work in this issue by introducing shared mental models as antecedents of threat of imitability recognition and as moderators of the relationship between threat recognition and strategic action. Specifically, while Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb focus on responses to threat recognition, we develop propositions on how shared mental models related to business issues affect the threat recognition process and on how shared mental models related to family issues influence strategic responses to recognized threats. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
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Petriglieri, Jennifer Louise. "UNDER THREAT: RESPONSES TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THREATS TO INDIVIDUALS' IDENTITIES." Academy of Management Review 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 641–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.65554645.

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Kambouropoulos, Nicolas, Sarah Egan, Elodie J. O’Connor, and Petra K. Staiger. "Escaping Threat." Journal of Individual Differences 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000126.

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Individuals with a hypersensitivity to threatening stimuli in the environment may be more likely to experience a higher level of social anxiety. According to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), there are two important aspects of threat stimuli that influence subsequent emotional and behavioral responses. Specifically, perceptions pertaining to defensive direction and distance are considered critical factors in understanding threat responses. This paper aimed to determine whether threat perceptions mediate the relationship between threat sensitivity and social anxiety. Self-report measures of sensitivity to threat, social anxiety, and a vignette designed to assess threat perceptions were administered to a sample of 218 participants (73% female; M age = 33.75, SD age = 11.52). Data indicated a mediational influence of perceived escapability on the relationship between sensitivity to threat and social anxiety. Overall, these findings highlight the role of perceived escapability of threat in understanding the relationship between threat sensitivity and social anxiety.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Threat responses"

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Woods, Richard David. "Collective responses to acoustic threat information in jackdaws." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/25978.

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Navigating the physical world may present only a small fraction of the challenges faced by social animals. Sociality brings with it numerous benefits, including access to important information that may have otherwise been harder to come by. However, almost every aspect of these apparent benefits may also entail additional cognitive challenges, including how to interpret signals from conspecifics, who to attend to, and how to incorporate knowledge about signallers when deciding how to respond. One approach to understanding the cognitive abilities associated with social function is to investigate social species that take part in potentially costly group behaviours, where individual decisions must be made in a social context. In this thesis I explore how jackdaws (Corvus monedula), a highly sociable corvid species, use acoustic information to coordinate collective anti-predator responses. In Chapter Two I showed using playback experiments that the magnitude of collective responses to anti-predator recruitment calls known as “scolding” calls depends on the identity of the caller, with larger responses to familiar colony members than unfamiliar individuals. In Chapter Three I then used habituation-dishabituation experiments to show that this vocal discrimination operates at the level of the individual, with jackdaws discriminating between the calls of different conspecifics, regardless of their level of familiarity. In Chapter Four, I examined whether aspects of call structure conveyed information about threat levels. Here, I found that high rates of scolding calls were associated with elevated threats, and playback experiments suggested that this information might result in larger group responses. The finding that jackdaws are capable of mediating their response to alarm calls based on the identity of the individual caller, and on structural variation in call production, raised the question of whether jackdaws employed similar forms discrimination between acoustic cues made by predators in their environment. I investigated this in Chapter Five, using playback experiments to show that jackdaws responded not only to the vocalisations of resident predators, but that this ability extended to novel predators, and that responsiveness was mediated by the phase of the breeding season in which predators were heard. Together, these findings provide insights in to how discrimination among acoustic cues can mediate group behaviour in species that respond collectively to threats.
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Thornton, Claire. "Pain responses in athletes : the role of contact sports." Thesis, University of Derby, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623023.

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Sammy, Nadine Soraya. "Helping athletes meet the challenge : determinants of challenge and threat responses." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33978.

