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1
Slijepčević, Maja, Frietson Galis, Jan W. Arntzen, and Ana Ivanović. "Homeotic transformations and number changes in the vertebral column ofTriturusnewts." PeerJ 3 (November 10, 2015): e1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1397.
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We explored intraspecific variation in vertebral formulae, more specifically the variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae and frequencies of transitional sacral vertebrae inTriturusnewts (Caudata: Salamandridae). Within salamandrid salamanders this monophyletic group shows the highest disparity in the number of thoracic vertebrae and considerable intraspecific variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae.Triturusspecies also differ in their ecological preferences, from predominantly terrestrial to largely aquatic. Following Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s and Darwin’s rule which states that structures with a large number of serially homologous repetitive elements are more variable than structures with smaller numbers, we hypothesized that the variation in vertebral formulae increases in more elongated species with a larger number of thoracic vertebrae. We furthermore hypothesized that the frequency of transitional vertebrae will be correlated with the variation in the number of thoracic vertebrae within the species. We also investigated potential effects of species hybridization on the vertebral formula. The proportion of individuals with a number of thoracic vertebrae different from the modal number and the range of variation in number of vertebrae significantly increased in species with a larger number of thoracic vertebrae. Contrary to our expectation, the frequencies of transitional vertebrae were not correlated with frequencies of change in the complete vertebrae number. The frequency of transitional sacral vertebra in hybrids did not significantly differ from that of the parental species. Such a pattern could be a result of selection pressure against transitional vertebrae and/or a bias towards the development of full vertebrae numbers. Although our data indicate relaxed selection for vertebral count changes in more elongated, aquatic species, more data on different selective pressures in species with different numbers of vertebrae in the two contrasting, terrestrial and aquatic environments are needed to test for causality.
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Men’shchikova, I. A. "Osteometry of the human spine at the age of maturity in the Ural region." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-622.
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Aim. To reveal the patterns of the changes of osteometric characteristics of the adults living in the Ural region.
Methods. 56 cadavers of human beings at the age of maturity were analyzed (28 women aged 21 to 55 years, and 28 men aged 22 to 60 years) being the residents of the Ural region. The scheme recommended by the Symposium on Age Periodization at the Institute of Age Physiology in 1969, was used for distribution by age groups. Osteometry and statistical method were used.
Results. In the cervical spine, the greatest sagittal size was determined in the spinal process of the VII cervical vertebra (30.9±1.79 mm), in the thoracic spine — in the VII thoracic vertebra (41.5±2.4 mm), and in lumbar spine — in the III lumbar vertebra (36.4±0.95 mm). The frontal size of vertebral bodies increased from overlying vertebrae to underlying ones, however, the decrease in the frontal size of vertebral bodies was noted from the I thoracic to the VI thoracic vertebra, and starting from the VII thoracic vertebra its further increase was observed. The sagittal size of vertebral body increased only from the II cervical vertebra to the III lumbar one. The sagittal size of the bodies of the III–V vertebrae was within the range of 32–34 mm. The sizes of vertebral arch pedicle allow conducting the transpedicular fixation at the level of all vertebrae, but it should be taken into account that in V and VI thoracic vertebrae frontal size of arch pedicle is the least as compared to other levels. The frontal sizes of spinal canal were more than sagittal ones at the levels of all vertebrae, with the exception of atlas and the V thoracic vertebra.
Conclusion. The results can serve as the basis for performing any surgical interventions on the spine and as the norm for evaluation of its pathological changes.
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Phansangiemjit, Amonsiri, Kamolphatra Kasemjiwat, Krit Patchanee, Yossapat Panninvong, Ana Sunisarud, Nan Choisunirachon, and Chutimon Thanaboonnipat. "The Differences in Radiographic Vertebral Size in Dogs with Different Chest and Skull Types." Animals 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14030470.
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The objective of this study was to elucidate the differences in vertebral length, vertebral height, and vertebral length/height ratio of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), the second lumbar vertebra (L2), the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) based on radiographs in dogs with various body sizes, skull types, and thoracic conformations and to determine the relationships of these parameters with age and sex. A total of 258 dogs were included in this study and classified by three criteria—BW (Criterion 1), skull type (Criterion 2), and thoracic conformation (Criterion 3). Age had weak negative correlations with vertebral length and height. Sex did not affect the vertebral size parameters. BW had strong positive correlations with vertebral length and height, but there was no influence of BW on vertebral length/height ratio. Regarding the different body sizes and conformations, large breeds had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than small and medium breeds (p < 0.001). In Criterion 2, the vertebrae of the mesocephalic dogs had significantly greater length and height than those of the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (p < 0.05). In Criterion 3, both deep-chest and round-chest dogs had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than the barrel-chest dogs (p < 0.0001). Only vertebral length/height ratios of T4 were not influenced by age, sex, BW, skull type, and thoracic conformation. Age, differences in body size, skull type, and thoracic conformation could affect the vertebral size in dogs. Therefore, using breed-specific vertebral lengths and/or heights is a better approach for comparative radiographic analysis with vertebral measurements.
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Hurtado-Avilés, José, Vicente J. León-Muñoz, Pilar Andújar-Ortuño, Fernando Santonja-Renedo, Mónica Collazo-Diéguez, Mercedes Cabañero-Castillo, Ana Belén Ponce-Garrido, et al. "Validity and Absolute Reliability of Axial Vertebral Rotation Measurements in Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 11084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311084.
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Axial vertebral rotation (AVR) and Cobb angles are the essential parameters to analyse different types of scoliosis, including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The literature shows significant discrepancies in the validity and reliability of AVR measurements taken in radiographic examinations, according to the type of vertebra. This study’s scope evaluated the validity and absolute reliability of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae AVR measurements, using a validated software based on Raimondi’s method in digital X-rays that allowed measurement with minor error when compared with other traditional, manual methods. Twelve independent evaluators measured AVR on the 74 most rotated vertebrae in 42 X-rays with the software on three separate occasions, with one-month intervals. We have obtained a gold standard for the AVR of vertebrae. The validity and reliability of the measurements of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were studied separately. Measurements that were performed on lumbar vertebrae were shown to be 3.6 times more valid than those performed on thoracic, and with almost an equal reliability (1.38° ± 1.88° compared to −0.38° ± 1.83°). We can conclude that AVR measurements of the thoracic vertebrae show a more significant Mean Bias Error and a very similar reliability than those of the lumbar vertebrae.
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Skawiński, Tomasz, Piotr Kuziak, Janusz Kloskowski, and Bartosz Borczyk. "Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes." Biology 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11020180.
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Despite many decades of studies, our knowledge of skeletal development in birds is limited in many aspects. One of them is the development of the vertebral column. For many years it was widely believed that the column ossifies anteroposteriorly. However, later studies indicated that such a pattern is not universal in birds and in many groups the ossification starts in the thoracic rather than cervical region. Recent analyses suggest that two loci, located in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, were ancestrally present in birds. However, the data on skeletal development are very scarce in the Neoaves, a clade that includes approximately 95% of extant species. We review the available information about the vertebral column development in birds and describe the ossification pattern in three neoavians, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) and the red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena). In P. cristatus, the vertebral column starts ossifying in the thoracic region. The second locus is present in the cervical vertebrae. In the pigeon, the cervical vertebrae ossify before the thoracics, but both the thoracic and cervical loci are present. Our ancestral state reconstructions confirm that both these loci were ancestrally present in birds, but the thoracic locus was later lost in psittacopasserans and at least some galloanserans.
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Eby, Adam, Peter Early, Simon Roe, Karl Kraus, Yuan Lingnan, and Jonathan Mochel. "Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Mid-thoracic Vertebral Corridors in Normal French Bulldogs." European Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejvetmed.2022.2.1.21.
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Objectives: (1) To report internal measurements of thoracic vertebral bone morphology and (2) identify safe and clinically applicable surgical implant corridors in the T7-T9 thoracic vertebrae of French Bulldogs.
Study Design: Observational, cross‐sectional, descriptive study.
Sample Population: Seven client-owned French Bulldogs with normal thoracic vertebrae.
Methods: Computed tomographic (CT) studies of normal French Bulldogs were reviewed. Multiplanar reconstruction of the CT images was used to determine thoracic vertebral corridors. Corridor measurements included the width, length, insertion distance off midline, and angle off midline (sagittal) for each thoracic vertebra. One‐way analysis of variance was used to detect differences between groups.
Results: Measurements of vertebral corridor width (p>0.9848), length (p>0.8113), implant center (p>0.9282) and angle (p>0.3609) did not differ between each vertebra. The average vertebral corridor width was 4.5 ± 0.7 mm. The average corridor length was 17.2 ± 2.5 mm. The average corridor angle was 22.3 ± 1.9 °. The mean distance the proposed implant center was from the vertebral midline was 8.2 ± 1.1 mm. Inter-observer agreement of corridor length and implant center was good but poor for corridor angle and width.
Conclusion: Based on average corridor width and length, commercially available cortical screws or pins can be utilized for implants in this region of the thoracic spine. The angle of corridor trajectory from a dorsal approach seems most applicable for T7-T9.
Clinical Significance: Vertebral corridors can be measured using CT-MPR, and implant specifications and angles derived. Surgical guides can also be created to guide implant placement. This approach provides a simple and accurate method to guide the placement of thoracic vertebral implants.
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Fessler, Richard G., Donald D. Dietze, Michael Mac Millan, and David Peace. "Lateral parascapular extrapleural approach to the upper thoracic spine." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 3 (September 1991): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0349.
