Journal articles: 'Threat perception'

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Straka, Tanja M., and Christian C. Voigt. "Threat Perception, Emotions and Social Trust of Global Bat Experts before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 11242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811242.

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Speculations about the origin of SARS-CoV-2 have catapulted bats into the spotlight of scientific and societal attention, with unforeseen consequences for bat conservation. In two global surveys with bat experts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed their (i) threat perceptions, emotions towards bats and social trust in decision makers and (ii) the predictive potential of emotions, social trust and socio-demographic variables on threat perceptions. We also discuss (iii) the potential influence of the pandemic on threat perception and antecedents (emotions and social trust). We received 495 responses from 65 countries in September 2019 and 320 responses in June 2020 from 77 countries. We identified three major threat categories (indirect, direct and prejudice). Comparing threat perception, emotions and social trust between both surveys, we found that indirect threats (e.g., habitat modification) were considered as crucial, yet less so during the pandemic. During the pandemic, experts rated indirect threats lower and the perceived threat through prejudice (e.g., myths) higher than before the pandemic. During the pandemic, bat experts also expressed more compassion and sadness related to bats and trust in researchers and NGOs, but less trust in laypeople than before the pandemic. Emotions were particularly important predictors for threats through prejudice besides social trust. Socio-demographic variables (e.g., cultural and professional background) had predictive potential predominantly for direct threats (e.g., hunting and trade, wind turbines) and threats through prejudice. Our study highlights the role of emotions and social trust on threat perception among bat experts who remained relatively invisible during the pandemic despite their key role for bat conservation. More importantly, we echo previous calls to be more attentive to ecological grief also within the scientific community; especially as discussions around zoonotic spillover with valued study animals intensify.

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Cohen-Louck, Keren. "Perception of the Threat of Terrorism." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (April 28, 2016): 887–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516646091.

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In light of the tense and ongoing security situation in Israel, one important issue that needs to be analyzed and understood is the perception of terrorism threats. Most studies focused mainly on the psychological implications of terrorist acts; this study examines the complexity of the manner in which the individual perceives the threat of terrorism. In all, 40 Israeli adults (22 women and 18 men) were interviewed using semistructured in-depth interviews. Qualitative analysis indicates that the components of the perception of terrorism that construct the evaluation and subjective perception of the participants are as follows: (a) perception of control, which is a feeling of loss of control and helplessness due to uncertainty, inability to predict threats, and the vagueness of the threat; (b) perception of vulnerability to the threat, such as a feeling of vulnerability to and potential victimization by terrorism; and (c) perception of fear of terrorism that includes responses of fear, anxiety, feeling of danger, and emotional distress. In addition, gender differences were found in the analysis. The findings of this study help gain a better understanding as to how people perceive the threat of terrorism. The findings also enable an understanding of the complexity of living under ongoing terrorism threats and may assist in understanding how citizens cope with and adjust to this threat.

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MARTINEZMARTINEZ, R., and A. DIAZFERNANDEZ. "Threat Perception: New Risks, New Threats and New Missions." Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development 4 (2007): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-8323(07)04006-4.

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Bahns, Angela J. "Threat as justification of prejudice." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215591042.

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When people feel prejudice toward a group, they can justify their prejudice by perceiving the group as threatening. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that prejudice causes threat perception, using affective conditioning to create new prejudice toward unfamiliar groups. The experimentally created prejudice increased threat perception (Experiments 1–3), except when threat information was inconsistent with conditioned affect (Experiment 3). Consistency of affect and threat information is necessary in order for threat to be a plausible justification of prejudice. Mere prejudice can cause perception of threat in the absence of information about the group; this finding suggests threats are not necessarily inherent to the characteristics of the group. Threat perception can be used as a way to explain the experience of prejudice, rather than forming the source of the prejudice itself.

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Chung, Kuyoun. "Ideology, Threat Perception, and Foreign Policy Preference." Korea Observer - Institute of Korean Studies 53, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2022.53.2.223.

