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Journal articles on the topic 'Third-party affiliation'
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Ikkatai, Yuko, Shigeru Watanabe, and Ei-Ichi Izawa. "Reconciliation and third-party affiliation in pair-bond budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)." Behaviour 153, no. 9-11 (2016): 1173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003388.
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Some group-living animals show conciliatory tendencies towards specific group members after conflicts, referred to as post-conflict affiliation (PC-affiliation). PC-affiliation with a former opponent and a third-party bystander is classified as ‘reconciliation’ and ‘third-party affiliation’, respectively. PC-affiliation is assumed to be mediated by high-quality social relationships between individuals. Recently, studies assessing lifelong monogamous birds, such as corvids, have found PC-affiliation as a case of convergent evolution with regard to primates. Nevertheless, PC-affiliation divergence in birds is still poorly understood. Here, we report that pair-bonds of budgerigars, a lifelong-monogamous small parrot, engage in both reconciliation and third-party affiliation. We also found that males initiated both types of PC-affiliation more often than females. However, during reconciliation, this skewed affiliation pattern was unlikely specific to the PC-context but could also stem from sex differences in basic social-behavioural features (i.e., female dominance over males and males’ primary role in initiating affiliation with females), which are common outside the PC-context. Conversely, the third-party PC-affiliation pattern was significantly different from the basic affiliation pattern: affiliations were initiated more often by combatant winners, by bystander males toward defeated females, and less often by defeated males. These results suggest specific signal and stress reduction functions related to PC-affiliation among budgerigar pair-bonds. The present study supports the view that PC-affiliations, based on high-quality relationships, did not only evolve in mammals but also in birds, with species-specific forms associated with social behavioural tendencies.
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Call, Josep, Filippo Aureli, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Postconflict third-party affiliation in stumptailed macaques." Animal Behaviour 63, no. 2 (2002): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1908.
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Koski, Sonja E., and Elisabeth H. M. Sterck. "Post-conflict third-party affiliation in chimpanzees: what's in it for the third party?" American Journal of Primatology 71, no. 5 (2009): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20668.
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Romero, Teresa, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Third-party postconflict affiliation of aggressors in chimpanzees." American Journal of Primatology 73, no. 4 (2010): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20912.
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Seed, Amanda M., Nicola S. Clayton, and Nathan J. Emery. "Postconflict Third-Party Affiliation in Rooks, Corvus frugilegus." Current Biology 17, no. 2 (2007): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.025.
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Sima, Miriam Jennifer, Theresa Matzinger, Thomas Bugnyar, and Simone Pika. "Reconciliation and third-party affiliation in carrion crows." Ethology 124, no. 1 (2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12699.
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Powell, Lindsey J., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Third-Party Preferences for Imitators in Preverbal Infants." Open Mind 2, no. 2 (2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00018.
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Participants in social interactions often imitate one another, thereby enhancing their affiliation. Here we probe the nature and early development of imitation-based affiliation through studies of infants’ preferences for animated characters who imitate, or are imitated by, other characters. Four experiments provide evidence that preverbal infants preferentially attend to and approach individuals who imitate others. This preferential engagement is elicited by the elements of mimicry in simple acts of helping. It does not, however, extend to the targets of imitation in these interactions. This set of findings suggests infants’ imitation-based preferences are not well explained by homophily, prestige, or familiarity. We propose instead that infants perceive imitation as an indicator of valuable attributes in a potential social partner, including the capacity and motivation for social attention and coordinated action.
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Feo, Rebecca, and Amanda LeCouteur. "Dealing with third-party complaints on a men’s relationship-counselling helpline." Discourse Studies 19, no. 2 (2017): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445617691701.
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This article examines how third-party complaints were responded to by counsellors on a men’s relationship-counselling helpline. Much prior conversation analytic research has shown that third-party complaints in institutional settings are embedded in other activities and treated as secondary to the main interactional business. As such, complaints are routinely responded to with a shift to a new, institutionally relevant activity (e.g. the reason for the call/visit). In the context examined here, however, the third-party complaints constituted callers’ reasons for call. We show that, as in many other institutional contexts, counsellors do not, commonly, affiliate with callers’ complaints in the sense of displaying a similar stance towards a described third party. However, unlike in other settings that have been examined, counsellors’ responses did not result in an immediate shift away from callers’ complaints. This was primarily because, following counsellors’ non-affiliative responses, callers regularly engaged in work to pursue affiliation.
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Gershenson, Carl E. "The Emergence of Class Politics in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts." Social Science History 44, no. 4 (2020): 697–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.26.