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✓ The upper thoracic vertebrae are difficult to approach surgically because of the narrowing of the thoracic inlet, the proximity of the brachial plexus, and the parascapular shoulder musculature. A novel lateral parascapular extrapleural approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae is described. The parascapular shoulder musculature (trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles) is reflected off the spinous processes to the scapula as a musculocutaneous flap, preserving the neurovascular supply. The paraspinal musculature is mobilized and retracted, and the upper dorsal ribs are removed with caution to avoid injury to the C-8 and T-1 nerve roots. The rami communicantes are transected, and the sympathetic chain is displaced anterolaterally. The T2–4 vertebrae can be approached unobstructed. The T-1 nerve root obstructs posterolateral access to the T-1 vertebra, necessitating an inferolateral approach underneath the T-1 nerve root axilla. Four patients with compressive myelopathy from upper thoracic vertebral metastases underwent neural decompression, vertebral reconstruction, and posterior spinal fixation with this approach. Their postoperative neurological status was either unchanged or improved. Complications included radiographic pleural effusion and superficial wound dehiscence; one patient required posterior spinal reinstrumentation for progressive kyphosis. One patient developed pneumonia 7 days postoperatively which was unresponsive to appropriate treatment. It is believed that the anatomical limitations to this region have been overcome, and that excellent exposure of the T1–4 vertebrae for neural decompression and vertebral reconstruction can be performed safely. A major advantage is that posterior spinal fixation can be carried out simultaneously.
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Rajabi, Ramin, Abed Ebrahimi, Sara Rahimi, and Behzad Gholamveisi. "Transsternal surgery on a patient with a pathological lesion in the thoracic vertebrae and severe destruction of the third thoracic vertebra." Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 43, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2021.057.
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Due to the critical and important structures in the thorax, transsternal surgery on thoracic vertebrae is very complex and rarely performed. We report a case of successful transsternal surgery on thoracic vertebrae. In this study, a 27-year-old man presented to the hospital with progressive lower extremity complaints. Pathologic lesions and severe destruction of the T3 vertebra were diagnosed. Considering the location of the lesion, an anterior approach was performed. The results of this operation have been very successful and have some noteworthy points. In this study, transsternal surgery is supported in patients with anterior vertebral conditions.
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Functional division and age differences in cervical spine of males and females." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2023-2-105-118.
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Introduction. The cervical spine from osteopathy point of view, taking into account spine functional division, includes vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction, and the approach requires additional coordination. The X-ray examination experience with the entire spine integrity suggests that both cervical vertebrae and vertebrae of cervical-thoracic junction are the place of the greatest age-related changes. The study of gender difference in cervical spine vertebra positions and its age-related dynamics requires additional attention. The purpose of the work: on the basis of digital radiographs to develop an integral indicator for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the middle cervical spine; research objectives: to quantify vertebra positions from CIII–VI; to propose a characteristic of transition smoothness from vertebral CIII–VI group to the vertebral CVII–TIII group; to study the male/female features of age trend in cervical spine shape.Materials and methods. Radiographs of all spine parts in sagittal plane were examined for 141 patients with dorsopathies (57 males and 84 females). The cohort of patients is divided into 4 groups: I (n=31) — 21–44 years (average age 33,1 years); II (n=39) — 45–59 years (average age 52,6 years); III (n=50) — 60–74 years (average age 66,8 years); IV (n=21) — 75–88 years (average age 81,1 years). A single digital X-ray spine image in sagittal plane was obtained for each patient. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all spine parts, starting from the external tubercle of occipital bone, and anteroposterior axes for CIII–TIII vertebrae (r axes) were drawn. The angles between the occipital vertical and the perpendiculars restored to the axes at the points of their intersection with the occipital vertical were measured. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out.Results. The St integral indicator has been developed to quantify the vertebra position of middle cervical spine. It was calculated by formula St = (rCIII+rCIV+rCV +rCVI)/4. Using St the type boundaries are determined, and four displacement types for the cervical vertebra group (from CIII–VI) are identifi ed: I — low start; II — medium start; III — high start; IV — ultra-high start. An age-related trend of changes in CIII–VI vertebra position was detected. The correlation between the position indicator St of the middle cervical vertebrae and indicator ArCT for the vertebrae of cervical-thoracic junction CVII–TIII was proved. Gender differences depending on age were revealed in transition smoothness between these spine parts.Conclusion. Some arguments have been obtained confi rming the validity of attributing the vertebra group of cervical-thoracic junction from CVII to TIII to the functional unity of cervical spine. Quantitative smoothness assessment of transition from the middle cervical spine to the vertebra group of cervical-thoracic junction can be carried out by calculating the difference between the ArCT and St indicators. The difference demonstrates age-related shape features of the spine part for males and females.
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Wickramarathna, E. A. A. M., K. M. W. W. Priyadarshani, D. A. S. S. Kumara, and K. M. Chandimal. "Vertebral synostosis of three thoracic vertebrae." Sri Lanka Anatomy Journal 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2024): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/slaj.v7i2.199.
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This case report presents a unique finding of fused thoracic vertebrae in the Anatomy osteology collection at the Faculty of Medicine, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. The specimen exhibits a rare condition wherein three adjacent thoracic vertebrae have fused together. This report describes the anatomical features and implications of this fused thoracic vertebra in the context of clinical significance and research.
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Tangpakornsak, Theethad, Phasamon Saisawart, Somchin Sutthigran, Kotchapol Jaturunratsamee, Kittipong Tachampa, Chutimon Thanaboonnipat, and Nan Choisunirachon. "Thoracic Vertebral Length-to-Height Ratio, a Promising Parameter to Predict the Vertebral Heart Score in Normal Welsh Corgi Pembroke Dogs." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020168.
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The vertebral heart score (VHS) is the sum of the ratio of the cardiac dimensions to the number of thoracic vertebrae, starting from the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) to the intervertebral disk space (IVS). Breed-specific VHSs, in most cases, were different from the original reference value. Characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae and IVS may influence this variation. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the T4 and IVS on the thoracic radiographs of Corgis in comparison with other small-to-medium breed dogs to evaluate the Corgi-specific VHSs in healthy dogs. The ratio of the T4’s length/height (T4L/H) was significantly different among dog breeds but not the IVS between the T4 and T5. The T4L/H was highest in the Shih Tzu and lowest in Beagle dogs. The Corgi-specific VHS obtained from the ventrodorsal radiograph was significantly higher than that from the dorsoventral radiograph, but a significant difference was not observed between the right and left lateral radiographs. In contrast, the Corgi-specific VHS derived from the right lateral thoracic radiograph was significantly lower than the reference value. This may be correlated with the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae of Corgis, which were slightly higher than those of the other breeds.
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Hamsa Moulya, Bevara Naga, S. Viswasanthi, M. Someswara Rao, Teki Surekha, and S. Ravindra Kishore. "A morphomertic study of dry human typical thoracic vertebral body in coastal region, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20222864.
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Background: The frequent surgical interventions of the thoracic spine are more common due to a wide array of traumatic, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases. For successful surgical management of these conditions, detailed anatomical knowledge of the thoracic vertebrae is required. Previous studies in the past about morphometry of thoracic vertebrae mainly focused on pedicle diameters and their angulations. The vertebral body was not studied particularly in the coastal region, Andhra Pradesh which is the reason the present study has given importance to the morphometry of the vertebral body. Aim was to measure the various parameters of the vertebral body in typical thoracic vertebrae.Methods: 82 dry human typical thoracic vertebrae from the department of anatomy, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were studied for the various morphometric parameters.Results: The antero posterior distance of the vertebral body in typical thoracic vertebrae ranged from 14.5-27.5 mm with a mean of 21.77 mm. The vertebral body superior transverse diameter ranged from 18.1-38.7 mm with a mean of 28.22 mm. The vertebral body inferior transverse diameter ranged from 22.6-41.2 mm with a mean of 31.3 mm. The anterior height of the body ranged from 10.2-24.1 mm with a mean of 18.17 mm. The right and left lateral height of the body ranged from 9.0-24.7 mm with a mean of 18.4 mm.Conclusions: The results provide information for more accurate modelling and design of vertebral body implants and instrumentations for the Indian population.
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Ortiz, A. Orlando. "Use and evaluation of a semi-permeable mesh implant in vertebral augmentation for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011512.
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ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of a semi-permeable mesh implant in the treatment of painful thoracic and lumbar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.MethodsPatients with painful thoracic and lumbar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures which were refractory to conventional medical management and less than 3 months of age were considered possible candidates for this vertebral augmentation technique. Data recorded for the procedure included patient age, gender, fracture level and morphology, mesh implant size, amount of cement injected, cement extravasation, complications, and pre- and post-procedure numeric pain scores and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores.Results17 patients were included in this retrospective study; 12 women and 5 men, with an average age of 78.6 years. Each patient had one level treated with the mesh implant; 4 thoracic levels and 13 lumbar levels. The 10×15 mm implant was used in 13 treated vertebrae, including the two thoracic vertebrae; the 10×20 mm implant was used to treat 3 lumbar vertebrae, and one 10×25 mm implant was used to treat an L1 vertebra. An average of 2.4 mL of acrylic bone cement was injected, and there was fluoroscopic evidence of a small amount of cement leakage in one case. No patient related complications were seen and there were no device failures. All patients, followed-up to at least 3 weeks, showed significant pain relief. The average pretreatment numeric pain score of 9 and ODI of 50 decreased to an average post-treatment score of 0.6 and 12, respectively (p<0.001).ConclusionsVertebral augmentation with a semi-permeable mesh stent implant can be used to effectively and safely treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures within the lower thoracic and lumbar spine.
