Academic literature on the topic 'Thought containers'

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate that ship operator-based container imbalance (SOBCI) leads to empty container movement (ECM) beyond trade imbalance, which is described as additional ECM (AECM). This demonstration is supported by a feasible suggestion to overcome additional empty container circulation, critiquing the suggestion of a common container pool and initiating a further discussion to reduce AECM. Two hypotheses examining SOBCI, trade imbalance, and empty container circulation were tested for the container throughputs of Turkish ports using the Mann-Whitney U test and regression analysis. A thought experiment about how to calculate the potential amount of ECM beyond trade imbalance was conducted. Recently, a substantial amount of container accumulation beyond the trade imbalance in the terminals located in Istanbul-Kocaeli and Mersin for 20-foot containers and in Istanbul-Kocaeli and Gemlik for 40-foot containers has occurred due to SOBCI. In Turkish container terminals between 2013 and 2016, SOBCI explains 32.78% of AECM originating from the market effect. For 20-foot containers, the percentages of avoidable AECM are 30% for Istanbul-Kocaeli and 20% for Mersin. For 40-foot containers, the AECM is 50% for Mersin, 20%‐25% for Istanbul-Kocaeli and Gemlik, and 5% for Izmir-Aliaga. The concept of the market effect, its elements, SOBCI, and the magnitude of AECM arising from only the market effect (AECM-OME) were used for the empirical study. This study demonstrates the relationship between SOBCI and AECM-OME. Additionally, a unique thought experiment and its mathematical notation are presented to calculate the magnitude of AECM that has been released.

Typhoon Jebi struck Japan on the 4 September 2018, damaging and inundating many coastal areas along Osaka Bay due to the high winds, a storm surge, and wind driven waves. In order to understand the various damage mechanisms, the authors conducted a field survey two days after the typhoon made landfall, measuring inundation heights and depths at several locations in Hyogo Prefecture. The survey results showed that 0.18–1.27 m inundation depths were caused by Typhoon Jebi. As parts of the survey, local residents were interviewed about the flooding, and a questionnaire survey regarding awareness of typhoons and storm surges, and their response to the typhoon was distributed. The authors also mapped the location of some of the containers that were displaced by the storm surge, aiming to provide information to validate future simulation models of container displacement. Finally, some interesting characteristics of the storm surge are summarized, such as possible overtopping at what had initially been thought to be a low risk area (Suzukaze town), and lessons learnt in terms of disaster risk management are discussed.

This experiment was designed to determine the optimal light level for growing pawpaw seedlings in the greenhouse. In addition, we wanted to determine if modifying the root-zone would positively impact pawpaw seedling growth and development. Experimental treatments were imposed from seed sowing until the plants were destructively harvested. The experimental design was a split-plot, where blocking was done by position in the greenhouse. The main plot of the experiment was shade. This was accomplished by growing seedlings under a wooden frame covered with shadecloth to reduce incident light intensity received by the plant by 30%, 55%, 80%, or 95%. The control treatment was 0% shade or ambient greenhouse light level. The split-plot was root-zone modification. Half of all growing containers were untreated (control) while the other half were painted with SpinOut™, a commercially available product used to reduce root spiraling in nursery containers. There were 40 replicate seedlings per experimental treatment combination per block. Seedling shoot length and unfolded leaf number was recorded twice a week from seedling emergence until destructive harvest. Whole-plant leaf area was also determined. Leaves, stems, and tap and lateral roots were separated and dried to determine biomass partitioned to the respective organs. Up to 55% shade did not significantly reduce whole-plant biomass, while plants at 80% and 95% shade were stunted. Shade in the greenhouse is not required as was previously thought. Specific leaf mass and lateral root mass decreased as shade increased. Neither tap or lateral root dry weights were significantly affected by root-zone modification. New recommendations for container production of pawpaws in the greenhouse will be discussed.

The world's container cargo trading is increasing daily, and the role of the container terminal is becoming more important as the center of cargo transportation. In Japan, new container terminals being constructed face very severe competition with larger, cheaper terminals so they must handle cargo more efficiently and cheaply. To cope, handling systems such as container cranes, yard cranes, and conveyers are being automated to enable unattended operation unloading and loading schedule planning, etc., are being computerized. In these system, crane automation and control computerization are already generalized, but automatic control of container conveyers is not completed yet. The container conveyer -15m long, 4m wide, and 1.5m high - picks up containers from container ships with a container crane and hauls them to the shift yard for release to the yard crane. Both crane are operated automatically, so the conveyer must stop at the desired position within a permissible error of ±7.5cm, and run on a predetermined course and speed. Collision avoidance is required because many vehicles oparate on the same course. The automated guided vehicle (AGV) system, which is diesel-driven, 4WS and 4WD, was thought to be effective, but container weights very widely, as do road conditions which depend on weather, so conventional control is not sufficient to maintain the required accuracy. We applied learning control to maintain the desired course and for stopping at the desired position. Speed was controlled, conventionally. The system's applicability was confirmed with computer simulation and vehicle performance testing. This system will be used at the Kawasaki container terminal in 1999 and we are currently working on improving performance.

