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Journal articles on the topic 'Third States'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Barnhart, Joslyn. "Humiliation and Third-Party Aggression." World Politics 69, no. 3 (May 23, 2017): 532–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887117000028.

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There is a growing consensus that status concerns drive state behavior. Although recent attention has been paid to when states are most likely to act on behalf of status concerns, very little is known about which actions states are most likely to engage in when their status is threatened. This article focuses on the effect of publicly humiliating international events as sources of status threat. Such events call into question a state's image in the eyes of others, thereby increasing the likelihood that the state will engage in reassertions of its status. The article presents a theory of status reassertion that outlines which states will be most likely to respond, as well as when and how they will be most likely to do so. The author argues that because high-status states have the most to lose from repeated humiliation, they will be relatively risk averse when reasserting their status. In contrast to prior work arguing that humiliation drives a need for revenge, the author demonstrates that great powers only rarely engage in direct revenge. Rather, they pursue the less risky option of projecting power abroad against weaker states to convey their intentions of remaining a great power. The validity of this theory is tested using an expanded and recoded data set of territorial change from 1816 to 2000. Great powers that have experienced a humiliating, involuntary territorial loss are more likely to attempt aggressive territorial gains in the future and, in particular, against third-party states.

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2

David, Steven R. "Explaining Third World Alignment." World Politics 43, no. 2 (January 1991): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010472.

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Many argue that balance of power theory is as applicable to the Third World as it is to other states. Without substantial modification, however, balance of power theory cannot explain Third World alignments, because it ignores key characteristics of Third World states that determine alignment. The author develops a theory, “omnibalancing,” that is relevant to the Third World and that repairs these defects. Rather than balance of power's emphasis on states seeking to resist threats from other states, omnibalancing explains Third World alignments as a consequence of leaders seeking to counter internal and external threats to their rule. The superiority of omnibalancing over balance of power in making Third World alignments understandable is related to the Third World in general and to the alignment decisions of two key Third World states in particular. The author concludes by discussing why an understanding of the Third World, including Third World alignment, is central to the study of international relations.

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3

Mazrui, Ali A. "A Third World Perspective." Ethics & International Affairs 1 (March 1987): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1987.tb00511.x.

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At odds in 1987 were the philosophies of a United States grounded in political liberalism and a Soviet Union grounded in economic redistribution. While these principles may have defined these two nations' domestic policies and official international stances, Mazrui argues that the United States did little to propagate liberalism and the Soviet Union did little to encourage economic redistribution. Moreover, his critique seeks to reveal that each superpower's actions ultimately supported the other's philosophy. From this twist of intent and effect, Mazrui turns to the proclivity toward violence that the United States and the Soviet Union displayed in international affairs. Consequently, he calls into question the ethical justification of the means by which the superpowers repeatedly failed to accomplish their intended ends.

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4

Fentiman, Richard. "Brussels I and Third States: Future Imperfect?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 13 (2011): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712801752915.

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AbstractIn December 2010 the European Commission published its long-awaited proposals for the reform of the Brussels I Regulation on civil jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments. These concern matters of considerable practical importance. But they also expose fundamental questions about the Regulation’s proper scope, and its role in complex commercial disputes, which will persist long after the terms of the amended Regulation are settled.

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5

Burdová, Katarína. "EU international family law and third states." Bratislava Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.1.69.

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The aim of this contribution is to consider whether common provisions of the Brussels IIbis Regulation and of the Maintenance Regulation supersede the national rules only in so far as a given situation has substantial connections to the EU or in all situations irrespective of such connections. We will consider external effect (effect on extra-Union cross-border family cases) of the abovementioned Regulations on the basis of analysis of personal-territorial scope of their application.

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6

Gevorkyan, S. T. "Quantum superposition states in third-harmonic generation." Physical Review A 58, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 4862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.58.4862.

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7

Fentiman, Richard. "Brussels I and Third States: Future Imperfect?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 13 (2011): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s152888700000197x.

