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Journal articles on the topic 'THMC modeling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 April 2024

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1

Kowalsky, Ursula, Sonja Bente, and Dieter Dinkler. "Modeling of coupled THMC processes in porous media." Coupled systems mechanics 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/csm.2014.3.1.027.

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2

Birkholzer, Jens T., Liange Zheng, and Jonny Rutqvist. "Can we safely go to 200 °C? An integrated approach to assessing impacts to the engineered barrier system in a high-temperature repository." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-83-2021.

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Abstract. This presentation gives on overview of the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes occurring during the disposal of heat-producing high-level radioactive waste in geologic repositories. A specific focus is on the role of compacted bentonite, which is commonly used as an engineered backfill material for emplacement tunnels because of its low permeability, high swelling pressure, and radionuclide retention capacity. Laboratory and field tests integrated with THMC modeling have provided an effective way to deepen our understanding of temperature-related perturbations in the engineered barrier system; however, most of this work has been conducted for maximum temperatures around 100 ∘C. In contrast, some international disposal programs have recently started investigations to understand whether local temperatures in the bentonite of up to 200 ∘C could be tolerated with no significant changes to safety relevant properties. Raising the maximum temperature is attractive for economical and safety reasons but faces the challenge of exposing the bentonite to significant temperature increases. Strong thermal gradients may induce complex moisture transport processes while geochemical processes, such as cementation and perhaps also illitization effects may occur, all of which could strongly affect the bentonite and near-field rock properties. Here, we present initial investigations of repository behavior exposed to strongly elevated temperatures. We will start discussing our current knowledge base for temperature effects in repositories exposed to a maximum temperature of 100 ∘C, based on data and related modeling analysis from a large heater experiment conducted for over 18 years in the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. We then show results from coupled THMC simulations of a nuclear waste repository in a clay formation exposed to a maximum temperature of 200 ∘C. We also explore preliminary data from a bench-scale laboratory mock-up experiment, which was designed to represent the strong THMC gradients occurring in a “hot” repository, and we finally touch on a full-scale field heater test to be conducted soon in the Grimsel Test Site underground research laboratory in Switzerland (referred to as HotBENT).

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3

Birkholzer, Jens T., and Alex Bond. "International collaboration in disposal research: comparative modeling of coupled processes in the DECOVALEX project." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-231-2021.

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Abstract. This presentation gives an overview of an international research collaboration for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems. The creation of the international DECOVALEX project, now running for more than 25 years, was motivated by the recognition that prediction of these coupled effects is an essential part of the performance and safety assessment of geologic disposal systems for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. DECOVALEX emphasizes joint analysis and comparative modeling of state-of-the-art field and laboratory experiments, across a range of host rock options and repository designs. Participating research teams are from radioactive waste management organizations, national research institutes, regulatory agencies, universities, and consulting groups, providing a wide range of perspectives and solutions to these complex problems. The presentation provides examples of the research contributions made collectively in past DECOVALEX tasks and also touches on the unique modeling challenges tackled in the ongoing project phase, referred to as DECOVALEX-2023. The current phase comprises 17 partner organizations, about 50 modeling teams, and 7 modeling tasks, which cover a broad portfolio from fundamental studies on gas migration to full-scale in situ heater experiments in different host rocks to performance assessment studies. Together, these examples illustrate that the insight and scientific knowledge gained within the DECOVALEX project would not have been possible if one group had studied these complex THMC modeling challenges alone rather than within a truly collaborative setting.

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Yin, Shunde, Maurice B. Dusseault, and Leo Rothenburg. "Coupled THMC modeling of CO2 injection by finite element methods." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 80, no. 1 (December 2011): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.10.008.

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5

Xu, Haoran, Guihong Liu, Zhihong Zhao, Feng Ma, Guiling Wang, and Yuedu Chen. "Coupled THMC modeling on chemical stimulation in fractured geothermal reservoirs." Geothermics 116 (January 2024): 102854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102854.

