Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Thornber'

Originaire des Amériques où il occasionne des dégâts importants sur diverses cultures le nématode phytoparasite Nacobbus aberrans est un ravageur potentiellement dangereux pour les pays ou les zones encore indemnes comme l'Europe. Afin d'éviter son introduction et d'évaluer le risque représenté par ce ravageur inscrit sur les listes de quarantaine européennes, il est indispensable de mieux cerner les contours de ce complexe d'espèces et de déterminer certains facteurs clefs de sa biologie. Dans un premier temps nous avons évalué en conditions de laboratoire les capacités de différentes populations de N. Aberrans à se développer sur différentes cultures. La nature du parasitisme varie selon le couple hôte-population de nématode étudié et corrobore la notion de race physiologique. En outre une catégorie de plantes qualifiées de réservoirs a été identifiée. Elle permet au nématode d'y réaliser son développement jusqu'au stade J4, stade qui se maintient en état de dormance sans assurer la multiplication de l'espèce. Un type original chez les Tylenchides de parasitisme du second stade juvénile a été caractérisé avec le recours à un puits métabolique et l'induction de la synthèse de plastes d'amidon par les cellules adjacentes au nématode. Dans un deuxième temps la variabilité génétique du nématode a été appréhendée d'une part l'étude du caryotype, qui se révèle varier entre 6 et 8 chromosomes à l'état haploïde, d'autre part par l'analyse de l'ensemble de la zone ITS de l'ADN ribosomique. Cette dernière nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de deux groupes distincts au sein du complexe actuellement identifié comme N. Aberrans. La reconstruction phylogénétique d'un des groupes a permis de proposer un scénario évolutif impliquant l'apparition d'évènements d'insertions-délétions au sein de la région ITS d'un groupe puis l'apparition d'évènements d'insertions-délétions au sein de la région ITS d'un groupe, puis d'hybridations entre plusieurs groupes divergents
Native from the Americas where it is a wide spread pest on several crops, the plant parasitic nematode Nacobbus aberrans is a potential damaging pest for non contaminated countries or areas, such as Europe. To avoid its introductionand to assess the pest risk associated with this European quarantine organism, it is necessary to define the species limits and to describe some key elements of its biology. First the abilities of various population which corroborates the physiological race notion. Besides a different type of host was identified and mentioned as “reservoir” host, enabling the nematode to reach the J4 stage without completing its life cycle and without multiplying. A particular parasitism modality for J2 stage was observed : the juvenile feeds through a metabolic well and induces starch production in adjacent cells. This feeding system for second juvenile stage has not been described among Tylenchida until now. The genetic variability of the nematode was estimated with karyological observations, which indicate that the haploid chromosome number varies among 6 to 8. The analysis of the complete ITS ribosomal DNA underline that the N. Aberrans species complex is composed of two distinct groups. The phylogenetic analysis from one of these groups led to the proposition of a putative evolutionary scenario. After the divergence of some groups from a common ancestor and insertion-deletion event occurred within the ITS region of one group followed by some hybridizations among several divergent groups

The root lesion nematode (RLN), Pratylenchus thornei, is a biotrophic migratory pest of plant roots and its infestation causes losses in many economically important crops. RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring eukaryotic phenomenon and can be used to silence parasitism effector genes of P. thornei using host-mediated RNAi. This may be developed as an environmentally friendly and a cost-effective control strategy. The overall aims of this research were to investigate the effects of in vitro and in planta RNAi silencing of putative P. thornei parasitism effector genes, and their nematicidal effects in two host plants. Five putative target parasitism genes vital for nematode entry into roots (Pt-Eng-1, Pt-PL), feeding (Pt-CLP) and suppressing host defence responses (Pt-UEP, Pt-GST) were identified, validated in silico using comparative bioinformatics, cloned into suitable in vitro transcription and binary vectors, and advanced to RNAi studies. Partial sequences for four of these target effector genes (Pt-Eng-1, Pt-PL, Pt-CLP, Pt-GST) were identified using Rapid Amplification of cDNA (RACE) PCRs and annotated in silico. Protein families, conserved domains, taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships for all four effectors were studied. This sequence information will help inform future investigations involving gene expression and proteomics of the selected putative effectors. In vitro RNAi was used for functional characterisation of the five effector sequences. Effects on nematode phenotype, behaviour, gene expression, and longer-term effects on reproduction were assessed after soaking nematodes in dsRNA through infection of healthy wild type soybean and alfalfa roots. Soaking of mixed stage P. thornei in 1mg/mL dsRNA of target genes for 16 h did not cause phenotypic changes except for Pt-PL, which exhibited straight or slightly curved phenotypes after soaking compared to the normal sigmoid body movement, also evident for green fluorescent protein (gfp) and no dsRNA treated controls. Semi-quantitative PCRs and densitometry analysis revealed a significant reduction of transcript accumulation for all five putative parasitism effector genes. Longer-term effects assessed at 21 dpi reduced nematode reproduction by 40 to 70% for all target genes compared to respective control treatments suggesting that the effectors studied were required for nematode infectivity, survival or reproduction. In planta RNAi involved Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformations to develop axenic transgenic hairy root events of soybean (Glycine max var. Williams 82) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and non-axenic hairy roots (composite plants) of soybean. Both hosts were amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, but hairy root induction was faster in alfalfa than soybean. However, more events were generated for soybean than alfalfa. Transgenic hairy roots confirmed by molecular analyses were challenged with P. thornei and their presence confirmed after 14 dpi. After 21 dpi, nematode numbers and transcript abundance was assessed using semi-quantitative PCRs and densitometry analysis. Host-mediated silencing of the five putative parasitism effector genes using transgenic soybean and alfalfa hairy roots showed a significant reduction in target transcript accumulation and approximately 38 to 75% reduction in P. thornei numbers compared to untransformed wild-type controls. For some events, there was a positive correlation between reduced transcripts and nematode numbers. Based on percent reduction in transcript accumulation of the target genes relative to 18S rRNA as assessed by densitometry, the extent of gene knockdown measured (from most to least) was: Pt-Eng-1, Pt-PL, Pt-CLP, Pt-UEP, and Pt-GST. Similarly, Pt-Eng-1, Pt-PL and Pt-CLP were ranked in the same order, from the lowest to highest reproduction on soybean and alfalfa, indicating a positive correlation between the level of knockdown and reduced reproduction. In soybean, these genes were followed by Pt-GST and Pt-UEP for the percentage of reproduction recorded, whereas, in alfalfa, reduction in reproduction for these two target genes did not differ significantly. Composite soybean with wild-type shoots and transgenic hairy roots expressing Pt-Eng-1 and Pt-PL genes were developed and provided an opportunity to test the effectiveness of silencing target genes in planta and on nematode numbers in conditions that mimicked natural host infections. For both Pt-Eng-1 and Pt-PL genes, there was a significant reduction in percentage of transcript accumulation relative to 18S rRNA, which correlated with a reduction in nematode numbers by 53.4% and 48.5% for Pt-Eng-1 and Pt-PL, respectively. The amenability of P. thornei to host-mediated RNAi using effector gene sequences, and the overall results of this study, point towards the potential use of this technology to control P. thornei and related RLN species effectively in different host crops.

Bibliography: leaves 224-236. The study aimed to determine the distribution of both P. thornei and P. neglectus in South Australia. Also to study the field and laboratory population dynamics of P. thornei in relation to wheat yields, to determine its host range on a variety of cereal and non-leguminous hosts and to identify possible sources of nematode resistant wheat cultivars/varieties. Preliminary experiments studied the involvement of root rotting fungi with the nematode in wheat disease.