Imperfections on the surfaces of crystallization containers are known to influence crystal formation and are thought to do so by helping to overcome the nucleation barrier. The intentional creation of imperfections has been widely applied to induce crystallization of small molecules, but has not been reported for protein crystallization. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the TetR-type aconitase repressor are reported. This regulator was the first transcription factor to be identified in the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle inCorynebacterium glutamicum, an organism that is of special industrial interest and is an emerging model organism for Corynebacterineae. Successful crystallization involved introducing manual scratches on the surface of standard commercial plates, which led to a substantial improvement in crystal nucleation and quality.

Abstract This article looks at three recent examples of superheroic masculinity in Italian film and media, arguing that it is always conceptualized transnationally, triangulated between Italy, the United States and a vague 'East'. This transnational masculinity is repeatedly coupled with fantasies and anxieties about the environment ‐ the toxic, as Mel Chen suggests, is animate, weaving in and out of containers, bodies and borders, allowing it to threaten Italian bodies (toxic waste, garbage, the 'ecomafia' of the South), and allowing us to imagine that it might bestow on those same bodies the strength, vitality and power to resist the toxic. Ultimately, these toxic and transnational male bodies may be always from elsewhere, but strangely Italian, too ‐ after all, Esposito argues that the hallmark of Italian thought is precisely a refusal of the idea of a stable and strong national identity.

Until the 1980s, most people thought of ceramics as artware and artifacts. The recent development of advanced ceramics for high performance thermal insulation (space shuttle tiles), high temperature structures (heat engines), and electronics (superconductors) has dramatically changed perceptions about the utility of ceramics.High technology ceramics are related to “traditional” ceramics only to the extent that they are inorganic, nonmetallic materials. Traditional ceramics are derived from minerals. For example, dinnerware and bricks consist mostly of clay, while sand is the major ingredient in flat glass and containers. Abundant raw materials, simple processing, adequate performance at low cost, and technological evolution have kept these industries viable for several thousand years.But, for demanding electronic or structural applications, synthesizing ceramics from minerals is often unacceptable. The chemical variability of mineral deposits, the difficulty of obtaining a homogeneous mixture of powders, and the problems of consolidating the powders into a uniform ceramic with desirable grain morphology, chemistry and grain boundary phases have stimulated the development of chemically derived ceramic precursors.

This study was conducted in 2019 on pine trees in Province of Diyarbakır (Sur District) in South-eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Shot samples were taken from the dried pine trees and brought to the laboratory. Samples were cultured in plastic containers at the temperature of 26±1°C, relative humidity of 65±5, and illumination of 3500 lux for 16 hours per day. As a result of this study, Brachytemnus porcatus (Germar, 1823) species belonging to Curculionidae family of Coleoptera was determined. This is the first record for pine trees in Diyarbakir. In addition, this species is the first record for the insect fauna of Diyarbakır. This harmful species, which is one of the rare insect species in the world, is thought to have entered the province of Diyarbakır, possibly through production materials brought to the region without supervision. Key for the species of the subtribe Stenoscelidina from Turkey is given.

