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1
Men’shchikova, I. A. "Osteometry of the human spine at the age of maturity in the Ural region." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-622.
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Aim. To reveal the patterns of the changes of osteometric characteristics of the adults living in the Ural region.
Methods. 56 cadavers of human beings at the age of maturity were analyzed (28 women aged 21 to 55 years, and 28 men aged 22 to 60 years) being the residents of the Ural region. The scheme recommended by the Symposium on Age Periodization at the Institute of Age Physiology in 1969, was used for distribution by age groups. Osteometry and statistical method were used.
Results. In the cervical spine, the greatest sagittal size was determined in the spinal process of the VII cervical vertebra (30.9±1.79 mm), in the thoracic spine — in the VII thoracic vertebra (41.5±2.4 mm), and in lumbar spine — in the III lumbar vertebra (36.4±0.95 mm). The frontal size of vertebral bodies increased from overlying vertebrae to underlying ones, however, the decrease in the frontal size of vertebral bodies was noted from the I thoracic to the VI thoracic vertebra, and starting from the VII thoracic vertebra its further increase was observed. The sagittal size of vertebral body increased only from the II cervical vertebra to the III lumbar one. The sagittal size of the bodies of the III–V vertebrae was within the range of 32–34 mm. The sizes of vertebral arch pedicle allow conducting the transpedicular fixation at the level of all vertebrae, but it should be taken into account that in V and VI thoracic vertebrae frontal size of arch pedicle is the least as compared to other levels. The frontal sizes of spinal canal were more than sagittal ones at the levels of all vertebrae, with the exception of atlas and the V thoracic vertebra.
Conclusion. The results can serve as the basis for performing any surgical interventions on the spine and as the norm for evaluation of its pathological changes.
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Wedel, Mathew J. "Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs." Paleobiology 29, no. 2 (2003): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300018091.
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The vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs are characterized by complex architecture involving laminae, fossae, and internal chambers of various shapes and sizes. These structures are interpreted as osteological correlates of a system of air sacs and pneumatic diverticula similar to that of birds. In extant birds, diverticula of the cervical air sacs pneumatize the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae. Diverticula of the abdominal air sacs pneumatize the posterior thoracic vertebrae and synsacrum later in ontogeny. This ontogenetic sequence in birds parallels the evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropods. In basal sauropods, only the presacral vertebrae were pneumatized, presumably by diverticula of cervical air sacs similar to those of birds. The sacrum was also pneumatized in most neosauropods, and pneumatization of the proximal caudal vertebrae was achieved independently in Diplodocidae and Titanosauria. Pneumatization of the sacral and caudal vertebrae in neosauropods may indicate the presence of abdominal air sacs. Air sacs and skeletal pneumaticity probably facilitated the evolution of extremely long necks in some sauropod lineages by overcoming respiratory dead space and reducing mass. In addition, pulmonary air sacs may have conveyed to sauropods some of the respiratory and thermoregulatory advantages enjoyed by birds, a possibility that is consistent with the observed rapid growth rates of sauropods.
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Muqmiroh, Lailatul, Soegardo Indra Praptono, Rusmanto Rusmanto, Risalatul Latifah, and Nggraini Dwi Sensusiati. "THE RADIATION DOSE PROFILE IN PEDIATRIC INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY TO ESTIMATE THE STOCHASTIC EFFECT RISK: PRELIMINARY STUDY." Journal Of Vocational Health Studies 1, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.v1.i3.2018.107-112.
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Background: The specific characteristic of anatomy and physiology of children cause the risk of radiation effects received when they underwent the interventional cardiology procedures higher than an adult. Purpose: to estimate the stochastic effect risk in a pediatric patient during interventional cardiology procedures. Method: Data collection was performed by placing thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) on thyroid, gonad, left and right thoracic areas, and the 5th thoracic vertebrae during interventional cardiology. Result: The results showed that the greatest exposure was received around vertebrae (bone marrow) because of the superimpose X-ray on the vertebrae during the procedures. Conclusion: The greatest probability of stochastic effect that happened was leukemia. Estimation risk ratio of leukemia was 0, 9 % and thyroid cancer was 0,037%.
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Collins, Heidi L., and Stephen E. DiCarlo. "TENS attenuates response to colon distension in paraplegic and quadriplegic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): H1734—H1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00253.2002.
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Individuals with spinal cord injuries above thoracic level 6 experience episodic bouts of life-threatening hypertension as part of a condition termed autonomic dysreflexia (AD). The hypertension can be caused by stimulation of the skin, distension of the urinary bladder or colon, and/or muscle spasms. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may reduce the severity of AD because TENS has been used to inhibit second-order neurons in the dorsal horn. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that TENS attenuates the hemodynamic responses to colon distension. Eleven Wistar rats underwent spinal cord transection between thoracic vertebrae 4 and 5 (paraplegic, n = 6) or between cervical vertebra 7 and thoracic vertebra 1 (quadriplegic, n = 5). After recovery, all rats were instrumented with a radiotelemetry device for recording arterial pressure. Subsequently, the hemodynamic responses to graded colon distension were determined before and during TENS. During TENS the hemodynamic responses to colon distension were significantly attenuated. Thus TENS may be a preventive approach to reduce the severity of AD in paraplegic and quadriplegic individuals.
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Fujisawa, Reiko, T. Saito, and T. Adachi. "PO3.9 Electrophysiological Diagnosis of Arachnoid Cyst in Thoracic Vertebrae by MEP." Clinical Neurophysiology 120 (April 2009): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(09)60127-9.
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Ichioka, N., H. Matsuya, T. Adachi, and T. Saito. "P30.42 Electrophysiological diagnosis of arachnoid cyst in thoracic vertebrae by MEP." Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (September 2006): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.532.
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Saito, T., Y. Tani, N. Tanigawa, and M. Ishihara. "P31-25 Electrophysiological diagnosis of arachnoid cyst in thoracic vertebrae by MEP." Clinical Neurophysiology 121 (October 2010): S292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(10)61192-3.
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Bourrin, S., C. Genty, S. Palle, C. Gharib, and C. Alexandre. "Adverse effects of strenuous exercise: a densitometric and histomorphometric study in the rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 1999–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.5.1999.
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To investigate the manner in which cancellous bone in different skeletal sites and within a bone site adapts to strenuous training, 5-wk-old male rats were subjected to intensive treadmill running [80% of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max)] for 11 wk. VO2max, tibia length, and bone mineral density were measured. Histomorphometric analysis was performed in the epiphysis, primary spongiosa (1 zero sp) and secondary spongiosa (2 zero sp) of the contralateral proximal tibia, and the 2 zero sp of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. VO2max was increased by 39%. No changes were observed in vertebrae. Tibia length, 1 zero sp bone volume, and number of trabeculae were significantly decreased, indicating a retarded longitudinal bone growth. Bone mineral density in the proximal tibia was significantly decreased. In the epiphysis, a trabecular thinning and an increase of trabecular number were shown. In the 2 zero sp, bone volume and number of trabeculae were significantly decreased. The increased total eroded surfaces could indicate an early but transient increase in bone resorption activity. Osteoid thickness was reduced, whereas osteoclast number and osteoid surfaces were unchanged, suggesting that the observed bone loss was mostly due to an impaired osteoblastic activity. In conclusion, 1) strenuous training in young rats reduces longitudinal bone growth and induces bone loss, 2) the cancellous bone adaptation is site specific, and 3) the bone loss is mainly due to decreased osteoblastic activity rather than a global adaptation of bone remodeling.
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Lin, Jiabao. "A summary of the treatment of compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae after menopause." Bone 47 (October 2010): S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.180.
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Long, J. H., D. A. Pabst, W. R. Shepherd, and W. A. McLellan. "Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.1.65.
