Journal articles on the topic 'Thoroughbred horse'
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1
Abdullah, M. A. N., D. Pahlasari, A. Nurhaliza, U. Hasanah, E. M. Sari, C. I. Novita, and M. Ammar. "Identification of reproduction performance of Thoroughbred and Gayo horses in Bener Meriah Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1341, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012014.
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Abstract The objective of this research was to identify the reproductive performance of Gayo horses and Thoroughbred horses. This research was conducted in Bener Meriah District, Aceh Province through a survey method. In this case, the research location was chosen intentionally (purposive sampling). The total population of Gayo horses in Bener Meriah is currently 227 horses. Among them, 78 horses were taken as the research samples with minimum requirement that the horses involved have at least given birth 2 times. Furthermore, the required data in this study were the reproductive performance characteristics of Gayo horses and Thoroughbred horses including: (1) estrous cycle; (2) estrous duration; (3) first mating age; (4) gestation period; (5) foaling interval; and (6) postpartum mating age. Based on the results, the data obtained are that the average length of estrous cycle of Gayo horses is 20.75±1.67 days, while Thoroughbred horses is 29±1.59 days. Furthermore, the length of time in estrous for Gayo horses is 5.80±1.20 days, while Thoroughbred Horses is 7.30±1.70 days. In addition, the average first mating for Gayo horse is 3.78±1.19 years, while for Thoroughbred horses is 3.10 ± 0.65 years. Furthermore, the gestational period of Gayo horse has an average of 335.40±5.00 days, while for Thoroughbred horses is 336.66±3.41 days. The foaling interval of Gayo horse is 458.43±37.14 days, while Thoroughbred horse is 477±16.65 days. Last, the average postpartum mating of Gayo horse is 123.03± 37.73 days, while the Thoroughbred horse is 141.26±15.88. Furthermore, the data obtained identified that the reproductive performance of Gayo and thoroughbred horse in Bener Meriah Regency is in normal condition.
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Yaralı, Cevdet, Abdurrahman Köseman, Yusuf Özşensoy, İbrahim Şeker, Burhan Toprak, and Kemal Zengin. "Phylogenetic and bottleneck analysis of the Turkish Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias XXXIII, no. 2 (July 22, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33262.
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This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic and bottleneck analyses of Turkish Thoroughbred and Arabian horse populations. In the study, genotyping was performed using a total of 17 microsatellite markers in the samples taken from 959 Thoroughbred and 813 Arabian horses. The average effective allele number in Arabian horses was 3.338 and the average number of alleles was 7.412 in Thorougbred horses. Genetic distance and genetic identity between Thoroughbred and Arabian breeds was 0.411 and 0.663, respectively. Also genetic identity in each Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations was 1.000. The FCA table showed that the two breeds were completely separated from each other and were compatible. In conclusion; the bottlenecks of Thoroughbred and Arabian horse populations were in a normal L distribution and these horse breeds do not appear to have succumbed to introgression. Therefore, they are not yet at risk of extinction any time soon.
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Binns, M. M., and J. E. Swinburne. "Mapping the grey gene in Thoroughbred horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041264.
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During the past eight years a comprehensive genetic linkage map for the horse has been generated in Newmarket, through a fruitful collaboration between the Genetics section at the AHT and Professor Twink Allen at the TBA Equine Fertility Unit (Swinburne et al., 2000). In order to assess whether the map was adequate to start mapping disease traits in which we are interested, it was decided to attempt to map a clear, easily scoreable trait such as grey coat colour in the Thoroughbred horse. Grey coat colour is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Thoroughbred horses are fairly inbred, and as such they represent one of the more difficult horse breeds for genetic mapping. The majority of grey Thoroughbreds trace their ancestry back to Allcock's Arabian who was born in 1700, and horsemen have long noted an association between grey coat colour and the incidence of melanomas. It is hoped that characterizing the mechanism of grey coat colour formation might also lead to an improved understanding of the molecular basis of melanoma formation.
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Fatih Yildirim and Ayşe Küreksiz. "How frequently do and what time Thoroughbred and Haflinger breeding horses perform particular behaviors in paddock areas?" GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.1.0387.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and time of specific behaviors in Thoroughbred and Haflinger horses reared in outdoor paddock environments. Therefore, 2 Thoroughbred and 2 Haflinger horses were used in the study, and the data were collected by video recording (112 hours in total) between 09:00 and 16:00 (7 h/day) for 16 days. Some behaviors examined during this period; eating from the hay rack, drinking water, grazing on the pasture, walking, running, standing, being next to the other horse and other activities (Rolling, lie down, etc.). Considering the total number of behaviors performed in both horse breeds, it was observed that Thoroughbred horses (154.82 times - 7 h/day) made more daily movements than Haflingers (134.63 times - 7 h/day). When the behavior of the horses in the paddock is assessed based on breed, Thoroughbreds were seen to repeat eating from the hay rack, drinking water activities significantly (P < 0.05) more frequently than the other breed, as were Haflingers when grazing on the pasture. There was no statistically significant difference in breeds among hours (P > 0.05), but when the repetition or intensity results of the movements were examined according to the study hours, it was discovered that the hours with the largest total number of movements were between 11:00 and 15:00. As a result, it has been determined that the behavior activities of Thoroughbred horses is more in an outdoor paddock area during the 09:00-16:00 hours of the day compared to Haflinger horses.
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Tozaki, Teruaki, Aoi Ohnuma, Mio Kikuchi, Taichiro Ishige, Hironaga Kakoi, Kei-ichi Hirota, Yuji Takahashi, and Shun-ichi Nagata. "Short Insertion and Deletion Discoveries via Whole-Genome Sequencing of 101 Thoroughbred Racehorses." Genes 14, no. 3 (March 3, 2023): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14030638.
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Thoroughbreds are some of the most famous racehorses worldwide and are currently animals of high economic value. To understand genomic variability in Thoroughbreds, we identified genome-wide insertions and deletions (INDELs) and obtained their allele frequencies in this study. INDELs were obtained from whole-genome sequencing data of 101 Thoroughbred racehorses by mapping sequence reads to the horse reference genome. By integrating individual data, 1,453,349 and 113,047 INDELs were identified in the autosomal (1–31) and X chromosomes, respectively, while 18 INDELs were identified on the mitochondrial genome, totaling 1,566,414 INDELs. Of those, 779,457 loci (49.8%) were novel INDELs, while 786,957 loci (50.2%) were already registered in Ensembl. The sizes of diallelic INDELs ranged from −286 to +476, and the majority, 717,736 (52.14%) and 220,672 (16.03%), were 1-bp and 2-bp variants, respectively. Numerous INDELs were found to have lower frequencies of alternative (Alt) alleles. Many rare variants with low Alt allele frequencies (<0.5%) were also detected. In addition, 5955 loci were genotyped as having a minor allele frequency of 0.5 and being heterogeneous genotypes in all the horses. While short-read sequencing and its mapping to reference genome is a simple way of detecting variants, fake variants may be detected. Therefore, our data help to identify true variants in Thoroughbred horses. The INDEL database we constructed will provide useful information for genetic studies and industrial applications in Thoroughbred horses, including a gene-editing test for gene-doping control and a parentage test using INDELs for horse registration and identification.
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Khanshour, Anas M., Rytis Juras, and E. Gus Cothran. "Microsatellite analysis of genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 5 (2013): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13062.