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Abstract In December 2010 the European Commission published its long-awaited proposals for the reform of the Brussels I Regulation on civil jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments. These concern matters of considerable practical importance. But they also expose fundamental questions about the Regulation’s proper scope, and its role in complex commercial disputes, which will persist long after the terms of the amended Regulation are settled.

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8

Bialecki, Jon. "The Third Wave and the Third World." PNEUMA 37, no. 2 (2015): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-03702001.

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While a great deal of social science literature has examined the explosion of pentecostal and charismatic Christianity in the Global South as well as conservative and anti-modern forms of resurgent Christianity in the United States, little work has been done to investigate the causal effects of the former on the latter. Drawing from existing literature, interviews, and archives, this article contributes to filling that gap by arguing that in the mid-twentieth century, evangelical missionary concerns about competition from global Pentecostalism led to an intellectual crisis at the Fuller School of World Missions; this crisis in turn influenced important Third Wave figures such as John Wimber and C. Peter Wagner and is linked to key moments and developments in their thought and pedagogy.

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9

Carey, Sarah C., and Sheila Avrhn Mclean. "The United States, Countertrade and Third World Trade." Journal of World Trade 20, Issue 4 (August 1, 1986): 441–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1986045.

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10

KOLODZIEJ, EDWARD A. "U.S.-Soviet Cooperation: The Role of Third States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 518, no. 1 (November 1991): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716291518001010.

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11

Hammond, Richard T. "Third-order Miller-type rule from coherent states." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 7, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.7.000944.

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12

Evans, Andrew. "European Union Decision-Making, Third States and Comitology." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 1998): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061856.

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Historically and conceptually, EU law originates in the idea that member States have approved restrictions of national sovereignty in the interests of establishing a common market. In accordance with this idea, significant elaboration or extension of these restrictions must also be approved by the member States or at least by a majority of their representatives in the Council of the Union. The implication is not only that the development of the rules of the common market is dependent on the will of the member States. The further implication is that the rules of the common market and the rules of Union decision-making are separable, in the sense that the latter rules are not affected by the former rules. While such implications are ill-adapted to the pluralist tendencies of integration processes, particularly the participation of third States (that is, non-member States) in these processes, they are confirmed by the formal structure of the EC Treaty.

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13

Kleiner, I., J. T. Hougen, J. U. Grabow, S. P. Belov, M. Yu Tretyakov, and J. Cosléou. "The Third and Fourth Torsional States of Acetaldehyde." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 179, no. 1 (September 1996): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1996.0182.

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14

Szelenyi, Ivan. "Third Ways." Modern China 37, no. 6 (November 2011): 672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700411420799.

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This article compares the Chongqing model of the “third hand” with various theories of the “third way” in late socialist Eastern Europe. The third hand is praised as an intriguing attempt to offer an alternative to the invisible hand of the free market and the redistributive hand of state socialism. Funding of public goods from capital gains from government-owned land and real estate is an innovative idea, but it is unclear whether it is a sustainable proposition. China may be developing a real estate bubble similar to the one that has recently burst in the United States and continental Europe. The key question is: can prices of land and real estate grow indefinitely faster than wages?

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15

Ayoob, Mohammed. "The Security Problematic of the Third World." World Politics 43, no. 2 (January 1991): 257–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010473.

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This article reviews some recently published volumes on the subject of Third World security and, in the light of the analyses presented in these books, attempts to discuss a series of major issues in the field of Third World security studies. These include (1) the applicability of the concept of security as traditionally defined in the Western literature on international relations to Third World contexts; (2) the domestic variables affecting the security of Third World states; (3) the impact of international systemic factors on Third World security; (4) the effect of late-twentieth-century weapons technology on the security of Third World states; and (5) the relationship between the security and developmental concerns of Third World states. The author concludes that while international and technological factors have important effects on the security of Third World states, the major variables determining the degree of security enjoyed by such states at both the intrastate and interstate levels are related to the twin processes of state making and nation building that are at work simultaneously within Third World polities.

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16

Arai, Koji. "3α resonance excited states of 12C in a microscopic cluster model." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 31n33 (October 30, 2006): 2347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306021979.