A record of a steady, largely unnoted move towards a sufficient technical education in Wakefield Metropolitan District from the 1850s to the present time is the material cause of this thesis. The theme is the consequences of inescapable obligations imposed by central government through several Acts from the mid-nineteenth century to the present time which have been appraised as far as possible in their effect on two institutions: Wakefield (Technical) College and Thornes House Grammar School. The particular throws light on the general; theory translated into action produces unforeseen outcomes and tensions in addition to desired, planned results. State educational foundations in other counties of England will have had problems unique to each area: the common factor is the humanity of staff and pupils affected by central legislation which last casts a shadow if it does not totally colour the cultural ambience in which they work. Studies of institutions throw into relief interrelations between local and central administration as well as social interaction. Problems which apparently are educational are also reflections of groups' or districts' experience in the past. 'History' is a driving force, not a cliche. The research falls into three sections. Part One is concerned with the technical aspect and traces the development of technical instruction in Wakefield, the West Riding of Yorkshire, from the foundation of the independent Industrial and Fine Art Institution through its years under the local authority to its present, incorporated status as Wakefield College. Part Two covers the foundation and early life of Thornes House Grammar School, from the time it was established in 1921, in response to the 1918 Education Act, to 1961, when Mr. C. C. Bracewell, M.C., M.A., retired as Headmaster. Part Three outlines the effect of local political response to declining rolls and population change in the district on Thornes House School, combined with the weight of central government intervention in boundary re-organisation. When the succeeding comprehensive school which followed Thornes House Grammar School was closed, Thornes House buildings and Park were allocated to the College, finally to be sold to the College in February 1995. Access was left to other WMDC schools to use certain facilities. Through the lives of Wakefield College and Thornes House Grammar School the history of the struggle for secondary education for the total educable section of the population is epitomised. Two strands of argument are plaited through the fabric of this account. One: the concept of praxis, informed action, as demonstrated in the idiosyncratic balance of theory applied to action by the local population in its response to central authority's incomprehension of a heterogeneous community lying at the crossroads of a spreading county; second the equally individualistic interpretation of social obligation by those local dominant social groups which followed each other in each generation. That the Riding needed trained, educated middle range people as well as a skilled workforce was recognised, but, children of their time, these people earmarked a classical education for their own offspring as their prerogative. Across this period their reference group quite impartially worked hard for the Industrial and Fine Art Institution and the following Technical College/School, and introduced a broadened curriculum and teacher training. The lives of all these people, now part of local history, and sadly short on biographical detail, form two Interludes, and demonstrate a move from a voluntary, dispassionate yet benevolent autocracy of the nineteenth century to the business acumen of the following wealthy lower middle class supported by the professionalism of a rising, ambitious local administration, their names recorded in County Council and City Minute and Log Books. The Conclusion endorses the foreword that technological knowledge must now of necessity be part of an educated person's cultural luggage and as Brighouse stated, 'the education system must educate everyone.' The technical/technological sector has a wide remit in the spread of I. Q. from elementary to higher education, and subscribes to the words of Viscount Milton, 'the wider appreciation more than a single skill,' in its response. It has been attempted to suggest it comes back to the use of language, and some questions: Whom do we teach, what do we teach, why? to arrive at informed action. The argument has run through time - the lives of two institutions which had to put up a struggle to survive, and which have been overtaken by external circumstances - weighing in the process dissonances and harmonies, the principle of voluntary effort balancing professional administration; centre/locality; a 'liberal' curriculum/contrived, teaching - the 'good' teacher or 'teacher effectiveness.' A poor argument is not resolved by a worse one, but by dialectic. In effect, classical and technological aspects are both needed, and we are back with people of the calibre of Milnes-Gaskell, Sir Michael Sadler, Sir Alec Clegg and A.H.D. Acland, and those forgotten names who first spoke on behalf of the Society for the Promotion of Technical Education last century and in the early years of this. They are thin on the ground.