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6

Zheng, Liange, Chun Chang, Sharon Borglin, Sangcheol Yoon, Chunwei Chou, Yuxin Wu, and Jens T. Birkholzer. "Bentonite buffer under high temperature: laboratory experiments and coupled process modeling." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (September 6, 2023): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-181-2023.

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Abstract. Bentonite buffer in a geological repository will be simultaneously heated from decaying radioactive waste and hydrated from the surrounding host rock, triggering complex and coupled THMC (thermal–hydrological–mechanical–chemical) processes. Understanding the THMC behavior of bentonite-based engineered barrier system (EBS) is key to the evaluation and prediction of its long-term performance. Studies on the THMC process have been focused on conditions under 100 ∘C, as most design concepts impose a thermal limit of 100 ∘C in bentonite. Recently, studies under high-temperature conditions have been conducted to evaluate the possibility of raising the thermal limit and expanding the data/knowledge base to increase the confidence level. In this abstract, we present a series of bench-scale laboratory experiments at high temperatures (up to 200 ∘C) and the corresponding modeling work. Two sets of column tests were conducted, and each set consisted of two test columns: a control column undergoing only hydration (non-heated) and an experiment column experiencing both heating and hydration (heated). During the experiment, frequent X-ray computed tomography (CT) images were collected to provide a 3D visualization of the density distribution and present the spatiotemporal evolution of (1) hydration/dehydration, (2) clay swelling/shrinkage, (3) displacement, and (4) mineral precipitation. The two sets of tests differ with respect to several experimental conditions, such as bentonite type, compacted density and water content, water chemistry, and hydration pressure, but the important difference is that the first set used bentonite powder with a dry density of 1.28 g cm−3, whereas the second set used granulated bentonite (mixture of pellets and powder) with a dry density of 1.45–1.5 g cm−3. In both sets of experiments, a comprehensive post-dismantling characterization of bentonite samples was carried out after the column tests had been running for 1.5 years. Comparing non-heated and heated columns, the temperature gradient led to lower degree of homogenization of bentonite after bentonite became fully saturated; comparing the first and second sets, granulated and powdered bentonite exhibited drastically different hydration behavior. A THM model with a 2D axisymmetric grid system was used to interpret the data from the first set of tests. The model considers the combined impact of saturation, fluid pressure, and porosity change due to swelling/compression on the spatiotemporal distribution of bulk density and movement of the thermocouple modules. Observations from the tests help us understand the early perturbation of bentonite buffer under high temperature, and data from these tests improve the calibration of key constitutive hydrological and mechanical models and, therefore, enhance the modeling capability with respect to calculating the long-term evolution of bentonite buffer.

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7

Tao, Jing, Yu Wu, Derek Elsworth, Pan Li, and Yang Hao. "Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Modeling of Permeability Evolution in a CO2-Circulated Geothermal Reservoir." Geofluids 2019 (May 14, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5210730.

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The meager availability of water as a heat transfer fluid is sometimes an impediment to enhanced geothermal system (EGS) development in semi-arid regions. One potential solution is in substituting CO2 as the working fluid in EGS. However, complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) interactions may result when CO2 is injected into the geothermal reservoir. We present a novel numerical model to describe the spatial THMC interactions and to better understand the process interactions that control the evolution of permeability and the heat transfer area. The permeability and porosity evolution accommodate changes driven by thermo-hydro-mechanical compaction/dilation and mineral precipitation/dissolution. Mechanical and hydraulic effects are demonstrated to exert a small and short-term influence on permeability change, while the thermal effects are manifest in the intermediate and short-term influence. The most significant and long-term influence on permeability change is by chemical effects, where decreases in fracture permeability may be of the order of 10-5 due to calcite precipitation in fracture throats, which causes the overall permeability to reduce to 70% of the initial permeability. The initial pressure and temperature of the injected CO2 exerts an overriding influence on permeability. In particular, an increased temperature reduces the mineral precipitation in the fracture and enhances mineral dissolution within the matrix and pore but results in mechanical closure of the fractures. Optimizing injection pressure and temperature may allow the minimization of precipitation and the maximization of heat recovery.