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Three-alpha resonance excited states has been theoretically explored by means of the α+α+α microscopic cluster model. The resonance parameters is determined by employing the Complex Scaling Method (CSM). Our model space is extended by including higher partial waves than the RGM+CSM calculation by Pichler1. Our model has given the third 0+ state at 4~5MeV above the three-body threshold but the broad 0+ state, which was recently reported experimentally and overlapping with the 2+ state2, has not been localized between the second and the third 0+ states. On the other hands, our model has given the second 2+ state about 2MeV and the third at 4~5MeV.

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17

Bastid Burdeau, Geneviève. "The Respect of Other States’ Rights (Freedom of Navigation and Other Rights and Freedoms Set Out in the LOSC) as a Limitation to the Military Uses of the EEZ by Third States." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 34, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-23341046.

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Abstract Due regard appears as the key notion to articulate rights recognized by the LOSC to coastal states in their EEZ and the rights of third states. Little attention is paid by the LOSC to the relations between third states conducting activities in the EEZ of a coastal state apart from the laying of cables. Third states enjoy all freedoms of the high seas compatible with the rights expressly granted to the coastal state. Although no specific provision regulates the relations between third states in the use of these rights, it is argued that the obligation of due regard prevailing in the high seas under Article 87(2) should also apply between third states in the EEZ of a coastal state. However, for military activities not listed in Article 87(1), the answer is uncertain due to the opposite views of states concerning such activities by third states in their EEZ.

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18

Gutteridge, William. "The insecurity dilemma: national security of Third World states." International Affairs 68, no. 4 (October 1992): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622737.

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19

Segal, Gerald. "Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations and the Third World." International Affairs 68, no. 2 (April 1992): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623226.

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20

Jackson, Robert H. "Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 28, no. 2 (1995): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1995-2-256.

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21

Pathy, Jagannath. "The United States Intervention in Third World Rural Policies." Social Scientist 14, no. 4 (April 1986): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517179.

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22

Chomi, Stephen, and Jimmy M. Muyanja. "Issues in Arbitration of Claims against Third World States." Journal of International Arbitration 17, Issue 4 (August 1, 2000): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/273847.

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23

Marthaler, Douglas, Laura Bruner, James Collins, and Kurt Rossow. "Third Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, United States." Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, no. 12 (December 2014): 2162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2014.140908.

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24

Pierre, Andrew J., and Robert H. Jackson. "Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World." Foreign Affairs 70, no. 5 (1991): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045014.

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25

Hodgkin, Douglas I., and Alan Rosenthal. "The Third House: Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 23, no. 2 (1993): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330865.

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26

McLoughlin, Susan S. "How Many States Provide Third-Party Reimbursement for NPs?" Nurse Practitioner 13, no. 8 (August 1988): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198808000-00002.

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27

Caraher, Mary T. "How Many States Provide Third-Party Reimbursement for NPs?" Nurse Practitioner 13, no. 8 (August 1988): 6???9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198808000-00003.

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28

Benjamin, Gerald, and Alan Rosenthal. "The Third House: Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States." Political Science Quarterly 109, no. 1 (1994): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151682.

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29

Golonzka, O., and A. Tokmakoff. "Polarization-selective third-order spectroscopy of coupled vibronic states." Journal of Chemical Physics 115, no. 1 (July 2001): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1376144.

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30

Chen, Yijiang. "Soliton states in wave mixing and third-harmonic generation." Physical Review A 50, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 5145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.50.5145.

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31

Stratford, Jean Slemmons, Juri Stratford, and Robert V. Labaree. "The third house: Lobbyists and lobbying in the states." Journal of Government Information 21, no. 3 (May 1994): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)90006-x.

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32

Ajibola, Bola. "THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AND ABSENT THIRD STATES." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 4, no. 1 (1996): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161796x00050.

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33

Barry, Colin M., and Katja B. Kleinberg. "Profiting from Sanctions: Economic Coercion and US Foreign Direct Investment in Third-Party States." International Organization 69, no. 4 (2015): 881–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081831500017x.