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The Waler horse breed is an integral part of Australian history. The purposes of this study were to analyse the genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia and to investigate genetic relationships with other horse breeds. We examined the genetic diversity of 70 Waler horses sampled from seven breeding stations in Australia. Also we analysed the relationships of these horses with 11 other horse breeds. Analysis of the genetic structure was carried out using 15 microsatellite loci, genetic distances, AMOVA, factorial correspondence analysis and a Bayesian method. We found that the genetic diversity in the Waler was greater than the domestic horse mean and exceeded that of all endangered horse breeds. Our findings also revealed moderate population subdivision rather than inbreeding. All genetic similarity measures indicated that the Thoroughbred might be a key ancestor to the Waler. This study indicates that there is no immediate concern for loss of variation in Waler horses. Also, there clearly has been a strong input from the Thoroughbred into the Waler horse breed. However, the genetic evidence suggests that this input was not just direct but also came through other types of horses with a Thoroughbred cross background.
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Jung, Taewoon, and Hyoungjin Park. "The Effect of 12 Weeks of Saddle Horse Conversion Training on Thoroughbred Horse Gait." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 6411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136411.
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The unwanted horse problem is the most serious issue confronting the equestrian industry. Thus, it is recommended that retired racehorses switch to become saddle horses for ‘the second life of a racing veteran’ because training and using retired Thoroughbred racehorses as saddle horses is the most cost-effective option. The current study aimed to analyze the effects of saddle horse conversion training on gaits of retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Our study included 12 retired Thoroughbred racehorses. These Thoroughbred racehorses performed the retraining 20–50 min a day, five times per week for three months. There are some critical findings in this study. The results show that the decreased stride length of each foot decreased the displacements of the center of mass and the center of the head. In addition, after retraining, there was a significant decrease in the head–neck angle and displacement between the center of the head and the center of the neck. These changes in the horse’s movements mean that the habitual movements for racing are gradually changed to optimal movements for a saddle horse.
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Yousefi-Mashouf, Navid, Hassan Mehrabani-Yeganeh, Ardeshir Nejati-Javaremi, Ernest Bailey, and Jessica L. Petersen. "Genomic comparisons of Persian Kurdish, Persian Arabian and American Thoroughbred horse populations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e0247123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247123.
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The present research aimed to characterize the Persian Kurdish horse population relative to the Persian Arabian and American Thoroughbred populations using genome-wide SNP data. Fifty-eight Kurdish, 38 Persian Arabian and 83 Thoroughbred horses were genotyped across 670,796 markers. After quality control and pruning to eliminate linkage disequilibrium between loci which resulted in 13,554 SNPs in 52 Kurdish, 24 Persian Arabian and 58 Thoroughbred horses, the Kurdish horses were generally distinguished from the Persian Arabian samples by Principal Component Analyses, cluster analyses and calculation of pairwise FST. Both Persian breeds were discriminated from the Thoroughbred. Pairwise FST between the two Persian samples (0.013) was significantly greater than zero and several fold less than those found between the Thoroughbred and Kurdish (0.052) or Thoroughbred and Persian Arabian (0.057). Cluster analysis assuming three genetic clusters assigned the Kurdish horse and Thoroughbred to distinct clusters (0.942 in cluster 2 and 0.953 in cluster 3 respectively); the Persian Arabian was not in a distinct cluster (0.519 in cluster 1), demonstrating shared ancestry or recent admixture with the Kurdish breed. Diversity as quantified by expected heterozygosity was the highest in the Kurdish horse (0.342), followed by the Persian Arabian (0.328) and the Thoroughbred (0.326). Analysis of Molecular Variance showed that 4.47% of the genetic variation was present among populations (P<0.001). Population-specific inbreeding indices (FIS) were not significantly different from zero in any of the populations. Analysis of individual inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity using a larger SNP set suggested greater diversity in both the Kurdish and Persian Arabian than in the Thoroughbred. These results have implications for developing conservation strategies to achieve sound breeding goals while maintaining genetic diversity.
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Kononova, Lydia. "Genealogical characteristics of the horse breeding nucleus of thoroughbred horse breed bred in the Stavropol Territory." Agrarian Bulletin of the 193, no. 2 (March 15, 2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-193-2-44-53.
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Abstract. Interest in horse breeding in the Stavropol Territory is not accidental: it is a traditional and historically developed branch of animal husbandry. The priority link of the branch, of course, is pedigree horse breeding. Goal is the analysis of the of thoroughbred horse breed population in the Stavropol Territory on the example of the leading breeding farms. The object of the study were stallions (n = 16) and breeding mares (n = 86) thoroughbred horse breed, bred in breeding farms of the Stavropol Territory (Agricultural Production Enterprise “Svobodnyy trud” LLC, Agricultural Production Enterprise “Novomaryevskoye” LLC, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Rassvet-Stavropol”). Information sources of research: pedigree horses, scoring, statements of results, catalogs of stallions State stud books of horses of thoroughbred riding breed, data from KONI-3 information retrieval system. Results and scope. Used in breeding farms of Stavropol territory stallions of thoroughbred horse breed are represented by 5 genealogical lines: Northern Dancer, Native Dancer, Nasrullah, Blandford and Man O’War. The number of stallions belonging to the old Phalaris line is 14 heads (87,5 %). One head each (6,25 %) falls on the representative of the Blandford line in Agricultural Production Enterprise “Novomaryevskoye” LLC and the Man O'War line at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Rassvet-Stavropol”. Evaluation of the mares in the nuclear stock thoroughbred riding breed showed that their genealogical structure is represented by 12 lines. It should be noted that 5 lines of Northern Dancer, Native Dancer, Nasrullah, Fairway and Turn-to go back to one ancestor, the line of Phalaris, which accounts for 82,6 % of the total number of breeding mares. The obtained results can be used in further research, the practical work of livestock breeding farmers and individuals engaged in breeding horses of thoroughbred riding breed. The results of the research can be recommended as educational material for students and undergraduates of universities studying in the areas of training zootechnical profile. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, a comparative genealogical and zootechnical characteristization of stallions and mares of the nuclear of thoroughbred horse breed bred in the Stavropol Territory was carried out.
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Šamková, Jana, Iva Jiskrová, and Eva Sobotková. "Comparison of body conformation of Moravian warm-blooded horse and Sarvar horse." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040145.
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Measurements of 7 body measures and 6 indices of body conformation on 34 breeding individuals of Moravian warm-blooded horse and 19 of Sarvar horse (Leutstettener) were used to analyse the effect of country of origin (Czech Republik, Germany), sire lines or breed (Furioso, Przedswit, English thoroughbred, Sarvar, Others) and age (4 classes). All horses were measured by one person. Measures and indexes were analysed by GLM procedure. Significant differences were found between both Czech and German population only in index of body frame. Sarvar horses are longer to their height than Moravian warm-blooded horses. The shorter body frame have the horses by English thoroughbred, the longer by Furioso. The younger horses are higher than the older. According to results of Linear Description of Body Conformation we found out, that population of Sarvar horse is more balanced than population of Moravian warm-blooded horse.
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Kim, Su Min, Sung Wook Yun, and Gil Jae Cho. "Assessment of genetic diversity using microsatellite markers to compare donkeys (Equus asinus) with horses (Equus caballus)." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0860.