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8

Wu, Di, Tengfei Deng, and Runkang Zhao. "A coupled THMC modeling application of cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill." Construction and Building Materials 158 (January 2018): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.009.

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9

Yin, Shunde, Brian F. Towler, Maurice B. Dusseault, and Leo Rothenburg. "Fully Coupled THMC Modeling of Wellbore Stability with Thermal and Solute Convection Considered." Transport in Porous Media 84, no. 3 (February 11, 2010): 773–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-010-9540-9.

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10

Kim, Taehyun, Chan-Hee Park, Changsoo Lee, and Jin-Seop Kim. "A numerical study on THM coupled behavior in the high-level radioactive waste disposal system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012109.

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Abstract It is essential to securely isolate high-level radioactive waste from the biosphere, and geologic disposal of it at a deep underground repository is considered the most effective method. Therefore, it is crucial to research the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupled behavior in geological disposal systems parallel with numerical simulation. DECOVALEX is an international cooperating project to efficiently develop numerical methods and models and validate through test results for predicting the THMC interactions in the disposal systems. In Task C of DECOVALEX-2023, the modeling teams focus on understanding pore pressure development and THM interactions in the host rock and buffer material during the FE experiment, a 1:1 scale in-situ heater test based on Nagra’s Reference repository design. We used OGS-FLAC3D for the numerical simulation, combining OpenGeoSys for TH simulation and FLAC3D for M simulation. At the first phase of the task, a simple two-dimensional benchmark problem was defined to set up the numerical model. THM coupled processes in the bentonite were simulated with a two-phase flow system, and we investigated the temperature and pressure variations on the given monitoring position. Vaporization induced by a temperature increase in the bentonite was observed at the heater’s vicinity, and flow occurred by capillarity, and pressure difference was well simulated. Additionally, the flow process was dominant in the near field of engineering barrier, while we observed thermal pressurization in the far-field area. We plan to apply the developed model to a full-scale three-dimensional numerical simulation for the next phase.

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11

Vo, Uy, Mamadou Fall, Julio Ángel Infante Sedano, and Thanh Son Nguyen. "A Multiphysics Model for the Near-Field Evolution of a Geological Repository of Radioactive Waste." Minerals 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2023): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13121535.

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The safety and robustness of Deep Geological Repositories (DGRs) are of paramount importance for the long-term management of spent nuclear fuel from electricity generation. The introduction of a multi-barrier system, which includes the host rock formation and an engineered barrier system (including the bentonite buffer), has been a widely used approach to ensure the safety of DGRs. The assessment of the long-term safety of DGRs involves the mathematical modeling of the coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical–chemical (THMC) processes that occur in the near-field of the DGRs and their impact on the behaviour and engineering properties of the bentonite buffer. This paper presents a review of the THMC-coupled processes that arise in the bentonite buffer as well as a mathematical model governing such coupled processes. The model is verified against existing analytical solutions and validated against measured data of a thermal diffusion experiment in a sand bentonite column. Also, scoping analyses were performed to assess the influence of coupled THM processes on solute transport in clayrocks. The results of the numerical model closely matched those of the analytical solutions and experimental data demonstrating the capability of the provided mathematical model as well as the numerical approach in enhancing our comprehension of DGR behaviour. This enhanced comprehension will be valuable for safety prediction and assessment in the context of DGRs. The work presented in this paper is part of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission’s (CNSC) regulatory research to gain independent knowledge on the safety of the geological disposal of radioactive waste.

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12

Chang, Kyung Won, Michael Nole, and Emily R. Stein. "Reduced-order modeling of near-field THMC coupled processes for nuclear waste repositories in shale." Computers and Geotechnics 138 (October 2021): 104326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104326.

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13

Chang, Cheng, and Gang Luo. "The Coupled THMC finite-element modeling of hydrothermal systems: Insights into the Jiama porphyry metallogenic system." Ore Geology Reviews 138 (November 2021): 104404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104404.