The Pasteuria genus comprises gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of arthropods and nematodes. Species of this genus are ubiquitous, being present in both aquatic and terrestrial environments all around the world. Pasteuria was first described as a genus at the end of the 19th century and has undergone considerable reclassification regarding its member species. Starting in the 1980s, a more meticulous classification effort regarding the identification of Pasteuria spp., and its parasitic habits began. These studies were strongly motivated by the ability of individuals of this genus to parasitize phytopathogenic nematodes of several plant species. Each species of the genus Pasteuria establishes a strict parasitic relationship with a specific genus of phytonematode. As an example of this interaction, Pasteuria thornei is a parasite restricted to the genus Pratylenchus, which comprises the nematodes popularly known as root-lesion-nematodes, a pest of several agronomically important crops. Considering the current relevance of studies involving the biological control of phytonematodes, in the present work three experiments were carried out, each one containing a replicate, totaling, therefore, six experiments. Two experiments were intended to verify the efficacy of P. thornei as a biological control agent (BCA) of Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean. The remaining four experiments had a similar objective in the scope of the Pratylenchus zeae - maize pathosystem. Two experiments were carried out to verify the efficacy of P. thornei as a biological control agent for P. zeae in maize, and afterwards, two additional experiments were performed in order to verify the capacity of the BCA to reduce productivity losses in corn plants due to the parasitism of this nematode. For the soybean experiments, the following treatments were added to the seeds of the cultivar SYN1080: three different concentrations of P. thornei endospores per seed (5x106, 107 e 1,5x107), a commercial control group for comparison containing abamectin (0.58mg/seed) and a mixed treatment containing abamectin (0.58 mg / seed) and 107 P. thornei endospores. Untreated seeds were used as a control group. The treatments were sown in 500 cm3 plastic cups containing soil inoculated with 1000 nematodes (experiment 1) and 600 nematodes (experiment 2). Fresh root mass and nematodes extracted from the roots of each plant were used as parameters of evaluation, taking place 60 and 90 days after inoculation (DAI). Only the treatment with the highest concentration of P. thornei (1.5x107) reduced the final population of nematodes significantly, reaching 30-50% of reduction compared to the untreated seeds. However, treatments containing the commercial control abamectin were superior in reducing the final population of nematodes in all experiments evaluated. Regarding the maize efficacy experiments, CELERON hybrid seeds were treated as described: four concentrations of P. thornei endospores per seed (5x106, 107, 1,5x107, 2x107), a commercial control group for comparison containing abamectin (0.58 mg / seed) and a mixed treatment containing abamectin (0.58 mg / seed) and 107 P. thornei endospores. Untreated seeds were used as a control group. The treated maize seeds were planted in 500 cm3 plastic cups containing soil inoculated with 4000 and 1000 individuals for the efficacy experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Evaluations occurred at 60 and 90 DAI. For the productivity assays, the experiments 3 and 4 were carried out under a screened greenhouse, with experimental plots consisting of 9L pots filled with artificially infested soil. Seeds of the CELERON hybrid received the following treatments: abamectin (0.58mg / seed), P. thornei (107 endospores / seed) and mixed treatment containing both abamectin (0.58mg / seed) and P. thornei (107 endospores / seed). Two additional treatments containing untreated seeds served as controls, with and without the presence of Pratylenchus zeae. The evaluation measured several agronomic traits, such as dry weight of the aerial parts, fresh mass of roots at harvest and total weight of grains. In addition, the nematode population was measured in fresh roots at 45, 90 days and at the time of harvest. Efficacy trials showed that the highest concentrations of P. thornei (1.5x107 and 2x107) have a considerable potential of P. zeae control. The nematode population reduction was 54 and 47% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, for the highest P. thornei concentration treatment. The commercial formulation containing abamectin showed a reduction of P. zeae population above 90% in both experiments. Regarding the maize productivity experiments, control potential of nematodes by P. thornei was similar to that observed in the efficacy study. The treatments containing abamectin had an effect on the mitigation of yield losses caused by P. zeae in both experiments. The mixed treatment (abamectin and P. thornei) and the one containing exclusively P. thornei presented a positive performance in both replicates. In none of the experiments synergistic or additive effects were observed between P. thornei and abamectin. With the data obtained in these experiments, the control potential of P. thornei on P. brachyurus and P. zeae in soybean and corn, respectively, is evident. Additionally, P. thornei and abamectin in the form of seed treatment, show potential in mitigating yield losses caused by P. zeae in maize. This highlights the importance of P. thornei as an additional tool for the management of root lesion nematodes in soybean and maize, and should encourage subsequent work.
O gênero Pasteuria compreende bactérias gram-positivas parasitas obrigatórias de artrópodes e nematoides. A distribuição das espécies deste gênero pelo mundo é ubíqua, podendo ser encontradas em ambientes aquáticos e terrestres. Este gênero foi descrito no final do século XIX e sofreu consideráveis reclassificações em relação às espécies nele compreendidos. A partir da década de 80, deu-se início a um esforço de classificação mais minucioso com relação à identificação de Pasteuria spp. e seus hábitos parasitários. Estes estudos foram motivados, principalmente, pela capacidade dos indivíduos deste gênero em parasitar nematoides fitoparasitas de diversas culturas. Cada espécie do gênero Pasteuria estabelece relações parasitárias com um gênero específico de fitonematoide. A exemplo desta interação, Pasteuria thornei é um parasita restrito ao gênero Pratylenchus, que compreende os nematoides causadores das lesões radiculares, daninhos a diversas culturas de importância agronômica. Considerando a relevância atual de estudos envolvendo o controle biológico de fitonematoides, no presente trabalho foram realizados três experimentos, cada um contendo uma réplica em época distinta, totalizando, portanto, seis experimentos. Dois experimentos tiveram por objetivo verificar a eficácia de P. thornei como agente de controle biológico (ACB) de Pratylenchus brachyurus na cultura da soja. E os demais quatro experimentos abordaram o patossistema Pratylenchus zeae-milho. Para esse objetivo, foram realizados dois experimentos com o intuito de verificar a eficácia de P. thornei como agente de controle biológico de P. zeae em milho, e outros dois experimentos para testar a capacidade do ACB em reduzir a perda de produtividade em plantas de milho decorrente do parasitismo do nematoide. Para os experimentos de soja, às sementes da cultivar SYN1080 foram adicionados os tratamentos como se segue: três concentrações de endósporos de P. thornei por semente (5x106, 107 e 1,5x107), um grupo de controle químico comercial para comparação contendo abamectina (0,58 mg / semente) e um tratamento misto contendo abamectina (0,58 mg / semente) e 107 endósporos de P. thornei. Sementes não tratadas foram utilizadas como testemunha. As sementes tratadas foram semeadas em copos de plástico de 500 cm3 contendo solo inoculado com 1000 nematoides (experimento 1) e 600 nematoides (experimento 2). A massa de raiz fresca e os nematoides extraídos das raízes de cada planta foram utilizados como critério de avaliação dos experimentos, a qual foi realizada aos 60 e 90 dias após a inoculação (DAI). Apenas o tratamento com a maior concentração de P. thornei (1,5x107) reduziu a população final de nematoides de maneira significativa atingindo 30-50% de redução, comparado àquele contendo sementes não tratadas. No entanto, os tratamentos que contém abamectina foram superiores na redução da população final de nematoides em todos os experimentos avaliados. Em relação aos experimentos de eficácia em milho, sementes do híbrido CELERON foram tratadas como explicitado: quatro concentrações de endósporos de P. thornei por semente (5x106, 107, 1,5x107 e 2x107), um grupo de controle comercial para comparação contendo abamectina (0,58 mg / semente) e um tratamento misto contendo abamectina (0,58 mg / semente) e 107 endósporos de P. thornei. As sementes tratadas de milho foram semeadas em copos de plástico de 500cm3 contendo solo inoculado com 4000 e 1000 indivíduos para os experimentos de eficácia 1 e 2, respectivamente. As avaliações ocorreram aos 60 e 90 DAI. Para os estudos de produtividade, foram realizados os experimentos 3 e 4 sob um telado com parcelas experimentais constituídas por vasos de 9L preenchidos de solo infestado artificialmente. Sementes do híbrido CELERON foram utilizadas contendo os seguintes tratamentos: abamectina (0,58mg / semente), P. thornei (107 endósporos/semente) e um tratamento misto contendo abamectina (0,58mg / semente) e P. thornei (107 endósporos/semente). Dois tratamentos adicionais contendo sementes não tratadas serviram de testemunhas, com e sem Pratylenchus zeae. A avaliação consistiu na medição de várias características agronômicas, como peso seco da parte aérea, massa fresca de raízes no momento da colheita e peso total dos grãos. Adicionalmente, foi mensurada a população de nematoides em raízes frescas aos 45, 90 dias e no momento da colheita. Os ensaios de eficácia mostraram que as concentrações mais elevadas de P. thornei (1,5x107 e 2x107) possuem um potencial mensurável de controle de P. zeae. A redução da população de nematoides foi de 54 e 47% nos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. A formulação comercial de abamectina mostrou uma redução da população de nematoides superior a 90% em ambos os experimentos. No que diz respeito aos experimentos de produtividade de milho, o potencial de controle de nematoides por P. thornei foi semelhante ao observado no estudo de eficácia. O tratamento com abamectina teve efeito na redução das perdas de rendimento causadas por P. zeae em ambos os experimentos; assim como os tratamentos misto (abamectina e P. thornei) e aquele contendo apenas P. thornei que apresentaram desempenho positivo em ambas as repetições. Em nenhum dos experimentos foi observado efeito sinérgico ou aditivo entre P. thornei e abamectina. Com os dados obtidos nestes experimentos, fica evidente o potencial de controle de P. thornei sobre P. brachyurus e P. zeae em soja e milho, respectivamente. Ainda, tanto P. thornei quanto abamectina apresentam o potencial de mitigar as perdas de rendimento causadas por P. zeae em milho através do tratamento de sementes. Isso evidencia a importância de P. thornei como uma ferramenta adicional para o manejo desses nematoides, e deve encorajar trabalhos subsequentes.