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Acute stress has numerous potential consequences for individuals, from their behaviour to their performance on a task. Psychological models like the biopsychosocial model (BPSM) of challenge and threat, the theory of challenge and threat states in athletes (TCTSA) and the integrative framework of stress, attention, and visuomotor performance (IFSAVP) have attempted to explain the variability in individual responses to stress in motivated performance situations. The BPSM proposes that individuals engaged in a task make conscious and unconscious evaluations of the situational demands, such as the required effort, and their personal resources, such as their abilities. These demand-resource evaluations result in relatively different psychological outcomes namely, challenge and threat responses which represent two ends of a continuum. Both the BPSM and the TCTSA suggest that these psychological consequences have corresponding physiological responses allowing for objective measurements of challenge and threat responses. Performance differences have been observed between challenged and threatened individuals across a range of tasks, although motor tasks have been relatively under-examined within this context. Furthermore, as put forward in the IFSAVP, challenge responses are associated with better attentional control compared with threat responses though this has also been under-examined. As challenge responses are characterised by better physiological, performance and attentional outcomes, it is important to understand what determines challenge and threat responses. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to examine key determinants of challenge and threat responses and to replicate and extend findings regarding performance and attentional outcomes. Four experimental studies were conducted to test proposed determinants and the aforementioned outcomes. Arousal reappraisal and self-efficacy were found to be determinants of challenge and threat responses across both subjective (self-report) and objective (cardiovascular reactivity) measures. Self-control was shown not to influence challenge and threat responses via either measure while situational motivation regulations predicted only subjective but not objective measures of challenge and threat. Importantly, situational motivation regulations also predicted task engagement, a prerequisite of challenge and threat responses. Across all four studies, there were no performance effects and of the three studies which examined attention, there were no attention effects. Descriptive data trends however, indicated a more complex and nuanced relationship between challenge and threat responses and performance and attention. The findings of this thesis develop the BPSM, the TCTSA and the IFSAVP. They also have several other theoretical and practical implications.
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Myers, Paul Allen. "Future hope and the threat of nuclear war evangelical responses /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.

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Breinlinger, Sara Louise. "Responses to intergroup threat : studies in social identity, gender and status." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286269.

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Chamberlain, Laura. "An empirical examination of emotional and cognitive responses to threat appeals." Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/26880/.

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Advertising and other forms of communications are often used by government bodies, non-government organisations, and other institutions to try to influence the population to either a) reduce some form of harmful behaviour (e.g. smoking, drunk- driving) or b) increase some more healthy behaviour (e.g. eating healthily). It is common for these messages to be predicated on the chances of some negative event occurring if the individual does not either a) stop the harmful behaviour, or b) start / increase the healthy behaviour. This design of communication is referred to by many names in the relevant literature, but for the purposes of this thesis, will be termed a ‘threat appeal’. Despite their widespread use in the public sphere, and concerted academic interest since the 1950s, the effectiveness of threat appeals in delivering their objective remains unclear in many ways. In a detailed, chronological and thematic examination of the literature, two assumptions are uncovered that have either been upheld despite little evidence to support them, or received limited attention at all, in the literature. Specifically, a) that threat appeal characteristics can be conflated with their intended responses, and b) that a threat appeal always and necessarily evokes a fear response in the subject. A detailed examination of these assumptions underpins this thesis. The intention is to take as a point of departure the equivocality of empirical results, and deliver a novel approach with the objective of reducing the confusion that is evident in existing work. More specifically, the present thesis frames cognitive and emotional responses to threat appeals as part of a decision about future behaviour. To further develop theory, a conceptual framework is presented that outlines the role of anticipated and anticipatory emotions, alongside subjective probabilities, elaboration and immediate visceral emotions, resultant from manipulation of the intrinsic message characteristics of a threat appeal (namely, message direction, message frame and graphic image). In doing so, the spectrum of relevant literature is surveyed, and used to develop a theoretical model which serves to integrate key strands of theory into a coherent model. In particular, the emotional and cognitive responses to the threat appeal manipulations are hypothesised to influence behaviour intentions and expectations pertaining to future behaviour. Using data from a randomised experiment with a sample of 681 participants, the conceptual model was tested using analysis of covariance. The results for the conceptual framework were encouraging overall, and also with regard to the individual hypotheses. In particular, empirical results showed clearly that emotional responses to the intrinsic message characteristics are not restricted to fear, and that different responses to threat appeals were clearly attributed to specific intrinsic message characteristics. In addition, the inclusion of anticipated emotions alongside cognitive appraisals in the framework generated interesting results. Specifically, immediate emotions did not influence key response variables related to future behaviour, in support of questioning the assumption of the prominent role of fear in the response process that is so prevalent in existing literature. The findings, theoretical and practical implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Popper, Claire Elizabeth. "Cognitive and psychophysiological responses to threat stimuli : the effect of perceived proximity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412214.