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14

Gan, Quan, Thibault Candela, Brecht Wassing, Laura Wasch, Jun Liu, and Derek Elsworth. "The use of supercritical CO2 in deep geothermal reservoirs as a working fluid: Insights from coupled THMC modeling." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 147 (November 2021): 104872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104872.

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15

Birkholzer, Jens T., and Alexander E. Bond. "DECOVALEX-2019: An international collaboration for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 154 (June 2022): 105097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105097.

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16

Timothy, Kneafsey. "The EGS Collab Project: An intermediate-scale field test to address enhanced geothermal system challenges." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020501002.

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Three components are typically needed to extract geothermal energy from the subsurface: 1. hot rock, 2. a heat transfer fluid, and 3. flow pathways contacting the fluid and the rock. These naturally occur in many locations resulting in hydrothermal systems, however there are enormous regions containing hot rock that do not naturally have adequate fluid, and/or appropriate fluid permeability to allow hot fluid extraction. Some type of engineering or enhancement of these systems would be required to extract the energy. These enormous regions provide the possibility of long-term extraction of significant quantities of energy. Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS) are engineered reservoirs created to extract economical amounts of heat from low permeability and/or porosity geothermal resources. There are technological challenges that must be addressed in order to extract the heat. These include proper stimulation, effective monitoring, reservoir control, and reservoir sustainability. The US DOE Geothermal Technologies Office and geothermal agencies from other countries have supported field tests over a range of scales and conditions. A current US field project, the EGS Collab Project, is working nearly a mile deep in crystalline rock at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) to study rock stimulation under EGS stress conditions. We are creating intermediate-scale (tens of meters) test beds via hydraulic stimulation and are circulating chilled water to model the injection of cooler water into a hot rock which would occur in an EGS, gathering high resolution data to constrain and validate thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) modeling approaches. These validated approaches would then be used in the DOE’s flagship EGS field laboratory, Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) underway in Milford, Utah and in commercial EGS. In the EGS Collab project, numerous stimulations have been performed, characterized, and simulated and long-term flow tests have been completed.

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17

Babaei, Ali Akbar, Leila Atari, Mehdi Ahmadi, Kambiz Ahmadiangali, Mirzaman Zamanzadeh, and Nadali Alavi. "Trihalomethanes formation in Iranian water supply systems: predicting and modeling." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 3 (April 20, 2015): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.211.

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Trihalomethanes (THMs) were the first disinfection by-products discovered in drinking water and are classified as probable carcinogens. This study measures and models THMs formation at two drinking water distribution systems (WDS1 and WDS2) in Ahvaz City, Iran. The investigation was based on field-scale investigations and an intensive 36-week sampling program, from January to September 2011. The results showed total THM concentrations in the range 17.4–174.8 μg/L and 18.9–99.5 μg/L in WDS1 and WDS2, respectively. Except in a few cases, the THM concentrations in WDS1 and WDS2 were lower than the maximum contaminant level values. Using two-tailed Pearson correlation test, the water temperature, dissolved organic carbon, UV254, bromide ion (Br−), free residual chlorine, and chlorine dose were identified as the significant parameters for THMs formation in WDS2. Water temperature was the only significant parameter for THMs formation in WDS1. Based on the correlation results, a predictive model for THMs formation was developed using a multiple regression approach. A multiple linear regression model showed the best fit according to the coefficients of determination (R2) obtained for WDS1 (R2 = 0.47) and WDS2 (R2 = 0.54). Further correlation studies and analysis focusing on THMs formation are necessary to assess THMs concentration using the predictive models.

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18

Ma, Rong, and Xi Wu Lu. "Modeling of THMs and HAAs Formation in Distribution System upon Chlorination." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1273.

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Seasonal variations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were investigated within distribution systems of the Yangtze river treatment plant in Nanjing City (China).The investigation was based on one year sampling program, undertaken from the fall and winter of the year 2007 to the spring and summer of the year 2008. A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict THMs and HAAs concentrations in distribution water. Routinely measured parameters including free residual chlorine, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), temperature, pH and NH3-N in distribution water was used to develop the model for the prediction of THMs and HAAs. The developed models provided satisfactory estimations of the concentrations of THMs and HAAs and the model regression coefficients of THMs and HAAs are 0.90 and 0.87, respectively. Further, the Durbin-Watson values confirm the reliability of the two models. The results indicate that variations of free residual chlorine, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), temperature, pH and NH3-N can described the formation of THMs and HAAs in distribution water by the multiple linear regression technique.