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Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar, entre os artigos regulamentados já com autorização fitossanitária de importação para o Brasil ainda não submetidos à análise de risco de pragas (ARP), as possíveis vias de ingresso do nematoide parasita de vegetais Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, praga quarentenária ausente no Brasil; avaliar o risco fitossanitário da introdução de D. destructor a plantas cultivadas na agricultura, horticultura e silvicultura, plantas não cultivadas, flora selvagem, habitats e ecossistemas no Brasil por esses produtos importados, a partir de avaliações semiquantitativas das suas probabilidades de entrada e estabelecimento em território nacional e dos seus potenciais de disseminação e de causar danos econômicos no Brasil; e propor medidas fitossanitárias a serem estabelecidas em normas oficiais do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) para mitigar para um nível aceitável o risco fitossanitário associado à introdução e disseminação de D. destructor pelas vias de ingresso no Brasil para as quais o risco fitossanitário fosse julgado inaceitável. A ARP foi conduzida por meio do esquema de apoio à decisão para ARP da Norma de Medidas Fitossanitárias n.o 5/3 (5), da Organização Europeia para Proteção de Plantas (EPPO), executada no software CAPRA (“Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis”). Os produtos vegetais de importação autorizada (PVIA) que são possíveis vias de ingresso para D. destructor foram determinados, filtrando-se os registros da base de dados de PVIA do MAPA a partir dos registros de espécies vegetais hospedeiras do nematoide, de países que têm registros de sua ocorrência e das partes vegetais para as quais há registros de que o nematoide possa se abrigar em alguma fase do seu ciclo de vida. As probabilidades semiquantitativas de entrada e de estabelecimento e os potenciais semiquantitativos de disseminação, de impacto econômico e de risco final da praga em cada via de ingresso, bem como os valores de suas incertezas, foram compostos a partir das respostas dadas às questões individuais do esquema da EPPO no CAPRA, utilizando a modelagem de decisão com atributos múltiplos por regras expressas em matrizes, contida no próprio software CAPRA e executada dentro do software livre de ambiente de modelagem “GeNIe”. O risco fitossanitário final de Ditylenchus destructor nas diversas vias de ingresso avaliadas foi considerado baixo, com incerteza média. Foi, portanto, considerado aceitável, não tendo sido necessária a adoção de medidas fitossanitárias adicionais para mitigar esse risco, além das medidas fitossanitárias gerais atualmente em vigor.
The objectives of this study were to determine, among the regulated articles already with phytosanitary import authorization to Brazil not yet submitted to pest risk analysis (PRA), the possible pathways to the plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, absent quarantine pest in Brazil; to assess the phytosanitary risk of introducing D. destructor to cultivated plants in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, uncultivated plants, wild flora, habitats and ecosystems in Brasil by these imported products, from semiquantitative assessements of their likelihoods of entry and establishment in the country, and its potential to spread and cause economic damage in Brazil; and to propose phytosanitary measures to be established in official regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) to mitigate to an acceptable level the phytosanitary risk associated with the introduction and spread of D. destructor by the pathways into Brazil for which the phytosanitary risk was deemed unacceptable. The PRA was conducted through the decision support scheme to PRA of the Phytosanitary Measures Standard No. 5/3 (5), of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), performed in the CAPRA software ("Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis"). The plant products with authorized import (PVIA) that are possible pathways to D. destructor were determined by filtering the MAPA’s PVIA database records with the records of the nematode’s host plant species, countries that have records of its occurrence, and plant parts to which there are records that the nematode can take shelter at some stage of its life cycle. Semiquantitative likelihoods of entry and establishment, and semiquantitative potentials of spread, economic impact and final risk of the pest on each pathway, as well as the values of their uncertainties, were composed from the answers to individual questions of EPPO scheme in CAPRA, using the decision modeling with multiple attributes by rules expressed in matrices contained in the CAPRA software itself and executed in the free software of modeling environment "GENIE". The final phytosanitary risk of Ditylenchus destructor in the different assessed pathways was considered low, with medium uncertainty. It was therefore considered acceptable, and it was not necessary to adopt additional phytosanitary measures to mitigate this risk, beyond to the general phytosanitary measures currently in effect.

In its industrial heyday, Thorne Moors was the most extensive commercial peat operation in Britain. It became closely tied to nearby Hatfield Moors, and at both the methods of exploitation were essentially the same. Although much of Thorne Moors is situated in Yorkshire, the eastern extent lies in Lincolnshire. Recognizable differences in scale and methodology existed between the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire parts. After regional drainage in the 1620-30s, there was increased trade in the peat of Thorne Moors along the River Don. A succession of uses included unrefined and refined fuel, products from carbonization and distillation, and moss litter for working horses. From the mid-19th century, companies were formed to exploit the new uses, especially moss litter, and export became increasingly focused on railways. In 1896, the British Moss Litter Co. Ltd was set up (restructured 1899) to assume the Thorne/Hatfield interests of several smaller companies, including the Anglo-Dutch Griendtsveen Moss Litter Co. Ltd. The British Moss Litter Co. was acquired by Fisons Ltd in 1963. Following a contextual history, descriptions are given of both muscle-powered peat winning and transportation methodologies. These comprise exploitation in the 17th and 18th centuries, an examination of the 19th century writings of William Casson, and written allusions spanning 1863-1963. Information is imparted on the Griendtsveen Moss Litter Co. In addition to creating a 'Dutch' peat canal system, this company introduced an immigrant Dutch workforce, proficient in their native methods and intended inter alia to retrain local workers looking for employment with Griendtsveen. Dutch methodology persisted alongside the local methods for c.60 years. Accounts are also presented of the evolutionary limit of indigenous peat winning, and the use of narrow gauge railways. Finally the transition to mechanisation of peat cutting and narrow gauge haulage is outlined.

Le nématode phytoparasite Radopholus similis est un ravageur majeur des bananiers et plantains dans le monde. Introduit à partir du XVIe siècle en Afrique et Amérique, ce nématode occasionne des pertes importantes dans les bananeraies traditionnelles. La mise au point de nouvelles méthodes culturales a permis de réduire son impact ; mais des connaissances supplémentaires sont requises pour comprendre sa persistance et prévenir sa dispersion. Considérée jusqu'alors comme marginale, la phase sol de R. similis avait été peu étudiée car les populations de R. similis sont faiblement concentrées dans le sol (environ 1/1 000e de celle des racines). Pourtant, le volume du sol exploré par les racines de bananier représente 100 à 300 fois le volume de ces racines ; la phase sol concerne 30 à 50 % des effectifs de R. similis. Après avoir considéré les caractéristiques des sols volcaniques antillais, et notamment les classes de capillaires susceptibles d'héberger R. similis (capillaires de 20 à 300 µm de diamètre), nous avons évalué les différentes méthodes d'extraction des nématodes : filtration Baermann, élutriation, centrifugation-flottaison, aspersion, macération dans l'eau oxygénée. Les rendements à l'extraction de chaque méthode, leurs avantages et inconvénients ont été discutés. Ce travail a été complété par l'évaluation d'une méthode de coloration vitale qui permet de discriminer les nématodes morts et vivants. L'aptitude à la survie de R. similis dans le sol a ensuite été évaluée. Pour cela, nous avons déposé des suspensions de nématodes dans des piluliers remplis de sol de natures et de potentiels matriciels variables, mais toujours sans ressource alimentaire. Ces piluliers ont ensuite été conservés jusqu'à 180 jours dans des conditions de température optimale pour R. similis. Les durées de survie mesurées ont ainsi été légèrement supérieures à celles que l'on trouve habituellement dans la bibliographie : si on exclut les sols saturés en eau, il restait au bout de six mois de 1,7 à 9,3 % de la population apportée dans le nitisol et de 9,5 à 11,9 % dans l'andosol. Pour les adultes, les courbes de décroissances de population de R. similis pouvaient généralement être ajustées à l'aide des modèles de décroissance exponentielle ou de Teissier. Ces courbes dépendaient de la nature du sol, du potentiel hydrique et du sexe. Nous avons ainsi observé que les mâles avaient une capacité de résistance surprenante ; dans le nitisol, les taux de survie ont été en moyenne proches du double de ceux des femelles. Cette capacité de survie des mâles serait liée à une moindre dépense énergétique journalière que chez les femelles : les mâles, dont le système digestif est atrophié, ne chercheraient pas activement leur nourriture et ne perdraient pas de réserves lors du développement des œufs. Par ailleurs, dans les sols stérilisés, la survie était optimale quand les sols étaient proches de la capacité au champ ; dans les sols non perturbés, elle était optimale dans les sols les plus secs. Ces résultats contradictoires pourraient s'expliquer par les interactions avec les autres organismes du sol qui, en diminuant la capacité de survie, pourraient avoir un rôle antagoniste. Une étude complémentaire a été réalisée dans des tubes remplis d'eau ou de solutions de sol, extraites d'un nitisol par centrifugation. Au bout de 35 jours, il restait 7 à 8 % des populations initiales de R. similis, et ce, pour les deux sexes. Cette espèce peut donc subsister assez longtemps dans des eaux qui circulent pour être disséminée par ruissellement. Nous avons donc étudié la dissémination de R. similis par les flux d'eau ; en surface à l'aide de simulateur de pluie, en profondeur à l'aide de cylindres de sol sur lesquels nous avons simulé des pluies allant jusqu'à 3,7 fois le volume poral du cylindre (pluie de 540 mm). Ces études ont été complétées par un dispositif au champ qui a permis de cartographier les recontaminations dans des parcelles isolées ou non hydrologiquement par des fossés. La dissémination passive a été très faible dans le sol et n'a concerné qu'une fraction marginale des populations. Il semble que R. similis ait adapté ses comportements pour résister à l'entraînement par les eaux (plasticité réflexe ?). En surface, les simulations de pluie ont montré que la dissémination par les eaux nécessitait des conditions bien particulières : sols proches de la saturation en eau, racines ou bulbes arrachés à la surface du sol. Néanmoins, la dissémination passive existe, essentiellement en surface ; elle s'apparente à un phénomène restreint aux évènements "catastrophe" à l'échelle du nématode : destruction de son milieu de vie par les intempéries accompagnées d'épisodes de ruissellement important. Elle est suffisante pour entraîner la recontamination d'une parcelle en moins de deux ans. L'ensemble de ces travaux a montré que le comportement de R. similis est un facteur essentiel pour comprendre sa survie et sa dispersion. Sa biologie lui permet de bien s'adapter aux cultures pérennes à multiplication végétative, comme le bananier. Lorsque ces dernières sont cultivées en monoculture, les dégâts peuvent être considérables.