Cette recherche concerne l’agitation comportementale de neuf enfants à l’école et utilise la médiation projective du Scéno-Test.En référence au concept de Moi-peau, la pratique clinique intersubjective des contenants de pensée dans l’institution fonde un regard sur la psychopathologie face à la Loi de février 2005 qui considère l’enfant agité comme handicapé. A l’intérieur de ces contenants en partie réducteurs sont analysés les trajets émotionnels des familles des enfants rencontrées, capables, à partir d’un groupe de professionnels au travail, de transformation psychique des dits contenants.En référence à la théorie des enveloppes psychiques, cette recherche propose, dans le cadre de l’examen psychologique, un dispositif consistant en la passation de 4 séances de Scéno-Test pour chaque enfant qui tient compte d’une pensée du "hors" significative de sa potentielle éjection de l’école.Dès lors, l’expression des procédés hors-jeu au Scéno-test relance par le moyen d’un jeu permis le psychisme de l’enfant.Au regard du concept de retournement, c’est la notion de fil projectif élaborée à partir d’une pensée du blanc du couvercle de jeu et la notion du négatif utilisée par le clinicien chercheur qui permettent de penser l’élaboration des réponses. Au sein d’enveloppes projectives, tel l’écran du rêve dans la dialectique de la veille et du sommeil, telle l’hallucination négative dans la dialectique de l’absence et de la présence, l’enfant reconstruit une scène d’origine traumatique.L’ensemble des données recueillies montre que l’enfant instable est en danger, même à l’école. Sa capacité au Scéno-Test à figurer, malgré les angoisses impensables, les secrets et/ou les dénis familiaux, lui permet de réaménager au sein de ces enveloppes projectives un espace interne suffisamment sécurisant pour être réinvesti.Ces premiers résultats permettent d’établir que le Scéno-Test, épreuve thématique, peut aussi être utilisé comme une épreuve structurale paradoxale
This research concerns the behavioral excitement of nine school children and uses the Scéno-Test projective mediation.In reference to the "Ego-skin" concept, the intersubjective clinical practice of thought containers in the institution a glance on the psychopathology in front of Act of February 2005 considering the restless child as an handicapped person. Inside these partially reducing containers are analyzed the emotional families axes encountered who, from a group of professionals in the work, can transform these containers.In reference to the psychic envelopes theory, this research proposes, as part of the psychological examination, a device consisting of the signing of 4 sessions of Scéno-Test for every child who takes into account a thought of "except" significant of his potential ejection of the school.From then on, the expression of the offside processes in Scéno-test stimulus by means of an allowed game helped the psyche of the child.Towards the concept of reversal, it’s the notion of thread projectif elaborated from a thought of the blank cover game and the notion of the negative used by the clinician researcher that allow to think of the elaboration of the answers. Within projectives envelopes, such as dream screen in the dialectic of waking and sleep, such as the negative hallucination in the dialectic of the absence and the presence, the child reconstructs a scene of traumatic origin.The overall results show that unstable child is in danger, even at school. Its ability to appear and represent capacity in Scéno-Test, despite the unthinkable fears and the family secrets and/or denials, allows him to reorganize within these projectives envelopes an internal space enough reassuring to be reinvested

Cette recherche interroge le lien affect-cognition chez des adolescents violents, en souffrance scolaire, à travers une dynamique de dépendance vs différenciation cognitive, émotionnelle et psychique. Elle a été réalisée dans deux établissements secondaires dans la région lyonnaise. Trois phases de travail de terrain ont été articulées. La première, exploratoire, s’est intéressée à l’observation du milieu scolaire à travers des entretiens avec des professionnels (N=8). La deuxième, quantitative, a consisté, à l’aide d’un questionnaire, en un recueil de données auprès d’adolescents (N= 112) quant à leurs violences, leurs rapports aux savoirs, leur quotidien scolaire. Des échelles (Questionnaires de Styles cognitifs, SITA et TAS-20) ont également été administrées pour évaluer la dépendance cognitive, l’alexithymie et le second processus de séparation-individuation. La troisième, clinique, a permis de faire un travail approfondi autour de la singularité d’adolescents en difficulté et dits violents (N=6). Elle s’est basée sur des entretiens cliniques et le Rorschach. Les résultats des phases exploratoire et quantitative ont montré un lien entre dépendance cognitive et difficultés scolaires. La violence à l’école associée aux difficultés scolaires est en lien avec une vulnérabilité cognitive, émotionnelle et relationnelle. Quant à la violence seule, sans difficultés scolaires, elle semble au contraire porter un mouvement de différenciation. Les résultats cliniques corroborent l’idée d’une violence scolaire qui vient interpeller le lien. Elle prend valeur d’une recherche de place singulière, de différenciation et de subjectivation. Les dynamiques de dépendance et d’indifférenciation s’intriquent à un fonctionnement cognitif similaire. Une défaillance dans les contenants de pensée vient s’exprimer dans une violence non contenue, comme une recherche de support à la pensée dans le milieu scolaire, à travers un support à la relation. Le rapport cognitif au scolaire s’inscrit dans cette dynamique globale d’un rapport aux contenants, recherchés et mis à l’épreuve dans les interactions avec l’environnement. Cet environnement peine parfois à décoder, à accueillir cette quête, ou à y apporter la compréhension et la réponse adéquate. Ceci fait de l’espace scolaire un espace de lutte pour la différenciation du sujet et par là même un espace potentiel pour créer, en marge parfois des contingences strictement scolaires, un chemin pour l’identité
This research exmines the link between cognition and affectivity on adolescents with school suffuring, trough studying dependency vs differenciation dynamic on cognitive, emotionnal and affective issues. It was conducted in two secondary establishments in Lyon, France. Three steps have been articulated. The first, exploratory, was interested in the observation of the school through interviews with professionals (N = 8). The second, quantitative, was done with a questionnaire to collect data about adolescents’ violence, relationship to knowledge and school. Scales (Cognitive Styles Questionnaires, SITA and TAS-20) were also administered to assess cognitive dependency, alexithymia and separation-individuation second process. The third, clinical, focused the singularity of troubled and violents teens (N = 6). It was based on clinical interviews and Rorschach test. The results of exploratory and quantitative phases have shown a link between cognitive dependence and scholar difficulties. When associated with scholar difficulties, violence at school is linked with a cognitive, emotionnal and relationnal vulnerability. However, violence alone, without scholar difficulties, seems to be rather a sign of differentiation. The clinical results support the idea that school violence have relationship signification. It takes value of research a space force singular differentiation and subjectivity. The dynamics of dependency and lack of differentiation is also explaining similar cognitive functioning. A failure in containers of thought is expressed in a non-contained violence, as a research of support for thinking in schools, through the relationship. Cognitive relation to the school is part of this overall report to the containers witch are researched and tested in dynamic interactions with the environment. Sometimes, environment has difficulies to receive and understand this quest, and to bring appropriate response. So school may be a space of differenciation and subjectivation struggle. It may be a potential space to create, in marge of school contingency, a way for identity