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The primary skeletal structure used by dolphins to generate the dorsoventral bending characteristic of cetacean swimming is the vertebral column. In the vertebral column of the saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis, we characterize the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the intervertebral joints, describe regional variation and dorsoventral asymmetries in mechanical performance, and investigate how the mechanical properties are correlated with vertebral morphologies. Using a bending machine that applies an external load (N m) to a single intervertebral segment, we measured the resulting angular deformation (rad) of the segment in both dorsal extension and ventral flexion. Intervertebral segments from the thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions of the vertebral column were tested from five individuals. Using quasi-static bending tests, we measured the initial (low-strain) bending stiffness (N m rad-1) as a function of segment position, direction of bending (extension and flexion) and sequential cutting of intervertebral ligaments. We found that initial bending stiffness was significantly greater in the lumbar region than in adjacent thoracic and caudal regions, and all joints were stiffer in extension than is predicted (r2 = 0.554) by the length and width of the intervertebral disc and the length of the cranial vertebral body in the segment. Stiffness in flexion is predicted (r2 = 0.400) by the width of the nucleus pulposus, the length of the caudal vertebral body in the segment and the height of the transverse processes from the ventral surface of the vertebral body. We also performed dynamic bending tests on intervertebral segments from the lumbo-caudal joint and the joint between caudal vertebrae 7 and 8. Dynamic bending stiffness (N m rad-1) increases with increasing bending amplitude and is independent of bending frequency. Damping coefficient (kg m2 rad-2 s-1) decreases with increasing bending amplitude and frequency. Resilience (% energy return) increases from approximately 20% at low bending amplitudes (+/-0.6 degree) to approximately 50% at high bending amplitudes (+/-2.9 degrees). Based on these findings, the dolphin's vertebral column has the mechanical capacity to help control the body's locomotor reconfigurations, to store elastic energy and to dampen oscillations.
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FRIES, R., T. EGGERS, G. HILDEBRANDT, K. RAUSCHER, S. BUDA, and K. D. BUDRAS. "Autonomous Nervous System with Respect to Dressing of Cattle Carcasses and Its Probable Role in Transfer of PrPres Molecules." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.5.890.
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Pathogen prions are widely recognized as the causative agent in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, more research on the possible transmission routes of this agent once it has reached the host is needed. There is evidence based on the anatomy and physiology of the autonomous nervous system (ANS), as well as observations for different animal species, that the ANS might be involved in the axonal drainage of pathogen prions toward the central nervous system. In this context, more attention should be paid to the cranial cervical ganglion, the stellate ganglion, the chain of paravertebral ganglia next to the first six thoracic vertebrae, the chain of the paravertebralganglia next to loin vertebrae 1 through 6, the vagus nerve in the neck region and in the mediastine, and the esophagus (because of its close connection to the vagus nerve). For a more detailed risk analysis with respect to these tissues, the ANSs of animals having shown clinical signs of BSE might be examined to corroborate the evidence presented here. In the meantime, as a precautionary measure, the tissue addressed should be taken out of the human food chain, taken out of animal feed, and handled as if it were specified risk material. It is technically possible to remove these parts during cutting and dressing.
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Kenyon, C. M., T. J. Pedley, and T. W. Higenbottam. "Adaptive modeling of the human rib cage in median sternotomy." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.2287.
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This paper describes a limited computer-analyzed kinematic model of the rib cage that can be adapted to individual subjects. Also described is its validation and use in assessing the changes in chest wall shape after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in 12 patients. The positions of a small number of anatomic locations on the thoracic spine, ribs, manubrium, and sternum are measured from lateral and posterior-anterior chest radiographs. The computer program puts these two views together removing the magnification and reconstructs any missing points to give a three-dimensional picture of the rib cage to which mathematical models of the bones are scaled. The patients had chest radiographs taken at total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV) to investigate the source of the restrictive ventilatory defect that follows CABG. The predictions from the model were tested by comparing full-sized computer plots with the actual chest radiographs. The estimates of the bony structures were accurate to +/- 3 degrees for orientations and +/- 6 mm for positions. We found reduced rib motion both "pump-handle" (theta) and "bucket handle" (psi) going from theta, psi left, psi right = 9 degrees, 10 degrees, 14 degrees to 4 degrees, 10 degrees, 9 degrees, respectively, after surgery with P less than 0.025, 0.42, 0.07. The angles were measured from the horizontal and increased caudally. There was also reduction in the range of angles subtended by the arc of the thoracic vertebrae between TLC and RV, which went from 12 degrees to -1 degrees (P less than 0.015). These data explain the fall in lung volumes that follow CABG and provide insight into the contribution made by the ribs and spine in full inspiration and full expiration.
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Murray, R. C., R. Mackechnie-Guire, M. Fisher, and V. Fairfax. "Reducing peak pressures under the saddle at thoracic vertebrae 10-13 is associated with alteration in jump kinematics." Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180021.
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There is little information about horse-saddle interaction at take-off for a fence, although there is potential that this could have an influence on performance. It was hypothesised that (1) maximum peak pressure under the saddle would occur in the phase of maximum thoracolumbar flexion prior to hindlimb take-off; and (2) limb and trunk kinematics at take-off over the fence would be affected by reducing peak pressure at Thoracic vertebrae (T)10-13 at the point in the stride where peak pressures occur. The peak pressures under the usual saddle (Saddle S) and a saddle modified to reduce peak pressures at T10-13 (Saddle F) were measured during approach and take-off over a 1.30 m upright fence in 12 elite jumping horses. The timing of peak pressures was determined by comparison with simultaneous video data. Shoulder, carpal flexion angle and trunk angle to the horizontal at hindlimb take-off, take-off distance from the fence and fetlock height above the fence were determined using high speed motion analysis. Peak pressures under the saddle at T10-13 and kinematic data were compared between Saddles S and F. Maximum peak pressures occurred at forelimb vertical, during hindlimb protraction, consistent with thoracolumbar ventroflexion. Saddle F was associated with significantly lower peak pressures at T10-13, greater shoulder and carpal flexion, a steeper trunk angle, and higher fetlock height above the fence than Saddle S. Forelimb take-off distance from the fence was not different between saddles, but hindlimbs were significantly closer to the fence with Saddle F, indicating potential increase in ventroflexion through the thoracolumbosacral region. These findings suggest that reducing peak pressures under the saddle at T10-13 are associated with altered kinematics during the approach and take-off over a fence, which may have a positive effect on jumping performance.
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Briggs, Andrew M., John D. Wark, Susan Kantor, Nicola L. Fazzalari, Alison M. Greig, and Kim L. Bennell. "Bone mineral density distribution in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae: An ex vivo study using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry." Bone 38, no. 2 (February 2006): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.07.018.
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Christiansen, B. A., S. Demissie-Banjaw, B. J. Roberts, M. J. Valentine, S. R. Shah, S. Iyer, E. J. Samelson, D. P. Kiel, and M. L. Bouxsein. "Age-, sex- and spinal level-specific differences in bone density, geometry, and compressive strength of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae." Bone 44 (June 2009): S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.053.
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Mekjavic, I. B., and M. E. Rempel. "Determination of esophageal probe insertion length based on standing and sitting height." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.376.
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The present study derives simple formulas for the prediction of optimal insertion length of an esophageal temperature-sensitive probe from the measurements of either standing or sitting height. The formulas assume that the optimal site for an esophageal temperature probe is in the region of the esophagus bounded by the left ventricle and aorta, corresponding to the level of the eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae (T8 and T9, respectively). An esophageal probe was constructed of polyethylene tubing containing 1-cm segments of alternating radiopaque and nonradiopaque tubing in the distal 20 cm of the probe. The probe was inserted through a nostril into the esophagus of 20 subjects (12 males and 8 females) of various heights (range 163-194.6 cm) and weights (range 52.2-100.8 kg), and lateral chest radiograms were obtained for determination of the insertion length of the probe (L) required to situate the probe in the retrocardiac esophagus. Analysis of the radiograms demonstrated that, at the level of the intervertebral disc between T8 and T9, the probe was below the tracheal bifurcation and close to the left ventricle. The distance from the nasal flare to this level showed a good correlation with the subject's stretched stature (r2 = 0.71) and sitting height (r2 = 0.86). The following equations were derived to predict the placement of the esophageal probe at the T8/T9 level based on standing height: L (CM) = 0.228 x (standing height) - 0.194, and sitting height: L (cm) = 0.479 x (sitting height) - 4.44.