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19

Birkholzer, Jens T., LianGe Zheng, Prasad Nair, and Timothy Gunter. "The role of international collaboration in the United States geologic disposal research program." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (September 6, 2023): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-29-2023.

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Abstract. More than a decade ago, the United States disposal program discontinued all research activities focused on the unsaturated fractured tuff formation at Yucca Mountain as the geologic disposal site for spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste. A new research and development (R&D) program was initiated to provide a sound technical basis for alternative disposal options across clay, crystalline, and salt rocks. The goals of this broad program were (and still are) to (1) increase confidence in the robustness of generic disposal concepts, (2) develop the science and engineering tools needed to support disposal concept implementation, and (3) conduct R&D on the direct disposal of existing dual-purpose (storage and transportation) canisters. Recognizing the benefits of international collaboration toward the common goal of safely and efficiently managing the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, the program emphasized international cooperation as an effective strategy for sharing information and knowledge. In a multi-laboratory effort coordinated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) program established formal and informal cooperation partnerships with several international initiatives and institutions and developed a number of collaborative R&D activities in important research areas, such as engineered barrier integrity, near-field perturbations, radionuclide transport, performance assessment, and methods for characterization and monitoring of engineered and natural barriers. This presentation gives an overview of these R&D activities, with a specific focus on activities that improve our current understanding of the coupled thermal–hydrological–mechanical–chemical (THMC) processes occurring in engineered and natural barriers. We start with a brief review of selected international collaboration initiatives and then describe a few specific collaboration projects. We focus specifically on such studies that use experimental data sets provided by international research cooperation for joint modeling work to increase confidence in performance-relevant predictions of coupled processes. Overall, the focus on international collaboration has allowed deep engagement of US researchers with the international waste management R&D community in terms of best practices, new scientific advances, state-of-the-art simulation tools, new monitoring and performance confirmation approaches, and lessons learned. The joint R&D with international researchers, worldwide sharing of knowledge and experience, and access to relevant data and experiments from a variety of host rocks have helped our researchers to significantly improve their understanding of the current technical basis for disposal in a range of potential host rock environments. International collaboration also provides ample opportunity for training and educating junior staff that are well suited to move the United States disposal research program forward into the next decades, a promising avenue for developing a next-generation workforce of disposal scientists.

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20

Lv, YanXin, Peng Wei, XiaoHua Zhu, Quan Gan, and HaiBo Li. "THMCD modeling of carbonate acdizing with HCl acid." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 206 (November 2021): 108940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108940.

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21

Shevlin, S. A., and A. J. Fisher. "Modeling thec(4×2)reconstruction ofβ−SiC(001)." Physical Review B 62, no. 11 (September 15, 2000): 6904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.6904.

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22

Abed, Ayman, and Wojciech Sołowski. "Modelling of unsaturated gas flow by Thebes code: Validation tests." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502005.

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This paper presents the simulations replicating two well-documented benchmarks on coupled gas-liquid flow in unsaturated soil. The results serve as validation and verification of the formulation of the gas flow in unsaturated geomaterials in the newly developed THMC coupled FEM code Thebes. The paper first discusses the basis of the compositional method and the role of the dry air mass balance equation in the theoretical framework. The fundamental constitutive assumptions related to gas flow, as adopted in the Thebes code, are also discussed in details. Afterwards, the paper discusses simulation of a two-phase infiltration test in unsaturated sand, as well as a one dimensional drainage test. The numerical results of these two examples show that the code is able to capture the main features associated with the gas flow in unsaturated soil. The possible future improvements, both related to the theoretical framework and the numerical implementation, are discussed at the closure of the paper.

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23

Ruan, Ying Jun, and Jie Dong Yang. "A TRNSYS Component Modeling Method for a New Kind of Solution Dehumidifier." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1628.