碩士
實踐大學
產品與建築設計研究所
95
Although the notion of recycling design is coming to maturity in our country; it only limits to the rules of Environmental Protection Regulations (rules of Green Design) and the promotion of environmental-friendly material industry (waste articles as resources). The numbers of research on thoughts and methods of recycling design are still limited. By referring to both domestic and international references and cases, this research analyzes and concludes thoughts and methods of recycling design, and studies its design structure and introduces it into manufacturing products (a case study of disused containers). Through using application examples to conduct a survey and statistic data analyzed by Grey Relational Analysis, we are able to find out consumers’ preference and perspectives on recycling design; thus, providing references and application for relevant industries. The main conclusions of this research are : 1.For recycled disused articles, we bring up the thoughts and methods of recycling design and with the help of Eco-design Strategy Wheel, the product design is qualified for green quality. 2.When processing recycled articles, designers can apply to recycling design structure and design the articles from the “reuse perspective“ (use the article directly in its original form) and “recycle perspective” (the application of recycled materials). 3.The application of recycling design structure may help designers think diversely at the initial stage of their design and the application of Grey Relational Analysis is helpful to the reference evaluation on the design stage of recycling design.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
航運管理研究所
99
This study is carried out fter 2 years of direct-sailing, the new route-deployment was mapping out from 15 container carriers across the Taiwan-strait in East Asia. The author has compared the 2010 route-deployment with 2008 and has collected the container throughput data by direct shipping across-strait in Taiwan. Gray theory and the average growth rate prediction techniques are employed to predict container ports throuput in Taiwan after the cross-strait direct shipping services are launched. The result is that compared the 2010 route-deployment with 2008, we find that there are many changes in East Asian trunk routes since direct-shipping service is launched across the Taiwan strait, especially enhanced the connectivity among the ports of Taipei, Kaohsiung, Shanghai, Hong Kong, etc. The route-deployment between Taiwan and China are related closely. It might result in that the Taiwan’s F/E routes (Far East to Europe) can be disappeared gradually if the foreign liners involved in direct-sailing across strait. If the direct-sail routes cross strait become feeder routes and most trans-shipment activites are occurred in PRC’s ports, then it can cause the F/E routes disappeared in Taiwan. In addition, the forecast showed that the port container volume and trade between Taiwan and China has definitely a positive relationship. And the port of its optimistic and conservative forecasts: ports of Keelung and Taichung may change considerably, but the growth of Kaohsiung will be smaller. Due to the cabotage limitation, foreign carriers are not allowed to provide direct shipping services cross-strait. If the cross-strait shipping companies can carry the full loaded container by foreign shipping companies, it would be raising the benefit.

The textbook provides information about the philosophy of science and theology as academic disciplines. The primary purpose of the manual is not only to inform students about the content of various concepts of religious philosophy, but also to promote their intellectual and spiritual growth. It contains information on several theological disciplines that have only recently been introduced into the educational space of the Russian Federation. Among these are The History and Methodology of Theology, Methods and Tasks of Theology of Western Christian Thought, and The History of Theological Thought in the Russian Orthodox Church. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students receiving higher education in theological and religious studies specialties.