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Thomas, A. J., G. S. Supinski, and S. G. Kelsen. "Changes in chest wall structure and elasticity in elastase-induced emphysema." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.5.1821.
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The present study examined the effects of elastase-induced emphysema on the structure and elasticity of the chest wall. Specifically, we examined the passive pressure-volume relationship of the intact chest wall in anesthetized animals and the stress-strain relationship of the isolated rib cage devoid of respiratory musculature. The structure of the isolated rib cage was assessed by measuring its circumferential, anterior-posterior, and transverse dimensions, the angles of articulation of the ribs at the costovertebral and sternochondral joints, and the length of the sternum and individual ribs. Studies were performed in 10 Syrian Golden hamsters, 26–27 wk after intratracheal injection of elastase, and 9 saline-injected hamsters that served as controls. Mean functional residual capacity of emphysematous animals was 239% of the value obtained in control animals. In emphysematous animals, the pressure-volume curve of the chest wall was shifted parallel and to the left of the curve obtained in controls. That is, at any given esophageal pressure, lung volume was significantly greater in emphysematous animals compared with controls, but the slope of the pressure-volume relationship was similar in the two groups. In the relaxed position, the circumference, anterior-posterior, transverse, and rostral-caudal dimensions of the thorax were significantly greater in emphysematous than control animals. Although the length of the thoracic spinal column was the same in both groups, the length of the ribs and sternum were greater in emphysematous animals and the angles of articulation of the ribs with the vertebrae and sternum were altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Sran, Meena M., Steven K. Boyd, David M. L. Cooper, Karim M. Khan, Ron F. Zernicke, and Thomas R. Oxland. "Regional trabecular morphology assessed by micro-CT is correlated with failure of aged thoracic vertebrae under a posteroanterior load and may determine the site of fracture." Bone 40, no. 3 (March 2007): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.003.
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Villemure, I., C. E´ Aubina, J. Dansereau, and H. Labelle. "Simulation of Progressive Deformities in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using a Biomechanical Model Integrating Vertebral Growth Modulation." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1516198.
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While the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are still not well understood, it is generally recognized that it progresses within a biomechanical process involving asymmetrical loading of the spine and vertebral growth modulation. This study intends to develop a finite element model incorporating vertebral growth and growth modulation in order to represent the progression of scoliotic deformities. The biomechanical model was based on experimental and clinical observations, and was formulated with variables integrating a biomechanical stimulus of growth modulation along directions perpendicular (x) and parallel (y, z) to the growth plates, a sensitivity factor β to that stimulus and time. It was integrated into a finite element model of the thoracic and lumbar spine, which was personalized to the geometry of a female subject without spinal deformity. An imbalance of 2 mm in the right direction at the 8th thoracic vertebra was imposed and two simulations were performed: one with only growth modulation perpendicular to growth plates (Sim1), and the other one with additional components in the transverse plane (Sim2). Semi-quantitative characterization of the scoliotic deformities at each growth cycle was made using regional scoliotic descriptors (thoracic Cobb angle and kyphosis) and local scoliotic descriptors (wedging angle and axial rotation of the thoracic apical vertebra). In all simulations, spinal profiles corresponded to clinically observable configurations. The Cobb angle increased non-linearly from 0.3° to 34° (Sim1) and 20° (Sim2) from the first to last growth cycle, adequately reproducing the amplifying thoracic scoliotic curve. The sagittal thoracic profile (kyphosis) remained quite constant. Similarly to clinical and experimental observations, vertebral wedging angle of the thoracic apex progressed from 2.6° to 10.7° (Sim1) and 7.8° (Sim2) with curve progression. Concomitantly, vertebral rotation of the thoracic apex increased of 10° (Sim1) and 6° (Sim2) clockwise, adequately reproducing the evolution of axial rotation reported in several studies. Similar trends but of lesser magnitude (Sim2) suggests that growth modulation parallel to growth plates tend to counteract the growth modulation effects in longitudinal direction. Overall, the developed model adequately represents the self-sustaining progression of vertebral and spinal scoliotic deformities. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the modeling approach, and compared to other biomechanical studies of scoliosis it achieves a more complete representation of the scoliotic spine.
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Giesebrecht, Sabine, Peter G. Martin, Simon C. Gandevia, and Janet L. Taylor. "Facilitation and Inhibition of Tibialis Anterior Responses to Corticospinal Stimulation After Maximal Voluntary Contractions." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00879.2009.
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The corticospinal pathway is the major pathway controlling human voluntary movements. After strong voluntary contractions, the efficacy of corticospinal transmission to elbow flexors is reduced for ∼90 s, and this limits motoneuronal output. This reduction may reflect activity-dependent changes at cortico-motoneuronal synapses. We investigated whether similar changes occur in a leg muscle, tibialis anterior (TA). Electrical stimuli over high thoracic vertebrae activated corticospinal axons to evoke an EMG response in TA (TMEP). Stimuli were delivered before and after short 10-s and prolonged 1-min maximal contractions (MVCs) of ankle dorsiflexors. In two studies, stimuli were given with the muscle relaxed. In other studies, stimuli were given during weak contraction. After a 10-s MVC ( study 1, n = 10), TMEPs increased immediately to 349 ± 335% (mean ± SD) of control values. By 1 min after contraction, TMEPs decreased to 38 ± 28% of control and remained depressed for >10 min. Facilitation (191 ± 133% control) and depression (18 ± 22% control) occurred over the same time course after the 1-min MVC ( study 2, n = 10). When tested during weak contraction ( study 3, n = 10), TMEPs showed less facilitation (131 ± 41% control) and less depression (67 ± 21% control) and responses returned to baseline over ∼15 min. In contrast to TMEPs, H-reflexes in TA were little changed after a 10-s MVC ( study 4, n = 7). Our findings reveal an immediate facilitation and subsequent longer-lasting depression in corticospinal transmission to TA, which originate at a premotoneuronal site. This behavior differs markedly from that in elbow flexor muscles and suggests that activity-dependent changes in the motor pathway may be muscle specific.
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Borgens, Richard B., Riyi Shi, and Debra Bohnert. "Behavioral recovery from spinal cord injury following delayed application of polyethylene glycol." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.1.1.
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SUMMARY Topical application of the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) to isolated adult guinea pig spinal cord injuries has been shown to lead to the recovery of both the anatomical integrity of the tissue and the conduction of nerve impulses through the lesion. Furthermore, a brief (2 min) application of the fusogen (Mr 1800, 50 % w/v aqueous solution) to the exposed spinal cord injury in vivo can also cause rapid recovery of nerve impulse conduction through the lesion in association with functional recovery. Behavioral recovery was demonstrated using a long-tract, spinal-cord-dependent behavior in rodents known as the cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM) reflex. This reflex is observed as a contraction of the skin of the back in response to tactile stimulation. Here, we confirm and extend these preliminary observations. A severe compression/contusion injury to the exposed thoracic spinal cord of the guinea pig was performed between thoracic vertebrae 10 and 11. Approximately 7 h later, a topical application of PEG was made to the injury (dura removed) for 2 min in 15 experimental animals, and levels of recovery were compared with those of 13 vehicle-treated control animals. In PEG-treated animals, 93 % recovered variable levels of CTM functioning and all recovered some level of conduction through the lesion, as measured by evoked potential techniques. The recovered reflex was relatively normal compared with the quantitative characteristics of the reflex prior to injury with respect to the direction, distance and velocity of skin contraction. Only 23 % of the control population showed any spontaneous CTM recovery (P=0.0003) and none recovered conduction through the lesion during the 1 month period of observation (P=0.0001). These results suggest that repair of nerve membranes by polymeric sealing can provide a novel means for the rapid restoration of function following spinal cord injury.