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Coan, James A., Lane Beckes, Marlen Z. Gonzalez, Erin L. Maresh, Casey L. Brown, and Karen Hasselmo. "Relationship status and perceived support in the social regulation of neural responses to threat." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626075.

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Strong social ties correspond with better health and well being, but the neural mechanisms linking social contact to health remain speculative. This study extends work on the social regulation of brain activity by supportive handholding in 110 participants (51 female) of diverse racial and socioeconomic origins. In addition to main effects of social regulation by handholding, we assessed the moderating effects of both perceived social support and relationship status (married, cohabiting, dating or platonic friends). Results suggest that, under threat of shock, handholding by familiar relational partners attenuates both subjective distress and activity in a network associated with salience, vigilance and regulatory self-control. Moreover, greater perceived social support corresponded with less brain activity in an extended network associated with similar processes, but only during partner handholding. In contrast, we did not observe any regulatory effects of handholding by strangers, and relationship status did not moderate the regulatory effects of partner handholding. These findings suggest that contact with a familiar relational partner is likely to attenuate subjective distress and a variety of neural responses associated with the presence of threat. This effect is likely enhanced by an individual's expectation of the availability of support from their wider social network.
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Winnie, John Arthur Jr. "Behavioral responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to the threat of wolf (Canus lupus) predation." Diss., Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/winnie/WinnieJ0506.pdf.

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Eshelman, Lee Renee. "Emotion regulation and PTSD: Modulating responses to threat-relevant stimuli among sexually victimized women." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami153130704215266.

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Books on the topic "Threat responses"

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Nijar, Gurdial Singh. Trips and biodiversity: The threat and responses ; the third world view. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network, 1998.

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Anup, Malani, ed. Extending the cure: Policy responses to the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2007.

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1968-, Kelly Michael J., ed. Equal justice in the balance: America's legal responses to the emerging terrorist threat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

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Nevaer, Louis E. V. The protectionist threat to corporate America: The U.S. trade deficit and management responses. New York: Quorum Books, 1989.

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Esther, Brimmer, and Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. Center for Transatlantic Relations., eds. Defending the gains?: Transatlantic responses when democracy Is under threat / edited by Esther Brimmer. Washington, D.C: Center for Transatlantic Relations, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2007.

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Sandberg, Linda. Fear of violence and gendered power relations: Responses to threat in public space in Sweden. Umeå: Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå University, 2011.

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Olson, Kristin. Legal aspects of asbestos abatement: Responses to the threat of asbestos-containing materials in school buildings. Topeka, Kan: National Organization on Legal Problems of Education, 1986.

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Peitersen, Laura E. Department of Defense biological threat responses to the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza outbreak: A real world exercise. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University, US Air Force Counterproliferation Center, 2011.

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Carlson, Adolf. Who will stand the Nordic guard?: Determinants, options, and bilateral Canadian-US responses to the threat on NATO's North Flank. Kingston, Ont., Canada: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, 1991.

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Effective responses to the threat of bioterrorism: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Health of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session on examining effective responses to the threat of bioterrorism, focusing on detection, treatment, and containment measures, October 9, 2001. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Threat responses"

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Rimé, Bernard. "Collective Responses to Collective Traumas: Synchronization and Collective Resilience." In Societies Under Threat, 201–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39315-1_16.

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Chappell, Brian K. "The Middle East States and Threat Perceptions." In State Responses to Nuclear Proliferation, 167–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59801-3_6.

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Krepon, Michael. "Prioritizing Threats and Responses." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 45–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_3.

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Brown, Kirk Warren, Richard M. Ryan, J. David Creswell, and Christopher P. Niemiec. "Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat." In Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego., 75–84. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11771-007.

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Richards, Julian. "Responses to the Threat: National Cyber Security Planning." In Cyber-War, 57–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137399625_5.

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Shih, Chih-yu. "Harmonious Realism: Undecidable Responses to the China Threat." In Sinicizing International Relations, 15–32. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137289452_2.

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Cavanagh, R. C. "State Regulatory Responses To The Threat Of Global Warming." In External Environmental Costs of Electric Power, 389–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76712-8_27.

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Landström, Yrsa. "Remaining Foreign Fighters: Fear, Misconceptions and Counterproductive Responses." In Understanding the Creeping Crisis, 51–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70692-0_4.