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Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the diversity of donkey populations by comparing with the diversity of Thoroughbred and Jeju Halla horses; identified breeding backgrounds can contribute to management and conservation of donkeys in South Korea.Methods: A total of 100 horse (50 Thoroughbreds and 50 Jeju Halla horses) and 79 donkeys samples were genotyped with 15 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3, and VHL20), to identify genetic diversity and relationships among horses and donkeys.Results: The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 (ASB17, HMS1) to 14 (AHT5), with a mean value of 4.87, 8.00, and 5.87 in Thoroughbreds, Jeju Halla horses, and donkeys, respectively. Of the 15 markers, AHT4, AHT5, ASB23, CA425, HMS2, HMS3, HTG4, HTG10, and LEX3 loci had relatively high polymorphism information content (PIC) values (PIC>0.5) in these three populations. Mean levels of genetic variation were HE = 0.6721 and HO = 0.6600 in Thoroughbreds, HE = 0.7898 and HO = 0.7100 in Jeju Halla horses, and HE = 0.5635 and HO = 0.4861 in donkeys. Of the 15 loci in donkeys, three loci had negative inbreeding coefficients (FIS), with a moderate mean FIS (0.138). The FIS estimate for the HTG4 marker was highest (0.531) and HMS6 marker was lowest (–0.001). The total probability of exclusion value of 15 microsatellite loci was 0.9996 in donkeys.Conclusion: Genetic cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship among 79 donkeys was generally consistent with pedigree records. Among the three breeds, donkeys and Thoroughbred horses formed clearly different groups, but the group of Jeju Halla horses overlapped with that of Thoroughbred horses, suggesting that the loci would be suitable for donkey parentage testing. Therefore, the results of this study are a valid tool for genetic study and conservation of donkeys.
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McLean, Nancy L., Nerida McGilchrist, and Brian D. Nielsen. "Dietary Iron Unlikely to Cause Insulin Resistance in Horses." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192510.
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Racehorses are often supplemented extra iron with the expectation that the iron will improve overall performance and health. A survey of 120 U.S. Thoroughbred trainers, representing 1978 Thoroughbreds from various regions of the U.S., was conducted to determine the average amount of dietary iron fed to Thoroughbred racehorses per day. Survey results indicated racehorses were fed an average of 3900 mg of iron per day from hay and grain alone. This exceeds the 0.8 mg/kg BW or 400 mg for a 500 kg working horse that the NRC 2007 recommends per day. Supplements increased the daily average intake of iron by an additional 500 mg Fe. Some equine nutritionists propose that excess dietary iron may be a causative factor in insulin resistance (IR). However, the occurrence of IR in Thoroughbred racehorses is very rare. This study did not find one confirmed veterinary diagnosis of IR in any of the surveyed trainers’ Thoroughbred horses, whether racing, on a layoff, or retired. Given the iron content in these diets easily exceeds the NRC minimum daily requirements, it seems unlikely that dietary iron is an independent causative factor in IR.
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Crossman, G. K. "Factors influencing the demand for British bred horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019396.
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The Sport Horse breeding industry in Great Britain has been in decline for many years. Once, the British were in the vanguard of the worldwide Sport Horse breeding industry, alongside a buoyant Thoroughbred breeding industry. However, in recent years Sport Horse breeding has floundered, with many competitive dressage and show jumping horses being purchased from overseas. (BHIC / Defra 2005) Research has been carried out to identify trends in Thoroughbred auction sales (Buzby and Jessup 1994, Robbins and Kennedy 2001), and Sport Horse auction sales (Hennessey and Quinn 2006). The British Equestrian Federation (BEF), through British Breeding, commissioned this research firstly to ascertain the demand for British bred horses and identify any trends contained within this demand, and secondly to obtain a snapshot of the current horse buying market place.
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Tyrrell, Brian. "Bred for the Race." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, no. 4 (September 1, 2015): 549–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.4.549.
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In the first four decades of the twentieth century, horse racing was one of America’s most popular spectator sports. Members of America’s elite took to breeding and racing horses as one of their preferred pastimes. Coinciding with an increase in immigration and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics, the idea that careful breeding of thoroughbreds would result in improved horses resonated with Americans worried about racial degeneration. Scientists committed to racial ideologies looked to thoroughbreds—whose owners and breeders maintained extensive pedigree records—to understand the science of genetic inheritance. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of research at the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, pored over breeding charts and race results to develop a mathematical model of inheritance that he called the “inheritance coefficient.” He believed his careful study of horses would yield findings that he and his fellow eugenicists could apply to humans. Thoroughbred breeders followed trends in genetics while contributing to the production of scientific knowledge. Pedigree charts available to bettors at race tracks helped normalize concepts of biological inheritance for race track attendees of all classes. Horse racing’s popularity in the United States contributed to the diffusion of the concept of biological race that originated as an ideological project of the ruling class. This paper analyzes the role of thoroughbred breeding and racing in the formation and popularization of racial ideology by situating breeding farms as sites of knowledge production and racecourses as places that exhibited performances of racial science for large audiences.
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Johnston, Georgina C. A., Benjamin J. Ahern, Chiara Palmieri, and Alex C. Young. "Imaging and Gross Pathological Appearance of Changes in the Parasagittal Grooves of Thoroughbred Racehorses." Animals 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123366.
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(1) Background: Parasagittal groove (PSG) changes are often present on advanced imaging of racing Thoroughbred fetlocks and have been suggested to indicate increased fracture risk. Currently, there is limited evidence differentiating the imaging appearance of prodromal changes in horses at risk of fracture from horses with normal adaptive modelling in response to galloping. This study aims to investigate imaging and gross PSG findings in racing Thoroughbreds and the comparative utility of different imaging modalities to detect PSG changes. (2) Methods: Cadaver limbs were collected from twenty deceased racing/training Thoroughbreds. All fetlocks of each horse were examined with radiography, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), contrast arthrography and gross pathology. (3) Results: Horses with fetlock fracture were more likely to have lateromedial PSG sclerosis asymmetry and/or lateral PSG lysis. PSG lysis was not readily detected using MRI. PSG subchondral bone defects were difficult to differentiate from cartilage defects on MRI and were not associated with fractures. The clinical relevance of PSG STIR hyperintensity remains unclear. Overall, radiography was poor for detecting PSG changes. (4) Conclusions: Some PSG changes in Thoroughbred racehorses are common; however, certain findings are more prevalent in horses with fractures, possibly indicating microdamage accumulation. Bilateral advanced imaging is recommended in racehorses with suspected fetlock pathology.
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Mercier, Quentin, and Amandine Aftalion. "Optimal speed in Thoroughbred horse racing." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0235024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235024.
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The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical analysis on how a Thoroughbred horse should regulate its speed over the course of a race to optimize performance. Because Thoroughbred horses are not capable of running the whole race at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash the burst of speed is essential. Our model relies on mechanics, energetics (both aerobic and anaerobic) and motor control. It is a system of coupled ordinary differential equations on the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy, that leads to an optimal control problem that we solve. In order to identify the parameters meaningful for Thoroughbred horses, we use velocity data on races in Chantilly (France) provided by France Galop, the French governing body of flat horse racing in France. Our numerical simulations of performance optimization then provide the optimal speed along the race, the oxygen uptake evolution in a race, as well as the energy or the propulsive force. It also predicts how the horse has to change its effort and velocity according to the topography (altitude and bending) of the track.
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Huntington, P. J., C. G. Brown-Douglas, and J. D. Pagan. "Growth and development of thoroughbred horses." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19629.
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Research into the growth and development of Thoroughbreds managed on commercial breeding farms is reviewed in this paper. As horses are not meat producing animals, less research has been performed quantifying growth, muscle and bone development than with other production animals. However, variations in growth and development are linked with both value and wastage in young Thoroughbred horses, and can have a long-term impact on racing performance. In Thoroughbred horses, the breeder aims for optimum, or consistent, growth rather than maximum growth. Factors affecting equine growth including environment, nutrition, season and management are discussed in sections covering conception to weaning, weanling to yearling and yearling to 2 years old when horses are nearly fully grown and racing begins. The importance of reference curves for different ages, sex and locations is highlighted. While average daily gain (ADG) declines as the foal gets older, there are seasonal and management influences to consider. Month of birth has an influence on both birthweight and the expected ADG at different ages, which are believed to be related to ambient temperatures and pasture availability for the mare and growing horse. Weaning leads to a growth setback and ADG declines through winter, but increases in spring for the yearling as temperatures and pasture quality and quantity increase. Management factors such as yearling sale preparation are associated with an increase in growth rate, with gains of over 1 kg/day common during the yearling sales preparation process of 6–12 weeks. ‘Home-bred’ horses that do not go to a yearling sale grow at a slower rate but will reach the same endpoint in mature size. Growth of Thoroughbreds is influenced by country, and regions within a country, related to genetics, climate, management practices, market preferences and sale timing. More research is needed into factors affecting growth and development of Thoroughbred horses on commercial farms and the influence differing rates of growth and development have on wastage (such as developmental orthopaedic disease) and commercial outcomes such as yearling sale results and, ultimately, racing performance.