The monograph consists of three chapters, the first of which outlines the theoretical foundations of intelligent information systems. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the term "model" as the intended meaning depends on the understanding of the material. Introduces and examines the new concepts such as the associative and intuitive knowledge while in the creation of intellectual information systems are not used. The second Chapter contains the analysis of problems of development of artificial intelligence (AI), developed in two directions: classical and statistical. Discusses difficulties in the development of the classical approach, associated with identifying the meaning of words, phrases, text, and formulating thoughts. The analysis of problems arising in the play of imagination and insight, machine understanding of natural language texts, play, verbalization and reflection. The third Chapter contains examples of the development of intelligent information systems and technologies in practice of management of economic objects. Theoretical bases of construction of information robots designed to support the task hierarchy of the knowledge base and generating control regulations. The technology of their creation and application in the management of the business efficiency of enterprise business processes and its investment activities. Focused on researchers and developers, AI and intelligent information systems, as well as graduate students and faculty in related academic disciplines.

This article focuses on the importance of ceramics in material cultural studies. It proceeds to say that ceramics are considered a key feature of human material culture because of what they are taken to represent in economic, technological, and evolutionary terms. The innovation of taking the plastic medium of clay and marrying it with pyrotechnology to create irreversibly a resilient object — usually in the form of a container, has frequently been assumed to mark a revolutionary stage in the development of modern human thought and practice, forming with agriculture and sedentism a trinity of epoch-changing innovations. This article talks about the idea of the body as being used as a container. It says that ‘Containment’ may well be the ‘function’ offering archaeology one of the most important sources of archaeological data and windows into society, and culture; but very little is known about the cognitive, experiential, and evolutionary grounding of the concepts embodied in each and every container.

The book contains arguments on the anthropological, epistemological, teleological functions of educational philosophy; the experiential pedagogical experience as a qualitative research resource; the principle of an education from, during and for life, as a premise; the discipline of History in professional training; actuality of The Golden Age; importance of reading and its reflection as a function of life; Marti's ideology in Cuban culture; utopia of the Apostle's existence in the digital era; classic models for scientific writing; differences between the experiential and experimental methods. Marti's spirituality as a safeguard of the nation; the philosophical perspective of the Apostle in scientific writing and communication; and thought and the nation as components of Cuban spirituality. The relationship between these contents constitutes the theoretical and practical platform of Marti's Educational Philosophy in pursuit of human improvement.

“Dignity” in the Western tradition typically connotes the inherent and unearned worth that entitles each person to respectful attitudes and treatment. Confucian and Buddhist thought contains concepts that overlap with this concept, making possible a three-way dialogue. Confucianism forthrightly asserts the special value of the individual, but that special value lies in one’s capacities to connect with others and to create a truly worthwhile life of relationships. Correspondingly, if one fails to develop these capacities, one may lose one’s dignity. A possible basis in Buddhism for human dignity lies in the distinctively human capability for “awakening.” However, this capability involves realizing that one’s individuality is not as real or as important as one thought it was, and that this is the key to being free from the suffering that any being, human or animal, should be free from.

In the classical age, everything finds its place in a class of things; all classes are ordered; taxonomy represents the order of the world. Discussion of space exemplifies the transition to the world as a table. Descartes and Leibniz advanced a relational conception of space, while Newton held space to function as a container. This transition in conditions of thought affected the way people thought about the “person” who rules and is subject to rule. While Hugo Grotius’s De jure belli ac pacis conveys a Renaissance sensibility, it adapts a medieval-Aristotelian stance on human faculties to suit moral persons, including political bodies. Pufendorf furthered the Grotian position by positing the natural equality of human beings and working out the idea that rights among equals imply correlative duties. In Leviathan, Hobbes located “artificial persons” in an equally artificial setting to illustrate the logic of rule over territory as a contained space.

The replies by Charles Travis develop initial responses to eleven chapters contained in the rest of the volume. The replies have a number of aims. Firstly, they seek to clarify positions previously taken up by Charles Travis on, in particular, the interpretation of Frege, Cook Wilson, Wittgenstein, Austin, and Chomsky. Secondly, they advance some new thoughts on the nature of ‘Travis cases’, logic, and disjunctivism in perception, among other topics. Thirdly, they offer a conspectus of Travis’s latest thinking on how to square objectivity with parochialism across the various domains of language, thought, and perception.