Tesis para optar al Grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Sanidad Vegetal
Las Rizobacterias Promotoras de Crecimiento Vegetal (PGPR), son bacterias benéficas que viven en asociación con las raíces de las plantas, su uso en la agricultura puede disminuir la dependencia a agroquímicos tóxicos para el medio ambiente y la salud humana.Filtrados de siete cepas rizobacterianas, con características nematicidas, fueron evaluadas en condiciones in vitro, sobre los nemátodosfitoparásitosXiphinema index y Meloidogyne ethiopica. Seefectuaronuna serie de pruebas bioquímicas para determinar la presencia de algunos metabolitos y enzimas, con posible actividad nematicida.Finalmente, se identificaron las cepas mediante métodos moleculares y pruebas bioquímicas. Los resultados mostraron que después de 72 horas de exposición de los individuos de Xiphinema index a los filtrados rizobacterianos, hubo mortalidades del 94 y 100% con Bacillus amyloliquefaciens consorcio FR203A y Pseudomonas fluorescensFP805PU, respectivamente.Estas bacterias,en el mismo orden, tuvieron mortalidades del 76 y 83% en individuos de Meloidogyne ethiopica. Las otras cepas, tuvieron mortalidades desde 54 a 81% en Xiphinema index y 44 a 59% en Meloidogyne ethiopica. Cinco cepas tuvieron diferencias significativas con el tratamiento control en la eclosión de huevos deM. ethiopica, teniendo los mayores porcentajes de mortalidad las cepas Brevibacterium frigoritoleransFB37BR, B.amyloliquefaciensconsorcio FR203A y B. thuringiensisFS213P. Todas las cepas rizobacterianas tuvieron actividad en almenos cinco de los metabolitos y exoenzimas considerados. Las cepas rizobacterianas evaluadas, poseen compuestos con efecto nematicida, que pueden ser una alternativa interesante de control.
The plant grown-promoting rhizobacteria are beneficial bacteria that live in association with plant roots, their use in the agriculture can reduce the dependence on toxic chemicalsthat affect the environment and human health. Filtrates of seven rhizobacterial strains, with previously proved nematicidalproperties, were in vitroevaluated onMeloidogyne ethiopica and Xiphinema indexplant-parasitic nematodes. Sets of chemical tests were performed to determine the presence of certain metabolites and enzymes with possible nematicidal activity. The results after 72 hours exposure to rhizobacterial filtratesshowed a mortality of 94%and 100% onXiphinema index assayed with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens consortium FR203A and Pseudomonas fluorescensFP805PU, respectively. The same bacterial strains presented mortalities of 76 and 83%on Meloidogyne ethiopica, repectively. Concerning the otherbacteria strains, the mortality varied from 54-81% onXiphinema index and 44-59% onMeloidogyne ethiopica.Concerning the Meloidogyne ethiopica egg hatching assay, significant differenceagainst control treatmentoccurs only with five bacteria strains and the highest hatching control percentages presentedBrevibacterium frigoritoleransFB37BR, B. amyloliquefaciens consortium FR203A and B. thuringiensisFS213P. All rhizobacterial strains presented activity for at least five of themetabolitesand the exoenzymes considered. The rhizobacterial strains tested possess nematicidal compounds, which may be and interesting alternative of control.

Viaggiare da un punto all'altro dell'universo muovendosi in uno spazio-tempo piatto richiede tempi talmente colossali da risultare impossibile per la nostra razza; pertanto, un viaggio interstellare potrebbe essere realizzato solo per mezzo di topologie relativistiche in grado di accorciare la distanza fra i punti dell'universo. Dopo aver dato una serie di motivazioni per cui i buchi neri ed il ponte di Einstein-Rosen non sono adatti ad essere impiegati viene introdotta una particolare classe di soluzioni, presentata per la prima volta da Michael S. Morris e Kip S. Thorne, delle equazioni di Einstein: essa descrive wormholes i quali, almeno in linea di principio, risultano attraversabili dagli esseri umani in quanto non presentano un orizzonte degli eventi sulla gola. Quest'ultima proprietà, insieme alle equazioni di campo di Einstein, pone dei vincoli piuttosto estremi sul tipo di materiale in grado di dar luogo alla curvatura spazio-temporale del wormhole: nella gola del wormhole la materia deve possedere una tensione radiale di enorme intensità, dell'ordine di quella presente nel centro delle stelle di neutroni più massive per gole con un raggio di appena qualche kilometro. Inoltre, questa tensione dev'essere maggiore della densità di energia del materiale: ad oggi non si conosce alcun materiale con quest'ultima proprietà, la quale viola entrambe le "condizioni sull'energia" alla base di teoremi molto importanti e verificati della relatività generale. L'esistenza di questa materia non può essere esclusa a priori, visto che non esiste prova sperimentale o matematica della sua irrealisticità fisica, ma non essendo mai stata osservata è importante assicurarsi di impiegarne il meno possibile nel wormhole: questo ci porterà a mostrare che i wormholes in cui il materiale esotico presenta una densità di energia negativa per gli osservatori statici sono i più adatti al viaggio interstellare.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura
En el presente trabajo se analizará la construcción del sujeto femenino en las protagonistas de las novelas La esposa del doctor Thorne (1988) del venezolano Denzil Romero y Maldita yo entre las mujeres (1991) de la chilena Mercedes Valdivieso, a partir de los elementos teóricos que ofrece la crítica feminista. Se propone que el personaje del primer texto es una exageración del arquetipo que la historia ha elaborado alrededor de la figura de Manuela Sáenz; mientras que el personaje del segundo texto es la reinvidicación del imaginario colectivo y el discurso historiográfico sobre la figura de Catalina de los Ríos y Lisperguer, popularmente conocida como la Quintrala. El análisis de las dos novelas también permite reflexionar sobre la categoría de Novela Histórica y los estudios críticos que se han realizado alrededor de las ficciones que toman como personaje principal a mujeres referentes de la historia latinoamericana.
In the present work, it will analyze the construction of the main female characters in the novels La esposa del Dr. Thorne (1988) by the Venezuelan Denzil Romero and Maldita yo entre las mujeres (1991) by the Chilean Mercedes Valdivieso. This from the theoretical elements offered by feminist critics. It proposes that the character from the first text is an exaggeration of the archetype that history has elaborated around the figure of Manuela Sáenz; while the character from the second text is the vindication around imaginary collective and the historical discourse about the figure of Catalina de los Rios and Lisperguer, popularly known as the Quintrala. The analysis of the two novels also allows to consider the historical novel category and the critical studies that have been done around the fictions that feature as main character a women from to Latin American history.