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Lee, Wooseok, Seyoung Mun, Song-Yi Choi, Dong-Yep Oh, Yong-Soo Park, and Kyudong Han. "Comparative Analysis for Genetic Characterization in Korean Native Jeju Horse." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071924.
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The Jeju horse is a native Korean species that has been breeding on Jeju Island since the 13th century. Their shape has a distinct appearance from the representative species, Thoroughbred. Here, we performed a comparison of the Jeju horse and Thoroughbred horse for the identification of genome-wide structure variation by using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. We generated an average of 95.59 Gb of the DNA sequence, resulting in an average of 33.74 X sequence coverage from five Jeju horses. In addition, reads obtained from WGRS data almost covered the horse reference genome (mapped reads 98.4%). Based on our results, we identified 1,244,064 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 113,498 genomic insertions, and 114,751 deletions through bioinformatics analysis. Interestingly, the results of the WGRS comparison indicated that the eqCD1a6 gene contains signatures of positive natural selection in Jeju horses. The eqCD1a6 gene is known to be involved in immunity. The eqCD1a6 gene of Jeju horses commonly contained 296 variants (275 SNPs and 21 INDELs) that were compared with its counterpart of two Thoroughbred horses. In addition, we used LOAA, digital PCR, to confirm the possibility of developing a molecular marker for species identification using variant sites. As a result, it was possible to confirm the result of the molecular marker with high accuracy. Nevertheless, eqCD1a6 was shown to be functionally intact. Taken together, we have found significant genomic variation in these two different horse species.
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Khanshour, Hempsey, Juras, and Cothran. "Genetic Characterization of Cleveland Bay Horse Breed." Diversity 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100174.
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The Cleveland Bay (CB) is the United Kingdom’s oldest established horse breed. In this study we analyzed the genetic variability in CB horses and investigated its genetic relationships with other horse breeds. We examined the genetic variability among 90 CB horses sampled in the USA compared to a total of 3447 horses from 59 other breeds. Analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure was carried out using 15 microsatellite loci. We found that genetic diversity in CB horses was less than that for the majority of other tested breeds. The genetic similarity measures showed no direct relationship between the CB and Thoroughbred but suggested the Turkman horses (likely in the lineage of ancestors of the Thoroughbred) as a possible ancestor. Our findings reveal the genetic uniqueness of the CB breed and indicate its need to be preserved as a genetic resource.
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Radovic, Lara, Viktoria Remer, Carina Krcal, Doris Rigler, Gottfried Brem, Ahmed Rayane, Khadija Driss, et al. "Y Chromosome Haplotypes Enlighten Origin, Influence, and Breeding History of North African Barb Horses." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192579.
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In horses, demographic patterns are complex due to historical migrations and eventful breeding histories. Particularly puzzling is the ancestry of the North African horse, a founding horse breed, shaped by numerous influences throughout history. A genetic marker particularly suitable to investigate the paternal demographic history of populations is the non-recombining male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY). Using a recently established horse MSY haplotype (HT) topology and KASP™ genotyping, we illustrate MSY HT spectra of 119 Barb and Arab-Barb males, collected from the Maghreb region and European subpopulations. All detected HTs belonged to the Crown haplogroup, and the broad MSY spectrum reflects the wide variety of influential stallions throughout the breed’s history. Distinct HTs and regional disparities were characterized and a remarkable number of early introduced lineages were observed. The data indicate recent refinement with Thoroughbred and Arabian patrilines, while 57% of the dataset supports historical migrations between North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. In the Barb horse, we detected the HT linked to Godolphin Arabian, one of the Thoroughbred founders. Hence, we shed new light on the question of the ancestry of one Thoroughbred patriline. We show the strength of the horse Y chromosome as a genealogical tool, enlighten recent paternal history of North African horses, and set the foundation for future studies on the breed and the formation of conservation breeding programs.
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Nikolaeva, E. A., V. N. Voronkova, M. A. Politova, E. V. Ryabova, V. A. Demin, and Yu A. Stolpovsky. "Genetic Structure of Russian Riding Horse Breed." Генетика 59, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 1048–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675823090096.
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166 horses of the russian riding breed were studied using 17 microsatellite loci recommended by ISAG. Microsatellite polymorphism data of thirty European breeds (7874 individuals) was used for comparative analysis of genetic diversity. According to the level of allelic richness, the Russian riding horse has high values – 5. 4 alleles per microsatellite locus. In total, 122 alleles were found in the breed, including private 14 allele at the HTG7 locus. The population genetic structure was revealed for the Russian riding, Arabian, Akhal-Teke, German riding and thoroughbred breeds. Clustering of horse breeds on a circular UPGMA dendrogram revealed six main clusters. the Russian ridinghorse forms a single group with German and thoroughbred horses in PCA. Breeds were divided into three populations in STRUCTURE program: 1) Arabian, 2) Russian Riding, Akhal-Teke, thoroughbred riding, 3) German half-breed. Analysis of differentiation between breeds using the F-st method showed the greatest values (differences) between all breeds with the Akhal-Tekehorses. The smallest value (Fst = 0.22) between the Russian riding and German riding breed. Differences for each pair of breeds were significant (p-value 0.001).
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Meister, Tegtmeyer, Brüggemann, Sieme, Feige, Todt, Stang, Cavalleri, and Steinmann. "Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100965.
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An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler’s disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392 Thoroughbreds broodmares and stallions were evaluated cross-sectionally for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (LIPS) and a quantitative PCR, respectively. In addition, data regarding age, stud farm, breeding history, and international transportation history of each horse were collected and analysed. An occurrence of 7% EqPV-H DNA positive and 35% seropositive horses was observed in this study cohort. The systematic analysis of risk factors revealed that age, especially in the group of 11–15-year-old horses, and breeding history were potential risk factors that can influence the rate of EqPV-H infections. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity on nucleotide level within the sequenced Thoroughbred samples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates circulating EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses from central Europe and revealed age and breeding history as risk factors for EqPV-H infections.
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Fincham, Daron A., John Clive Ellory, and James D. Young. "Characterization of a novel variant of amino acid transport system asc in erythrocytes from Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-155.