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This article investigates the role of ideological difference in shaping threat perception and foreign policy preference in South Korea and the United States. Increasing ideological polarization has created different threat perceptions and foreign policy priorities within and between these allies, particularly regarding the geostrategic challenge of China. This research analyzes how strongly ideological differences are associated with threat perception, especially regarding China, and how such different ideologies lead to different foreign policy preferences in addressing those threats. To this end, this study analyzes survey data on the South Korean and American voters' understanding of the ROK-US alliance. Empirical analysis reveals threat perception varies by ideological difference in both countries. Data analysis also shows that both conservatives and progressives in South Korea view the US as a preferable foreign policy partner and support South Korea's joining the Quad, which contradicts the conventional understanding that progressives are not closer to the US. Meanwhile, conservative respondents both in South Korea and the US are pessimistic about the future coordination of the alliance as conservatives in South Korea prioritize North Korea's denuclearization, which might be in conflict with the US priority of countering China, while the conservatives in the US are concerned by South Korea's closer relationship with China. These results thereby necessitate the imperative of closer coordination to address pressing issues in the region but also a deeper investigation of the longer-lasting determinants of ideological differences in the two countries.

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Biggs, Adam T., Joel Suss, Sarah Sherwood, Joseph A. Hamilton, and Tatana Olson. "Perception Over Personality in Lethal Force: Aggression, Impulsivity, and Big Five Traits in Threat Assessments and Behavioral Responses due to Weapon Presence and Posture." American Journal of Psychology 135, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19398298.135.2.06.

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Abstract The use of lethal force is a combination of threat perception and individual judgment that sometimes warrants a behavioral response. This simplified description implicates perceptual factors and individual differences in lethal force decision making, which ongoing research continues to address. However, personality-based factors have been less explored as to how they might affect either threat perception or behavioral responses in a lethal force decision. The current investigation examined multiple personality traits with the potential to influence lethal force decision making, including aggression, impulsivity, and the Big Five traits. These measures were compared to threat perception and behavioral responses made to a variety of lethal force stimuli broadly categorized as clear threats, ambiguous threats, and clear nonthreats. Samples were recruited from combat-trained infantry, military recruits, and the civilian community to control for prior lethal force training. Although there was a strong omnibus relationship between threat perception and the likelihood of a behavioral response, neither military training nor personality differences had any impact on threat perception or a binary (e.g., shoot/don't-shoot) behavioral response. Therefore, we conclude that perception dominates personality in lethal force decision making when the threat assessment decision is limited to factors such as weapon presence or posture rather than emotion.

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Sylvester, F. Ley. "Mobile Device Users’ Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2022.14101.

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The mobile device is one of the fasted growing technologies that is widely used in a diversifying sector. Mobile devices are used for everyday life, such as personal information exchange – chatting, email, shopping, and mobile banking, contributing to information security threats. Users' behavior can influence information security threats. More research is needed to understand users' threat avoidance behavior and motivation. Using Technology threat avoidance theory (TTAT), this study assessed factors that influenced mobile device users' threat avoidance motivations and behaviors as it relates to phishing attacks. From the data collected from 137 mobile device users using a questionnaire, the findings indicate that (1) mobile device users' perceived susceptibility and severity of phishing attacks have a significant correlation with a users' perception of the threat; (2) mobile device users' motivation to avoid a threat is correlated to a users' behavior in avoiding threat; and (3) a mobile device user's susceptibility to phishing attacks can be reduced by their perception of the threat. These findings reveal that a user's perception of threat increases if they perceive that the consequence of such threat to their mobile devices will be severe, thereby increasing a user's motivation and behavior to avoid phishing attack threats. This study is beneficial to mobile device users in personal and organizational settings.

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Muris, Peter, and Peter De Jong. "Monitoring and perception of threat." Personality and Individual Differences 15, no. 4 (October 1993): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90075-e.

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Rousseau, David L., and Rocio Garcia-Retamero. "Identity, Power, and Threat Perception." Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 5 (October 2007): 744–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002707304813.

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Karpavičiūtė, Ieva. "Securitization and Lithuania’s National Security Change." Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 36, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lfpr-2017-0005.

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Abstract The paper addresses the security threat perception and securitization of existential threats in Lithuania. It focuses upon the securitization theory and its ability to explain the change of national security agendas as affected by the changes in national identity and existential security threats. It takes into account the internal and external factors that are shaping the objective and subjective national threat perception. The paper applies O. Waever’s securitization theory with an aim to explain how the national security threats are being addressed and perceived in Lithuania. Moreover, the paper is developed against the backdrop of the most recent developments in securitization theory and evolution of its theoretical perceptions of identity, existential threats, and legitimacy. It also discusses the possibility of inclusion of hybrid security threats into an analysis of securitization. The empirical part of the article assesses the most recent security challenges, provides evaluation of changes in national security perception, and portrays the dynamics of national security threats as defined in the National Security Strategies and the Military Doctrine. The paper focuses upon the most recent dynamics in security policy of Lithuania. It also takes into account the hybrid nature of security threats and the reaction to hybrid security elements such as: cyber security, information security, and international terrorism.