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This paper introduces a way to build a model for a new kind of solution dehumidifier, and discusses the way to construct TRNSYS components for different kinds of solution dehumidifiers, and the factors that have the most important influence on the precision of the component have been presented. This paper contribute to the component library of TRNSYS, which will make TRNSYS capable to simulate THIC system.

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24

Gao, Fei, Mary L. Cummings, and Erin Treacy Solovey. "Modeling Teamwork in Supervisory Control of Multiple Robots." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 44, no. 4 (August 2014): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2312391.

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25

Wu, C., L. Rothrock, and M. Bolton. "Editorial Special Issue on Computational Human Performance Modeling." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 49, no. 6 (December 2019): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2942742.

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26

Brown, D., J. R. West, B. J. Courtis, and J. Bridgeman. "Modelling THMs in water treatment and distribution systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 163, no. 4 (April 2010): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2010.163.4.165.

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27

Levasseur, Séverine, Xavier Sillen, Paul Marschall, Jacques Wendling, Markus Olin, Dragan Grgic, and Jiří Svoboda. "EURADWASTE’22 Paper – Host rocks and THMC processes in DGR." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 8 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022021.

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Deep geological disposal aims to contain and isolate radioactive waste from the biosphere. Repository systems are made of multiple barriers working together, typically comprising the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surroundings and an engineered barrier system. Due to their excellent properties for the confinement of contaminants, including low permeability, high sorption capacity, and swelling/self-sealing capacity, clayey materials are considered as engineered and/or natural barriers in most repository designs under development in Europe. During the lifetime of the repository, clay barriers will be exposed to perturbations, among which those are resulting from gas and heat production within the system. It is important to verify that these perturbations will not be detrimental to the good functioning of these barriers. In this paper, it is shown how the two EURAD R&D work packages, GAS and HITEC use a combination of experimental and modelling approaches to increase the understanding and predictability of the impact on clay barriers of the fundamental processes and their couplings related to gas and heat transport respectively, providing building blocks to support the evaluation of the robustness of the repository concepts.

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28

Ramanujam, Varun, and Hamsa Balakrishnan. "Data-Driven Modeling of the Airport Configuration Selection Process." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 45, no. 4 (August 2015): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2411743.

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29

Kolekar, Sarvesh, Winfred Mugge, and David Abbink. "Modeling Intradriver Steering Variability Based on Sensorimotor Control Theories." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48, no. 3 (June 2018): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2812620.

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T., Lokesh Kumar, and Luis A. Leiva. "Attentive Sequence-to-Sequence Modeling of Stroke Gestures Articulation Performance." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 51, no. 6 (December 2021): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3112961.

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Shen, Chao, Zhongmin Cai, Xiaomei Liu, Xiaohong Guan, and Roy A. Maxion. "MouseIdentity: Modeling Mouse-Interaction Behavior for a User Verification System." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, no. 5 (October 2016): 734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2016.2558623.

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32

Shewchuk, John P., Maury A. Nussbaum, Sunwook Kim, and Sourish Sarkar. "Simulation Modeling and Ergonomic Assessment of Complex Multiworker Physical Processes." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 47, no. 6 (December 2017): 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2016.2628771.

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Fu, Wei, Annemarie Landman, Marinus M. van Paassen, and Max Mulder. "Modeling Human Difference Threshold in Perceiving Mechanical Properties From Force." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 48, no. 4 (August 2018): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2844212.

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Xu, Shuting, Wenqian Tan, and Xiangju Qu. "Modeling Human Pilot Behavior for Aircraft With a Smart Inceptor." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 49, no. 6 (December 2019): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2944376.

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35

Vanegas, Juan, Marisol Valencia, Jorge Restrepo, and Guberney Muñeton. "Modeling determinants of tourism demand in Colombia." Tourism and hospitality management 26, no. 1 (2020): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.26.1.4.

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Wu, Xu, Xiaoru Wanyan, and Damin Zhuang. "Pilot's visual attention allocation modeling under fatigue." Technology and Health Care 23, s2 (June 17, 2015): S373—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-150974.