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Curatolo, Evan, Matthew Reuter, Adil Samad, Daniel Flynn, Marc Menkowitz, and Steve Paragioudakis. "Cascading Adjacent Level Vertebral Compression Fractures Necessitating a Series of Eleven Kyphoplasties." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/395875.
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Vertebral kyphoplasty is a procedure used for the treatment of compression fractures. While early randomized-controlled trials were equivocal regarding its benefits, more recent RCTs have shown favorable results for kyphoplasty with regard to pain relief, functional recovery, and health-care related quality of life compared to control patients. Risks of kyphoplasty include but are not limited to cement extrusion, infection, hematoma, and vertebral body fracture of adjacent levels. We describe a case of a 66-year-old male attorney who underwent eleven kyphoplasties in an approximately one-year period, the majority of which were for fractures of vertebrae adjacent to those previously treated with kyphoplasty. Information on treatment was gathered from the patient’s hospital chart and outpatient office notes. Following the last of the eleven kyphoplasties (two at T8, one each at all vertebrae from T9 to L5), the patient was able to function without pain and return to work. His physiologic thoracic kyphosis of 40 degrees prior to the first procedure was maintained, as were his lung and abdominal volumes. We conclude that kyphoplasty is an appropriate procedure for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures and can be used repeatedly to address fractures of levels adjacent to a previous kyphoplasty.
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Clark, L., E. J. Bradley, K. Nankervis, and J. Ling. "Repeatability vs complexity: kinematic comparison between a dressage simulator and real horses." Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 5 (September 14, 2021): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep200063.
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Riding simulators are designed to replicate movement of a horse for the purpose of assessment and training of horse riders, but little is known about their similarity in replicating movement of horses. This study tested the validity of a dressage simulator, by measuring cycle/stride duration, range and symmetry of displacement of the simulator and comparing displacement vectors to that of real horses trotting on a treadmill. A reflective marker was placed on the midline of the simulator at the estimated level of the 18th thoracic vertebrae (T18), and over the T18 spinous process of ten horses. The simulator displacement was recorded in trot mode, while the real horses trotted at a comfortable speed on a treadmill. Displacements in three axes of motion were measured using 10 high-speed video cameras sampling at 240 Hz. Correlation tests showed high levels of statistical repeatability and symmetry of the simulator between multiple runs. Mean cycle/stride duration of the simulator was significantly faster than the group of horses by 0.17 s. Significant differences between the simulator and horses were shown in overall displacement in two axes, the simulator displaying 70% greater displacement in the mediolateral axis, 22% greater displacement in the craniocaudal axis, but displaying 12% less movement in the dorsoventral axis, which was not statistically significant. Displacement trajectories showed similarities in the frontal plane, displaying a butterfly-shaped sequence, but clear differences in the sagittal plane, with the horses showing an oval pattern of displacement and the simulator a clear linear displacement. Caution must therefore be taken with assumptions that riders will move in the same way on a simulator as they would on a real horse.
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Rothwell, Daniel T., Daniel T. P. Fong, Sarah A. Stapley, and David J. Williams. "A clinically applicable tool for rapidly estimating muscle volume using ultrasound images." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 11-12 (October 25, 2019): 2685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04242-2.
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Abstract Purpose This study aimed to identify a safe, rapid, and accessible method of estimating muscle volume of key lower limb muscle groups to reduce the time-demand of acquiring this measurement and potentially facilitate its application as a clinical monitoring tool. Methods Unilateral MRI images were acquired from the 12th thoracic vertebrae to the base of the foot in 18 recreationally active males. Panoramic B-mode ultrasound images were acquired from the same leg at the mid-hip, 25%, 50%, and 75% of thigh length, and 25% of shank length. Body mass, height, limb lengths, and circumferences at the sites corresponding to the ultrasound images were acquired. A single investigator manually analysed all images. Regression analyses were conducted to identify models for estimating volume of the hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle groups. Results Models were developed for estimating hip extensor (SEE = 8.92%, R2 = 0.690), knee extensor (SEE = 5.24%, R2 = 0.707) and flexor (SEE = 7.89%, R2 = 0.357), and ankle plantarflexor (SEE = 10.78%, R2 = 0.387) muscle group volumes. The hip and knee extensor models showed good potential for generalisation. Systematic error was observed for the knee flexor and ankle plantarflexor models. Conclusions Hip extensor, knee extensor and flexor, and ankle plantarflexor muscle group volumes can be estimated using B-mode ultrasound images and anthropometric measurements. The error shown for each of the models was sufficient to identify previously reported differences in muscle volume due to training or injury, supporting their clinical application.
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Luers, Patrick R. "Motion Analysis of the Cervical Spine." Guides Newsletter 9, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2004.sepoct01.
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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, defines a motion segment as “two adjacent vertebrae, the intervertebral disk, the apophyseal or facet joints, and ligamentous structures between the vertebrae.” The range of motion from segment to segment varies, and loss of motion segment integrity is defined as “an anteroposterior motion of one vertebra over another that is greater than 3.5 mm in the cervical spine, greater than 2.5 mm in the thoracic spine, and greater than 4.5 mm in the lumbar spine.” Multiple etiologies are associated with increased motion in the cervical spine; some are physiologic or compensatory and others are pathologic. The standard radiographic evaluation of instability and ligamentous injury in the cervical spine consists of lateral flexion and extension x-ray views, but no single pattern of injury is identified in whiplash injuries. Fluoroscopy or cineradiographic techniques may be more sensitive than other methods for evaluating subtle abnormal motion in the cervical spine. The increased motion thus detected then must be evaluated to determine whether it represents normal physiologic motion, normal compensatory motion, motion related to underlying degenerative disk and/or facet disease, or increased motion related to ligamentous injury. Imaging studies should be performed and interpreted as instructed in the AMA Guides.
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ØSTNES, JAN E., and CLAUS BECH. "Thermosensitivity of different parts of the Spinal Cord of the Pigeon (Columba Livia)." Journal of Experimental Biology 162, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162.1.185.
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In the present study we compared the metabolic responses to selective cooling of the cervical (C9--Th1) and the thoracic (Thi--Th5) parts of the spinal cord of pigeons. To obtain selective cooling of the two parts, two thermodes (4.5 cm) were inserted into the vertebral canal through an aperture in the first thoracic vertebra. During the experiments, one of the two thermodes was perfused with water at a constant temperature for periods of 15 min. The thermosensitivity was denned as the relationship between the amount of extra heat produced and the amount of heat extracted from the stimulated area. Cooling of the thoracic part resulted in a substantially higher increase in metabolic heat production and body temperature (Tb) than did cooling of the cervical part. It is concluded that the thoracic part of the spinal cord has a greater thermosensitivity than the cervical part. In addition, it was found that the difference in elevation of Tb during cooling of the two parts was not simply a result of differences in the amount of heat produced. When the changes in Tb were related to the difference between the extra heat produced and he amount of heat extracted, the increase in Tb during thoracic cooling was greater than that recorded during cervical cooling. This indicates that cooling of the two different parts of the spinal cord also had different effects on the thermoregulatory effector mechanisms that influence thermal conductance. The study seems to provide evidence in favour of afferent transmission of cold signals in the spinal cord.
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Kocsis, Bernat, and Katalin Gyimesi-Pelczer. "Spinal segments communicating resting sympathetic activity to postganglionic nerves of the stellate ganglion." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): R400—R409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.2.r400.