This handbook engages with the critical ordering of Schmitt’s writings, investing in the proper contextualization of his polycentric thought. More important than whether Schmitt’s positions and concepts are relevant in the twenty-first century is how to read Schmitt so as to grasp the original meanings of his many publications. The handbook intends to provoke debate about the relevance of his canon for thinking about the present. It argues that the motif of order is central to making sense of Schmitt’s contributions to law, the social sciences, and the humanities, as well as that his contributions to diverse disciplines constituted a trinity of thought. Schmitt’s political thought cannot be understood without reference to his legal and cultural thought; his legal thought was informed equally by his political and cultural thought; and his cultural thought contains important traces of his political and legal thought. This theoretical and substantive overlap was deliberate.

Ours is not, strictly speaking, a medical Journal, though it contains many recipes for a long life and a merry one … Yet, though Maga is neither a physician nor a surgeon, nor yet an accoucheur – (though frequently she is Fancy’s midwife) – she does not regard with blind eye and deaf ear the medical and surgical world....

This article contains the text of an e-mail I received from Massimo Quaini in 2017. Through this mail he was answering to my invitation to participate in the fourth edition of “Dialoghi tra geografia e filosofia”, a ‘dialogic’ seminar I have been organizing since 2014 to enhance the discussion between geographers and philosophers. Due to his illness, unluckily he was unable to attend the conference but he wrote me an e-mail in which he invited me to write a book together, four-handed. This e-mail is one of the last documents ever written by Quaini: here we have many of his landscape ideas, as well as many thoughts on the identity and the future of geography, and much more. For this reason I thought making this mail public could be the best way to honour his memory.

Abstract This chapter contains fill-in-the-blank questions in hydrology and water management. Questions are consist of a missing word (or pair of words) in a sentence. The reader is asked to provide the missing words. Fill-in-theblank questions demand a high level of thought about the discipline area and what is missing from the sentence.

The contribution contains 11 unpublished letters of Jan Patočka from 1935–1967 supplemented with the author’s comments and explanations. The addressee of the letters, the nature of which is friendly and rather private, was the Brno philosopher, poet and psychologist Robert Konečný. The author devotes the introduction to the illumination of the origins of the letters and the description of the lives of both friends, whose actions, thought and unquestionable moral authority make them integral figures of the humanist tradition of Czech philosophy.

Among the geographical associations the Italian Centre for Historical and Geographical Studies (CISGE) was the one with which Massimo Quaini maintained a stronger relationship. In addition to the sharing of the study fields, Quaini was also linked to CISGE by the close and inseparable link between geography and history, the combination of concrete research and theoretical reflection, the plurality of approaches, the continuous dialectic and the marked interdisciplinarity. Elements that have always characterized the Centre since its foundation, becoming concrete in meetings, seminars, conferences, research groups, national and international projects and in numerous publications. Through a careful analysis of Quaini’s writings contained in the proceedings, the collections of essays and the journal Geostorie (which since 2000 replaced the Notiziario del CISGE) – a long and uninterrupted series from 1992 to 2017 – the contribution aims at highlighting the original, critical and stimulating contribution offered by Massimo to the four fundamental study streams of CISGE: historical geography, history of cartography, history of geographical thought, history of travels and of explorations.

This chapter begins with lists compiled in Lincolnshire in the 1550s. These lists show that objects including pyxes--containers for the Eucharist--were given to children as playthings. The chapter links this practice to the widespread discourse that sought to demean traditional religion as a mere trifling with inane and worthless things, but it argues that the practice of iconoclastic child’s play differs from this polemic in that the object actually lingers as a potential locus for newly emerging meanings. This possibility is linked to the wider complexities surrounding the status of trifles and inanities in the history of Christian thought and its consistent inversions of value, as well as to the self-reflexive interrogation of the status of trifles in the writings of Thomas More.