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In thoroughbred horses, red blood cell amino acid transport activity is Na+-independent and controlled by three codominant genetic alleles (h, l, s), coding for high-affinity system asc1 (L-alanine apparent Km for influx at 37 °C [Formula: see text] 0.35 mM), low-affinity system asc2 (L-alanine Km[Formula: see text] 14 mM), and transport deficiency, respectively. The present study investigated amino acid transport mechanisms in red cells from four wild species: Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), Hartmann's zebra (Zebra hartmannae), Grevy's zebra (Zebra grevyi), and onager (Equus hemonius). Red blood cell samples from different Przewalski's horses exhibited uniformly high rates of L-alanine uptake, mediated by a high-affinity asc1-type transport system. Mean apparent Km and Vmax values (± SE) for L-alanine influx at 37 °C in red cells from 10 individual animals were 0.373 ± 0.068 mM and 2.27 ± 0.11 mmol (L cells∙h), respectively. As in thoroughbreds, the Przewalski's horse transporter interacted with dibasic as well as neutral amino acids. However, the Przewalski asc1 isoform transported L-lysine with a substantially (6.4-fold) higher apparent affinity than its thoroughbred counterpart (Km for influx 1.4 mM at 37 °C) and was also less prone to trans-stimulation effects. The novel high apparent affinity of the Przewalski's horse transporter for L-lysine provides additional key evidence of functional and possible structural similarities between asc and the classical Na+-dependent system ASC and between these systems and the Na+-independent dibasic amino acid transport system y+. Unlike Przewalski's horse, zebra red cells were polymorphic with respect to L-alanine transport activity, showing high-affinity or low-affinity saturable mechanisms of L-alanine uptake. Onager red cells transported this amino acid with intermediate affinity (apparent Km for influx 3.0 mM at 37 °C). Radiation inactivation analysis was used to estimate the target size of system asc in red cells from Przewalski's horse. The transporter's in situ apparent molecular weight was 158 000 ± 2500 (SE).Key words: amino acid transport, erythrocyte, Przewalski's horse.
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Anggraeni, Henny Endah, Febby Rachmawati, and Sutiyarmo Sutiyarmo. "Thoroughbred Racehorse Hoof Care at ECLIPSE STUD AND STABLE." Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/javest.v3.i2.2022.31-34.
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Background: Horse hooves have a reasonably heavy function and role, so it is susceptible to abnormalities and diseases. Horse hooves care makes horses more comfortable and protects coffin bone and laminae. Purpose: Explain how thoroughbred horse hooves are proper and correct in Eclipse Stud And Stable to make the horse healthy and grow optimally. Method: Direct observation of horse hooves' treatment, cutting, and paving was conducted by participating in farrier activities in the field and supported by related journal journals as supporting data in completing the information. Results: Horse hooves care every 2-3 days. Hoof care examines hoof condition, hoof cleaning, and horseshoe replacement. Horseshoe replacement once a month. The stage of horseshoe replacement is to open the old horseshoe, hoof cutting, select, and install horseshoes. Conclusions: Horse hooves treatment in eclipse Stud and Stable has been well implemented, as indicated by no problems with horse hooves.
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Raza, Zeshan, Asif Nadeem, Maryam Javed, Faiz-Ul Hassan, Wasim Shehzad, Arfan Ahmad, Muhammad Saadullah, and Muhammad Ali. "Polymorphic status and phylogenetic analysis of myostatin gene in pak-thoroughbred." Genetika 52, no. 3 (2020): 1281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2003281r.
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Myostatin is a protein translated by the the MSTN gene (also known as GDF8), is responsible for limiting muscle growth and strength. In thoroughbred horse (Equus Caballus), limited studies have been designed to examine the variants in the coding region of MSTN gene. However, no data is available regarding the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MSTN about racing performance in thoroughbred horses of Pakistan. In this study blood samples of fifteen Pakistani thoroughbred horses were collected from Race Club Lahore and immediately transferred into the ice box. The DNA was extracted by using phenol-chloroform method. Primers were designed for the amplification of all exons of the MSTN gene. The amplified PCR products were precipitated and sequenced for the identification of SNPs. SNPs were identified by visualizing the peaks of sequenced data by using Chromas Software. Phylogenetic analysis of MSTN gene in Pak-thoroughbred with racing species and some breeds of horses like Marwari Indian breed, Sindhi breed, Kathlawari breed, Italian breed and Chines breed was done separately by using MEGA 6 software. The analysis of identified SNPs were carried out by software SNPator. The sequenced data with altered protein was published in GenBank with accession number MN604194. Results have shown a total of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms through Blast with reference sequences. Two SNPs were found in exon 2 at position of 2406 (C/T) and 2408 (C/T) respectively. One SNP (T/C) was detected in exon 3 at the position of 4661. In conclusion, Pak-thoroughbred horse population has 3 polymorphisms in their coding region which can be used as a biological marker for athletic abilities in Pak- thoroughbred.
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Mactaggart, Alison Glen, and Clive Julian Christie Phillips. "Validating a Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Index through Horse Behaviour and Trainers’ Reports of Welfare Issues in Their Horses." Animals 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020282.
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We validated a Thoroughbred racehorse welfare index, developed initially from expert opinion, by relating it to horse behaviour recorded in a range of training stables and surveying trainers to investigate the environment and management systems for Thoroughbred racehorses. Relationships between the index scores and horse behaviour were observed. Then, an Australia-wide survey of racing industry stakeholders was conducted to identify which parameters are important for welfare in a training stable. Trainers performed well on horsemanship and health/disease aspects. Provisions for ventilation, transportation and nutrition were also scored at high levels. However, provisions for weaning, wastage, assisting horses in coping with heat stress, stabling and the education of racehorses were not as well covered, indicating a need for improvement in these welfare issues. We concluded that our Thoroughbred Racehorse welfare index is able to discriminate between trainers offering differing levels of welfare for the major issues in racehorse training stables.
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Bolwell, Charlotte F., Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee, and Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 3. The racing and sport industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16753.
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The present review examines the commercial production of racing and sport horses in New Zealand, describing the size and scope of the industries, the management and feeding, and the training and wastage of race (Thoroughbred and Standardbred) and sport horses. The number of horses per head of population in New Zealand (30/1000 people) is high by international standards and the main equine industries generate ~2% of national gross domestic product. In New Zealand the Thoroughbred breeding and racing industry dominates organised equestrian activity (economically and numerically). Furthermore, this Thoroughbred bias has an influence on equestrian culture and may explain, in part, the high proportion of Thoroughbred sport horses registered for eventing in New Zealand, which is in contrast to other international sport-horse populations. An understanding of the production, management and structure of the racing and sport industries in New Zealand is paramount to ensure the health and welfare of the equine athlete and the continuing success of the industries.
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Tulleners, Eric, John A. Stick, Midge Leitch, Troy N. Trumble, and Jonathan P. Wilkerson. "Epiglottic augmentation for treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in racehorses: 59 cases (1985–1994)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, no. 8 (October 15, 1997): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.211.08.1022.
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Objective To determine whether epiglottic augmentation, in conjunction with more traditional surgical methods, would be useful in the treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in racehorses. Design Retrospective study. Animals 40 Thoroughbred and 19 Standardbred racehorses. Procedure Polytetrafluoroethylene paste was injected submucosally on the lingual epiglottic surface of each horse. In addition, sternothyrohyoideus myectomy or sternothyroideus tenectomy and staphylectomy were performed in most horses. Results Racing performance was improved after surgery in 29 of 40 (73%) Thoroughbreds and 10 of 19 (53%) Standardbreds. Twenty-nine (49%) horses won ≥ 1 race after surgery. Clinical Implications Results suggest that epiglottic augmentation, in conjunction with other surgical methods, may be an effective method of treating horses with poor racing performance attributable to dorsal displacement of the soft palate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1022–1028)
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Shono, Saori, Azusa Gin, Fumiko Minowa, Kimihiro Okubo, and Mariko Mochizuki. "The Oxidative Stress Markers of Horses—the Comparison with Other Animals and the Influence of Exercise and Disease." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040617.