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AbstractThe Syrian conflict gave rise to a large mobilization of Islamist foreign fighters. In recent years, many of these foreign fighters have asked to be repatriated from overcrowded refugee camps in northern Syria, camps known as hotbeds for radicalization. While researchers and humanitarian organizations largely agree that repatriation can prevent further radicalization and transnational threats, political leaders refuse to act. As the dire humanitarian situation in the camps and a denial of responsibility at home intensify, the situation is becoming more acute. This chapter explores the issue of remaining foreign fighters in Syria and the evolving threat situation as an example of a creeping crisis. The chapter focuses specifically on the Swedish handling of these foreign fighters. At least three hundred Swedish citizens traveled to Syria in 2012. In recent years, many of these have asked to be repatriated. Similar to its European counterparts, the Swedish government has refused to meet these foreign fighters’ requests, potentially generating a broader global threat. The Swedish response is the focus of this chapter and illuminates one of the key aspects of a creeping crisis.
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Gibson, Danjuma G. "Black Religion, Mental Health, and the Threat of Hopelessness during the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Racialized Health, COVID-19, and Religious Responses, 252–56. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003214281-33.

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Scott, Marcelle, and Robyn Sloggett. "Changed responses to the changing threat of climate-induced fire and drought." In Climatic and Environmental Threats to Cultural Heritage, 99–117. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003163312-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Threat responses"

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Conroy, David, Peta Wyeth, and Daniel Johnson. "Understanding player threat responses in FPS games." In The 9th Australasian Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2513002.2513019.

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Allan, D. D., Andrew J. Vonasch, and Christoph Bartneck. "Better than Us: The Role of Implicit Self-Theories in Determining Perceived Threat Responses in HRI." In 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889520.

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Angell, Katherine. "AN EXOGENOUS THREAT THAT LED TO ENDOGENOUS CHANGE: THREE INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL RESPONSES TO TEACHING PRACTICAL COURSES ONLINE DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWNS." In 14th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2022.0084.

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Yuan, Lin, Jiasheng Zhou, Haowei Liu, and Nian-Zhong Chen. "On the Plastic Bending Responses of Dented Lined Pipe." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-64867.

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Abstract Mechanically lined pipe, which was proven to be cost-effective in transporting corrosive hydrocarbons, has been used in many offshore applications. However, one weakness of this product is that the liner is extremely sensitive to geometric imperfections and can wrinkle and collapse under severe loading. As typical damage of the pipeline, the local dent of the lined pipe involves the deformation of both the carrier pipe and the liner, which poses a severe threat to the integrity of the composite structure. In this paper, we developed a numerical framework to study the responses of the lined pipe during indentation and, more importantly, the influence of local dents on the bending capacity of lined pipes. A slight separation between the liner and the carrier pipe was observed during the indentation, depending on the indenter’s geometric feature. Under bending, the liner typically collapsed earlier than the carrier pipe, causing a considerable reduction of the critical curvature and ultimate load-carrying capacity. The evolution of the deformation of the composite structure during the bending process is presented in this paper. Parametric investigations of some vital variables of the problem were also performed to study their influence on the behavior under indentation and the bending capacity of the composite structure.
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Tan, X. Gary, and Amit Bagchi. "Computational Modeling of Combat Helmet Performance Analysis Integrating Blunt and Blast Loadings." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23925.

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Abstract Combat helmets have gone through many changes, from shells made of metal to advanced composites using Kevlar and Dyneema, along with introduction of pad suspensions to provide comfort and protection. Helmets have been designed to perform against ballistic and blunt impact threats. But, in today’s warfare, combat helmets are expected to protect against all three threats, blunt, ballistic impacts and blast effects to minimize traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide a better thermal comfort. We are developing a helmet system analysis methodology integrating the effect of multiple threats, i.e., blast and blunt impacts, to achieve an optimal helmet system design, by utilizing multi-physics computational tools. We used a validated human head model to represent the warfighter’s head. The helmet composite shell was represented by an orthotropic elasto-plastic material model. A strain rate dependent model was employed for pad suspension material. Available dynamic loading data was used to calibrate the material parameters. Multiple helmet system configurations subjected to blast and blunt loadings were considered to quantify their influence on brain biomechanical response. Parametric studies were carried out to assess energy absorption for different suspension geometry and material morphology for different loadings. The resulting brain responses were used with published injury criteria to characterize the helmet system performance through a single metric for each threat type. Approaches to combine single-threat metrics to allow aggregating performance against multiple threats were discussed.
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Davies, Christopher, Simon Slater, and Christoper De Leon. "Managing the Threat of Selective Seam Weld Corrosion Using a State of the Art ILI System." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9465.