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AbstractScholarship on the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows has produced valuable insights into the role of host state characteristics and home-host relations. This study draws attention to another factor in investment decisions—the political and economic relations that home and host states maintain with third-party states. More narrowly, we focus on how investors respond to their home-state's imposition of economic sanctions against a trading partner. Greater economic integration has allowed states to use economic sanctions more frequently in recent decades. At the same time, economic sanctions are thought to have a distorting effect on global trade and financial flows as firms and governments adjust to new constraints. We argue that as firms at home in the sanctioning state respond to coercive measures against a trading partner by looking for alternative sources of profit, they will shift investments to states that can provide indirect access to the sanctioned economy. In particular, those states that are perceived as prospective sanctions-busters—major trading partners of the sanctions target or states with a history of sanctions-busting behavior—will benefit disproportionately from the misfortune of others. We test this conjecture using data on US economic sanctions and global flows of US FDI from 1966 to 2000. The findings reveal that investor decision making in part responds to political developments beyond the home-host dyad.

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34

Iersel, Leo Van, Mark Jones, and Steven Kelk. "A Third Strike Against Perfect Phylogeny." Systematic Biology 68, no. 5 (February 14, 2019): 814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz009.

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Abstract Perfect phylogenies are fundamental in the study of evolutionary trees because they capture the situation when each evolutionary trait emerges only once in history; if such events are believed to be rare, then by Occam’s Razor such parsimonious trees are preferable as a hypothesis of evolution. A classical result states that 2-state characters permit a perfect phylogeny precisely if each subset of 2 characters permits one. More recently, it was shown that for 3-state characters the same property holds but for size-3 subsets. A long-standing open problem asked whether such a constant exists for each number of states. More precisely, it has been conjectured that for any fixed number of states $r$ there exists a constant $f(r)$ such that a set of $r$-state characters $C$ has a perfect phylogeny if and only if every subset of at most $f(r)$ characters has a perfect phylogeny. Informally, the conjecture states that checking fixed-size subsets of characters is enough to correctly determine whether input data permits a perfect phylogeny, irrespective of the number of characters in the input. In this article, we show that this conjecture is false. In particular, we show that for any constant $t$, there exists a set $C$ of $8$-state characters such that $C$ has no perfect phylogeny, but there exists a perfect phylogeny for every subset of at most $t$ characters. Moreover, there already exists a perfect phylogeny when ignoring just one of the characters, independent of which character you ignore. This negative result complements the two negative results (“strikes”) of Bodlaender et al. (1992,2000). We reflect on the consequences of this third strike, pointing out that while it does close off some routes for efficient algorithm development, many others remain open.

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35

Djordjevic, Stevan. "The effect of international treaties." Medjunarodni problemi 59, no. 1 (2007): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0701049d.

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The article is devoted to the doctrine and practice of the Law of Treaties. The author focuses his attention on the following four topics: 1. the Treaties and third States or third international organizations; 2. the Tre?aties that provide rights for third States or third international organizations; 3. the Treaties that set out obligations for third States or third international organizations. He pays special attention to the most-favoured-nation clau?se. The author gives interpretations of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations 1986.

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36

Fagan, Matthew. "Third-Party Institutional Proxy Advisors: Conflicts of Interest and Roads to Reform." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 51.3 (2018): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.51.3.third-party.

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With the rise of institutional activist investors in recent decades—including a purported 495 activist campaigns against U.S. corporations in 2016 alone—the role that third-party institutional proxy advisors play in corporate governance has greatly increased. The United States Office of Government Accountability estimates that clients of the top five proxy advisory firms account for about $41.5 trillion in equity throughout the world. For several years, discussions have developed regarding conflicts of interest faced by proxy advisors. For example, Institutional Shareholder Services, the top proxy advisory firm in the world, frequently provides advice to institutional investors on how to vote proxies while simultaneously providing corporate clients with advice on how to improve their corporate governance. Situations like these have given rise to debate as to whether such conflicts are truly problematic. At a minimum, institutional investors must be confident in the services that are provided to them by proxy advisors. Without a showing that recommendations are given in a neutral and non-biased way, accidentally or intentionally, the system cannot work effectively to maximize shareholder fairness. This Note posits that, despite the fact that third-party proxy advisors are currently acting within the law, reforms should be made that better address and limit the amount of conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of their business. Such reform should take place through legislation, informal SEC notice and comment, or, potentially, through the voluntary action of proxy advisory firms.