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Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels in the serum of horses were measured (ponies, n = 15; thoroughbred, n = 31; other full-sized horses, n = 7). The mean d-ROM levels in horses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in dairy cattle (n = 25) and dogs (n = 31). However, d-ROM levels in horses were lower than the standard levels reported in humans. When d-ROM and BAP levels were plotted graphically, the points for horses with a disease (ringbone in 1 Japanese sports horse, cellulitis in 1 thoroughbred, melanoma in 1 Lipizzaner) fell outside the group of points for other (non-diseased) horses. A similar separation was seen (using data from other authors) for a horse with Rhodococcus equi, a horse following castration surgery, and a mare following delivery. These results, comparing horses, other animals, and humans, are interesting from the standpoint of comparative medicine, and they contribute to the sparse literature available on d-ROM and BAP levels in animals. Because the level of d-ROM and BAP levels were changed depending on the situation of health, those indexes are promising as indices of health in horses.
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Binns, M. M., D. A. Boehler, E. Bailey, T. L. Lear, J. M. Cardwell, and D. H. Lambert. "Inbreeding in the Thoroughbred horse." Animal Genetics 43, no. 3 (November 8, 2011): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02259.x.
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UEDA, Y. "Aniridia in a Thoroughbred horse." Equine Veterinary Journal 22, S10 (June 10, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04707.x.
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Tulleners, Eric P. "Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, no. 4 (February 15, 1991): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1991.198.04.621.
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Summary Epiglottic entrapment in 35 Thoroughbred and 44 Standardbred horses was corrected transendoscopically by use of a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Before surgery, the entrapped epiglottis was classified as hypoplastic or normal in each horse on the basis of endoscopic appearance alone. Using a digitizer, thyroepiglottic length was determined from lateral-view laryngeal radiographs. For 78 racehorses, earnings (<$5,000 or >$5,000) were compared before and after surgery. Earnings category and racing performance after surgery were tested for association with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia and radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length. Endoscopy and radiography were useful methods of evaluating the epiglottis in horses with epiglottic entrapment. Mean (±sd) thyroepiglottic length for both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment was significantly (P = 0.0001) smaller (Thoroughbreds, 7.28 ± 0.67 cm; Standardbreds, 7.21 ± 0.62 cm), compared with thyroepiglottic length measured from control groups composed of clinically normal Thoroughbred (8.56 ± 0.29 cm) and Standardbred (8.74 ± 0.38 cm) racehorses. Both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically apparent hypoplastic epiglottis had significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller thyroepiglottic length (Thoroughbreds, 6.64 ± 0.60 cm; Standardbred, 6.93 ± 0.72 cm) than did horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically normal epiglottis (Thoroughbreds, 7.57 ± 0.47 cm, Standardbreds, 7.36 ± 0.50 cm). Significant difference was not detected in endoscopic appearance of the epiglottis among age, gender, or breed distributions. For either breed, earnings and performance were not significantly associated with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia or radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length. Prognosis for racing performance after laser correction of epiglottic entrapment should be based on assessment of the endoscopic and radiographic appearances of the epiglottis, pharynx, and larynx, determination of thyroepiglottic length, and a knowledge of the horse's earnings and racing performance prior to surgery.
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Bohák, Zsófia, Ottó Szenci, Andrea Harnos, Orsolya Kutasi, and Levente Kovács. "Effect of temperament on cortisol response to a single exercise bout in Thoroughbred racehorses – short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65, no. 4 (December 2017): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2017.052.
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Temperament has not been taken into account in previous studies evaluating the stress response to exercise in horses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cortisol response in Thoroughbred racehorses to a single exercise bout, and to analyse the results based on the basic personality of the horse examined. Twenty healthy Thoroughbred horses were selected for the study based on a 25-item rating questionnaire survey used for characterising equine temperament. Eight temperamental and twelve calm horses took part in the experiment. The horses trotted as a warm-up activity, and then galloped on a rounded sand track. Blood sampling was conducted four times for each horse. Horses with a more excitable temperament showed a higher cortisol response to the test (P = 0.036). In conclusion, cortisol levels in response to a mild intensive exercise can be affected by temperament in horses. Serum cortisol may be a relevant marker to quantify individual temperamental differences in racehorses.
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Górniak, Wanda, Hanna Moniuszko, Konrad Wojnarowski, Aleksander Górniak, Paulina Cholewińska, Agnieszka Waliczek, Maria Soroko, and Natalia Szeligowska. "Effect of Vegetable Oils Feed Additives on Endoparasites Associated with Dewormed Racing Horses." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060525.
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The effectiveness of commonly used parasiticides decreases due to the drug resistance developed by many organisms. Therefore, the application of feed additives possessing antiparasitic properties may be helpful in limiting the burden of parasites. The aim of this research was to evaluate parasitological coefficients for endoparasites of regularly dewormed Arabian horses and Thoroughbreds, fed on a basal diet of oat and muesli with vegetable oils and/or without vitamin E. The observations revealed parasitic invasion in 25 of 27 examined horses. The most frequent in both breeds were Strongylidae—accounting for 86% of Thoroughbreds and 100% of Arabian horses. Strongyloididae were observed in 33% of individuals representing both breeds while botflies were found in one Arabian horse and one Thoroughbred. Mean EPG coefficients for strongylids and strongyloidids were higher in Thoroughbreds (530 vs. 529 and 43 vs. 29, respectively), although the differences were not statistically significant. The addition of pure linseed oil significantly reduced the number of Strongylidae in fecal samples. The results indicate that properly selected plant additives obtained from arable crops may be helpful in limiting the numbers of drug-resistant strongylids.
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Jemmali, Bayrem, Mohamed Mezir Haddad, Nawel Barhoumi, Syrine Tounsi, Faten Lasfer, Amira Trabelsi, Belgacem Ben Aoun, et al. "Genetic diversity in Tunisian horse breeds." Archives Animal Breeding 60, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-60-153-2017.
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Abstract. This study aimed at screening genetic diversity and differentiation in four horse breeds raised in Tunisia, the Barb, Arab-Barb, Arabian, and English Thoroughbred breeds. A total of 200 blood samples (50 for each breed) were collected from the jugular veins of animals, and genomic DNA was extracted. The analysis of the genetic structure was carried out using a panel of 16 microsatellite loci. Results showed that all studied microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic in all breeds. Overall, a total of 147 alleles were detected using the 16 microsatellite loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 7.52 (0.49), 7.35 (0.54), 6.3 (0.44), and 6 (0.38) for the Arab-Barb, Barb, Arabian, and English Thoroughbred breeds, respectively. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.63 (0.03) in the English Thoroughbred to 0.72 in the Arab-Barb breeds, whereas the expected heterozygosities were between 0.68 (0.02) in the English Thoroughbred and 0.73 in the Barb breeds. All FST values calculated by pairwise breed combinations were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) and an important genetic differentiation among breeds was revealed. Genetic distances, the factorial correspondence, and principal coordinate analyses showed that the important amount of genetic variation was within population. These results may facilitate conservation programs for the studied breeds and enhance preserve their genetic diversity.
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Holeckova, Stepanka, and Richard Policht. "Comparative Analysis of Whinnies of Czech Warmblood and Thoroughbred Horses." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0002.
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Abstract Loud acoustic signals of mammals may contain information about their progenitors. There is a question whether such phenomenon is possible to expect in domestic animal breeds as well, since the time of breed establishment has been a rather long one. Therefore we tested whether a significant morphological distinction of a newly established horse breed and its important founding contributor differed in their vocalization. We analyzed 304 whinnies of 35 individual horses (197 whinnies of 23 individuals belonging to Czech Warmblood and 107 calls of 12 Thoroughbreds). Despite of the fact that the two breeds differed significantly in most of their morphological measurements (height at withers, thoracic perimeter, cannon bone perimeter, and body weight), they did not differ in any of the measured acoustic parameters (both frequency and temporal ones). Our results indicate that morphological distinction of Thoroughbred and Czech Warmblood was not accompanied by distinct vocalization.
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Wrathall, Robert. "A Note on the Evidence of Adverse Selection from Thoroughbred Wagering – Further Evidence in Australia." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i2.758.