The Tongass National Forest in southeast Alaska contains 2,176 square kilometers of karst. As part of the evolving Tongass Land Management Plan, research into the function of karst systems is crucial in understanding how forest management affects not only karst areas but also surrounding ecosystems. Dye trace and water balance results in two watersheds on the north end of Prince of Wales Island demonstrate the difficulty in containing the effects of management, as water can enter karst catchments from unknown sources at different flow regimes. A dye trace was conducted in Windgate and Canyon Block watersheds. Two sinking streams were traced to one resurgence spring in Canyon Block, and four sinking streams were traced to one resurgence spring in Windgate. Water balance data calculated for the entire study period and individual storm events suggests that Windgate has been sufficiently delineated. Data from the study period and storm event water balance calculations for Canyon Block suggest that at high flow discharge is pirated into Canyon Block from another system. High resolution monitoring in each catchment show that there is no significant delay between the increase in discharge and the arrival of direct runoff, as evidenced by the quick decrease in specific conductance. This could result in a quick transmission of sediment and contaminants through the karst system into downstream salmon habitat.

First part of this thesis is a theoretical essay which deals with the basics of the variable pressure scanning electron microscope, includes detection of secondary electrons with a view to a scintillation detector. The first applied part of the thesis is focused on prediction, measuring and setting-up optional working parley in vacuum electrodes scintillation detector system, with a stress small diameter hole in screenings C1 and C2. Second applied part was verify a change of working distance between sample and detector in consequence to optional solution for another work.

Root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus feed and reproduce in the root cortex of many plant species, including wheat. Migration through root tissue causes extensive root damage, and in turn severe reductions in growth and yield. In Australia, one of the most prevalent and widespread species affecting wheat is Pratylenchus thornei. Due to the wide host range of Pratylenchus spp. and the restrictions and inefficiency of chemical pesticides, the development of resistant cultivars has become increasingly important. Despite the identification and investigation of several resistance sources and resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), no P. thornei resistance has been integrated into commercial cultivars. In addition, prior to this study, the biological resistance mechanisms of wheat against P. thornei were not well characterised. The identification of novel sources of genetic resistance in wheat and understanding of the biological mechanisms will allow effective combinations of genes either to be used alternatively or pyramided to generate effective and stable Pratylenchus resistance. The major objectives of the study were to identify genetic loci associated with P. thornei resistance and to investigate the associated biological mechanisms in a double haploid wheat population developed from a cross between the synthetically derived Sokoll and the Australian adapted Krichauff parental lines. The resistance to P. thornei observed in the Sokoll x Krichauff wheat population is complex and under the control of several loci which suppress all nematode developmental stages. The four main components of the root invasion process by Pratylenchus: root attraction, penetration, endoparasitic feeding and reproduction, were investigated to determine the location, timing and role of resistance against P. thornei. Through analysing root invasion by each nematode life stage, it was shown that resistance in the Sokoll x Krichauff population occurs post penetration to suppress P. thornei motility/migration and juvenile development causing reduced reproduction (egg deposition and hatch). Attraction and penetration assays were conducted on seedlings grown both in sand and on agar. There was no significant difference in the rate at which P. thornei was attracted towards resistant or susceptible roots in sand. However on agar, when both genotypes were present, there was a significantly higher attraction towards the susceptible roots indicating resistant roots may secrete repellent or toxic compounds during pre-penetration or that susceptible roots secrete more attractants. The penetration rates of P. thornei in resistant and susceptible roots, both on agar and in sand, did not significantly differ. No preferred root penetration zone was observed with P. thornei, but penetration was not random as nematodes were attracted to root regions previously invaded. In concordance with other Pratylenchus studies, resistance to P. thornei in this Sokoll x Krichauff population acts post penetration. Analysis of P. thornei development in the resistant and susceptible genotypes showed that significantly fewer P. thornei nematodes of all stages occurred in the resistant compared to the susceptible roots. Juvenile development was suppressed as no juvenile stage two nematodes (J2) were present 35 days after inoculation in resistant genotypes. At 45 days after inoculation, forty times more P. thornei juvenile stage three (J3) were present in the susceptible than the resistant parent. Unlike other studies where resistance against Pratylenchus caused nematodes to exit roots, in this study, similar numbers of P. thornei J2 were still present within the resistant roots 10 days after inoculation, indicating that resistance suppresses nematode development rather than causing nematodes to leave resistant roots. The inhibition of juvenile development resulted due to the suppression of nematode migration/motility which suppressed feeding but also due to reduced egg deposition and hatch. Simple and inexpensive assays were designed to investigate P. thornei motility, egg hatch and deposition in root exudates/extracts and roots grown on agar. Significantly higher numbers of P. thornei nematodes became non-motile when exposed to root exudates from resistant (65%) versus susceptible (30%) roots after exposure for 3 days. The effects of these compounds were found to be reversible and to specifically affect P. thornei but not Pratylenchus neglectus. In migration assays, P. thornei only migrated a small distance through the resistant root cortex from the point of inoculation (10 mm), but further in the susceptible roots (70 mm). Pratylenchus thornei reproduction was also affected by resistance. Egg deposition was up to 30% less within resistant than in the susceptible lines. About 40% less hatch occurred from eggs within and adjacent to roots of resistant versus susceptible seedlings. Similarly, hatching was decreased by 10% in resistant root exudate compared to the susceptible after 10 days of exposure. An increased hatch after dilution of root exudates and a lower hatch in resistant versus the absence of roots, indicates the presence of hatching inhibitor compounds. As these root exudates were derived from plants not exposed to Pratylenchus/other pathogens, this indicates resistant genotypes constitutively produce compounds that inhibit motility and reproduction. In order to identify QTL and develop molecular markers accounting for the observed resistance, a genetic map was constructed from the Sokoll x Krichauff doubled haploid population comprising 150 lines. A total of 860 Diversity Array Technology markers and 111 microsatellite markers were used to assemble the genetic map. Two highly significant P. thornei resistance QTL were identified on chromosomes 2BS and 6DS, QRlnt.sk-2B.1 and QRlnt.sk-6D, explaining 24 and 43% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. These QTL mapped to chromosome regions previously identified to be associated with Pratylenchus resistance, based on common marker locations. Two significant QTL were also identified on chromosomes 4A and 5A, explaining 6 and 9% of the phenotypic variation. The population was fixed for the effects of the highly significant QTL on 2BS and 6DS and further QTL were identified on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 3A, 5B and 6B. The QRlnt.sk-2B.1 and QRlnt.sk-6D account for a large portion of the observed resistance, showing that in this population the Sokoll derived resistance to P. thornei is very strong and is controlled by a few loci with large effects. There are considerable financial and labour costs associated with Pratylenchus phenotypic screening methods. Molecular markers employed through marker assisted selection will eliminate the need for large scale phenotyping in breeding programs and thus accelerate the development and availability of resistant cultivars. The microsatellite marker barc183 linked to QRlnt.sk-6D is also associated with P. thornei resistance in other mapping studies in different genetic backgrounds and thus highlights the potential benefit of this marker for use in marker assisted selection. However, the highly significant QTL on 2BS and 6DS currently span large chromosomal regions, thus fine mapping is required to delimit the QTL interval to establish more closely linked markers before they can be utilised in breeding programs. The ultimate aim of this project was to correlate a biological role with an identified P. thornei resistance QTL. Thus, in order to identify whether the QTL linked to P. thornei were associated with the observed motility and hatch inhibition, a subset of the population was phenotyped using the motility and hatching assays designed in this study. Suggestive QTL were identified on chromosomes 2B, 5B, 6B and 6D linked to hatching and motility suppression, which co-located to the P. thornei resistance QTL identified in this and previous studies. Although only suggestive, alignment with other QTL indicates that these resistance QTL may play a role in inhibiting P. thornei motility or juvenile hatching. To further define and confirm these QTL, phenotypic analysis needs to be performed on the entire population. The biochemical characteristics of the preformed resistant root compounds causing motility and hatching suppression were investigated. Root exudates that were subjected to heat/cold treatments caused less motility suppression than compared to the untreated control, indicating these resistant root compounds are water soluble and fairly stable in nature. Flavonoids, oxidised phenols and peroxidases associated with insect resistance genes that co-located with the hatching and motility suppression QTL and the P. thornei resistance QTL regions have been implicated in other Pratylenchus-plant resistance interactions. These results indicate a potential role for these compounds in the P. thornei resistance observed in Sokoll x Krichauff. Further investigation is required to define the chemical nature and specific roles of resistant root compounds in the suppression of nematode development. The results of this study show that the resistance observed in the Sokoll x Krichauff wheat population to P. thornei is complex and under the control of two highly significant and several minor loci, which do not affect penetration but suppress nematode feeding, development and reproduction.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2013