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37

Fitzsimons, Peter. "Third way." Theory and Research in Education 4, no. 2 (July 2006): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878506064541.

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This article explores some features of an international ‘third way’ movement which, in theory and in practice, impacts on centuries-old traditions of communal life and the belief in autonomous agency – traditions which motivate individual participation in society and underpin liberal conceptions of education.The article uncovers some of the hopes and aspirations of third way discourse by examining the work of one of its leading proponents, Anthony Giddens, and reviewing related social policy implementation in the United States, Britain and especially New Zealand. The following are argued as problematic for education: the nature of ‘community’ that underpins commitment to third way values; the way in which individual subjectivity is shaped in response to that community; and the diminishing of the social space in which such changes might be meaningfully critiqued. With a particular focus on New Zealand's policy environment, the article argues that third way is an intensification of neoliberalism under the rhetoric of social democracy, and concludes with a vision of a different kind of third way – not a singular path to a predefined destination, but a journey that embraces difference and antagonism as an essential feature of social life.

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38

Rhubart, Danielle, Yue Sun, Claire Pendergrast, and Shannon Monnat. "Sociospatial Disparities in “Third Place” Availability in the United States." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312210903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221090301.

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Tertiary to home and work, “third places” serve as opportunity structures that transmit information and facilitate social capital and upward mobility. However, third places may be inequitably distributed, thereby exacerbating disparities in social capital and mobility. The authors use tract-level data from the National Neighborhood Data Archive to examine the distribution of third places across the United States. There were significant disparities in the availability of third places. Higher poverty rates were associated with fewer third places. Tracts with the smallest shares of Black and Hispanic populations had comparatively more third places. However, this racial disadvantage was not linear, suggesting potential buffering effects in places with the largest shares of Black and Hispanic populations. There was also a rural disadvantage, except in the most isolated rural tracts. This study demonstrates the value of conceptualizing and measuring third places to understand sociospatial disparities in the availability of these understudied opportunity structures.

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39

Fleck, Stefan, Thomas Karner, Sabine Schuster, and Brigitte Weninger. "Using Toll Data to Improve the Quality of Road Freight Transport Statistics (RFTS) on Austrian Roads." Austrian Journal of Statistics 49, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v49i5.1019.

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The European road freight transport statistics (RFTS) result from surveys, which are conducted by several states on the basis of EU-legislation. As there is no strict methodology for the implementation of these surveys, they are slightly different regarding the individual states. This article analyses the additional use of toll data to improve the European RFTS and to impute transport volume and performance of third states affecting the Austrian territory. First, it was attempted to derive journeys as defined in the RFTS from the toll data and assign them to their type of transport. These analyses were very elaborate but showed no satisfying results. The number of journeys from the RFTS data and toll data were too different to allow a reliable interpretation. Hence, this approach was rejected. A comparison of vehicle-kilometres on the higher road network between the two data sources proved to be more successful, as the differences were in an explainable and acceptable scope. Two thirds of them could be derived from methodological reasons regarding the survey in the respective member states and due to missing third states. On the basis of the vehicle-kilometres from the toll data a correction factor for the RFTS results of the individual member states and a procedure for the imputation of third states were developed and applied to publish weighted results.

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40

Voloshyn, Yuriy, and Nataliia Mushak. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL GROUNDS FOR DEPORTATION AND EXPULSION OF THIRD-COUNTRY NATIONALS FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION’S MEMBER STATES." Administrative law and process, no. 4 (31) (2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2020.4.01.