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Chezum and Wimmer (2000) show the impact of asymmetric information in the American thoroughbred industry by demonstrating that homebreds (horses retained and raced by their breeders), on average, have lower betting odds than otherwise similar nonhomebreds. In this paper we test their hypothesis in the Australian thoroughbred industry. While we find no relationship between lower betting odds and homebreds when we use their model, we are still able to support their conclusion when we use a logistic model to measure the relationship between homebred and horse performance.
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Chen, Chujie, Bo Zhu, Xiangwei Tang, Bin Chen, Mei Liu, Ning Gao, Sheng Li, and Jingjing Gu. "Genome-Wide Assessment of Runs of Homozygosity by Whole-Genome Sequencing in Diverse Horse Breeds Worldwide." Genes 14, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14061211.
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In the genomes of diploid organisms, runs of homozygosity (ROH), consecutive segments of homozygosity, are extended. ROH can be applied to evaluate the inbreeding situation of individuals without pedigree data and to detect selective signatures via ROH islands. We sequenced and analyzed data derived from the whole-genome sequencing of 97 horses, investigated the distribution of genome-wide ROH patterns, and calculated ROH-based inbreeding coefficients for 16 representative horse varieties from around the world. Our findings indicated that both ancient and recent inbreeding occurrences had varying degrees of impact on various horse breeds. However, recent inbreeding events were uncommon, particularly among indigenous horse breeds. Consequently, the ROH-based genomic inbreeding coefficient could aid in monitoring the level of inbreeding. Using the Thoroughbred population as a case study, we discovered 24 ROH islands containing 72 candidate genes associated with artificial selection traits. We found that the candidate genes in Thoroughbreds were involved in neurotransmission (CHRNA6, PRKN, and GRM1), muscle development (ADAMTS15 and QKI), positive regulation of heart rate and heart contraction (HEY2 and TRDN), regulation of insulin secretion (CACNA1S, KCNMB2, and KCNMB3), and spermatogenesis (JAM3, PACRG, and SPATA6L). Our findings provide insight into horse breed characteristics and future breeding strategies.
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Sereno, Fabiana Tavares Pires de Souza, José Robson Bezerra Sereno, Jose Luis Vega-Pla, Lucy Kelly, and Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo. "Genetic diversity of Brazilian Pantaneiro horse and relationships among horse breeds." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 43, no. 5 (May 2008): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2008000500007.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Brazilian Pantaneiro horse by microsatellite markers, investigate the effect of genetic bottlenecks and estimate genetic differentiation among four horse breeds. Genetic variation was estimated through allele frequencies and mean breed heterozygosity. Nei's genetic distances among the breeds Pantaneiro, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Spanish Pure Breed (Andalusian), and Uruguay Creole were calculated, and it was used to construct an UPGMA dendrogram. Clustering at different K values was calculated to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. Nei's distances showed a minimum distance between Pantaneiro horse and Spanish Pure Breed (0.228), and similar distances from Spanish Pure Breed to Thoroughbred and to Arabian (0.355 and 0.332). It was observed a great level of diversity, clear distance from Pantaneiro horse to other breeds, and genetic uniformity within breed. It was verified a certain level of substructure of Pantaneiro horse showing no influences from the other studied breeds.
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Guy, Chloey P., Christine M. Latham, Randi N. Owen, Ashley L. Fowler, and Sarah H. White-Springer. "107 Skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters correlate with sales price in weanling racing-bred Thoroughbred horses." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.157.
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Abstract Thoroughbred horse sales prices rely heavily on animal conformation and ancestral race performance, as well as the current economic landscape. However, little information exists on the relationship between physiological parameters and sales price. We aimed to test the hypothesis that weanling sales price would positively correlate with skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters in racing-bred Thoroughbreds. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 19; mean ± SD; 5.7 ± 0.3 mo) and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; COX) by colorimetry, and oxidative and electron transport system capacities by high resolution respirometry. Horses were sold at the 2018 and 2019 Keeneland November Breeding Stock Sales at 8.5 ± 0.7 mo of age. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Statistics in SAS (v9.4). Weanling sales price was positively correlated with intrinsic mitochondrial function (COX activity per unit CS; r = 0.6269, P = 0.004) and coupling efficiency with substrates for complex I+II (r = 0.4424, P = 0.05). A trend for a negative correlation was observed between weanling sales price and CS activity (r = -0.4179, P = 0.07), while a trend for a positive correlation between sales price and intrinsic oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I substrates (r = 0.3974, P = 0.09) was observed. In this cohort of weanling Thoroughbreds, mitochondrial parameters measured at 6 mo of age correlated with sales price at 8 mo of age. Implications of these relationships as they relate to race performance should be further investigated.
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Atwill, Edward R., Hussni O. Mohammed, E. Dubovi, and J. Lopez. "Retrospective evaluation of factors associated with the risk of seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses in New York state." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.10.1931.
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SUMMARY A retrospective study was designed to determine the distribution of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis among the equine population in New York state, and to identify factors associated with risk of disease. Serum samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the university during the period from January 1985 through December 1986 were examined for antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii, using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Factors evaluated included geographic origin and date of submission of the sample, and age, breed, and sex of the horse. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify which factors were significantly associated with the risk of seropositivity to E risticii, while simultaneously controlling for other factors. Of the 2,579 tested samples, 1,950 (76%) had positive results. Factors significantly associated with risk of seropositivity to E risticii were: breed of the horse (Thoroughbreds were 3 times more likely to have been exposed to E risticii, compared with non-Standardbred, non-Thoroughbred breeds); sex (female horses were 2.7 times more likely to have been exposed, compared with male horses); age of the horse (the risk of being exposed to E risticii increased with age, peaked at around 12 years, and decreased thereafter); and month of submission (horses tested during November and December had the highest odds of being seropositive [odds ratio = 2.1], and horses tested during March through April were least likely to be seropositive [odds ratio = 0.5], compared with horses tested during January and February).
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Zimmermann, Elisa, Katharina B. Ros, Christiane Pfarrer, and Ottmar Distl. "Historic Horse Family Displaying Malformations of the Cervicothoracic Junction and Their Connection to Modern German Warmblood Horses." Animals 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2023): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213415.
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Malformations of the equine cervicothoracic junction affect the C6 and C7 cervical vertebrae, the T1 thoracic vertebra and in variable extent the first and second sternal ribs. To date, the clinical impact of this malformation, its prevalence and mode of inheritance in equine populations are not yet determined. We examined five skeletons for signs of malformation of the cervicothoracic junction, including three skeletons from widely used Thoroughbred stallions affected with the malformation and two skeletons serving as a comparison. The three affected historical horses were the Thoroughbred stallions Der Loewe XX, Birkhahn XX and their common great grandsire Dark Ronald XX. Malformations of C6 and C7 showed a large variation between the three stallions, as Dark Ronald XX, Der Loewe XX and Birkhahn XX were affected uni-laterally at C6 and C7, uni-laterally at C6 and bi-laterally at C6 and C7, respectively, with varying grades. In order to evaluate whether or not these malformations are incidental, we took a random sample of 20 living German Warmblood horses, which are distant descendants of these stallions. This sample consisted of ten controls and ten horses with malformations of C6/C7. Blood proportions of the historical sires in the modern Warmblood horses ranged from 0.10 to 6.25%. The contribution to inbreeding in each individual horse of our selected horse group by those sires was expressed as a percentage of the total inbreeding coefficient and ranged from 0.01 to 17.96%, demonstrating their influence on the modern Warmblood. In the present study, we were able to describe the variability of the malformation of C6/C7 within a horse family including historic and modern horses. Additionally, we detected variations appearing in connection with malformations of the cervicothoracic junction that have not been described in the literature yet. This is the first time that the malformations of C6 and C7 have been described within a familial context, providing hints on inheritance in Thoroughbreds and Warmbloods. It is worthwhile to carry out further studies in a larger setting to gain more comprehensive insights into the inheritance of the malformation and the role of important ancestors.