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Ward, Carol V., Thierra K. Nalley, Fred Spoor, Paul Tafforeau, and Zeresenay Alemseged. "Thoracic vertebral count and thoracolumbar transition in Australopithecus afarensis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 6000–6004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702229114.
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The evolution of the human pattern of axial segmentation has been the focus of considerable discussion in paleoanthropology. Although several complete lumbar vertebral columns are known for early hominins, to date, no complete cervical or thoracic series has been recovered. Several partial skeletons have revealed that the thoracolumbar transition in early hominins differed from that of most extant apes and humans. Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, and Homo erectus all had zygapophyseal facets that shift from thoracic-like to lumbar-like at the penultimate rib-bearing level, rather than the ultimate rib-bearing level, as in most humans and extant African apes. What has not been clear is whether Australopithecus had 12 thoracic vertebrae as in most humans, or 13 as in most African apes, and where the position of the thoracolumbar transitional element was. The discovery, preparation, and synchrotron scanning of the Australopithecus afarensis partial skeleton DIK-1-1, from Dikika, Ethiopia, provides the only known complete hominin cervical and thoracic vertebral column before 60,000 years ago. DIK-1-1 is the only known Australopithecus skeleton to preserve all seven cervical vertebrae and provides evidence for 12 thoracic vertebrae with a transition in facet morphology at the 11th thoracic level. The location of this transition, one segment cranial to the ultimate rib-bearing vertebra, also occurs in all other early hominins and is higher than in most humans or extant apes. At 3.3 million years ago, the DIK-1-1 skeleton is the earliest example of this distinctive and unusual pattern of axial segmentation.
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Vissarionov, S. V., and S. M. Bel'anchikov. "THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH COMPLICATED FRACTURES OF THORACIC AND LUMBAR VERTEBRAE." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 16, no. 2 (August 17, 2010): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2010-0-2-48-50.
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The analysis of surgical treatment of 31 patients aged 3 to 17 years with complicated fractures of the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar localization was carried out. If damage type A3 with neurological manifestations of type Д В, С at one time served a two-stage decompression-stabilization operation. Surgical treatment of fractures of type В and С consisted in remove all types of dislocation of vertebrae, stabilize the physiologically correct position of the injured segment after the decompression and revision spinal canal. Early surgery in acute phase can eliminate the vertebro-medullar conflict, to stabilize the vertebral-motor segment, restore support ability of injured vertebra (or vertebrae), to recreate the normal anatomy of the spinal canal.
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Shafqat, Sadaf. "T4 SYNDROME: THE PAIN IN NECK THAT IS OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (July 5, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.2.2/009.
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It has been ascertained that musculoskeletal issues arising from the upper thoracic spine are often incorrectly diagnosed as cervical in nature, by both the therapists and the medical professionals equally. This may be due to the reason that the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae are closely linked with regards to cervical movements, predominantly, flexion, and extension. Symptoms from the upper thoracic spine can also bring up pain in the arm and forearm, thus, mimic a heart attack1. One such condition of upper thoracic spine is of T4 vertebra - the T4 syndrome. In 1994, Evans P, discussed the basic science behind the genesis of T4 syndrome and argued that, the term upper thoracic disorder might be a more accurate term, in view of the fact that, the condition generally ranges between T1 to T72. However, it is generally referred to as T4 or T3 syndrome3. If we examine the vertebral column, the compressive load at T1 is about 9% of body weight, increasing to 33% at T8 and 47% at T124. In between each one of these vertebrae, lie the facet joints and discs, which help in maintaining the weight and directing the movement among the individual vertebrae. When either of these joints gets injured, damage in turn can be imposed on the nerves
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Vissarionov, S. V., A. G. Baindurashvili, N. O. Khusainov, D. N. Kokushin, V. A. Bart, and A. V. Beletsky. "FEATURES OF IMAGING FINDINGS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL THORACIC SPINE DEFORMITY ON THE BACKGROUND OF MALSEGMENTATION OF VERTEBRAE LATERAL SURFACE." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 24, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-2-41-48.
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Purpose— to study alterations in the bony structures in cases of congenital deformity of the thoracic spine combined with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces of vertebrae due to pathological processes during growth period of childern and to find correlation with above alterations.Material and Methods. The study included 30 patients with congenital deformity of thoracic spine combined with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces of vertebrae. age of patients ranged from 3 to 10 years (mean of 7 years). gender distribution — 19 female and 11 male patients. all patients underwent imaging examination including spine roentgenography in two standard views in prone position as well as computer tomography.Results. Magnitude of deformity scoliotic curve was 67° (45–88°) and of pathological thoracic lordosis — 23° (18–27°). Mean number of block vertebral motion segments included into the main deformity curve was 6 (3–8). Mean distance between the outline of lateral vertebral surface and lateral outline of projection of curve root of apical vertebra on convex side of deformity (aB) was 6 mm (4–10 mm). correlation analysis demonstrated that aB distance mostly depended on the number of vertebral motion segments included into the block along non-segmental area: pearson coefficient 0.67. Based on cT scans the authors observed no rotation component of bodies’ deformity along the non-segmental area.Conclusion. Children with congenital thoracic spine deformity along with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces of vertebrae feature pathological lordosis in affected zone. alterations in the bony structures result from asymmetric growth of one half of the vertebral body at the level of non-segmentation. asymmetry severity has a strong correlation dependency from the number of vertebral bodies included in the block along the non-segmental area.
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Kyphosis types of the spine cervical-thoracic junction." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2021-3-8-18.
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Introduction. The strengthening of thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture is one of the urgent problems of modern man. Such changes are most often detected for elderly and senile people. However, today these features are also detected for young people. Digital radiography can objectively assess the position of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. However, the criteria for reliably registering the position of the vertebrae of the cervicalthoracic junction have not yet been developed.The aim of the study — to develop a method for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction according to digital radiographs; to develop a typology of the vertebra positions of the cervical-thoracic junction; to study the frequency of vertebral position types for the cervical-thoracic junction for different age groups.Materials and methods. Spine X-ray images in the sagittal plane for 141 adult patients with dorsopathies were studied. The selection of patients was random and there were four age groups: 32 persons aged 21 to 45, 32 persons aged 46 to 59, 50 persons aged 60 to 74 and 21 persons aged 75 to 88 year-old. The study was conducted on PC screen, without the patient′s presence. A single digital X-ray image of the spine for each patient in the sagittal plane was obtained. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all parts of the spine, starting from the external hillock of the occipital bone downwards, and the anteroposterior CV–TV axes of the vertebrae (r axes) were applied. At the points of intersection of the axes with the occipital vertical, the perpendiculars to the axis were restored, and the angles between the perpendiculars and the vertical — the angles of the anteroposterior axes of the vertebrae (r angles) — were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the MS Offi ce Excel 2007 and Statistica 12 software packages.Results. It was found that the values of the anteroposterior axe angles r of CVII–TIII vertebrae can serve as criteria for determining the spatial position of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae. There are 4 types of the shape of the cervical-thoracic junction. Type I is a straightened kyphosis («giraffe neck»); type II is physiological («harmonious»); type III — enhanced kyphosis («bear withers»); type IV–hyperkyphosis («buffalo hump»). Types III and IV are accompanied by a forward displacement of the head. Straightened cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis — type I — was diagnosed in 21 (15 %) people, 52 (37 %) patients were assigned to type II, another 48 (34 %) patients had type III, and 20 (14 %) patients had type IV cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis. In young patients aged 21 to 45, as well as in middle-aged patients aged 46 to 59, the most common type was the harmonious type II of cervical-thoracic junction, in elderly patients aged 60 to 74 — type III and close to it in frequency was type III. In elderly patients aged 75 to 88, the IV type of the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction prevailed in frequency.Conclusion. The proposed diagnostic method allows to register the type of the vertebra positions in cervicalthoracic junction for each patient. Four position types of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae were determined: straightened kyphosis «giraffe neck», physiological kyphosis «harmonious», enhanced kyphosis «bear withers» and hyperkyphosis «buffalo hump». Increased kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are accompanied by a forward head posture.
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Kyphosis types of the spine cervical-thoracic junction." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2021-3-8-18.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The strengthening of thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture is one of the urgent problems of modern man. Such changes are most often detected for elderly and senile people. However, today these features are also detected for young people. Digital radiography can objectively assess the position of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. However, the criteria for reliably registering the position of the vertebrae of the cervicalthoracic junction have not yet been developed.The aim of the study — to develop a method for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction according to digital radiographs; to develop a typology of the vertebra positions of the cervical-thoracic junction; to study the frequency of vertebral position types for the cervical-thoracic junction for different age groups.Materials and methods. Spine X-ray images in the sagittal plane for 141 adult patients with dorsopathies were studied. The selection of patients was random and there were four age groups: 32 persons aged 21 to 45, 32 persons aged 46 to 59, 50 persons aged 60 to 74 and 21 persons aged 75 to 88 year-old. The study was conducted on PC screen, without the patient′s presence. A single digital X-ray image of the spine for each patient in the sagittal plane was obtained. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all parts of the spine, starting from the external hillock of the occipital bone downwards, and the anteroposterior CV–TV axes of the vertebrae (r axes) were applied. At the points of intersection of the axes with the occipital vertical, the perpendiculars to the axis were restored, and the angles between the perpendiculars and the vertical — the angles of the anteroposterior axes of the vertebrae (r angles) — were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the MS Offi ce Excel 2007 and Statistica 12 software packages.Results. It was found that the values of the anteroposterior axe angles r of CVII–TIII vertebrae can serve as criteria for determining the spatial position of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae. There are 4 types of the shape of the cervical-thoracic junction. Type I is a straightened kyphosis («giraffe neck»); type II is physiological («harmonious»); type III — enhanced kyphosis («bear withers»); type IV–hyperkyphosis («buffalo hump»). Types III and IV are accompanied by a forward displacement of the head. Straightened cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis — type I — was diagnosed in 21 (15 %) people, 52 (37 %) patients were assigned to type II, another 48 (34 %) patients had type III, and 20 (14 %) patients had type IV cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis. In young patients aged 21 to 45, as well as in middle-aged patients aged 46 to 59, the most common type was the harmonious type II of cervical-thoracic junction, in elderly patients aged 60 to 74 — type III and close to it in frequency was type III. In elderly patients aged 75 to 88, the IV type of the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction prevailed in frequency.Conclusion. The proposed diagnostic method allows to register the type of the vertebra positions in cervicalthoracic junction for each patient. Four position types of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae were determined: straightened kyphosis «giraffe neck», physiological kyphosis «harmonious», enhanced kyphosis «bear withers» and hyperkyphosis «buffalo hump». Increased kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are accompanied by a forward head posture.