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Lewańska, Monika, Agnieszka Godela, and Magdalena Myga-Nowak. "LISTERIOSIS. MODERN PERCEPTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THREAT." Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology 57, no. 2 (2019): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/pm-2018.57.2.106.

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Kadambi, Akila, and Hongjing Lu. "Social Threat Perception from Body Movements." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 191b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.191b.

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YOO, SANGBEOM. "Threat and Alliance : Perception and Decoupling." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15235/jir.2018.12.21.2.29.

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HENRY, JULIE D., COURTNEY VON HIPPEL, TED RUFFMAN, YAEL PERRY, and PETER G. RENDELL. "Threat perception in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 5 (July 7, 2010): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000640.

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AbstractIt has been suggested that, relative to the other basic emotions, the perception of threat-related emotion is disproportionately impaired in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Yet research has not assessed how schizophrenia-spectrum disorders affect the ability to make direct appraisals of threat. In the present study, participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were compared with controls on two danger rating tasks that involved differentiating between faces and situations normatively judged to be either high or low in threat. It was also assessed whether danger ratings were related to clinical symptoms, as well as performance on an emotion recognition measure that depicted emotions in point-light animation (biological motion). While the two groups did not differ in their ability to differentiate high- from low-danger stimuli, or overall danger attributed to faces, overall danger attributed to situations was greater for the clinical group. The clinical group also showed a selective deficit recognizing fear on the bioemotion task, but only for the control group was recognition of threat-related emotions associated with danger ratings. These data are consistent with other evidence showing that there may be a disconnect between the usual processes used to make inferences regarding potential threat in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. (JINS, 2010, 16, 805–812.)

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Laretzaki, G., S. Plainis, J. Pallikaris, and P. Bitsios. "Threat and anxiety affect contrast perception." European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.356.

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Muris, Peter, Peter J. de Jong, and Angelique Suvrijn. "Monitoring, imagery, and perception of threat." Personality and Individual Differences 18, no. 6 (June 1995): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00188-x.

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LoBue, Vanessa, David H. Rakison, and Judy S. DeLoache. "Threat Perception Across the Life Span." Current Directions in Psychological Science 19, no. 6 (December 2010): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388801.

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Oren, Eitan, and Matthew Brummer. "Reexamining Threat Perception in Early Cold War Japan." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 71–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00948.

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This article discusses whether Japanese military and political elites perceived the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) as threats during the Cold War. Realist scholars have argued that Japan's security alliance with the United States and the global balance of power were such that most Japanese officials did not perceive either of the Communist giants as a serious military threat. Reaching a similar conclusion but for starkly different reasons, constructivist scholars have argued that cultural, normative, and identity factors explain why Japanese elites did not perceive the Soviet Union or China as militarily threatening. Neither of these arguments holds up. Archival data and oral history collections from Japan's Self-Defense Force and National Diet Library reveal that Japan's defense establishment and political leaders perceived both the Soviet Union and the PRC as extremely threatening and that these perceptions fluctuated in intensity over time, across sectors, and among actors. Psychological factors, including affect, behavioral tendencies, and cognitive beliefs (the ABC model), may better explain why Japanese judged the intensity and source of perceived threats in the manner that they did. These findings underscore why threat perception in the international system is best evaluated by aggregating individual judgments and their distribution among larger groups.

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Sekerdej, Maciej, and Małgorzata Kossowska. "Motherland under attack! Nationalism, terrorist threat, and support for the restriction of civil liberties." Polish Psychological Bulletin 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-011-0003-0.

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Motherland under attack! Nationalism, terrorist threat, and support for the restriction of civil liberties The paper addresses the role which national attitudes play in terrorist threat perception and in the choice of specific counterterrorism strategies. Study 1 shows that participants higher on nationalism tend to perceive the threat of terrorism as more serious than participants lower on nationalism. Moreover, we found that nationalism mediated the relationship between the perceived terrorist threat and the support for tough domestic policies, even at the expense of considerable limitation of civil liberties. Study 2 confirms the link between the perceived terrorism threat and the support for suspension of civil liberties. Nevertheless, when terrorism was seen in terms of crime rather than in terms of war, the mediating role of nationalism disappeared. The results contribute to a better understanding of the process whereby the perception of one's own national group and the perception of one's own nation-state translate into specific reactions triggered by external threats.