This chapter details the introduction of containerism to the shipping industry and the tremendous effect of rapid technological change that it brought about within the industry and the running of ports. It documents the disputes over the use of new cargo-handling equipment and the subsequent nationwide agreement to accomodate container ships at New Zealand ports. The conclusion demonstrates that though watersiders managed to secure favourable terms during the process, the terms were inherently unsustainable and counter-productive to the efficiency, and lower labour requirements, of the container industry.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is liberated from platelet membrane phospholipids during stimulation and promotes cellular aggregation through the synthesis of thromboxane A2. Two pathways; phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or phospholipase C (PLC) followed by the action of acylglycerolipases, are thought to be activated during platelet stimulation and supply the necessary AA. We have reported that mono (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), a physiological metabolite of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), commonly used in a variety of medical devices and storage containers, inhibits PLA2, but not PLC in platelet lysates. The effects of MEHP on intact platelets were studied. PLA2 activity in intact platelets or lysates was assayed by incubating them with 2-14C-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine and measuring formation of free 14C-arachidonic acid in 10 min. Platelet lysates hydrolyzed 10% of the substrate while 2.6% was hydrolyzed by intact platelets. The amount of MEHP needed to inhibit 14C-AA liberation was 0.35 mM for platelet lysates and 0.7 mM for intact platelets. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen was inhibited by MEHP (1 mM), although responses to adenosine diphosphate, AA and ionophore were unaffected. Identical effects on platelet aggregation were found when indomethacin (0.1 mM) was added. Higher concentrations of MEHP blocked platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate or AA but not ionophore or synergistic pairs of these stimuli, indicating a more generalized membrane disruption at higher MEHP concentrations. These results suggest that MEHP acts in a similar manner to indomethacin to block PLA2-mediated liberation of arachidonate during platelet aggregation(supported by MRC and NHRDP, Canada)

There is a growing interest in the appearance of LNG fueled large commercial ship with rising oil price and stronger emission regulation of these days. Though small or middle size LNG fueled vessels have been already operated, the application of LNG fuel to large commercial vessels is now under developing in stage. LNG fueled propulsion system can be characterized by three differences than typical propulsion system. First one is 2-stroke dual fuel engine, second one is high pressure fuel supply system and the third is LNG fuel tank. Among these three components, this paper is focused on the LNG fuel tank which was developed by DSME so called ‘ACT-iB’ (ACT-iB: Aluminum Cargo Tank Independent type B). This paper describes engineering works such as structural analysis, crack propagation & leakage analysis and temperature distribution analysis for the application of ACT-iB to LNG fueled vessel. From this development, it was concluded that LNG fueled technologies are ready to large container ship application in structural point of view.

A single DNA molecule is a long and flexible biopolymer that contains the genetic code. Building upon the discovery of the iconic double helix over 50 years ago, subsequent studies have emphasized how its biological function is related to the mechanical properties of the molecule. A remarkable system which high-lights the role of DNA bending and twisting is the packing and ejection of DNA into and from viral capsids. A recent 3D reconstruction of bacteriophage φ29 reveals a novel toroidal structure thought to be 30–40 bp of highly bent/twisted DNA contained in a small cavity below the capsid. Here, we extend an elastic rod model for DNA to enable simulation of the toroid as it is compacted and subsequently ejected from a small volume. We compute biologically-realistic forces required to form the toroid and predict ejection times of several nanoseconds.

Parametric roll is a nonlinear phenomenon that can rapidly create large roll angles coupled with significant pitch motions. Such motions can cause large loads especially in fore and aft parts of the ship structure, severe stresses on containers and their securing systems, and can be a threat for the crew of the ship. The large roll angles may increase to such values that can even cause capsizing. Even though there are many studies focusing on the parametric roll phenomenon using theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches, topics such as uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis in parametric roll have not attracted enough attention. In this paper, results from a study on uncertainty quantification in numerical simulation of parametric roll are presented. Numerical simulations were carried out in irregular seas using the Korean Container Ship (KCS). Motion of the ship was simulated with a time-domain program. Several parameters were considered as sources of uncertainty such as the GM, the length of the simulation time window, the phase, and the number of components of the irregular wave. To propagate these uncertainties in the computational model, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) methods were used, and their performances were compared. The paper ends with a summary of conclusions and recommendations.

Parametric rolling of a post-Panamax C11 class containership in regular and irregular waves is numerically investigated using body nonlinear time domain methods based on strip theory. The Froude-Krylov and the hydrostatic forces are calculated for the exact wetted surface area under the undisturbed incident wave profile. Two kinds of formulations are used for calculation of the radiation forces. The first one employs a linear radiation force in which the frequency dependent hydrodynamic coefficients are calculated for mean position of the sections at mean water level. The second formulation calculates the hydrodynamic coefficients for the exact submerged depth of ship sections under the undisturbed incident wave profile, and hence called as body nonlinear radiation force. The numerical results from the aforementioned formulations are compared with each other, and also with experimental results obtained from a wave tank in both regular and irregular waves. For all the cases in regular waves, the vulnerability to parametric rolling is clearly identified by the numerical models, even though a few discrepancies are observed in the estimation of the severity (maximum roll angle) of the problem. In this paper, the effects of the linear and body nonlinear radiation forces on the numerical calculation of parametric rolling of a container ship and the ability of the numerical methods to identify parametric rolling are investigated.