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Malik, S., P. Bordei, A. Rusali, and D. M. Iliescu. "The descending thoracic aorta morphological characteristics." ARS Medica Tomitana 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2016-0031.
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Abstract Our study was conducted by consulting angioCT sites made on a CT GE LightSpeed VCT64 Slice CT and a CT GE LightSpeed 16 Slice CT, following the path and relationships of the descending thoracic aorta against the vertebral column, outside diameters thereof at the thoracic vertebrae T4, T7, T12 and posterior intercostal arteries characteristics. The origin of of the descending thoracic aorta we found most commonly on the left flank of the lower edge of the vertebral body T4, but I have encountered cases where it had come above the lower edge of T4 on level of intervertebral disc T4-T5 or even at the upper edge of T5 vertebral body. At thoracic vertebra T4, on a total of 30 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 20.0 to 32.6 mm, values that correspond to male gender and to females diameter ranging from 25.5 to 27, 4 mm. At level of T7 thoracic vertebra, thoracic aorta present a diameter of 19.6 to 29.5 mm, values found in men, in women the diameter being from 21.9 to 25.2 mm. At thoracic vertebra T12, on a total of 27 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 17.6 to 27.7 mm, in males the diameter was from 17.6 to 27.7 mm and females diameter ranging from 21.1 to 25.2. The length of the descending thoracic aorta was from 18.40 to 19.41 cm.
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Gunji, Megu, and Hideki Endo. "Functional cervicothoracic boundary modified by anatomical shifts in the neck of giraffes." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 2 (February 2016): 150604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150604.
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Here we examined the kinematic function of the morpho- logically unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. The first thoracic vertebra of the giraffe displayed similar shape to the seventh cervical vertebra in general ruminants. The flexion experiment using giraffe carcasses demonstrated that the first thoracic vertebra exhibited a higher dorsoventral mobility than other thoracic vertebrae. Despite the presence of costovertebral joints, restriction in the intervertebral movement imposed by ribs is minimized around the first thoracic vertebra by subtle changes of the articular system between the vertebra and ribs. The attachment area of musculus longus colli , mainly responsible for ventral flexion of the neck, is partly shifted posteriorly in the giraffe so that the force generated by muscles is exerted on the cervical vertebrae and on the first thoracic vertebra. These anatomical modifications allow the first thoracic vertebra to adopt the kinematic function of a cervical vertebra in giraffes. The novel movable articulation in the thorax functions as a fulcrum of neck movement and results in a large displacement of reachable space in the cranial end of the neck. The unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes provides higher flexibility to the neck and may provide advantages for high browsing and/or male competition behaviours specific to giraffes.
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Proks, Pavel, Trude Maria Johansen, Ivana Nývltová, Dominik Komenda, Hana Černochová, and Massimo Vignoli. "Vertebral Formulae and Congenital Vertebral Anomalies in Guinea Pigs: A Retrospective Radiographic Study." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030589.
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The objectives of this retrospective study of 240 guinea pigs (148 females and 92 males) were to determine the prevalence of different vertebral formulae and the type and anatomical localization of congenital vertebral anomalies (CVA). Radiographs of the cervical (C), thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), sacral (S), and caudal (Cd) part of the vertebral column were reviewed. Morphology and number of vertebrae in each segment of the vertebral column and type and localization of CVA were recorded. In 210/240 guinea pigs (87.50%) with normal vertebral morphology, nine vertebral formulae were found with constant number of C but variable number of Th, L, and S vertebrae: C7/Th13/L6/S4/Cd5-7 (75%), C7/Th13/L6/S3/Cd6-7 (4.17%), C7/Th13/L5/S4/Cd6-7 (2.50%), C7/Th13/L6/S5/Cd5-6 (1.67%), C7/Th12/L6/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S3/Cd6-7 (0.83%), C7/Th12/L7/S4/Cd5 (0.42%), C7/Th13/L5/S5/Cd7 (0.42%). CVA were found in 30/240 (12.5%) of guinea pigs, mostly as a transitional vertebra (28/30), which represents 100% of single CVA localised in cervicothoracic (n = 1), thoracolumbar (n = 22) and lumbosacral segments (n = 5). Five morphological variants of thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TTV) were identified. Two (2/30) guinea pigs had a combination of CVA: cervical block vertebra and TTV (n = 1) and TTV and lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) (n = 1). These findings suggest that guinea pigs’ vertebral column displays more morphological variants with occasional CVA predominantly transitional vertebrae.
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Sapin, Emilie, Frédéric Chan, Ghazi Ayoub, Christian Roux, Wafa Skalli, and David Mitton. "ANTERIOR BENDING ON WHOLE VERTEBRAE USING CONTROLLED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MODEL VALIDATION." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 12, no. 02 (June 2009): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957709002250.
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Most of the biomechanical experiments, which validate vertebral finite-element models, deal with vertebral bodies in axial compression. In standing position, gravity loads can induce bending on the last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. Hence, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the strength of vertebrae submitted to anterior bending. The boundary conditions were carefully assessed for further validation of finite-element models. Fifteen vertebrae (T11–L2) were tested until failure. The load was applied on the anterior part of the vertebral body and distributed to the whole vertebral body through a polymethylmetacrylate layer. The 3D position of the origin of the force relative to the vertebra was assessed using a motion-capture system and 3D reconstructions of the testing device. The mean failure load was equal to 2098 N. Ninety-five percent of the vertebrae failed through a vertical displacement smaller than 1.5 mm. Rotations were weak during the test (< 1°), therefore the protocol can be simplified by removing the motion capture system if the initial 3D origin of the load is known. To our knowledge, it is the first protocol that quantifies the strength of whole vertebrae under anterior bending. It collects with accuracy all the data necessary for one-to-one vertebral finite-element model validations.
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Asih, Krista Putri, Made Widhi Asih, and Elysanti Dwi Martadiani. "MRI imaging pattern of metastasis and tuberculous spondylitis in the spine: serial case report." Intisari Sains Medis 14, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i3.1886.
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Background: Tuberculous spondylitis and spinal metastasis manifestations have a similar clinical manifestation. Spinal metastasis prevalence is high in malignant process while tuberculosis is frequent in endemic areas. Back pain, paresthesia, and paralysis are commonly caused by vertebral fractures, soft tissue mass, and spinal canal involvement. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful modality in the pattern differentiation of these diseases. This case series aimed to provide a differentiation between those two diseases using MRI. Case report: In the first case, we presented a 24-year-old female complained of hip pain without history of tuberculosis infection or malignancy. Whole spine MRI showed kyphotic deformity, compression of T9 vertebral body, erosion of anterior aspect T8 and T10 vertebral body, and subligamentous abscess at T7-T12 vertebrae level. Tuberculous infection was proven. The second case was a 39-year-old female complained of leg weakness without complaint of cough or breathing difficulty. Whole spine MRI showed kyphotic thoracic vertebrae, compression T10 vertebral body, destruction of inferior endplate T9 vertebrae, bone marrow changes on thoracic vertebral body, and paravertebral soft tissue mass on anterior T6 to T11 vertebral body. Tuberculosis etiology was proven. The third case was a 51-year-old female that came to the hospital due to waist pain with no history of tuberculosis infection or malignancy. Whole spine MRI revealed T8 and T9 vertebral body compression and bone marrow replacement on cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, spinous process of thoracic and lumbar, bilateral posterior rib T4-T5, and soft tissue mass at the posterior T9 vertebrae. In the last case, we presented a 58-year-old male that complianed pain in the back and both legs. Lumbosacral MRI showed compression fracture with signal intensity change on L3 vertebral body, bone marrow replacement on thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae, expanding to epidural and cause spinal canal stenosis. CT-scan thorax showed lung malignancy proven to be non-small cell lung carcinoma. A spinal biopsy revealed malignant infiltration. Conclusion: Tuberculous spondylitis and metastasis differentiation can be a challenge. Early complaints mostly are back pain, paresthesia, and paralysis. Spine MRI can differentiate the pattern of both diseases and identify the possible etiology.
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S, Kaur. "Study of Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Transversarium and Uncinate Process and Clinical Relevance in Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Journal of Human Anatomy 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000198.