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Kustin, Kustin, and Tolak Haris. "Analysis Factors Of Affecting Community Stigma With Covid-19 Patient Based On Health Belief Model Theory." Jurnal Kesehatan dr. Soebandi 9, no. 2 (October 26, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36858/jkds.v9i2.277.

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Introduction: The stigma that exists in society views people with COVID-19 as people who are avoided, the feared disease is very contagious so that stigma causes anxiety and prejudice against sufferers. Objective : To analyze the factors that influence the stigma of society in patients with COVID-19 based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory. Methods: Descriptive correlation using a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was 150 respondents with accidental sampling design. The independent variables of this study were knowledge, beliefs and perceptions of threat. The dependent variable was stigma. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis used multiple regression statistical test with a significance degree of <0.05 (5%). Results: knowledge does not have a significant effect on beliefs (vulnerabilities, advantages, barriers, self-confidence with > 0.05. Knowledge variable has an effect on seriousness > 0.037. Confidence also does not have a significant effect on the threat of vulnerability (1,000), seriousness > 0.999, advantage > 1,000, barriers > 1,000 and belief has an effect on self-confidence > 0.000. For the threat variable does not have a significant effect on stigma > 0.996. Conclusion: The stigma against Covid-19 patients is the perception of seriousness and the perception of threats to Covid-19 patients who are felt to threaten the community to be infected with the virus. Lack of information is a trigger for the stigma of society towards Covid-19 patients.

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Boshyan, Jasmine, Nicole Betz, Lisa Feldman Barrett, David De Vito, Mark Fenske, Reginald Adams, Jr., and Kestutis Kveraga. "THREAT - A database of line-drawn scenes to study threat perception." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.302.

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Stephan, Cookie White, Walter G. Stephan, Katherine M. Demitrakis, Ann Marie Yamada, and Dennis L. Clason. "Women's Attitudes Toward Men: an Integrated Threat Theory Approach." Psychology of Women Quarterly 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x.

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Three studies were conducted to measure the antecedents of women's attitudes toward men using the integrated threat model. Four types of threats were hypothesized to produce negative attitudes toward men: (1) realistic threat based on threats to women's political and economic power, (2) symbolic threat based on value differences, (3) intergroup anxiety experienced during social interaction with outgroup members, and (4) negative stereotypes of men. Negative contact was hypothesized to increase the perception of all four threats as well as to affect attitudes directly. The findings suggest that symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, and negative contact are the strongest predictors of negative attitudes toward men. Contrary to expectation, realistic threat may not be important to women's attitudes toward men.

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Kim, Nameun, and Seung-won Suh. "Threat Perception of Security under the Abe Administration : Threat Perception as a Catalyst of ‘Becoming Normal Country’." Journal of Japanology 51 (August 31, 2020): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21442/djs.2020.51.09.

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Oren, Eitan. "Japan’s evolving threat perception: data from diet deliberations 1946–2017." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 20, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 477–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcz016.

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Abstract Scholars have recently commented on Japan’s increasing threat perception, either in the context of an ‘increasingly complex security environment’, or in the context of its use by Japanese elites to advance their political goals. Yet, while references to Japan’s threat perception are ubiquitous, conceptual clarity and comprehensive empirical evidence are far less so. This article seeks to address these gaps by conducting a longitudinal study of threat perception in postwar Japan. Data are driven from content analysis of debates in Japan’s national parliament over a period of seven decades (1946–2017). The evolution of Japan’s threat perception is analyzed, and a revisionist account of Japan’s threat perception is put forward. Thus, this study serves both as a metric of threat perception in postwar Japan and as a model for the study of threat perception in international relations.

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Green, David. "Immigrant Perception in Japan." Asian Survey 57, no. 2 (March 2017): 368–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.2.368.

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Japan’s rapidly aging populace and its accompanying demographic, social, and economic problems are forcing a gradual opening to increased immigration. This paper consequently considers what factors influence public opinion toward immigration in Japan, using multilevel statistical modeling to test hypotheses regarding economic threat, cultural threat, contact, and salience of change.