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It has been shown earlier using sympathetic reflexes and anatomic techniques that preganglionic neurons controlling different effectors occupy wide and overlapping ranges of adjacent segments in the spinal cord (cardiac: T1–T7, vertebral: T2–T8). Because, however, the majority of preganglionic neurons are silent at resting states, the present study was designed to estimate the segmental map of subsets of these neurons including only those active at rest using simultaneous recordings from the inferior cardiac and vertebral nerves, under chloralose-urethan or urethan anesthesia. In 22 cats, thoracic white rami T1–T8 were cut in a sequential manner. Three-minute-long data segments were recorded between sectionings and analyzed in the frequency domain using the fast Fourier transform. We found that cardiac and vertebral active maps involved segments T3–T5 and T4–T8, respectively. In individual experiments, however, most of the power of rhythmic activity originated from only one or two segments and the dominant segments for the two nerves never overlapped. Moreover, the separation between dominant segments generating cardiac and vertebral nerve discharges was wider and the distribution of tonically active preganglionic neurons projecting to each nerve was narrower under urethan than chloralose-urethan anesthesia. We conclude that the proportion of active to quiescent preganglionic neurons regulating cardiac and vertebral nerve discharges varies from spinal segment to segment and that active neurons projecting to these nerves are nonoverlapping.
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Dombkowski, Ryan A., Michael J. Russell, Alexis A. Schulman, Meredith M. Doellman, and Kenneth R. Olson. "Vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 1 (January 2005): R243—R252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00324.2004.
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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. In steelhead/rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss, Osteichthyes), H2S produces both dose-dependent dilation and a unique dose-dependent constriction. In this study, we examined H2S vasoactivity in all vertebrate classes to determine whether H2S is universally vasoactive and to identify phylogenetic and/or environmental trends. H2S was generated from NaHS and examined in unstimulated and precontracted systemic and, when applicable, pulmonary arteries (PA) from Pacific hagfish ( Eptatretus stouti, Agnatha), sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus, Agnatha), sandbar shark ( Carcharhinus milberti, Chondrichthyes), marine toad ( Bufo marinus, Amphibia), American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis, Reptilia), Pekin duck ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, Aves), and white rat ( Rattus rattus, Mammalia). In otherwise unstimulated vessels, NaHS produced 1) a dose-dependent relaxation in Pacific hagfish dorsal aorta; 2) a dose-dependent contraction in sea lamprey dorsal aorta, marine toad aorta, alligator aorta and PA, duck aorta, and rat thoracic aorta; 3) a threshold relaxation in shark ventral aorta, dorsal aorta, and afferent branchial artery; and 4) a multiphasic contraction-relaxation-contraction in the marine toad PA, duck PA, and rat PA. Precontraction of these vessels with another agonist did not affect the general pattern of NaHS vasoactivity with the exception of the rat aorta, where relaxation was now dominant. These results show that H2S is a phylogenetically ancient and versatile vasoregulatory molecule that appears to have been opportunistically engaged to suit both organ-specific and species-specific homeostatic requirements.
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Oyetunji, Tolulope A., Hope T. Jackson, Augustine C. Obirieze, Danier Moore, Marc J. Branche, Wendy R. Greene, Edward E. Cornwell, and Suryanarayana M. Siram. "Associated Injuries in Traumatic Sternal Fractures: A Review of the National Trauma Data Bank." American Surgeon 79, no. 7 (July 2013): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481307900714.
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Sternal fractures occur infrequently with blunt force trauma. The demographics and epidemiology of associated injuries have not been well characterized from a national trauma database. The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for patients with closed sternal fractures. The demographics were analyzed by age, gender, mechanism and indicators of anatomic and physiologic injuries. Types of commonly associated injuries were also determined. A total of 23,985 records were analyzed. Males accounted for 68.3 per cent and whites 70.9 per cent. Motor vehicle crash was the leading mechanism. More than 56 per cent had severe injuries based on Injury Severity Score (greater than 15) and 17 per cent with Glasgow Coma Score 8 or less. Crude mortality was 7.9 per cent. The majority (57.8%) and approximately one-third (33.7%) of the patients had rib fractures and lung contusions, respectively, 22.0 per cent with closed pneumothorax, 21.6 per cent had a closed thoracic vertebra fracture, 16.9 per cent with lumbar spine fracture, 3.9 per cent with concussion, and blunt cardiac injury in 3.6 per cent. Sternal fractures are usually associated with severe blunt trauma. Lung contusion remains the leading associated injury followed by vertebral spine fractures. Cardiac injuries are less frequent and vascular injuries less so. Mechanism of injury and presence of sternal fractures should alert providers to these potential associated injuries.
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Jackel, C., W. Krenz, and F. Nagy. "BICUCULLINE/BACLOFEN-INSENSITIVE GABA RESPONSE IN CRUSTACEAN NEURONES IN CULTURE." Journal of Experimental Biology 191, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.191.1.167.
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Neurones were dissociated from thoracic ganglia of embryonic and adult lobsters and kept in primary culture. When gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was applied by pressure ejection, depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses were produced, depending on the membrane potential. They were accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. When they were present, action potential firing was inhibited. The pharmacological profile and ionic mechanism of GABA-evoked current were investigated under voltage-clamp with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The reversal potential of GABA-evoked current depended on the intracellular and extracellular Cl- concentration but not on extracellular Na+ and K+. Blockade of Ca2+ channels by Mn2+ was also without effect. The GABA-evoked current was mimicked by application of the GABAA agonists muscimol and isoguvacine with an order of potency muscimol>GABA>isoguvacine. cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA), a folded and conformationally restricted GABA analogue, supposed to be diagnostic for the vertebrate GABAC receptor, also induced a bicuculline-resistant chloride current, although with a potency about 10 times lower than that of GABA. The GABA-evoked current was largely blocked by picrotoxin, but was insensitive to the GABAA antagonists bicuculline, bicuculline methiodide and SR 95531 at concentrations of up to 100 µmol l-1. Diazepam and phenobarbital did not exert modulatory effects. The GABAB antagonist phaclophen did not affect the GABA-induced current, while the GABAB agonists baclophen and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid (3-APA) never evoked any response. Our results suggest that lobster thoracic neurones in culture express a chloride-conducting GABA-receptor channel which conforms to neither the GABAA nor the GABAB types of vertebrates but shows a pharmacology close to that of the novel GABAC receptor described in the vertebrate retina.
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Zengerle, Laura, Christoph Fleege, Theodor Di Pauli von Treuheim, Daniel Vogele, Michael Rauschmann, and Hans-Joachim Wilke. "Georg Schmorl Prize of the German Spine Society (DWG) 2020: new biomechanical in vitro test method to determine subsidence risk of vertebral body replacements." European Spine Journal 30, no. 5 (March 17, 2021): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06764-w.
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Abstract Purpose Prevention of implant subsidence in osteoporotic (thoraco)lumbar spines is still a major challenge in spinal surgery. In this study, a new biomechanical in vitro test method was developed to simulate patient activities in order to determine the subsidence risk of vertebral body replacements during physiologic loading conditions. Methods The study included 12 (thoraco)lumbar (T11-L1, L2-L4) human specimens. After dorsal stabilisation and corpectomy, vertebral body replacements (VBR) with (a) round centrally located and (b) lateral end pieces with apophyseal support were implanted, equally distributed regarding segment, sex, mean BMD ((a) 64.2 mgCaHA/cm3, (b) 66.7 mgCaHA/cm3) and age ((a) 78 years, (b) 73.5 years). The specimens were then subjected to everyday activities (climbing stairs, tying shoes, lifting 20 kg) simulated by a custom-made dynamic loading simulator combining corresponding axial loads with flexion–extension and lateral bending movements. They were applied in oscillating waves at 0.5 Hz and raised every 100 cycles phase-shifted to each other by 50 N or 0.25°, respectively. The range of motion (ROM) of the specimens was determined in all three motion planes under pure moments of 3.75 Nm prior to and after implantation as well as subsequently following activities. Simultaneously, subsidence depth was quantified from fluoroscope films. A mixed model (significance level: 0.05) was established to relate subsidence risk to implant geometries and patients’ activities. Results With this new test method, simulating everyday activities provoked clinically relevant subsidence schemes. Generally, severe everyday activities caused deeper subsidence which resulted in increased ROM. Subsidence of lateral end pieces was remarkably less pronounced which was accompanied by a smaller ROM in flexion–extension and higher motion possibilities in axial rotation (p = 0.05). Conclusion In this study, a new biomechanical test method was developed that simulates physiologic activities to examine implant subsidence. It appears that the highest risk of subsidence occurs most when lifting heavy weights, and into the ventral part of the caudal vertebra. The results indicate that lateral end pieces may better prevent from implant subsidence because of the additional cortical support. Generally, patients that are treated with a VBR should avoid activities that create high loading on the spine.