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The foramen transversarium differentiates the cervical vertebrae from the other vertebrae of the spinal column. From the first part of the subclavian artery, the vertebral artery arises and passes through the foramen transversarium. FT protects the vertebral artery. The medial boundary of the luschka joint is a safe sight to protect the vertebral artery. The Uncovertebral Joint, also known as the Luschka Joint, is a joint that was formed by the Uncinate Process between the cervical vertebra bodies. These joints form the medial border of an intervertebral foramen in the cervical area below C-2 and are rarely found on the first thoracic vertebra. The present study was carried out on 100 dry human typical cervical vertebrae of unknown age and sex to determine the morphometric dimensions of FT and Uncinate Process in typical cervical vertebrae. The dimensions were taken by the digital vernier caliper on the superior aspect of the FT and Uncinate Process. The length and width of the FT were more on the left side than on the right side which was statistically insignificant (p-value >0.05). The narrow FTs were also observed in the present study. The mean difference between the Right and Left sides of the Uncinate Process was statistically not significant (p-value>0.05).
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Mallo, Moisés. "Of Necks, Trunks and Tails: Axial Skeletal Diversity among Vertebrates." Diversity 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070289.
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The axial skeleton of all vertebrates is composed of individual units known as vertebrae. Each vertebra has individual anatomical attributes, yet they can be classified in five different groups, namely cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal, according to shared characteristics and their association with specific body areas. Variations in vertebral number, size, morphological features and their distribution amongst the different regions of the vertebral column are a major source of the anatomical diversity observed among vertebrates. In this review I will discuss the impact of those variations on the anatomy of different vertebrate species and provide insights into the genetic origin of some remarkable morphological traits that often serve to classify phylogenetic branches or individual species, like the long trunks of snakes or the long necks of giraffes.
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Rakesh Ranjan, Md. Zahid Hussain, Soni Kumari, Vijay Kumar Singh, and Rashmi Prasad. "The morphology and incidence of the accessory foramen transversarium in human dried cervical vertebrae as well as their clinical significance in the Eastern Indian population." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i8.43777.
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Background: A characteristic feature of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) is the presence of a foramen tranversarium on the transverse process. The cervical vertebrae are the smallest in size as compared to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and are characterized by a foramen in each transverse process, which is not found in any other vertebra. Except for the seventh cervical vertebra, which transmits only the vertebral vein, this foramen transmits the vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves (a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion) in all cervical vertebrae. Any deviation in the development of the foramen transversarium (FT) causes changes in the course, relationships, and structure (stenosis and lumen narrowing) of the vertebral artery and its associated structures. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to establish the location, shape, size, and incidence of accessory FT in dry humancervical vertebrae of Eastern Indian population. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 dry cervical vertebrae (Typical-123 and Atypical-47) of unknown sex and age after getting approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Range, frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and P value were calculated. P<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The foramen tranversarium in the transverse process is present in all 170 cervical vertebrae examined. Of the 170 cervicalvertebrae, the accessory FT is found in 24 (14.12%) of the vertebrae. In both typical and atypical cervical vertebrae, the accessory FT is more common on the right side. On the axis vertebra, no accessory FT was found. Conclusion: Understanding the accessary FT and the considerable variation in different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) in terms of their size, shape, and number of FT are essential for routine spine surgical procedures in the cervical region to avoid post-operative complications. This study is also important for the teaching and acknowledgement of undergraduate and postgraduate students in anatomy as well as in orthopedics, neurosurgery, and radiology departments.
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Zerath, E., D. Godet, X. Holy, C. Andre, S. Renault, M. Hott, and P. J. Marie. "Effects of spaceflight and recovery on rat humeri and vertebrae: histological and cell culture studies." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.164.
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Skeletal changes associated with spaceflight in the rat have been well documented, but few data are available on bone tissue and bone cell metabolism after subsequent on-Earth recovery. We therefore investigated the effects of microgravity and subsequent recovery on trabecular bone morphology and cellular activities in rat humeri and thoracic vertebrae and compared histomorphometric parameters in caudal vertebrae with the behavior of vertebral osteoblastic cells in culture. We report here that humeral weight showed normal growth during the experiment but was unaffected by spaceflight or recovery from spaceflight. However, the 14-day spaceflight resulted in inhibition of static indexes of bone formation in humeral proximal metaphyses and thoracic vertebral bodies. This was associated with a decrease in bone volume in humeral metaphyses. After 14 days of on-Earth recovery, osteoblastic and osteoid surfaces returned toward normal and bone volume was normalized in humeri, whereas the static bone formation parameters were not restored in thoracic vertebrae. In addition, histological indexes of bone formation and osteoblastic cell growth in vitro were not affected by spaceflight in caudal vertebrae. This study shows that rat humeri and thoracic and caudal vertebrae exhibit different patterns of response to spaceflight and subsequent on-Earth recovery, which could be due, at least in part, to the different loading pattern of these bones, and also to differences in bone turnover rate.
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Sitorus, Sahat Edison. "Anterior Approach to Thoracic and Thoraco-Lumbar Spine." Neurologico Spinale Medico Chirurgico 1, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/nsmc.v1i2.106.
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Anterior surgery approaches have been used for thoracic and upper lumbar spine. These approaches provided a very good exposure to the anterior part of vertebrae and allows for decompression of the spinal canal that help to improves neurological status in patients with neurological deficitsThe primary indications for the anterior approach in vertebral surgery are the conditions with the destruction of corpus vertebrae and disk diseases caused by several diseases. The aim of surgery is to decompress the neural element, reduction and stabilize the anterior part of the vertebra with and without posterior stabilization. Specifically, it could know the underlying disease and eradication of the disease. Access route is determined by the spinal and the length of the procedure, the location of the more prominent lesion, with special attention for the anatomy of the vessel, visceral, nerve, diaphragm for thoracic-lumbar approach and avoid injuring artery between T4-L4 that critical for spinal cord injury. A multidisciplinary team effort with thoracic and urologic surgeon increases the likelihood of the outcome.
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Sosa, M. Alejandra, and Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche. "Vertebral formula and numerical variations in the spine of the Antarctic and southern South American penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)." Vertebrate Zoology 74 (March 8, 2024): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e114112.
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Abstract The vertebral column in tetrapods consists of several constant regions, namely the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. Each of these regions is characterized by a specific number of vertebrae, contributing to the overall vertebral formula. Supernumerary and/or missing vertebrae have only been sporadically mentioned for penguins, and the specific vertebral formula is only determined for some non-passeres orders. Variations in the anatomy and vertebral number of South American and Antarctic penguin species are evaluated here. Sixty-six specimens of Aptenodytes forsteri, Pygoscelis adeliae, P. antarcticus, P. papua, Spheniscus magellanicus, and Eudyptes chrysocome were examined to establish the vertebral formula for six South American and Antarctic species, reporting the type and frequency of the variations found in the generalized configuration. We found no intraspecific variation in respect of the number of cervical as well as cervicothoracic vertebrae in all penguin species studied. Intra- and interspecific variation occur in the thoracic, synsacral, and caudal regions comprising 6–7, 13–14 and 5–8 vertebrae, respectively. Particularly, the variations were found in the transitional zones between one region and another and/or between synsacral segments.
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Abulkhanov, S. R., Yu S. Strelkov, and O. S. Surkov. "IMPLANT OF THE ANATOMICAL SHAPE OF THE HUMAN SPINE SPINE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22, no. 5 (2020): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2020-22-5-132-140.
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The article offers options for constructing anatomically shaped vertebra implants. We have created various constructions of human thoracic vertebrae implants. The 3D model of a vertebral implant structure consists of three elements that are mated along the surfaces passing through the vertebral foramen (vertebraeforamen). To ensure the rigidity of the implant structure in the assembled state, the interface surfaces of its elements were made as freeform surfaces. Fixation of the implant elements in the assembled state is carried out using fasteners, which are either removed or retained after patient rehabilitation. The interface surfaces of the implant elements, the place of installation of the fasteners, as well as its type are determined by medical indications: existing medical practice, the nature of the vertebral injury, the plan for the upcoming surgical intervention, etc. The assembled vertebral implant structure can have a cavity in the center of the structure or be integral. In the first case, the implant has a weight equal to the weight of the vertebra before it was injured. In the second case, the weight of the implant exceeds the weight of the vertebra before it was injured. In this case, the rigidity of the implant when the structure is compressed exceeds the rigidity of a healthy vertebra. On the surface of the 3D model of the vertebra implant, it is possible to perform microroughnesses of various structures. This circumstance makes it possible to simulate the modes and types of technological impact during the manufacture of an implant. The presence of microroughnesses on the surface of the implant contributes to its successful integration into adjacent anatomical structures, and also has antibacterial properties. The implant designs developed by us can be used to treat injuries of the human cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
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Kabak, S. L., V. V. Zatochnaya, and N. O. Zhizhko-Mikhasevich. "X-ray genetic phenotype of congenital disease development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series 15, no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1814-6023-2018-15-4-414-421.
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The aim of the study is to describe the radiological phenotype of vertebral malformations in congenital scoliosis and to discuss the possible mechanisms of morphogenesis of some of these anomalies. The article describes 5 cases of complete or partial splitting in the sagittal plane of the body of one of the thoracic vertebrae (butterfly-shaped vertebra). The anterior vertebral cleft was combined with other congenital vertebral anomalies: block of vertebra, hemivertebrae, spina bifida posterior. All patients had scoliosis with right-sided or left-sided curves. In the human fetuses of the first trimester of gestation without visible malformations in the cartilaginous anlages of the thoracic vertebral bodies we revealed the presence of one o three centers of ossification, and in the fetus with exensephaly – the lack of the intervertebral disc anlage between the bodies C2-C3. According to the published data, the etiology of congenital vertebral anomalies is multifactorial. In the pathogenesis of this pathology, there is a violation of local blood flow due to the anomalous course of intersegmental arteries and as a consequence – a complete or partial separation of adjacent somites or associated mesenchyme. According to the published data, a possible cause of the anterior cleft may be untimely an involution of cartilage canals, the growth of which in the cartilaginous anlage of the vertebral body precedes the appearance of the ossification center. The absence of the intervertebral disk at a considerable length between the cartilaginous anlages of bodies 2 and 3 of the cervical vertebrae in the human fetus with exencephaly indicates a close relationship between the axial skeleton and the neural tube.