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Permana, Septian Aji. "Eling Lan Waspodo as A Local Perception for “Merapi” Volcanic Disaster Preparedness." Komunitas 13, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v13i2.27071.

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Cangkringan community has a perception that the Merapi eruption is a gift not a threat or danger. This phenomenon can be understood as an attitude of wisdom of Merapi slopes to always be ready to live modestly with nature. This study aims to analyze the incidence of Merapi eruption in 2010 which has killed 347 peoples and found perceptions for readiness to face the threat of Merapi eruption in Cangkringan. This study used a qualitative approach for the perception of cangkringan peoples as preparedness to encounter the threat of Merapi eruption. Informant in this study were the Cangkringan peoples, caretaker of Mount Merapi, officials of Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in Sleman, Yogyakarta and data collected by observation and in-depth interviews. The collected data were then analyzed by using domain analysis, taxonomic, componential, and the theme of culture. The results showed that Perception built over the years was not to face the threat of Merapi eruption, but gratitude of Cangkringan community to the gift given by Merapi Volcano in the form of extraordinary natural wealth. Community’s perception of preparedness to face the threat of Merapi eruption in the form of advice or messages that contain high phylosophy value is eling lan waspodo. The presence of disasters are not preventable, but casualties can be minimized by preparedness action in facing the threat of Merapi eruption.

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Bradfield, Laura A., and Mihaela D. Iordanova. "Threat perception: Fear and the retrorubal field." Current Biology 31, no. 10 (May 2021): R469—R471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.065.

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Bharsakle, Pragati Dnyaneshwar. "Social Networks for Threat Perception and Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35911.

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In the current era of massive knowledge, high volumes of valuable knowledge is simply collected and generated. Social networks square measure samples of generating sources of those huge knowledge. Users in these social networks square measure usually coupled by some interdependency like friendly relationship. As these huge social networks continue to grow, there square measure things during which Associate in Nursing individual user needs to seek out common teams of friends so he will suggest a similar teams to alternative users. Many users of social Network are not aware about the number of security risks in networks such as identity theft, privacy violations, sexual harassment etc,. Recent studies says that most of the social network users expose their personal information like their date of birth, email address, phone number, relationship status. If this type of data reached to the wrong person, then person used that information to harm the users. If the children are users of social network, then these risks become serious. In this paper we present an alternative data analytic solution by using pattern matching solution.

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Cothran, D. Lisa. "Facial Affect and Race Influence Threat Perception." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 30, no. 3 (March 2011): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ic.30.3.g.

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FRANKLIN, JAMES. "IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression." Comparative Political Studies 30, no. 5 (October 1997): 576–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414097030005003.

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Laretzaki, G., S. Plainis, S. Argyropoulos, IG Pallikaris, and P. Bitsios. "Threat and anxiety affect visual contrast perception." Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, no. 5 (November 14, 2008): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881108098823.

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Vagnoni, Eleonora, Stella Lourenco, and Matthew Longo. "Threat modulates perception of looming visual stimuli." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646992.

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Objects on a collision course with an observer produce a specific pattern of optical expansion on the retina known as looming, which in theory exactly specifies time-to-collision. Looming stimuli produce stereotyped defensive responses in monkeys and human infants, indicating that the primate visual system is intrinsically tuned to interpret this stimulus as threatening. We investigated how emotional reactions to the semantic content of a looming stimulus affects perceived time-to-collision. We presented either threatening (snakes, spiders) or non-threatening (butterflies and rabbits) stimuli which expanded in size at a rate indicating one of five different times to contact (3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 or 5.0 s). After 1 s, the image disappeared and participants judged when it would have made contact with them continuing on the same trajectory. Consistent with previous findings, time-to-collision judgments systematically underestimated true arrival time. More importantly, our results showed that the magnitude of this underestimating significantly increased for threatening, compared to non-threatening, stimuli. Further, the magnitude of this increase was correlated with participants’ self-reported fear of snakes and spiders. Traditionally, looming has been interpreted as a purely optical cue to collision. Against that view, our results demonstrate that the semantic content of visual stimuli modulates perceived time-to-contact. Our results suggest that perceived threat led participants to use a larger margin of safety: underestimating time-to-collision errs on the side of allowing more time to prepare defensive responses (or flee). More generally, these results demonstrate that emotion has widespread effects on even very basic aspects of perception.