Alloy 600 and associated welds, Alloy 82/182 of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) plants have been known as being susceptible to the Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC). Dissimilar metal (DM) piping butt welds were welded with Alloy 82/182. As one of the mitigation techniques of the PWSCC, Structural Weld Overlay (SWOL) has been applied to the DM welds, but it has tendency to occur weld cracks on the first layer. One of the reasons of the weld cracks is the sulfur which is highly contained in stainless steel base metals, because old stainless steels would contain higher sulfur (e.g. 0.02%) than later ones. In response to this situation, Magnetic Stir Welding (MSW) was proposed to apply for the first layer of SWOL, and tested to evaluate its weldabilities. MSW has been developed for several years, and it is generally known that MSW has characteristics to improve a heat transfer in the molten pool, so that it could reduce a dilution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate weldabilities of MSW for welding Alloy 52 and/or Alloy 52M as filler metal on high sulfur contained stainless steel pipe. Single bead tests and all position welding tests were conducted. As a result of this study, MSW can prevent from occurring weld cracks and lack of fusion due to stirring effects of the molten pool. Therefore, SWOL can be welded without weld cracks on the first layer by applying MSW, even though the stainless steel base metal contains relatively high sulfur. In addition, MSW can weld at high wire supply rate because of prevention of lack of fusion. So it could improve weld efficiency.

Ships vibrate due to waves, and these wave induced vibrations can not easily be avoided by moderate changes to the hull lines. The waves may cause the whole hull girder to vibrate due to springing (resonance) and whipping (transient response), which increase the fatigue and extreme loading. Recently this has also become an industry concern. Modern hull monitoring systems in combination with model tests are the best tools to answer the key questions: How important is the wave induced vibrations, and does it have to be included in design? This paper addresses the effect of whipping on the extreme loading. Measurements have been carried out on two container vessels operating in the North Atlantic. An elastic model of the larger vessel has also been tested. Results are obtained at quarter lengths and amidships. From the measurements the increase due to whipping is considerable, even though the wave conditions are not extreme. The full scale measurements and model test show that IACS URS11 rule loads may be exceeded in less than extreme sea states, in particularly amidships and in the aft ship. The IACS UR S11 may need revision for container ship design. MAIB’s report based on the investigation of the MSC Napoli incident (vessel broke in two) also recommends increased requirements for container ship design and further research into the effect of whipping.

In the last decade, there is a renewed interest in the integration of a sloshing tank into structural systems to decrease the vibrations of the structure. The purpose of this study is to try different numerical simulation programs for further use in studies in evaluation of the effectiveness of the sloshing tank absorbers for structural systems. The programs chosen for sloshing simulations are COMSOL Multiphysics®, ANSYS CFX and ANSYS-FLUENT. In the numerical simulations, the free surface shape during sloshing will be simulated under small and large amplitude sinusoidal displacements. The results obtained using different software will be compared with the results of the experiments reported in literature. Since the purpose is to use the sloshing forces on the container to decrease the structural response, the total force on the container walls is calculated and compared with the reported experimental results. The dynamics of a container coupled with the a structural model is simulated and forces applied on the container walls are analyzed in the frequency domain which is important in understanding the tuning of the vibration absorber. To the best of authors’ knowledge, in a fluid-structure coupled system the frequency domain analysis of the container wall forces at varying amplitudes of sinusoidal excitation is not presented in literature. The results showed even though higher harmonic forcing magnitudes increase with increasing base motion, the fundamental harmonic component does not change significantly.

School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) remains difficult to measure because of high sensitivity and response bias. However, most SRGBV measurement relies on face-to-face (FTF) survey administration, which is susceptible to increased social desirability bias. Widely used in research on sensitive topics, Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) allows subjects to respond to pre-recorded questions on a computerized device, providing respondents with privacy and confidentiality. This brief contains the findings from a large-scale study conducted in Uganda in 2019 where primary grade 3 students were randomly selected to complete surveys using either ACASI or FTF administration. The surveys covered school climate, gender attitudes, social-emotional learning, and experiences of SRGBV. Through this study, we find that although most survey responses were comparable between ACASI and FTF groups, the reporting of experiences of sexual violence differed drastically: 43% of students in the FTF group versus 77% of students in the ACASI group reported experiencing sexual violence in the past school term. We also find that factor structures are similar for data collected with ACASI compared with data collected FTF, though there is weaker evidence for construct validity for both administration modes. We conclude that ACASI is a valuable tool in measuring sensitive sub-topics of SRGBV and should be utilized over FTF administration, although further psychometric testing of these surveys is recommended.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.