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Yakhyaev, Yakhya M., M. I. Izrailov, V. N. Merkulov, A. M. Aliskandiev, and T. Ya Yakhyaeva. "FEATURES OF THE DIAGNOSIS OF UNCOMPLICATED COMPRESSION FRACTURE OF THE THORACIC SPINE IN CHILDREN." Russian Pediatric Journal 20, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2017-20-5-307-311.
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X-ray diagnostics of compression fractures of bodies of the thoracic vertebrae in children not seldom causes great difficulties due to the fact that even in healthy children vertebrae have a number of features, particularly, the wedge shape. For the purpose of differential diagnosis there was performed chest X-ray examination of the thoracic vertebrae in healthy children and cases after the compression damage. The wedge index and the disk coefficient for various segments of the thoracic spine were calculated. The diagnostic efficiency of radionuclide studies was estimated to reaches 79%. The useof highly informative modern medical techniques (CT and MRI) in the diagnosis of vertebral compression fractures in children allows accurately and timely make the diagnosis and determine the condition of the surrounding tissues. Based on the analysis of medical records, radiographs, identification of options of radionuclide, CT and MRI studies, there was elaborated an algorithm for the diagnosis of compression fractures of vertebrae, which allowed optimize the diagnostic process. There are determined advantages of this algorithm.
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Bedu, A. S., M. Manassero, V. Viateau, G. Niebauer, P. Moissonnier, and R. Vallefuoco. "Computed tomographic study of the optimal safe implantation corridors in feline thoraco-lumbar vertebrae." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 26, no. 05 (2013): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-12-10-0127.
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SummaryObjective: To define the implantation corridors in feline thoraco-lumbar vertebrae (T10-L7) using computed tomography (CT) for optimal safe placement of the implants (screws/pins) in spinal column stabilization.Study design: Computed tomographic study.Materials and methods: Computed tomography images of feline spinal column (n = 10) were used to define the optimal safe implantation corridors (OSIC) in the transverse plane. The OSIC were defined as corridors allowing the greatest amount of bone purchase with safe margins for implantation of the bicortical implants. They were characterized by their insertion point, optimal angle (from the midsagital plane), maximum and minimum safe angles (from the same insertion points), length, and width.Results: The OSIC are located within the vertebral bodies. Insertion points were situated at the level of the vertebro-costal joint or the base of the transverse process of the vertebral body for thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, respectively. The mean optimal angle of the OSIC was 90.2° with a maximum deviation angle from optimal angle of 10° dorsally and 8.8° ventrally in thoracic vertebrae, and 90.5° with a maximum deviation angle from the optimal angle of 8.4° dorsally and 7.6° ventrally in lumbar vertebrae.Conclusion and clinical relevance: Corridors drilled in the vertebral body perpendicular to the midsagital plane (90°) or with a small angle (≤10°) of deviation from the optimal angle provide an optimal safe placement of bicortical implants. However, perpendicular implant placement may not always be feasible due to surrounding soft tissue structures.
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Skriabin, E. G., A. N. Bukseev, P. B. Zotov, M. A. Akselrov, and A. A. Kurmangulov. "Uncomplicated fractures of the cervical vertebrae in children and adolescents." Genij Ortopedii 27, no. 6 (December 2021): 700–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-6-700-708.
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Introduction Various aspects of uncomplicated fractures of the cervical vertebrae in children and adolescents remain topical. Purpose To study incidence, character and type of uncomplicated fractures of the vertebrae of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Materials and methods Out of 1000 children who had uncomplicated vertebral fractures, 27 (2.7 %) people were diagnosed with fractures at the cervical level. There were more boys among the injured – 77.77 % of the injured. 29.63 % of the patients were under the age of 12, and 70.37 % of – aged 12–17. Traditional methods for emergency traumatology were used for clinical diagnostics. Results In 17 (62.96 %) of the patients only the cervical vertebrae were compressed, in 10 (37.04 %) patients – both the thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae. Among the cervical vertebrae, compression of C7 vertebral body was most often observed – in 30.64 % of cases, less often – the body of C3 – in 4.08 % of cases. The main mechanism of injury was falling on head from a height of 2 m and more – 25.98 % of cases. Analysis of the character of C2 fractures showed that four patients had fractures of the odontoid process (three patients – type I, one – type III), one patient – fractures of the arches of this vertebra corresponding to type I. Fractures of subaxial location mainly corresponded to group "A" (subgroup I (36 compressed vertebrae), subgroup II (6 injured vertebrae)). In 2 cases, vertebral fractures were referred to group "B" (subgroup I). In 25 (92.59 %) clinical cases conservative treatment was used, in 2 (7.41 %) – there were indications for surgical treatment. The average duration of in-patient treatment for fractures of the cervical vertebrae was 9.4 days. Evaluation of long-term treatment results showed "good" results in 83.33 % of cases, satisfactory – in 16.67 % of clinical observations. Discussion The results that we have received are mainly comparable with the literature data on the main aspects of cervical trauma in children. At the same time, it is necessary to mention some differences. For example, many authors report that younger children most often get fractures of the C2 vertebra. According to our data, the average age of patients with these fractures was 14.8 years.
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Yuan, Wei-Hsin, Michael Mu-Huo Teng, Hui-Chen Hsu, Ying —. Chou Sun, and Cheng-Yen Chang. "Are Non-Contrast MR Images Enough for Detection of Fracture Levels Prior to Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Patients with Osteoporosis?" Interventional Neuroradiology 14, no. 2_suppl (November 2008): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199080140s214.
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We evaluated the detectability of painful vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) on different MRI protocols in 40 osteoporotic patients with thoraco-lumbar osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Five hundred and ten thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in 40 patients were evaluated. All patients underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty. Vertebral fractures were found in 126 (24.7%) of 510 vertebrae. Healed vertebral fractures were found in 33 (26.2%) of 126 vertebral fractures. Painful osteoporotic VCFs was found in 93 (73.8%) of 126 fractures. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of contrast-enhanced MR images, and the non-contrasted combined protocol (including T1-weighted, T2-weighted and STIR images) for the detection of painful osteoporotic VCFs were all more than 90%. Therefore, the non-contrasted combined protocol can be used for detection of painful osteoporotic VCFs prior to percutaneous vertebroplasty, unless there are conditions where contrast-enhanced MR is needed to rule out other causes of VCFs.
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Yeung, Long Yu, Nithin Manohar Rayudu, Maximilian Löffler, Anjany Sekuboyina, Egon Burian, Nico Sollmann, Michael Dieckmeyer, et al. "Prediction of Incidental Osteoporotic Fractures at Vertebral-Specific Level Using 3D Non-Linear Finite Element Parameters Derived from Routine Abdominal MDCT." Diagnostics 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020208.
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To investigate whether finite element (FE) analysis of the spine in routine thoracic/abdominal multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) can predict incidental osteoporotic fractures at vertebral-specific level; Baseline routine thoracic/abdominal MDCT scans of 16 subjects (8(m), mean age: 66.1 ± 8.2 years and 8(f), mean age: 64.3 ± 9.5 years) who sustained incidental osteoporotic vertebral fractures as confirmed in follow-up MDCTs were included in the current study. Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (T5-L5) were automatically segmented, and bone mineral density (BMD), finite element (FE)-based failure-load, and failure-displacement were determined. These values of individual vertebrae were normalized globally (g), by dividing the absolute value with the average of L1-3 and locally by dividing the absolute value with the average of T5-12 and L1-5 for thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, respectively. Mean-BMD of L1-3 was determined as reference. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for different normalized FE (Kload, Kdisplacement,K(load)g, and K(displacement)g) and BMD (KBMD, and K(BMD)g) ratio parameter combinations for identifying incidental fractures. Kload, K(load)g, KBMD, and K(BMD)g showed significantly higher discriminative power compared to standard mean BMD of L1-3 (BMDStandard) (AUC = 0.67 for Kload; 0.64 for K(load)g; 0.64 for KBMD; 0.61 for K(BMD)g vs. 0.54 for BMDStandard). The combination of Kload, Kdisplacement, and KBMD increased the AUC further up to 0.77 (p < 0.001). The combination of FE with BMD measurements derived from routine thoracic/abdominal MDCT allowed an improved prediction of incidental fractures at vertebral-specific level.
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Komarov, Mykhailo P., Oleksii S. Nekhlopochyn, Vadim V. Verbov, Oksana H. Chernenko, Anna A. Shmelova, Ievgen V. Cheshuk, and Tetiana A. Malysheva. "Chondroblastoma of the cervical-thoracic junction: global data and own experience." Ukrainian Neurosurgical Journal 29, no. 3 (September 27, 2023): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25305/unj.277910.