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Moore, Sandra E., Charlie Harris, and Yolanda Wimberly. "Perception of Weight and Threat to Health." Journal of the National Medical Association 102, no. 2 (February 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30499-5.

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Vagnoni, Eleonora, Stella F. Lourenco, and Matthew R. Longo. "Threat modulates perception of looming visual stimuli." Current Biology 22, no. 19 (October 2012): R826—R827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.053.

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Mayton, Daniel M. "Personality Correlates of Nuclear War Threat Perception." Journal of Social Psychology 126, no. 6 (December 1986): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713661.

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Brilot, Ben O., and Melissa Bateson. "Water bathing alters threat perception in starlings." Biology Letters 8, no. 3 (January 16, 2012): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1200.

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The majority of bird taxa perform water bathing, but little is known about the adaptive value of this behaviour. If bathing is important for feather maintenance then birds that have not bathed should have poorer feather condition, compromised escape ability and therefore increased responsiveness to cues of predation. We conducted two experiments examining the behaviour of captive starlings responding to conspecific alarm calls. Birds that had no access to bathing water showed a decreased willingness to feed and increased their vigilance behaviour following an alarm call. We argue that birds denied access to bathing water interpreted an ambiguous cue of threat as requiring more caution than birds that had access, consistent with higher levels of anxiety. Our results support the provision of bathing water for captive birds as an important welfare measure.

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SHANNON, VAUGHN P. "Threat Perception and the Psychology of Constructivism." International Studies Review 9, no. 2 (June 2007): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00673.x.

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Faupin, Alan, and Andrzej Karkoszka. "For a European conference on threat perception." European Security 12, no. 2 (June 2003): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662830412331308136.

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Conrad, Courtenay R., Sarah E. Croco, Brad T. Gomez, and Will H. Moore. "Threat Perception and American Support for Torture." Political Behavior 40, no. 4 (September 16, 2017): 989–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9433-5.

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Brankley, Andrew E., and Nicholas O. Rule. "Threat perception: How psychopathy and Machiavellianism relate to social perceptions during competition." Personality and Individual Differences 71 (December 2014): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.015.

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Prokhoda, Vladimir. "Migration as a threat to security of the accepting society: peculiarities of perception of the native population." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2020): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2020.2.32472.

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This research is based on the materials of the fifth wave of the cross-national sociological project “European Values Study”. The conceptual framework consists in the theory of a complex threat, describing the key components of the perceived threat that lead to prejudice between social groups. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the perception of migration by native population as a potential threat to the security of the accepting society. Special attention is paid to the description of current migration situation in Europe. The article reviews the realistic and symbolic threats of migration through the prism of public opinion of the native population. It is stated that the European countries significantly differ depending on perception of migration threats by the native population. The author notes that population of the countries with developed economy mostly do not feel competition with the migrants on the job market. A conclusion is made that in the conditions of Russia’s unstable national economy and pressure of sanctions, the migrants seem to Russians as a serious threat on the job market. It is evident that in the European countries the migrants are largely perceived as a source of criminality. The research determines the factors affecting rejection of migrants in modern Russia. The author offers the typology of European countries based on peculiarities of perception of migration threats by the native population.

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Loughran, Thomas A., Alex R. Piquero, Jeffrey Fagan, and Edward P. Mulvey. "Differential Deterrence." Crime & Delinquency 58, no. 1 (December 2, 2009): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128709345971.

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Perceptual deterrence has been an enduring focus of interest in criminology. Although recent research has generated important new insights about how risks, costs, and rewards of offending are perceived and internalized, there remain two specific limitations to advancing theories of deterrence: (a) the lack of panel data to show whether issues of changes in perceptions over age and time are linked to changes in offending and (b) the lack of research on perceptual deterrence of active offenders, arguably the most policy-relevant group for these studies. Using longitudinal data on offending and perceptions of risks and punishment costs for a large sample of serious youthful offenders, the authors identify significant heterogeneity in sanction threat perceptions generally and across different types of offenders. These differences in perception reflect variation among offenders in the amount of prior information on offending on which individuals may be basing their perceptions. There likely exists a potential “ceiling” and “floor” of sanction threat perceptions, indicating that there are deterrence boundaries beyond which some types of offenders may be more amenable to sanction threats whereas others may be undeterred by sanction threats. Directions for future theoretical and empirical research are discussed.