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Wenk, Manuel, Christian Ertmer, Thomas P. Weber, Ulf R. Liljenqvist, Daniel M. Pöpping, Michael Möllmann, and Viola Bullmann. "Feasibility and Efficacy of Preoperative Epidural Catheter Placement for Anterior Scoliosis Surgery." Anesthesiology 113, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181e19bb7.
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Background Postoperative pain control via thoracic epidural catheters (TECs) is an important aspect of postoperative care, and ample evidence highlights its positive physiologic effects and superiority to intravenous analgesia. If epidural catheters for postoperative pain relief are used in scoliosis surgery, current practice is the intraoperative placement of the TEC by the surgeon because preoperative placement is considered challenging and dangerous. On the basis of magnetic resonance imaging of scoliotic spines, the authors developed a technique for preoperative placement of TEC and investigated its safety and feasibility. Methods Patients undergoing anterior scoliosis surgery were included, who received preoperative placement of TEC. Postoperative pain, problems associated with the TEC placement, possible side effects, radiographic data, and insertion levels of the TEC were noted. Results The apex vertebra was identified as a possible site for TEC placement due to dural sac shift leaving a wider epidural space on the convex side. Scoliosis-induced rotation of the vertebrae required realignment of the needle toward the convex side. Sixty patients were included. The success rate for TEC placement was 96.6%: one failed attempt, one catheter placed intrapleurally, and one patient with Horner syndrome. Seven percent of patients required additional rescue analgesia. All other patients had pain scores within acceptable limits (Visual Analogue Scale <5). Conclusions The authors have demonstrated that it is possible to insert a TEC in patients with scoliotic spines with a high degree of success using a redesigned approach and thus provide adequate postoperative analgesia with a single epidural catheter. However, precautions have to be taken.
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Bert, Robert J., Neesha Settipalle, Emily Tiwana, Dheeraj Muddasani, Ruponti Nath, Brandon Wellman, Frank Mihlon, Mohammadjavad Negahdar, Amir Amini, and Maxwell Boakye. "The relationships among spinal CSF flows, spinal cord geometry, and vascular correlations: evidence of intrathecal sources and sinks." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 317, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): R470—R484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2018.
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We studied relationships of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pulsatile flow at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels using phase-contrast cine MRI (PCCMRI) to determine the following: 1) instantaneous and average net flows at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels, 2) stochastic correlations of CSF flow with major arterial supplies and major draining veins, and 3) whether adjustments of cord-flow curves—using cord cross-sectional areas, caudal lengths, and caudal volumes—would normalize flow curves from different levels. We scanned 15 healthy volunteers without anesthesia, ages 23–46 yr, using external, retrocardiac-gated, two-dimensional PCCMRI at 3T. Transverse scans of the subarachnoid space, arteries, and veins were acquired and analyzed at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels. Instantaneous CSF flow decreased craniocaudally along the full time course of a cardiac cycle. Downward net flow generally increased craniocaudally. During diastole, instantaneous CSF flow decreased proportionally to cross-sectional area, caudal residual length, and caudal residual volume of the cord. The proportionalities were less consistent during systole. CSF, internal carotid artery (ICA), vertebral artery, and lower aorta temporal correlations were highest in systole and decreased craniocaudally. CSF flow temporally correlated better with lower aorta flow than with the ICA at T7 and L2 during systole but not diastole. Inferior vena cava temporal correlation increased craniocaudally. We conclude that whereas instantaneous flow is attenuated cranial caudally, net downward flow, per cardiac cycle, increases caudally, becoming statistically significant at T7 and below the conus medullaris. We can explain the results with the assumption of cord CSF production and peripheral-dominated CSF absorption.
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Kolesov, S. V., A. N. Baklanov, and I. A. Shavyrin. "Correction of Spine Pathology in Patients with Meningocele." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto20130146-52.
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Treatment results for 8 patients aged 3 to 17 years with neuromuscular spine deformities on the background of meningocele are presented. In all patients spine deformities were accompanied by spinal dysraphias. Average curvature arch was 86°. Surgical treatment was performed either in one (5patients) or in two (3 patients) steps. In 2 patients vertebral column resection (VCR) was performed. Average achieved scoliotic deformity correction made up62% and postoperative value of thoracic/thoracolumbar kyphosis approximated the physiologic one (40°). Surgical treatment of kyphoscoliosis on the background of meningocele that consisted of extensive spine instrumentation with pelvis fixation favoured the normalization of trunk balance, improved cardiopulmonary function, patients’ appearance and life quality. In this group of patients surgical intervention is associated with high intraoperative risk and rate of postoperative complications.
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SILLAR, KEITH T., and ROBERT C. ELSON. "Slow Active Potentials in Walking-Leg Motor Neurones Triggered by Non-Spiking Proprioceptive Afferents in the Crayfish." Journal of Experimental Biology 126, no. 1 (November 1, 1986): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126.1.445.
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Intracellular recordings have been made from walking-leg motor neurones of the crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in isolated preparations of the thoracic ganglia. Some motor neurones display slow depolarizations that can drive bursts of spikes and resemble ‘plateau’ potentials described in other invertebrate and vertebrate neurones. Evidence is presented which suggests that the potentials are regenerative and endogenous to the motor neurones, and are not the result of feedback from a neural network. These potentials can be induced by synaptic inputs from the non-spiking afferent neurones of the thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ, a basal limb proprioceptor. Reflex input from this receptor is augmented during the active depolarization of the motor neurone. The results are discussed in terms of the control of rhythmic motor output and the central modulation of reflexes in the crayfish's thoracic nervous system.
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Wu, Linlin, Jing Fan, Qianqian Yuan, Xusheng Zhang, Miaomiao Hu, and Kaixian Zhang. "Computed tomography-guided microwave ablation combined with percutaneous vertebroplasty for treatment of painful high thoracic vertebral metastases." International Journal of Hyperthermia 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2021.1951364.
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Vico, L., S. Bourrin, C. Genty, S. Palle, and C. Alexandre. "Histomorphometric analyses of cancellous bone from COSMOS 2044 rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2203.
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The influence of 14 days of spaceflight on cancellous bone of male Wistar rats was assessed by histomorphometric analysis. In proximal tibia, no difference was found between flight, synchronous, vivarium, and basal groups for epiphyseal bone volume or trabecular arrangement. In metaphysis, primary spongiosa width was reduced in flight rats, suggesting an alteration in bone longitudinal growth. In flight rats, secondary spongiosa evidenced a trend toward decreased bone mass, trabecular number and thickness, and osteoid surfaces, whereas there was a tendency toward increased osteoclast number compared with vivarium control but not with synchronous rats. In femoral fossa trochanteri, an area facing deep muscular insertions, no changes in bone volume or structure were noted among the different groups. However, a reduction of osteoid surfaces was seen in flight and synchronous groups compared with the other groups. Resorption activity was increased in flight rats compared with control rats. In thoracic vertebral body, osteoblastic surfaces decreased similarly in flight and synchronous rats. In lumbar vertebral body, decreased osteoblastic surfaces and increased osteoclastic parameters were observed in flight and synchronous rats. The more striking effects of spaceflight were the decrease in tibial primary spongiosa width and the increase in resorption activity of the femoral fossa trochanteri. In all other sites, cellular alterations appeared similar in flight and synchronous rats, suggesting a role for physiological stress. The time course of events would depend on initial growth and turnover rates of bone, its weight-bearing function on earth, and the presence of muscular insertions.