Includes Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Movie Clip 6.1
The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei feeds on roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants, causing significant damage to the roots at the cellular level, resulting in yield reduction. In a previous study, P. thornei resistance QTL, QRlnt.sk-6D and QRlnt.sk-2B were identified in a Sokoll/Krichauff wheat DH population. The current project was undertaken with the aim to dissect the genetic and biological basis of this resistance. To better define the genetic basis of resistance, both resistance loci were fine mapped using the Sokoll/Krichauff DH population and six newly developed RIL populations. Bulked segregation analysis with the 90K Wheat SNP array identified linked SNPs, which were subsequently converted to KASP assays for mapping in the DH and RIL populations. QRlnt.sk-6D was delimited to a 3.5 cM interval, representing 1.77 Mbp in the bread wheat cv. Chinese Spring reference genome sequence and 2.29 Mbp in the Ae. tauschii genome sequence. These intervals contained 42 and 43 gene models in the respective annotated genome sequences. QRlnt.sk-2B was delimited to 1.4 cM, corresponding 3.14 Mbp in the durum wheat cv. Svevo reference sequence and 2.19 Mbp in Chinese Spring. The interval in Chinese Spring contained 56 high confidence gene models. Intervals for both QTL contained genes with similarity to those previously reported to be involved in disease resistance, namely genes for phenylpropanoid-biosynthetic-pathway-related enzymes, NBS-LRR proteins and protein kinases. The potential roles of these candidate genes in P. thornei resistance are discussed. The KASP markers reported in this study could potentially be used for marker assisted breeding of P. thornei resistant wheat cultivars. To quantify P. thornei from wheat root, a qPCR-based assay was developed. A standard curve was produced to quantify P. thornei from wheat root samples. The standard curve was validated by estimating P. thornei from sixteen wheat lines with known levels of resistance. Overall, the assay was 2.4-fold less expensive compared to the commercial service (PreDicta B test, SARDI). The DNA extraction protocol was inexpensive as it works without using a commercial DNA extraction kit. In order to identify metabolites associated with resistance loci, the GC-MS based metabolic profiles of root exudates and root tissues from the resistant lines were compared with the susceptible lines. In root exudates, 21 metabolites were found to be associated with resistance QTL. Likewise, from root tissue, 15 metabolites were found to be associated with the resistance QTL. These metabolites were derived from diverse biochemical groups, including amino acids and amines, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols and sugar phosphates. The possible roles of these resistance compounds in P. thornei resistance is largely unknown. However, their nematotoxic properties against other plant parasitic nematodes were discussed. In response to P. thornei infection, the histological and histochemical responses of wheat roots were investigated. The use of the fluorescent dye PKH26 (for P. thornei labelling) and confocal microscopy enabled visualisation of live P. thornei both out and inside wheat root tissue. In response to P. thornei infection, secondary cell wall thickening (deposition of cellulose, callose, lignin and suberin) was observed in the P. thornei resistant cultivar, Sokoll. Secondary cell wall thickening might result in physical reinforcement of the cell wall restricting P. thornei migration in the resistant root tissues.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2020

The Anthropogenic emergencies of climate change, biodiversity loss and chemical pollution have resulted in a call for planetary stewardship from scientists and educators. Environmental stewardship in this research is defined as action that restores and/or maintains the integrity of a healthy Earth System. Through developing environmental stewardship, capacity is built for response to the complex, unprecedented and uncertain conditions of the 21st Century, the Anthropocene. Environmental stewardship is a learned behaviour developed from informal and formal mentoring and through opportunities to enact an ethic of care for the natural environment. There are few published research studies either internationally or in Australia about the environmental stewardship capacity of Gen Z, the first generation of the Anthropocene. A 2013 Swiss study described this generation as apathetic about the natural environment and living in post-ecologism. But is such a finding true of Australian adolescents living in Tropical Queensland? This doctoral research aimed to understand the expression of environmental stewardship in Gen Z in a formal, Year 10 state schooling context in the Wet Tropics region of Far North Queensland, Australia. Participants included five teachers and 126 students from three suburban high schools in Cairns and two high schools located in rural towns less than 80 kilometres from Cairns. A mixed methods research methodology following an explanatory, sequential research design was used, involving three phases of data collection interspersed with five stages of analysis. The first phase, a document study, analysed Australian Government education policy documents, frameworks, reports and curricula for the promotion of both environmental stewardship and sustainability (sustainability being the medium through which environmental stewardship is typically developed). The second phase of data collection used an online survey with three distinct sections. Section I of the online survey explored participants' values and used Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire. Data were analysed using Karp's four hypotheses for pro-environmental behaviour. Section II of the online survey was based on a modified version of Milfont and Duckitt's Environmental Attitude Index. Data were analysed to determine attitudes of preservation or utilisation of the natural environment. Section III was authored by the researcher to understand environmental stewardship knowledge and action and school learning for environmental stewardship. The third phase of data collection involved one-on-one interviews with Year 10 teachers and small group interviews with Year 10 students to enable in-depth discussion about environmental stewardship, if learning to care for the natural environment should occur (and how), knowledge of and opinions about environmental challenges, and how participants viewed the future. Findings show that environmental stewardship education is largely absent from education curriculum, policy documents and formal schooling, and that environmental stewardship capacities are undeveloped in participating students and teachers. Sustainability education had a very limited presence in the study schools at Year 10. Both Gen Z participants and their teachers demonstrated values that indicate pro-environmental behaviour. Teacher environmental attitudes were pragmatically positioned between preservation and utilisation of the natural environment whilst student attitudes were inclined to preserve the natural environment. Teachers expressed concern that students were ignorant of and apathetic about the natural environment, a sign of post-ecologism, and that environmental stewardship education should be included in formal education to enhance wellbeing. Students expressed a lack of knowledge about the ecological challenges of the Anthropocene and felt overwhelmed when discussing what they knew (and did not know) about current and future conditions. Many were untrusting of their peers' capacity to care and ability to respond. Students also indicated that environmental stewardship education should be included in school learning. This research proposes environmental stewardship education develops well-being, scholastic performance, critical thinking and problem solving. Outcomes of this research include a learning for environmental stewardship conceptual framework.