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Katz, Sherri Jean, Sahara Byrne, and Alyssa Irene Kent. "Mitigating the Perception of Threat to Freedom through Abstraction and Distance." Communication Research 44, no. 7 (May 4, 2016): 1046–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650216647534.

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This study tested theoretical relationships between key concepts in psychological reactance theory and construal level theory. Through a 3 × 2 × 2 experiment ( n = 155), we manipulate (1) how abstractly or concretely participants are processing a message, (2) the psychological distance to the message, and (3) whether or not the message restricts choice. Dependent measures include perceptions of threat to freedom and message effectiveness. Results show that increasing abstraction and/or distance can mitigate the perception of threat to freedom that is experienced when a message restricts choice. Furthermore, this process has a subsequent influence on message effectiveness. As the first study to consider the perception of threat to freedom in the context of construal level theory, this experiment furthers understanding of key theoretical relationships. Strategies for the design of successful persuasive messages are discussed.

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Kervyn, Nicolas, Susan Fiske, and Vincent Yzerbyt. "Forecasting the Primary Dimension of Social Perception." Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000219.

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) posits two fundamental dimensions of intergroup perception, warmth and competence, predicted by socio-structural dimensions of competition and status, respectively. However, the SCM has been challenged on claiming perceived competition as the socio-structural dimension that predicts perceived warmth. The current research improves by broadening warmth’s predictor (competition) to include both realistic and symbolic threat from Integrated Threat Theory (Study 1). We also measure two components of the warmth dimension: sociability and morality. Study 2 tests new items to measure both threat and warmth. The new threat items significantly improve prediction of warmth, compared with standard SCM items. Morality and sociability correlate highly and do not differ much in their predictability by competition/threat.

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Alinor, Malissa, and Justine Tinkler. "TAKE OFF YOUR HOODIE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 18, no. 1 (2021): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x21000072.

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AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that Black men are perceived to be more threatening than White men. Relatedly, public discourse suggests that respectable dress may reduce this perception. In this paper, we test whether professional attire reduces associations of threat with Black men. In three separate studies, participants completed a modified version of the Weapons Implicit Association Test (IAT). In Study 1, we tested whether Black men are associated with threat more than White men dressed in similar attire. In Study 2, we sought to test whether professional dress lessens the association between race and threat through intra-race comparisons. In Study 3, we assessed the perception of threat of Black men compared to White men when dressed in differing attire. Overall, findings indicate that participants associate Black men with threat more than White men, regardless of attire. Moreover, contrary to expectations, participants more strongly associate professional than casual dress with threat. The results have implications for public and scientific discourse regarding how contextual cues affect perceptions of Black men as threatening.

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Lašas, Ainius, Rocio Garcia-Retamero, Vaida Jankauskaitė, and Vitalija Simonaitytė. "Living in the past: The impact of victimization memory on threat perceptions." Memory Studies 11, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698016688241.

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Threat perception is a key issue defining intergroup conflict dynamics. To date, it has been linked with power asymmetries and value similarities between groups. This article examines the role of victimization memory in threat construction. The results of an experiment converge to suggest that personal and institutional victimization memories are robust predictors of the levels of threat perception. They act as primary references in the assessment of threat and suppress framing effects. The findings have significant implications for the theory of threat perception.

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Fernandes, Orlando, Liana Catrina Lima Portugal, Rita de Cássia S. Alves, Tiago Arruda-Sanchez, Eliane Volchan, Mirtes Garcia Pereira, Janaina Mourão-Miranda, and Letícia Oliveira. "How do you perceive threat? It’s all in your pattern of brain activity." Brain Imaging and Behavior 14, no. 6 (August 24, 2019): 2251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00177-6.

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Abstract Whether subtle differences in the emotional context during threat perception can be detected by multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) remains a topic of debate. To investigate this question, we compared the ability of pattern recognition analysis to discriminate between patterns of brain activity to a threatening versus a physically paired neutral stimulus in two different emotional contexts (the stimulus being directed towards or away from the viewer). The directionality of the stimuli is known to be an important factor in activating different defensive responses. Using multiple kernel learning (MKL) classification models, we accurately discriminated patterns of brain activation to threat versus neutral stimuli in the directed towards context but not during the directed away context. Furthermore, we investigated whether it was possible to decode an individual’s subjective threat perception from patterns of whole-brain activity to threatening stimuli in the different emotional contexts using MKL regression models. Interestingly, we were able to accurately predict the subjective threat perception index from the pattern of brain activation to threat only during the directed away context. These results show that subtle differences in the emotional context during threat perception can be detected by MVPA. In the directed towards context, the threat perception was more intense, potentially producing more homogeneous patterns of brain activation across individuals. In the directed away context, the threat perception was relatively less intense and more variable across individuals, enabling the regression model to successfully capture the individual differences and predict the subjective threat perception.