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Chondroblastoma (CB) ‒ a rare benign tumor of the skeleton that is presented by proliferation of chondroblasts with islands of eosinophilic chondroid matrix. CB accounts for less than 1% of all bone neoplasms, while the spine is affected in only 1.4% of all CB cases. Publications devoted to CB of the spine are sporadic and therefore have a considerable scientific interest due to the rarity of the pathology. A clinical case of CB of the cervical-thoracic junction of a 38-year-old patient hospitalized to State Institution "Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" in November 2022 is presented. The anamnesis shows that in 2016 a pathological fracture of the Th2 vertebral body was diagnosed. In 2017, a surgical intervention - an open biopsy of the Th2 vertebral arch was performed in a private clinic, but the histopathological analysis, due to the insufficient amount of material and the absence of clinical data, was descriptive, with a certain diagnostic number of possible nosologies. Additional treatment was not performed. When applying in 2022 to the State Institution "Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", significant negative dynamics were noted: a fracture of the body of the Th1 vertebra, total destruction of the body of the Th2 vertebra, a change in the signal from the body of the Th3 vertebra, which indicated its focal lesion. The surgery was performed in two stages. The first stage included a ventral corpectomy of the Th1‒Th3 vertebrae with fusion using telescopic body replacement implant and a ventral rigid plate. During the second stage laminectomy of the Th1‒Th3 vertebrae with complete resection of the Th2 costotransverse joints and partial of Th1‒Th3 ones was performed. Stabilization system screws were installed transarticularly in the facet joints C6 and C7, transpedicularly in the bodies of the Th4‒Th6 vertebrae. To increase the fusion rigidity, additional fixation of the Th1 vertebra on the right and the Th3 vertebra on the left was performed through the remaining costotransverse joints. The patient was discharged with positive neurological dynamics. The uniqueness of this case, in addition to the rarity of the histological variant of the pathology, lies in the possibility of tracking the dynamics of the disease on the basis of both neuroimaging methods and pathohistological and immunohistochemical diagnostics. Features of the prevalence of spine CB in the population, the specifiс signs when performing a spiral computer and magnetic resonance imaging, macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor are considered in detail. The literature data on differential diagnosis, treatment methods and prognosis of disease are organized. The material is of interest to specialists, since the timely selection of an adequate treatment method and its volume determines both the probability of tumor recurrence as well as prognosis concerning the patient’s life expectancy.
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Sugiura, Kosuke, Masatoshi Morimoto, Kosaku Higashino, Makoto Takeuchi, Akihiro Manabe, Shoichiro Takao, Toru Maeda, and Koichi Sairyo. "Transitional vertebrae and numerical variants of the spine." Bone & Joint Journal 103-B, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.103b7.bjj-2020-1760.r1.
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Aims Although lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are well-documented, few large-scale studies have investigated thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TLTV) and spinal numerical variants. This study sought to establish the prevalence of numerical variants and to evaluate their relationship with clinical problems. Methods A total of 1,179 patients who had undergone thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic CT scanning were divided into groups according to the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the presence or absence of TLTV or LSTV. The prevalence of spinal anomalies was noted. The relationship of spinal anomalies to clinical symptoms (low back pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) was also investigated. Results Normal vertebral morphology (12 thoracic and five lumbar vertebrae without TLTV and LSTV) was present in 531 male (76.7%) and 369 female patients (75.8%). Thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae were present in 15.8% of males and 16.0% of females. LSTV were present in 7.1% of males and 9.0% of females. The prevalence of the anomaly of 16 presacral mobile vertebrae (total number of thoracolumbar vertebrae and TLTV) without LSTV was 1.0% in males and 4.1% in females, and that of the anomaly of 18 vertebrae without LSTV was 5.3% in males and 1.2% in females. The prevalence of DS was significantly higher in females with a total of 16 vertebrae than in those with normal morphology. There was no significant correlation between a spinal anomaly and clinical symptoms. Conclusion Overall, 24% of subjects had anomalies in the thoracolumbar region: the type of anomaly differed between males and females, which could have significant implications for spinal surgery. A decreased number of vertebrae was associated with DS: numerical variants may potentially be a clinical problem. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1301–1308.
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Das, Deepak Ranjan, Archana Singh, Rakesh Gupta, and Preeti Agarwal. "A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF BODY AND VERTEBRAL CANAL OF THORACIC VERTEBRAE & ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 4.1 (October 10, 2018): 5735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.328.
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Viswanathan, Nivedha, Ayesha Parveen, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, and Priya Dharshini gowthaman . A. "FUSION OF TYPICAL THORACIC VERTEBRAE: A CASE REPORT." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 2.3 (June 30, 2017): 3923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.219.
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Csóka, Ádám, Örs Petneházy, Dániel Fajtai, Máté Sándor, Szilvia Orsi-Gibicsár, and Tamás Donkó. "Automatic method for determining the number of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae in rabbits using Computer Tomography images." Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31914/aak.2626.
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There are several studies dealing with the phenotypic variance of the vertebral number in the spinal column of rabbits. According to the literature the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae varies between 11-13 and 6-8, respectively. The length of the m. longissimus dorsi (MLD) - a valuable meat part of rabbits - is determined by the length of the vertebral column therefore the number of vertebrae may have economic importance in breeding. The aim of this study was to create an automatic counter using computed tomography (CT) images. In the first step, a skeleton binary mask was created using the radiodensity range between 120 and 3071 HU, then the lumbar and thoracic regions were processed by two different methods. The lumbar part was evaluated based on the frequency of the bone voxels along the axial plane. The number of thoracic vertebrae was determined from the number of ribs. The left and right ribs were processed separately. The developed method was tested on CT examination of 40 Hycole rabbits compared to manual evaluation. The results of the automatic algorithm had few errors: in one case in the lumbar region (2.5%) and in 3 cases in the thoracic region (5%). The automated evaluation process takes a few seconds per individual and then the program visualizes the results on a graph. The incorrectly evaluated rabbits are recognizable on graphs and they can be easily corrected with a minimal time investment.
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Babicsak, Viviam R., Lidiane S. Alves, Miriam H. Tsunemi, and Luiz C. Vulcano. "Radiographic measurements related with the cardiac size in young female Bergamasca sheep." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 12 (December 2017): 1526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200027.
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ABSTRACT: In thoracic radiographic examination, routinely used in cases which cardiac evaluation is indicated, quantitative assessment of the heart is a useful role to be used in combination with subjective analysis. Numerous studies about objective assessment of the cardiac size have been performed in several species, including sheep; however, there is scarce information regarding cardiac parameters of young Bergamasca sheep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the average results and suggest the range of expected normal values for parameters related to the heart size of young female Bergamasca sheep by radiographic evaluation. Fifteen healty 8 months-old female Bergamasca sheep (mean weight: 41.13±4.71kg) were submitted to right lateral recumbency thoracic radiography. The length of the fourth and third to fifth thoracic vertebrae, cardiac height and width, vertebral heart size, cardiophrenic contact, caudal vena cava height, aorta caliber and tracheal angle were measured and the mean results found were, respectively: 2.46±0.11cm (95% CI 2.41-2.52), 7.53±0.30cm (95% CI 7.38-7.68), 13.83±0.57cm, (95% CI 13.54-14.12), 8.99±0.37cm (8.80-9.17), 8.99±0.27 vertebrae (95% 8.85-9.13), 4.55±0.70cm (95% CI 4.19-4.90), 1.88±0.19cm (95% CI 1.79-1.97), 2.05±0.11cm (95% CI 2.00-2.11) and 14.36±2.73° (95% CI 12.98-15.75). Cardiac height and width and the sum of these parameters were compared to the length of third to fifth thoracic vertebrae, resulting in the respective mean values: 1.84±0.08 (95% IC 1.80-1.88), 1.20±0.05 (1.17-1.22) and 3.04±0.11 (95% IC 2.98-3.09). Ratios of cardiophrenic contact to cardiac height and caudal vena cava height to length of fourth thoracic vertebra were also evaluated and the mean values obtained were 0.33±0.05 (95% IC 0.30-0.35) and 0.76±0.08 (95% IC 0.72-0.81), respectively. Authors suggest that the values available in this study may be used as reference for normal heart size in young female Bergamasca sheep and as basis for further studies.
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P, Neelima, and Ravi Sunder R. "OCCIPITALISATION OF ATLAS VERTEBRA AND ITS CLINICAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE- AN ANALYSIS." Journal of Ayurvedic Herbal and Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (October 23, 2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/j-ahim.v1.i1.2021.15.
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Vertebral column is made of 33 vertebrae named as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Axial skeleton comprises of skull and vertebral column. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit from the central nervous system which control the entire body. Malformations or fusion of vertebrae could be one of the etiologies of nerve compression syndromes. Vital structures emerge out through intervertebral foramina extending from cervical to coccygeal vertebrae. Occipitalisation of atlas, the first cervical vertebra is one of the emergencies leading to wide spectrum of presentations like chronic neck pain or foramen magnum syndrome or unconscious state due to compression of medulla oblongata. During routine examination of skull bones while teaching, one skull was found to exhibit assimilation of atlas. Photographs were captured and compared with normal skull. Thorough examination revealed incomplete occipitalisation of atlas. The anterior arch was completely fused but the posterior arch was bifid showing a split. The styloid process on right side seemed to be long and very close leading to compression of structures of styloid apparatus in addition. On observation, it was found to be a male skull. Fusion of vertebrae may be a congenital anomaly due to maldevelopment of somites in forming vertebrae. Skeletal element of caudal 4th occipital somite forms the occipital bone and when it is fused with the proximal 1st cervical somite leads to occipitalisation of atlas. Acquired conditions like atlantoaxial subluxation, chiari malformations or cervical vertebral fusion or foramen magnum abnormalities have been associated with assimilation of atlas. The present study reports occipitalisation of atlas which is incomplete with a bifid posterior arch. Prevalence of such anomalies may form the differential diagnosis of chronic headache or myelopathies.