TITLE OF WORK: Dogme - The Role of the Teacher in Dogme Approach AUTHOR: Bc. Daniela Kulíková, DiS DEPARTMENT: Department of English Language and Literature Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Karel Žďárek ABSTRACT: This text is primarily for teaching professionals or teachers in training who would like to explore Dogme as an alternative to traditional (coursebook-based) English instruction. This thesis researches and summarizes the principles of Dogme which are later projected through the various roles of the teacher. It contains my personal analysis and reflection of Dogme lessons I have conducted and offers practical tips for fellow professionals. KEY WORDS: Dogme, Scott Thornbury, Luke Meddings, the role of the teacher

Mass tourism is a critical agent of change, with a proven capacity of forging new landscapes and thoroughly modifying the internal structure of a community. Thornbury, a rural settlement located in South-western Ontario, is on the brink of such shift: With the emergence of a new culture of tourism and the introduction of ‘upscale’ resort developments, its physical conditions are rapidly being reconfigured and the character of its social landscape is on the precipice of being irrevocably altered. These luxury vacation facilities occur in a dispersed fashion on the fringe – a condition which has not only initiated a radical modification and decentralization of social and economic activity, but has also resulted in the decline of traditional neighbourhood ties. Likewise, this occurrence has introduced an influx of newcomers who advance an identity and lifestyle clearly distinct from that of Thornbury’s quiet community of rural citizens and retirees. In this context, these newly arrived inhabitants soon become dwellers of “limited liability”– those who reside within a community, but do not identify with it – as Thornbury lacks the infrastructure and amenities to support potential exchanges and direct interest to the qualities of traditional civic life. As such, the thesis will examine the question of: What is the role of architecture in sustaining local identity in an altered social fabric? Or, more specifically, how can social relations in a transformed community be advanced through the use and design of public spaces? The work will attempt to outline the trajectory of urban change and understand the factors that account for present circumstances. The outcome of the research will generate a series of responsive designs that hinge upon the idea of uplifting ordinary landscapes and everyday ruralism. Essentially, the proposed strategy is one in which rurality is integral to the solution: Methods which harness rural assets and refashion them in a progressive manner will be utilized to inspire the formation of a new local culture while establishing an interface between opposing population segments. Overall, this study is intended to serve as a template to be used by communities in Ontario for mitigating the effects of changing rural geographies.

M.Sc. (Zoology)
The morphometric diagnostic species characteristics of Labronema are presented in tabular form to be used directly in the identification of species. The inclusion of tail drawings of each species facilitates recognition of the thirty four species of Labronema. A diagnostic method, whereby morphometric data from a nematode under diagnosis is compared to tabular data in a linear fashion, is introduced. A dichotomous key is also provided as an aid to go directly to a single species using gross and finite characteristics. A short review is given of the genus Tubixaba Monteiro & Lordello, 1980, and the decription presented of Tubixaba tswanorum n. sp. from Botswana. The new species is closely related to T. parva Pretorius, Kruger and Heyns, in print, from South Africa, but can be readily distinguished from T. parva in being a larger nematode with a longer stylet, the absence of criss-cross radiations in the cuticle, a relatively thicker outer cuticle layer, and a differently shaped tail.

博士
淡江大學
英文學系博士班
99
This dissertation is in an attempt to read the trajectory of the proper name of Ha(w)thorne who is interpellated as a subject by the symbolic gesture of his adding letter “w” to his family name. In this light, this small object “w” can be treated as an index of the place where the master signifier for the I-subject will come about. The master signifier, according to Jacques Lacan, designates the “quilting point” that intervenes while rendering complete an infinite series of signifiers. It helps clarify the fact that the subject is constituted in response to the real lacking-being in the Other (incarnated in Society, Culture, and Nation). Following Lacan, I maintain that to access and reassess the “proper” place assigned for Ha(w)thorne calls for an infinite conversation with such extimate substance as the letter “w” that precedes and pre-exists prior to Ha(w)thorne as a subject. The institution of the master signifier not only constitutes the subject in the field of the Other but maps the location of (national) culture, the lost Thing of which can only be retrieved in the locus of the Other. The introduction is centered on the heated debate between Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas on the “proper name,” from which the notion of master signifier is brought up. To compromise with the master signifier, an individual not only experiences the Althusserian interpellation but acknowledges his assigned place in the Other, which proffers a network of signifiers to actualize the subjective existence (“meaning”) in the Symbolic Order. Chapter One deals with the twisted relation between the misrecognized act of Utopian Imaginary and American modernity. I contend that utopia comes into existence on the account of the “nostalgia for the vanishing present,” is actually a counterpart of (American) modernity itself. Utopia is an empirical example of the radical transformation of modernity as well as the epistemological rupture. Meanwhile, it refers to the impossible jouissance of modernity: that is, to enjoy oneself without an alienating substance. In this sense, I maintain that the breakdown of utopia and its praxis lies not in alienation or false consciousness but in the impossible condition of “total” enjoyment. The alienating and preponderant object of individual subjects, which constitutes the subjective fantasy, is the hindrance to “total” enjoyment. The failure of utopian imaginary as a line of flight from the grip of modernity is best seen in Zenobia’s “death.” In Chapter Two, I utilize the Lacanian notion of the Thing to tackle the Hawthorne moral edifice, hinged upon the presumes evil as the dark necessity. According as the Thing reveals, we catch a glimpse of the sublime jouissance, an inherent transgression within the (moral) Law. It sheds light on the bar or self-split of the Law, the cross-bar of which is called the (evil) Thing (of Jouissance). In Chapter Three, I tackle the “Hawthorne and Woman” question from the perspective of Lacan’s logic of sexuation. To avoid the pitfalls of dualism or ideological critique of uneven representation of the sexual difference, I intend to re-address the signification of women characters in Hawthorne, whose existence is determined by the agency of the phallus. To write off the real-impossible sexual relationship, Hawthorne, as I will demonstrate, resorts to the convention of courtly love in which the empirical woman is elevated to the dignity of the (Woman-)Thing. In this sense, Woman (as a Non-Whole) marks the limit of male fantasy (epistemology) from which the male characters derive their phallic jouissance. Chapter Four is aimed at the agency of the scarlet letter “A,” which, with its sublime process, marks the lost “Thing” of the imagined community. The letter “A” designates the lack in the big Other, which requires the master signifier to intervene and actualize its potential meaning. On the other, only with the letter “A” can we articulate the archaic in the locus of the Other in a retroactive act of narration.