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Lee, Hojin, Hyoungkyun Kim, and Seungmoon Choi. "Driving Skill Modeling Using Neural Networks for Performance-Based Haptic Assistance." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 51, no. 3 (June 2021): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3061409.

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Chen, Liming, Chris Nugent, and George Okeyo. "An Ontology-Based Hybrid Approach to Activity Modeling for Smart Homes." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 44, no. 1 (February 2014): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2013.2293714.

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Lin, Jonathan Feng-Shun, Michelle Karg, and Dana Kulic. "Movement Primitive Segmentation for Human Motion Modeling: A Framework for Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, no. 3 (June 2016): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2493536.

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Tang, Bo, Chao Jiang, Haibo He, and Yi Guo. "Human Mobility Modeling for Robot-Assisted Evacuation in Complex Indoor Environments." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, no. 5 (October 2016): 694–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2016.2571269.

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Ercan, Ziya, Ashwin Carvalho, Metin Gokasan, and Francesco Borrelli. "Modeling, Identification, and Predictive Control of a Driver Steering Assistance System." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 47, no. 5 (October 2017): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2017.2717881.

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Doering, Malcolm, Dylan F. Glas, and Hiroshi Ishiguro. "Modeling Interaction Structure for Robot Imitation Learning of Human Social Behavior." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 49, no. 3 (June 2019): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2895753.

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Sun, Qingquan, Fei Hu, and Qi Hao. "Human Movement Modeling and Activity Perception Based on Fiber-Optic Sensing System." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 44, no. 6 (December 2014): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2354046.

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Etemad, S. Ali, and Ali Arya. "Expert-Driven Perceptual Features for Modeling Style and Affect in Human Motion." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, no. 4 (August 2016): 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2016.2537760.

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Hu, Wan-Lin, Kumar Akash, Tahira Reid, and Neera Jain. "Computational Modeling of the Dynamics of Human Trust During Human–Machine Interactions." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 49, no. 6 (December 2019): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2874188.

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Zahabi, Maryam, Melissa Mae White, Wenjuan Zhang, Anna T. Winslow, Fan Zhang, He Huang, and David B. Kaber. "Application of Cognitive Task Performance Modeling for Assessing Usability of Transradial Prostheses." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 49, no. 4 (August 2019): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2903188.

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Miandashti, Fereshteh Jadidi, Mohammad Izadi, Ali Asghar Nazari Shirehjini, and Shervin Shirmohammadi. "An Empirical Approach to Modeling User-System Interaction Conflicts in Smart Homes." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50, no. 6 (December 2020): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2020.3017784.

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Ma, Rong, and Xi Wu Lu. "Modeling of THMs and HAAs Formation in Distribution System upon Chlorination." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.455-456.1273.

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Yang, Li, Jinxue Sui, and Hongzhi Shi. "Control modeling and Chinese acupuncture treatment on cerebral circulation." Technology and Health Care 23, s1 (May 27, 2015): S77—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-150934.

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Ghebremichael, K., A. Gebremeskel, N. Trifunovic, and G. Amy. "Modeling disinfection by-products: coupling hydraulicand chemical models." Water Supply 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.073.

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Abstract:

There are established chemical models that can predict disinfectant decay and DBPs formation with respect to various water quality parameters and reaction time (water age). While models such as EPANET are powerful tools in hydraulic simulations, they have limited use in simulating water quality, containing only a basic chlorine decay subroutine. This paper presents a study on the use of a link that was developed to couple the external water quality models and the hydraulic model of EPANET 2.The coupled model has been applied to a hypothetical distribution system under steady and non steady conditions. Simulations have taken the form of sensitivity analyses to probe operational strategies such as modified treatment as well as optimized secondary disinfection in order to maintain sufficient chlorine residual at critical points within the distribution system. Simulations have also been performed to compare the relative rates of formation of THMs vs HAAs as well as individual species. Of particular interest is optimization of chlorine dose to minimize residual chlorine under non-steady-state conditions.

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