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Güngör, Abuzer, Gürkan Berikol, Mehmet Berke Göztepe, Baris Ozoner, and Murat Şakir Ekşi. "Thoracic vertebra interbody fusion surgery with robotic assisted system in a swine model." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 92 (October 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.037.
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Guenette, Jordan A., Benjamin C. Sporer, Meaghan J. MacNutt, Harvey O. Coxson, A. William Sheel, John R. Mayo, and Donald C. McKenzie. "Lung density is not altered following intense normobaric hypoxic interval training in competitive female cyclists." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 3 (September 2007): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00247.2007.
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Noninvasive imaging techniques have been used to assess pulmonary edema following exercise but results remain equivocal. Most studies examining this phenomenon have used male subjects while the female response has received little attention. Some suggest that women, by virtue of their smaller lungs, airways, and diffusion surface areas may be more susceptible to pulmonary limitations during exercise. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine if intense normobaric hypoxic exercise could induce pulmonary edema in women. Baseline lung density was obtained in eight highly trained female cyclists (mean ± SD: age = 26 ± 7 yr; height = 172.2 ± 6.7 cm; mass = 64.1 ± 6.7 kg; V̇o2max = 52.2 ± 2.2 ml·kg−1·min−1) using computed tomography (CT). CT scans were obtained at the level of the aortic arch, the tracheal carina, and the superior end plate of the tenth thoracic vertebra. While breathing 15% O2, subjects then performed five 2.5-km cycling intervals [mean power = 212 ± 31 W; heart rate (HR) = 94.5 ± 2.2%HRmax] separated by 5 min of recovery. Throughout the intervals, subjects desaturated to 82 ± 4%, which was 13 ± 2% below resting hypoxic levels. Scans were repeated 44 ± 8 min following exercise. Mean lung density did not change from pre (0.138 ± 0.014 g/ml)- to postexercise (0.137 ± 0.011 g/ml). These findings suggest that pulmonary edema does not occur in highly trained females following intense normobaric hypoxic exercise.
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Boggs, D., F. Jenkins, and K. Dial. "The effects of the wingbeat cycle on respiration in black-billed magpies (Pica pica)." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1403.
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Interclavicular and posterior thoracic airsac pressures, tracheal airflows and pectoralis muscle activity were recorded simultaneously to determine the effect of the wingbeat cycle upon the function of the respiratory system. The effects of the wingbeat cycle on the relative positions of thoraco-abdominal skeletal structures were also assessed using high-speed X-ray cinematography of magpies Pica pica flying in a windtunnel. We found that the furcula bends laterally on the downstroke and recoils medially on the upstroke, as previously described for starlings, and that the coraco-sternal joint (the most consistently visible point on the sternum for digitization) is displaced dorsally during the downstroke and ventrally, with respect to the vertebral column, during the upstroke. In magpies, there are generally three wingbeat cycles during a respiratory cycle. When downstroke occurs during inspiration, its compressive effect reduces the inspiratory subatmospheric airsac pressure by an average of 92 % (0.35 kPa), whereas when upstroke occurs during expiration its expansive effect can reduce the expiratory supra-atmospheric airsac pressure by 63 % (0.23 kPa). Corresponding changes occur in tracheal airflow. Changes in respiratory parameters during short flights with respect to resting values include a doubling of tidal volume and a tripling of respiratory frequency. We conclude that the wingbeat cycle can have a substantial impact on respiratory system function in the flying magpie, and that this represents a mechanical basis for breathing patterns and patterns of phasic coordination between wingbeat and respiratory cycles that may result in minimal interference and maximal assistance from the wingbeat upon the respiratory cycle.
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Ren, Xiaoping, Anne E. Roessler, Thomas L. Lynch, Lauren Haar, Faryal Mallick, Yong Lui, Michael Tranter, et al. "Cardioprotection via the skin: nociceptor-induced conditioning against cardiac MI in the NIC of time." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 316, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): H543—H553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00094.2018.
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Timely reperfusion is still the most effective approach to limit infarct size in humans. Yet, despite advances in care and reduction in door-to-balloon times, nearly 25% of patients develop heart failure postmyocardial infarction, with its attendant morbidity and mortality. We previously showed that cardioprotection results from a skin incision through the umbilicus in a murine model of myocardial infarction. In the present study, we show that an electrical stimulus or topical capsaicin applied to the skin in the same region induces significantly reduced infarct size in a murine model. We define this class of phenomena as nociceptor-induced conditioning (NIC) based on the peripheral nerve mechanism of initiation. We show that NIC is effective both as a preconditioning and postconditioning remote stimulus, reducing infarct size by 86% and 80%, respectively. NIC is induced via activation of skin C-fiber nerves. Interestingly, the skin region that activates NIC is limited to the anterior of the T9−T10 vertebral region of the abdomen. Cardioprotection after NIC requires the integrity of the spinal cord from the region of stimulation to the thoracic vertebral region of the origin of the cardiac nerves but does not require that the cord be intact in the cervical region. Thus, we show that NIC is a reflex and not a central nervous system-mediated effect. The mechanism involves bradykinin 2 receptor activity and activation of PKC, specifically, PKC-α. The similarity of the neuroanatomy and conservation of the effectors of cardioprotection supports that NIC may be translatable to humans as a nontraumatic and practical adjunct therapy against ischemic disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that an electrical stimulus to skin sensory nerves elicits a very powerful cardioprotection against myocardial infarction. This stimulus works by a neurogenic mechanism similar to that previously elucidated for remote cardioprotection of trauma. Nociceptor-induced conditioning is equally potent when applied before ischemia or at reperfusion and has great potential clinically.
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Christiansen, B. A., D. Kopperdahl, M. J. Valentine, B. J. Roberts, T. M. Keaveny, D. P. Kiel, and M. L. Bouxsein. "Age-related differences in thoracic and lumbar vertebral bone density and strength assessed using QCT-based finite element analysis." Bone 44 (May 2009): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.156.
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Kamosińska, B., D. Nowicki, A. Szulczyk, and P. Szulczyk. "Spinal segmental sympathetic outflow to cervical sympathetic trunk, vertebral nerve, inferior cardiac nerve and sympathetic fibres in the thoracic vagus." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 32, no. 3 (March 1991): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(91)90114-i.
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Goto, N. A., M. C. Koelé, I. N. van Loon, F. T. J. Boereboom, M. C. Verhaar, M. H. Emmelot-Vonk, M. E. Hamaker, and H. C. Willems. "Thoracic vertebral fractures and hyperkyphosis in elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease; do these patients have different clinical outcomes?" Bone 127 (October 2019): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.007.
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Payer, M., and H. Walser. "Evacuation of a 14-vertebral-level cervico-thoracic epidural abscess and review of surgical options for extensive spinal epidural abscesses." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 15, no. 4 (April 2008): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2006.12.018.
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Pearson, H. A., G. Lees, and D. Wray. "CALCIUM CHANNEL CURRENTS IN NEURONES FROM LOCUST (SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA) THORACIC GANGLIA." Journal of Experimental Biology 177, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.177.1.201.
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1. Using the patch-clamp technique, Ca2+ channel currents were recorded from neurones freshly isolated from the thoracic ganglia of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. 2. In solutions containing 10 mmol l-1 Ba2+ we observed high-voltage-activated whole-cell inward currents with sustained and transient components, both of which had similar steady-state inactivation properties. 3. Substitution of Ca2+ for Ba2+ was found to reduce whole-cell currents, whereas removal of monovalent cations had no effect. 4. Cd2+ (1 mmol l-1) completely blocked the whole-cell current, but at 10 micromolar preferentially inhibited the sustained component without affecting the transient component. 5. Verapamil (1 micromolar) inhibited both current components but appeared to be more selective for the sustained component, whereas nitrendipine (1 micromolar) had no effect on either component. 6. A single-channel recording suggested that the transient component was carried by a low- conductance channel. 7. Certain compounds with insecticidal action (ryanodine, S-bioallethrin, deltamethrin and avermectin) did not affect calcium channel currents in these cells. 8. These data suggest that there are two types of Ca2+ channels present in locust neurones. These channel types have properties differing from the T-, L- and N-type channels found in vertebrates and, furthermore, were not targets for the insecticides we tested.