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Abstract For many years, pipeline safety regulations in the US have defined prescriptive minimum requirements for integrity management combined with a clear expectation that operators should do more than the minimum where appropriate. The regulations have also provided operators with the flexibility to take a performance based integrity management approach leveraging as much information available to manage threats effectively. One the threats that must be managed is Selective Seam Weld Corrosion (SSWC). SSWC is an environmentally assisted mechanism in which there is increased degree of metal loss in the longitudinal weld in comparison to the surrounding pipe body. An appropriate definition is linear corrosion that is deeper in the longitudinal weld zone than the surrounding pipe body. In some cases, the surrounding pipe body may have limited or no corrosion present, and in other cases the pipe body corrosion may have occurred but at a slower rate than the local corrosion in the longitudinal weld zone. Conventional responses to potential or identified threats focus on in-situ investigations, often resulting in expensive and un-planned repairs for features reported by In-line Inspection (ILI) that when assessed properly demonstrate a remnant life well into the next inspection interval. When ILI identifies metal loss indications co-located with the longitudinal seam weld, the current prescribed response is often a blanket call for remediation. Such a response may not be appropriate if an ILI system is deployed to discriminate feature types and integrity assessment is exercised leveraging a sound understanding of the pipe’s material properties. This paper describes an approach that can be taken to manage the threat of SSWC. The foundation of the approach is deployment of an appropriate ILI system incorporating an effective ILI technology, an optimized evaluation process considering the specific threat morphology, material testing and a structured dig program. The evaluation process uses the ILI data and data from the field in combination material properties data and a susceptibility analysis to classify anomalies as “Likely”, “Possible” and “Unlikely” SSWC. This is aligned with the guidance in API RP 1176 “Assessment and Management of Cracking in Pipelines” for defining an appropriate response to ILI calls. Approaching the management of SSWC in this way allows operators to define a structured response for excavation activities to verify the process and remediate features as required. By using likelihood classification the risk to pipeline integrity can be reduced by acting on the most likely SSWC features as a priority, whilst collecting the data needed to make informed decisions on where to focus resources and efforts on what is a very complicated and difficult to manage threat. The output form this work, including a future plan for managing the remaining metal loss features, can be documented in a procedure and incorporated into an existing Integrity Management Plan.
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Vorgetts, Joseph. "Status of current and proposed regulatory responses by USDA APHIS to the threat of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absolutaMeyrick) invasion into the United States." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108748.

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Govorkova, A. M., T. L. Kryukova, and O. A. k Kostroma State University (KSU), Kostroma,. "Stress in the situation of new health threat (COVID-19 pandemic) and coping with it." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.843.852.