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The purpose of the article is to highlight key issues related to the deportation and eviction ofthird-country nationals from the Member States of the European Union.The article covers the key issues related to the deportation and expulsion of third-country nationalsfrom the European Union’s member states. The research determines that within the European Union most of the issues related to the deportation and expulsion of third-country nationals fromthe EU territory and EU member states are classified as a common immigration policy.The study used a set of methods that defined its purpose and objectives. The authors used acomplex of general scientific and special scientific methods. The dialectical method of cognitionwas used in the analysis of legal relations that are developed within the EU and are in conditionsof continuous development and improvement. The historical and legal method provided anopportunity to investigate the practice of deportation by states at different stages of EU lawdevelopment. The comparative and legal method was used in comparison with the conditions ofdeportation in different European countries.The results of the article are determined by key provisions regulating the issue of deportationand eviction, which serve as legal measures in the fight against the EU and its member states withillegal migration.It has been established that deportation and expulsion serve as legal measures in the fight againstthe EU and its member states with illegal migration. It is emphasized that among the effectivemeans of combating illegal immigrants is the adoption by both the European Union and its MemberStates of the readmission agreements with third countries, which provide for the procedure ofsimplifying the return of persons who do not have legal grounds for staying in the territory of anEU member state, to the country of origin or transit, as well as solving problems related to thereturn procedure, formalizing the effective process of returning persons and preventing problemsin this in the field.The conclusions highlight that in most European countries, the issues of deportation and expulsionare regulated solely on the basis of national legislation, taking into account the standards andnorms of EU law. A number of documents that determine a safe third country have been analyzed.A safe third country is a country that guarantees the right of third-country nationals to apply forasylum.The research analyses the legal instruments of the European Union, which guarantee the right toasylum and provides for compliance with the principle of non-adoption. It is stated that no onecan be expelled or extradited to a state in which there is a serious danger that such a person maybe given a death penalty.There are legal grounds for non-resettlement, and individuals cannot be tortured or punished.

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41

Hardy, Julien. "The Objective of Directive 2003/86 Is to Promote the Family Reunification of Third Country Nationals." European Journal of Migration and Law 14, no. 4 (2012): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342017.

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Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the objective attributed by the CJEU to Directive 2003/86 in the Chakroun (C-578/08) decision and its impact on Member States’ margins of manoeuvre. The Court indeed stated that ‘(. . .) the margin for manoeuvre which the Member States are recognised as having must not be used by them in a manner which would undermine the objective of the directive, which is to promote family reunification, and the effectiveness thereof’.1 Astonishingly enough, this part of the judgement has not stirred much reaction from commentators and Member States. After an analysis of the meaning of ‘promoting’, and of the rationale and value of the CJEU’s position, I will expose the impact that it might have on the margins of manoeuvre of Member States while implementing the directive. All this should help to grasp the Court’s statement, and as a matter of consequence, to gauge the compliance of national legislations and practices.

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Magraw, Caitlin B. L., Kevin L. Moss, Elda L. Fisher, Steven Offenbacher, and Raymond P. White. "Prevalence of Visible Third Molars in the United States Population: How Many Individuals Have Third Molars?" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 74, no. 1 (January 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.08.009.

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Fentiman, Richard. "Civil jurisdiction and third States: Owusu and after." Common Market Law Review 43, Issue 3 (June 1, 2006): 705–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2006028.

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Ståhl, Kristina. "Free movement of capital between Member States and third countries." EC Tax Review 13, Issue 2 (June 1, 2004): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2004012.

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Krasznahorkay, A., M. Hunyadi, M. Csatlós, A. Bałanda, A. Gollwitzer, G. Graw, J. Gulyás, et al. "Hyperdeformed states in the third minimum of the fission potential." Acta Physica Hungarica A) Heavy Ion Physics 7, no. 1 (June 1998): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053688.

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Smith, Gaddis, and Gabriel Kolko. "Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980." Foreign Affairs 68, no. 2 (1989): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043943.

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Hirano, Shigeo, and James M. Snyder. "The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States." Journal of Politics 69, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00490.x.

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Wang, Yazhou, Jianfeng Li, Lujun Hong, Fei Liu, Yiwen Shi, Xiaojun Zhou, and Yong Liu. "Bound states of different pulses based on third-order dispersion." Optics Letters 44, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.002370.

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Bruggink, Thomas H. "Third Party Effects of Groundwater Law in the United States:." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1992.tb02501.x.

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Cartwright, John. "The politics of preserving natural areas in Third World States." Environmentalist 5, no. 3 (September 1985): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02237606.

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