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ZINEBI, H., J. SIMMERS, and J. P. TRUCHOT. "A Peripheral Arterial O2-Sensitive Pathway to the Respiratory Oscillator of the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas." Journal of Experimental Biology 148, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148.1.181.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments on whole crab, Carcinus maenas, as well as on two types of isolated perfused preparationswere performed to locate the origin of the O2 chemosensitivity which drives hyperventilation in hypoxia and hypoventilation in hyperoxia. Electromyographic recordings from the scaphognathite muscles confirmed the existence of strong ventilatory responses in the whole animal exposed to various water oxygen levels. Furthermore, surgical section of the circumoesophageal connectivesdid not suppress these responses, thereby excluding the cerebral ganglia as the only site or relay for the O2 chemosensitivity. In semi-isolated preparations in which the thoracic ganglion and anterior arterial system were perfused by saline at various PO2 values, extracellular recordings of the motor output in the peripheral ventilatory nerves showed respiratory responses qualitatively similar, but quantitatively weaker, than those observed in the whole animal. Theseresponses were suppressed by bilateral section of the ventilatory nerves or ligation of the anterior sternal artery. In perfused preparations of the completely isolated thoracic ganglion, respiratory frequency was reduced under hypoxia. This is consistent with a purely metabolic response and excludes a central O2 chemosensitivity at the level of the respiratory oscillator itself. We conclude that a population of peripheral O2-sensitive chemoreceptors is present within the arterial systemin the ventral anterior region, probably around the scaphognathites. These receptors are reversibly stimulated by potassiumcyanide, lobeline and almitrine bismesylate, as also are peripheral O2 chemoreceptors in vertebrates.
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Stone, G. N., and P. G. Willmer. "Warm-Up Rates and Body Temperatures in Bees: The Importance of Body Size, Thermal Regime and Phylogeny." Journal of Experimental Biology 147, no. 1 (November 1, 1989): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.147.1.303.
Full textAbstract:
1. We assess the importance of body mass and the minimum ambient temperature at which foraging occurs in determining the warm-up rates and thoracic temperatures in flight at an air temperature of 22°C of 55 species of bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from six families adapted to a variety of thermal environments. 2. To control for the effects of taxonomic differences in the relationships between these variables, we use multiple regression incorporated in the phylogenetic regression method developed by Grafen (1989). 3. The prediction made by May (1976) that for very small heterotherms warmup rate will correlate positively with body mass is confirmed when the effects of phylogeny and the thermal environment to which the bee is adapted have been controlled for. The relationship between warm-up rate and body mass within the Apoidea is thus not an extension to lower body masses of the relationship found for heterothermic vertebrates. 4. Having controlled for the effects of body mass in our analyses, we demonstrate that bees able to fly at lower ambient temperatures have higher thoracic temperatures and warm-up rates than bees adapted to wanner environments. 5. There is some suggestion that kleptoparasitic bees, being freed from the need to forage in order to provision cells, have lower warm-up rates than provisioning species. 6. The significance of these relationships in the ecology of bees is discussed in relation to studies of body temperatures and warm-up rates in bees and other insects.
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BENSON, JACK A. "A Novel Gaba Receptor in the Heart of a Primitive Arthropod, Limulus Polyphemus." Journal of Experimental Biology 147, no. 1 (November 1, 1989): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.147.1.421.
Full textAbstract:
1. The isolated, intact heart of the marine arachnid Limulus polyphemus continues to beat in vitro for many hours. Application of γaminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased the heart beat frequency with a threshold of 3xlO−7 moll−1 and an EC50 of 2.0±0.6xlO−5 moll−1 (mean±s.D., N = 8). At lO−4moll−1 and above the heart beat was completely and reversibly inhibited. 2. The agonist potency profile of the Limulus heart chronotropic GABA receptor was very similar to that of the vertebrate GABAA receptor: muscimol > ZAPA>GABA=⋍TACA>isoguvacine>THIP>3-aminopropane sulphonic acid> imidazole-4-acetic acid ⋍ß-guanidino proprionic acid ⋍5-aminovalerate. In contrast, the antagonist profile differed dramatically: bicuculline, pitrazepin and SR 95103, as well as the channel blocker picrotoxin, were without effect at concentrations up to 10−4moll−1. 3. The benzodiazepines clorazepate, flunitrazepam, flurazepam and diazepam, as well as the barbiturate sodium pentobarbital, were without effect on the GABA response, suggesting that the Limulus heart GABA receptor is not complexed with the benzodiazepine and barbiturate modulatory subunits that characterize vertebrate GABAA receptor. 4. The GABAB ligands baclofen, phaclophen and kojic amine were inactive on the heart. However, 3-aminopropyl-phosphonous acid (CGA147 823), a potent and highly selective GABAb agonist, was the most active of the compounds tested. It inhibited the heart beat with a threshold of about SnmolP1, an EC50 of 4.0±2.7×10−7 mol1−1, and produced total inhibition of the heart at 10−5moll−1. CGA 147 823 was inactive on the locust thoracic somal GABA receptors. 5. cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA), the ligand defining a proposed GAB Actype receptor, was inactive on the heart. 6. The GABA-induced inhibition of the heart beat was enhanced by pretreatment with the GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid but not with sodium valproate or ß-alanine. 7. The Limulus heart chronotropic GABA receptor appears to be of a hitherto undescribed type that differs in pharmacology from the vertebrate GABAA and GABAB receptors as well as from the well-defined GABA receptors on the somata of locust neurones and the muscle fibres of insects and the nematode Ascaris.
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BERMUDEZ, ISABEL, DAVID J. BEADLE, and JACK A. BENSON. "Multiple Serotonin-Activated Currents in Isolated, Neuronal Somata from Locust Thoracic Ganglia." Journal of Experimental Biology 165, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.165.1.43.
Full textAbstract:
1. Three different responses were evoked by pressure micro-application of serotonin onto freshly dissociated, current- and voltage-clamped neuronal somata from the thoracic ganglia of the locust Locusta migratoria. 2. In some neurones, an inward current, I(5HT)K, resulting from a decrease in potassium conductance, with slow kinetics and maximum activation at membrane potentials of −60 to - 70 mV, was evoked by serotonin and by the 5-HT3 agonist 2-methyl serotonin. This current was completely abolished by either 10 mmoll−1 caesium or 5 mmoll−1 rubidium and partially blocked by 50 mmoll−1 tetraethylammonium or 5 mmoll−1 4-aminopyridine. The response was antagonised by the 5-HT2-specific compounds, ketanserin and ritanserin. 3. In other somata, serotonin, 2-methyl serotonin and the 5-HT3 antagonist ICS205 930 evoked a second current, I(5HT)Na, which was due to an increase in sodium permeability and had slow kinetics similar to that of I(5HT)K. This current was inward over the membrane potential range −30 to - 80 mV and increased with hyperpolarisation. The response was blocked by sodium-free saline and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222. 4. In other neurones, at membrane potentials more positive than - 50 mV, serotonin pulses could activate a third current, I(5HT)X, which increased with depolarisation of the membrane potential and had comparatively fast kinetics. Activation of the current was accompanied by a decrease in membrane conductance. This response was completely blocked by 4-aminopyridine and weakly inhibited by both caesium and tetraethylammonium and is, therefore, probably a potassium current. 5. The three currents described here differ in their pharmacology, their ionic mechanisms and their dependence on membrane potential from the serotoninactivated currents reported for vertebrates and they provide evidence for the mechanism of action of serotonin as a neurotransmitter in insects. Note: Present address: Pharmacology Institute, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.