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Labe, R. M., A. S. Otene, P. M. Inunduh, and G. T. Akume. "PERCEPTION OF CORONAVIRUS AS AN EXISTENTIAL THREAT AND CONFORMANCE WITH SOCIAL DISTANCE PROTOCOL." Open Journal of Medical Research (ISSN: 2734-2093) 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojmr.v2i1.193.

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The study assesses perception of coronavirus as an existential and conformance to social distance among citizens in Benue state. A total of 343 participants comprised of 187(54.5%) males and 157(45.8%) females. Participants responded to a self-developed questionnaire which has a Cronbach alpha coefficient was.76. The study was a correlational research design. Results, shows there is a significant positive correlation between conformists’ perception of coronavirus as an existential threat and conformance to social distance, r (343) = .559, p< .0.01 for hypothesis one. There was a negative correlation between oppositional group perceptions of coronavirus as an existential threat and conformance to social distance, r (343) = -.175, p< .0.01 for hypothesis two. Hypothesis three shows there is a significant difference in the perception of coronavirus as an existential threat and conformance to social distance between conformists score (M=12.7360, SD=2.39721) and oppositional score (M=16.0242, = 3.03586), t (341) = -7.012, p< .05). A significant difference was also observed in the perception of coronavirus as an existential threat and conformance to social distance between the male scores of (M=14.3520, SD=4.47642) and female scores of (M=14.5137, SD= 4.84979), t (323) = -3.312, p< .05). Findings from this study show that, coronavirus is an existential threat to human life. Nevertheless, people differed in their attitude to conformance to social distance protocol. The peoples’ view of coronavirus and response to social distance should help to deepen government and health managers understanding to strengthen health policy and measures on disease control in future outbreaks.

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Zeng, Ka, and Xiaojun Li. "Geopolitics, Nationalism, and Foreign Direct Investment: Perceptions of the China Threat and American Public Attitudes toward Chinese FDI." Chinese Journal of International Politics 12, no. 4 (2019): 495–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poz016.

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Abstract The rapid increase in recent years of Chinese outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) has prompted growing scholarly interest in its economic and political implications for host countries. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how concerns over the rise of China may shape public attitudes towards such investment. This article tests the link between threat perception and preferences for FDI in the United States. We argue that, due to heightened geopolitical concerns and nationalism, perceptions of the China threat negatively affect how the American public views the impact of incoming Chinese FDI. Using a survey experiment, we show that respondents are indeed less likely to support Chinese FDI when primed with information that highlights the security and economic threats posed by China than when they receive no such priming. Furthermore, causal mediation analyses reveal that the treatment effects of security and economic threats are mediated by respondents’ concerns about the challenges that Chinese FDI poses to national security as well as to American economy.

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Pérez-Fuentes, María del Carmen, María del Mar Molero Jurado, Nieves Fátima Oropesa Ruiz, África Martos Martínez, María del Mar Simón Márquez, Iván Herrera-Peco, and José Jesús Gázquez Linares. "Questionnaire on Perception of Threat from COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196.

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The ravages caused by the disease known as COVID-19 has led to a worldwide healthcare and social emergency requiring an effective combined effort from everyone to reduce contagion. Under these circumstances, the perception of the disease is going to have a relevant role in the individual’s psychological adjustment. However, at the present time there is no validated instrument for evaluating adult perception of threat from COVID-19. Considering the importance of perception or representation of the disease in a state of social alert, our study intended to validate an instrument measuring the psychological process of the disease caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19). In view of the above, this study evaluated the factor structure and reliability of the version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) for COVID-19 in a sample of adults. The sample consisted of 1014 Spanish adults (67.2% women and 32.8% men). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional model of the scale, which was the one that showed the best fit and explained 43.87% of the variance. This brief version has adequate psychometric properties and may be used to evaluate the perception of threat from COVID-19 in an adult Spanish population. The validation of this instrument contributes to progress in representation of COVID-19 in our culture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Threat perception'

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