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de Freitas, Rodrigo Ramos, Fabio Celidonio Pogliani, Nivaldo Moretti, Eduardo Toshio Irino, Angelo João Stopiglia, Romeu Macruz, Denise Tabacchi Fantoni, and Fabio Biscegli Jatene. "Tracheal morphometrics in the Thoroughbred horse." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 21, no. 5 (May 2001): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70043-3.
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Gramm, Marshall, C. Nicholas McKinney, and Randall E. Parker. "Late Money and Betting Market Efficiency: Evidence from Australia." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 10, no. 2 (October 28, 2016): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v10i2.1246.
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This paper examines the empirical importance of late money on market efficiency in horse race gambling. Our inquiry into the effect of late money on parimutuel pools uses data from Australian thoroughbred horse races over the entire 2006 racing season and includes every race at all thoroughbred tracks. This amounts to 14,854 races with an average of 10.37 starters per race. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the hypotheses that late money is smart money and late money improves market efficiency.
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Mohamed, Reda. "Vertebral Anatomic Variations in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Trinidad." Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37940/ajvs.2021.14.2.1.
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Reports of the occurrence of lumbar vertebrae variants in horses in Trinidad are rare in the literatures. Parts of the skeletons of two horses of unknown age and sex that died in a horse farm in Trinidad and Tobago were brought to the Anatomy laboratory. It was reported that specimens of fused left transverse processes of the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae and a blunted left transverse process of the 6th lumbar vertebra in thoroughbred racehorses in Trinidad.
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Vázquez-Armijo, José Fernando, Gaspar Manuel Parra-Bracamonte, Miguel Abraham Velazquez, Ana María Sifuentes-Rincón, José Luis Tinoco-Jaramillo, Pascuala Ambriz-Morales, Williams Arellano-Vera, and Victor Ricardo Moreno-Medina. "Diversity and effective population size of four horse breeds from microsatellite DNA markers in South-Central Mexico." Archives Animal Breeding 60, no. 2 (June 8, 2017): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-60-137-2017.
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Abstract. The South-Central region of Mexico has experienced a sizeable introduction of purebred horses for recreational aims. A study was designed to assess effective population sizes and genetic diversity and to verify the genetic integrity of four horse breeds. Using a 12-microsatellite panel, Quarter Horse, Azteca, Thoroughbred and Creole (CRL) horses were sampled and analysed for diversity and genetic structure. Genetic diversity parameters showed high numbers of heterozygous horses but small effective population sizes in all breeds. Population structure results suggested some degree of admixture of CRL with the other reference breeds. The highly informative microsatellite panel allowed the verification of diversity in introduced horse populations and the confirmation of small effective population sizes, which suggests a risk for future breed integrity.
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Forhead, AJ, JC Ousey, WR Allen, and AL Fowden. "Postnatal insulin secretion and sensitivity after manipulation of fetal growth by embryo transfer in the horse." Journal of Endocrinology 181, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1810459.
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This study examined the effects of intrauterine growth on insulin secretion and resistance in newborn foals. Embryo transfer between small pony and large Thoroughbred mares was used to produce four groups of foals with different birth weights (pony in pony n=7; pony in Thoroughbred n=7; Thoroughbred in Thoroughbred n=8; Thoroughbred in pony n=8). On day 2 after birth, glucose (0.5 g/kg) was administered intravenously to the foal and blood samples were taken for 2 h to determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. On day 3, insulin sensitivity was assessed by giving insulin (0.75 U/kg i.v.) and measuring the decrement in plasma glucose in the foals. There were no significant differences in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance between the control and growth-retarded Thoroughbred foals. Overgrown pony foals delivered by Thoroughbred mares had higher basal insulin levels and greater beta cell responses to glucose than the other groups of foals. The relationship between plasma glucose and insulin was also significantly steeper in overgrown pony foals than in the other groups. Variations in intrauterine growth rate, therefore, affect postnatal insulin secretion in the horse. More specifically, it is overgrowth, not growth retardation in utero that alters equine beta cell function in the immediate neonatal period.
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Freeman, David E., and Pamela A. Spencer. "Evaluation of age, breed, and gender as risk factors for umbilical hernia in horses of a hospital population." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.04.637.
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SUMMARY Age, breed, and gender distributions of 168 horses with umbilical hernia treated at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed to determine risk factors for this disease. For the 3 breeds that constituted the largest proportion of hospital and case populations, Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and Quarter Horse, the overall ratio of females to males was 1.63. In a hospital population of the same age group, 0 to 48 months, the female to male ratio was 0.93. Compared with males, females were at significantly higher risk for umbilical hernia after adjustment for breed and age (odds ratio, 2.01; 99% confidence interval, 1.31 to 3.10; P = 0.00002). Of the 2 major breeds, Thoroughbreds were at greater risk than Standardbreds for umbilical hernia, after adjustment for gender and age (odds ratio, 1.80; 99% confidence interval, 1.10 to 2.95; P = 0.0020). The results provide information about a common congenital defect in horses that can be used for future genetic research.
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Myćka, Grzegorz, Adrianna D. Musiał, Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Katarzyna Piórkowska, and Katarzyna Ropka-Molik. "Variability of ACOX1 Gene Polymorphisms across Different Horse Breeds with Regard to Selection Pressure." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122225.
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The ACOX1 gene encodes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1, the first enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway, which could be significant for organisms exposed to long periods of starvation and harsh living conditions. We hypothesized that variations within ACOX1, revealed by RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq), might be based on adaptation to living conditions and had resulted from selection pressure. There were five different horse breeds used in this study, representing various utility types: Arabian, Thoroughbred, Polish Konik, draft horses, and Hucul. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the ACOX1 (rs782885985) was used as a marker and was identified using the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Results indicated extremely different genotype and allele distributions of the ACOX1 gene across breeds. A predominance of the G allele was exhibited in horses that had adapted to difficult environmental conditions, namely, Polish Konik and Huculs, which are considered to be primitive breeds. The prevalence of the T allele in Thoroughbreds indicated that ACOX1 is significant in energy metabolism during flat racing.
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Won, Sae-Young, Yong-Chan Kim, Kyoungtag Do, and Byung-Hoon Jeong. "The First Report of Genetic Polymorphisms of the Equine SPRN Gene in Outbred Horses, Jeju and Halla Horses." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092574.
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Prion disease is a fatal infectious disease caused by the accumulation of pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) in several mammals. However, to date, prion disease has not been reported in horses. The Sho protein encoded by the shadow of the prion protein gene (SPRN) plays an essential role in the pathomechanism of prion diseases. To date, the only genetic study of the equine SPRN gene has been reported in the inbred horse, Thoroughbred horse. We first discovered four SPRN single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 141 Jeju and 88 Halla horses by direct DNA sequencing. In addition, we found that the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of these SNPs of Jeju horses were significantly different from those of Halla and Thoroughbred horses, this latter breed is also included in this study. Furthermore, we observed that the minimum free energy and mRNA secondary structure were significantly different according to haplotypes of equine SPRN polymorphisms by the RNAsnp program. Finally, we compared the SNPs in the coding sequence (CDS) of the SPRN gene between horses and prion disease-susceptible species. Notably, prion disease-susceptible animals had polymorphisms that cause amino acid changes in the open reading frame (ORF) of the SPRN gene, while these polymorphisms were not found in horses.