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Ivanov, Michail A., Irina N. Yashina, Svetlana V. Klochkova, and Fedor D. Yashin. "System relationships of the thoracic vertebrae anatomy and surrounding muscles in overweight men." Человек и его здоровье 26, no. 4 (2023): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21626/vestnik/2023-4/07.
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Objective - to identify patterns of structure and relationship of elements of the thoracic spine and surrounding muscles in males of the 2nd period of adulthood with overweight and obesity of the 1st degree. Materials and methods. The study was performed on computed tomograms of the thoracic spine of 63 healthy men aged 36 to 60 years with a height of 170 to 186 cm and a body weight of up to 74.3 to 110 kg. The vertebral dimensions and the width of the paravertebral muscle mass were evaluated ((Me; IQ-IIIQ), factor analysis by the principal component method). Results. With an increase in the ordinal number of the vertebra, the increase in the width and anterior-posterior size of the bodies occurs unevenly, two points of decrease in the median value of the size of the vertebral bodies are determined - ThV and ThX. A narrowing of the spinal canal ThI to ThVII was revealed, followed by an increase in size to ThXII. A decrease in the median values of the anterior and posterior heights of bodies ThIII and IX was found. The median values of the height of the legs increase with an increase in the ordinal number of the vertebra, however, a decrease in the median values was found in ThIV, ThVI, ThVIII 1 and ThX. A decrease in size was found between the vertices of the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the vertices of the transverse and spinous processes. The decrease in their median value is most pronounced in the upper thoracic vertebrae from ThI to ThVII. Analysis of the width of the muscle arrays revealed a wave-like decrease in the median width, with three rises at the level of ThIII, ThVI and ThXI and declines at the level of ThV, ThIX and ThXII. The results of factor analysis revealed two segments in the thoracic spine. The maximum influence on the structure of the first segment of ThI-VII is exerted by the width of the paravertebral muscle array. In the second segment from ThVIII to ThXII, the width and angle of inclination of the spinous process have the maximum effect. Conclusion. The thoracic spine in men includes two segments that differ in function: the cranial segment, which depends on the activity of the paravertebral muscles, and the caudal segment, which reflects the supporting function.
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Guevara, D., L. Ávila Garzón, M. Villamizar Téllez, L. Cardona, C. Ibañez, J. Cajamarca-Baron, A. Escobar, E. Calvo, and A. Rojas-Villarraga. "AB1224 FREQUENCY OF OSTEOPOROTIC THORACIC VERTEBRAL FRACTURES DETECTED AS INCIDENTAL FINDINGS ON INPATIENT CT SCANS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 1839.2–1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.5216.
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BackgroundOsteoporosis is one of the main public health problems, leading to the appearance of fragility fractures. Within these, there are vertebral fractures, which in their vast majority have an asymptomatic course, which is why they are presented as incidental findings in imaging studies.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of insufficiency fractures in the thoracic vertebrae in patients hospitalized for any cause in a Hospital in Bogotá (Colombia).MethodsCross-sectional study in a sub population of Latin American patients, older than 50 years with chest tomography indicated during hospitalization in 2020 for reasons other than suspicion of vertebral bone disease. Patients with secondary causes of vertebral fracture, trauma and spinal instrumentation were excluded. Reading by two independent expert researchers with Genant’s semiquantitative visual method and the ABQ method. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were captured (RedCap).Descriptive statistical analysis (STATA 17). The project was approved by the ethics committee.ResultsA total of 317 patients with a mean age of 69.4 years and a predominance of males (57.1%) were included. The most frequent personal history was active smoking (15.8%), use of glucocorticoids in the last 5 years (12.9%), and alcohol consumption (7.5%). A prevalence of vertebral fractures of 8.5% was found, being more frequent in women in 51.8% of the cases, with T11 as the most frequent location (See Table 1 and Figure 1). Only two vertebrae did not define a fracture according to the ABQ method compared to Genant. A disagreement was found in 77.7% of the cases with respect to the final report.ConclusionThe prevalence of vertebral fractures reported here is lower than that reported in the literature when x-ray imaging is used; it is possible that the use of the tomography influences this result and possibly allows a more objective assessment. Careful evaluation of chest tomographic studies performed during the hospital stay may contribute to an opportune diagnosis of insufficiency fracture associated with osteoporosis.Table 1.Fractured vertebrae characteristics, n= 42*Fracture typeBiconcave2764.3Wedge1228.6Crush37.1Fractured vertebraT313.7T4414.8T527.4T613.7T7518.5T800T927.4T10518.5T111451.8T12829.6* In total, 44 fractured vertebrae were identified; only 42 are described in the table, since only 3 vertebrae were classified in the patient in whom 5 fractured vertebrae were detected.Figure 1.Fracture severityREFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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Tian, Ye, Wen Yuan, Huajiang Chen, and Xiaolong Shen. "Spinal cord compression secondary to a thoracic vertebral osteochondroma." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 15, no. 3 (September 2011): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.4.spine10484.
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The authors describe a case of spinal cord compression due to an osteochondroma arising from the T-6 vertebral body in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. This 16-year-old boy presented with spastic paraparesis. Surgical decompression was followed by resolution of the neurological impairments. Osteochondroma is the most common bone tumor. The distribution of osteochondromas greatly favors the extremities and these lesions rarely arise in the vertebral column. Osteochondromas occur in 2 distinct clinical settings—as solitary or multiple tumors, the latter being often associated with hereditary multiple exostoses. Osteochondromas are more commonly found in the posterior elements of the vertebrae. Intraspinal presentation of these tumors is usually limited to the cervical regions, with few tumors reported in the thoracic vertebrae. Based on the presented case and literature review, the authors conclude that osteochondromas of the thoracic spine that cause myelopathy usually arise from the vertebral body and pedicle. Prompt and systematic radiological investigations are important in planning surgical management. Surgical excision usually yields good results.
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Wedel, Mathew J. "Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs." Paleobiology 29, no. 2 (2003): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300018091.
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The vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs are characterized by complex architecture involving laminae, fossae, and internal chambers of various shapes and sizes. These structures are interpreted as osteological correlates of a system of air sacs and pneumatic diverticula similar to that of birds. In extant birds, diverticula of the cervical air sacs pneumatize the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae. Diverticula of the abdominal air sacs pneumatize the posterior thoracic vertebrae and synsacrum later in ontogeny. This ontogenetic sequence in birds parallels the evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropods. In basal sauropods, only the presacral vertebrae were pneumatized, presumably by diverticula of cervical air sacs similar to those of birds. The sacrum was also pneumatized in most neosauropods, and pneumatization of the proximal caudal vertebrae was achieved independently in Diplodocidae and Titanosauria. Pneumatization of the sacral and caudal vertebrae in neosauropods may indicate the presence of abdominal air sacs. Air sacs and skeletal pneumaticity probably facilitated the evolution of extremely long necks in some sauropod lineages by overcoming respiratory dead space and reducing mass. In addition, pulmonary air sacs may have conveyed to sauropods some of the respiratory and thermoregulatory advantages enjoyed by birds, a possibility that is consistent with the observed rapid growth rates of sauropods.
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Jankovic, Tanja, Jelena Zvekic-Svorcan, and Ksenija Boskovic. "Verification of osteoporotic vertebral fractures caused by glucocorticoids." Medical review 67, no. 3-4 (2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1404118j.
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Introduction. Long-term administration of glucocorticoids leads to rapid osteoporosis, and vertebral fractures are one of its most common complications. The methods used in identification are semi-quantitative ones, based on visual assessment, and quantitative ones, which use morphometric criteria. Case Report. A 79-year-old woman, who has suffered from polymyalgia rheumatica since July 2012, was treated with prednisone at a daily dose of 20 mg. Radiography of thoracic and lumbar spine verified the reduction of body height of T 12, L3 and L4 vertebrae. Densitometry findings showed a decrease in bone density at the lumbar segment of the spine and femoral neck. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry device was used to perform vertebral morphometry by applying Genant semi-quantitative method, which verified crush fractures of the body of T4 and L3 vertebrae, while the L2 vertebra had a biconcave shape. The spinal deformity index parameter was 8. An intense pain developed in the back after 9 months of glucocorticoids administration. The repeated radiographic findings of thoracic and lumbar spine and vertebral morphometry, which had been done by dual-energy xray absorptiometry device, revealed deterioration in the form of serial crush fractures, while fat distribution index parameter increased to 15. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry finding showed a decrease in T score at the femoral neck. Conclusion. Longterm administration of glucocorticoids is accompanied by a rapid loss of bone mass, and vertebral fractures are one of its most common consequences. Therefore, its prevention, early diagnosis and treatment are required. The combination of qualitative conventional radiography and semi-quantitative dual-energy xray absorptiometry vertebral morphometry plays an important role in identifying vertebral fractures.
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Orel, Aleksandr Mihajlovich. "QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE SIZE OF BREAST KYPHOZIS IN PERSONS IN THE OLDER AGE." Nauka v sovremennom mire, no. 3(48) (April 20, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/2524-0935-2020-48-3-6.
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Using digital radiography, an x-ray study of all spine sections was performed in 53 patients, 21 men and 34 women with dorsopathies. The main group consisted of 21 patients aged 75-88 years. The control group included 32 randomly selected patients aged 21-45 years. A single combined digital x-ray image of all parts of the spine in the sagittal projection was obtained, on which the occipital vertical and antero-posterior axes of the TII and TXII vertebral bodies were performed. The angles of inclination of the anterior posterior axes of these vertebrae were measured, the sum of which is equal to the angle of the thoracic kyphosis. It was revealed that in elderly patients, the formation of thoracic kyphosis occurs mainly due to the displacement forward and down of the vertebrae of the upper thoracic spine.