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At the moment, the world is in an unprecedented state of shock and uncertainty. Many countries are actively taking all possible measures to minimize the spread of COVID-19, adapt to the new norms by staying at home and maintaining a social distance when going out. The purpose of this study is to understand how people perceive, understand the new situation and cope with the crisis. There are significant changes in the way of life, new rules are introduced very often, which will probably have to be followed for a long time. We created a 2-part survey: 1) an inventory about stress level and its causes evaluation, changing behavior, in the current situation, trust in power, etc. based on international projects (Fancourt, 2020; Jachimowicz, 2020); 2) coping flexibility scale. The study was conducted online (27.03.20–12.04.2020). The sample of 248 voluntary participants aged 20 to 77 years (av. age 36.06, SD = 13.42) have taken place 33 % men, and 67 % women; the majority have their own family (60 %) and a job. While it is known that isolation can affect mental health, there has never been a situation where so many people have had to remain physically separated from others. Results. At the beginning of the study self-isolation in Russia was only introduced, but the participants` responses (in ascending order) already indicated stress: 1. Poor appetite or overeating 38.31 %; 2 Sleep problems 42.47 %; 3. Little interest / enjoyment in activities 46.37 % 4. Melancholy, depression, or hopelessness (half of participants); 5. Feeling tired, having low energy (more than half of the sample). The work is going on, and it would be important to find out what can help protect people from the negative effects of stress, fear, and isolation.
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Tladi, Lekopanye Lacic, and Sunny Enow Aiyuk. "Tertiary Education Disruptions and Readjustments amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic in Botswana." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9552.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has been a global nightmare that continues to pose a multi-facetted threat to human existence. For many institutions, the pandemic outbreak has actually forced them to take an Online and Distance Learning pedagogical approach by adopting the use of various educational technologies to facilitate online teaching and learning as the main form of instruction in higher education globally. This paper seeks to discuss the impact of Covid-19 and highlight the initiatives conceived and implemented by some Universities across Botswana in response to the disruptions caused. The paper focuses on the interventions in leadership, curriculum delivery, assessment, research and student support. // Desk research shows that responses to the pandemic varied across institutions as shown by the identified three Botswana Public universities: University of Botswana (UB), Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Botswana Accountancy College (BAC) and Botswana Open University (BOU). Common across these universities is that they all took a decision to find ways of ensuring continuity of teaching and learning activities through adoption of educational technologies. Going forward, it is important that institutions should undergo a serious paradigm shift towards embracing the use of educational technologies in learning and teaching.
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Xie, Botao, Fengting Han, Defu Liu, Shuang Liu, Shichang Huang, and Liang Pang. "Statistical Prediction of Long Term Characteristics for Typhoon Induced Rainstorm and Inundation in China." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57017.

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Of all regular recurring natural hazards, tropical cyclones pose the most dangerous threat to the economical development and more than 250 million lives in most areas of China. It is necessary to develop effective responses to an increasingly complex set of cumulative causes and consequences from typhoon characteristics and their induced disasters. Typhoon induced rainfall and inundation disasters cause enormous damage in most coastal areas of China, such as river flood and land slide. After Comprising of several popular extreme value theories, one kind of Compound Extreme Value Distribution model (Poisson-Gumbel distribution) is applied to estimate different return level precipitation in the southeast coastal region of China in this paper. It is shown that the new model can give more reasonable and comprehensive predicted result than traditional methods.
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Reports on the topic "Threat responses"

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Kessler, Andrew, Michael Shewfelt, Jennifer Davis, Brian Connett, Jared Chiu-Rourman, Joseph Oravec, Shaunnah Wark, Ling Siew Ng, Seng Chuan Lim, and Cheng Lock Chua. Maritime Threat Response. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada462563.

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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.

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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Vavich, Nicholas P. Mexican Cartels: Threat and Response. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590275.

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Andrabi, Tahir, Natalie Bau, Jishnu Das, Naureen Karachiwalla, and Asim I. Khwaja. Crowding in Private Quality: The Equilibrium Effects of Public Spending in Education. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/124.

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We estimate the equilibrium effects of a public school grant program administered through school councils in Pakistani villages with multiple public and private schools and clearly defined catchment boundaries. The program was randomized at the village-level, allowing us to estimate its causal impact on the market. Four years after the start of the program, test scores were 0.2 sd higher in public schools. We find evidence of an education multiplier: test scores in private schools were also 0.2 sd higher in treated markets. Consistent with standard models of product differentiation, the education multiplier is greater for those private schools that faced a greater threat to their market power. Accounting for private sector responses increases the program’s cost effectiveness by 85 percent and affects how a policymaker would target spending. Given that markets with several public and private schools are now pervasive in low- and middle-income countries, prudent policy requires us to account for private sector responses to public policy, both in their design and in their evaluation.
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Tornabene, Pietro. The Military Response to Pandemic: The New Global Threat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494293.

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DeHennis, Philip M. Terrorism: National Security and Strategy and a Local Threat Response. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada329818.

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Harman III, Frank L. Decisive Military Force in Response to Transnational Threats. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada393124.

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Minchev, Zlatogor. Cyber Threats in Social Networks and Users’ Response Dynamics. Procon, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/it4sec.0105.

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Hardy, Douglas, and Christopher Russell. Mission Assurance, Threat Alert, Disaster Resiliency and Response (MATADRR) Product Reference Guide. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608435.

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