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AbstractHow do economic and social position structure partisan affiliation? While neo-Durkheimian treatments of class and political behavior suggest the potential for extreme variability in the social bases of partisan affiliation, data limitations have largely restricted quantitative studies of this relationship to the postwar era. This temporal limitation restricts variation in observable social structure, thus limiting the ability of analysts to assess theoretical explanations. To address this gap, I introduce novel data on occupation and ethnicity for more than 20,000 Massachusetts state legislators in the nineteenth century. This allows me to find the “best fit” model for the social bases of party affiliation in four distinct periods in Massachusetts’ political history. I show that the Massachusetts political system transitioned from a system of occupational cleavages to proto-class cleavages between the First Party System (1795–1826) and Second Party System (1835–54). The Civil War and Reconstruction Era (1855–77) was characterized by the emergence of an ethnic cleavage, but near-modern class divisions emerged as the strongest predictors of legislators’ party affiliations for the remainder of the Third Party System (1878–93). Combined with historiographical accounts of the nineteenth century, these analyses suggest that the emergence of class politics requires intermediary organizations such as unions and professional associations, the liberalization of economic laws and regulation, and the increasingly unequal distribution of productive property.
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Bryant, Gregory A., Christine S. Wang, and Riccardo Fusaroli. "Recognizing affiliation in colaughter and cospeech." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 10 (2020): 201092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201092.
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Theories of vocal signalling in humans typically only consider communication within the interactive group and ignore intergroup dynamics. Recent work has found that colaughter generated between pairs of people in conversation can afford accurate judgements of affiliation across widely disparate cultures, and the acoustic features that listeners use to make these judgements are linked to speaker arousal. But to what extent does colaughter inform third party listeners beyond other dynamic information between interlocutors such as overlapping talk? We presented listeners with short segments (1–3 s) of colaughter and simultaneous speech (i.e. cospeech) taken from natural conversations between established friends and newly acquainted strangers. Participants judged whether the pairs of interactants in the segments were friends or strangers. Colaughter afforded more accurate judgements of affiliation than did cospeech, despite cospeech being over twice in duration relative to colaughter on average. Sped-up versions of colaughter and cospeech (proxies of speaker arousal) did not improve accuracy for either identifying friends or strangers, but faster versions of both modes increased the likelihood of tokens being judged as being between friends. Overall, results are consistent with research showing that laughter is well suited to transmit rich information about social relationships to third party overhearers—a signal that works between, and not just within conversational groups.
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Cirelli, Laura K., Stephanie J. Wan, Trenton C. Johanis, and Laurel J. Trainor. "Infants’ use of interpersonal asynchrony as a signal for third-party affiliation." Music & Science 1 (January 1, 2018): 205920431774585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204317745855.
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Infants use social cues to form expectations about the social relationships of others. For example, they expect agents to approach helpful partners and avoid hindering partners. They expect individuals with shared food preferences to be affiliates and individuals with opposing food preferences to be nonaffiliates. Interpersonal synchrony and asynchrony are important signals that adults use to guide third-party understanding. Specifically, we expect synchronous partners to be higher in rapport than asynchronous partners. Here, using a within-subjects design, we investigated if 12- to 14-month-old infants ( n = 62) also use interpersonal synchrony and/or asynchrony to make sense of third-party social relationships. A violation of expectations paradigm adapted from Liberman and colleagues was used. Infant looking time was recorded while watching videos of two women. The women moved either synchronously or asynchronously during familiarization trials, and subsequently interacted either in a friendly way (waving) or an unfriendly way (turning away) on test trials. Results revealed that infants expected asynchronous partners to be nonaffiliates but showed no significant expectation for synchronous partners. These results suggest that infants use interpersonal movement to understand their social world from as early as 12 months of age.
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Miller, Jordan A., Margaret A. Stanton, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, Kaitlin R. Wellens, A. Catherine Markham, and Carson M. Murray. "Limited evidence for third-party affiliation during development in wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii )." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (2017): 170500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170500.
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Examining the ontogeny of conflict-mitigating behaviours in our closest living relatives is an important component of understanding the evolutionary origins of cooperation in our species. In this study, we used 26 years of data to investigate the emergence of third-party affiliation (TPA), defined as affiliative contact given to recipients of aggression by uninvolved bystanders (regardless of initiation), in wild immature eastern chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We also characterized TPA by mothers in the same dataset as an adult benchmark for interpreting immature TPA patterns. In summary, we found that immatures did not express TPA as measured by grooming between the ages of 1.5 and 12.0 years, and that there was limited evidence that immatures expressed TPA via play. We also found that mothers did express TPA to offspring, although mothers did not show TPA towards non-offspring. Cases of TPA by mothers to other adults were too few to analyse separately. These results contrast with findings from captive studies which found that chimpanzees as young as 6 years of age demonstrated TPA. We argue that within-species variation in the expression of TPA, both in immatures and adulthood, provides evidence that the conflict management behaviours of young chimpanzees may be heavily influenced by social, ecological and demographic factors.
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Logan, Corina J., Ljerka Ostojić, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Rook, But Not Jackdaw, Post-Conflict Third-Party Affiliation Reduces Aggression for Aggressors." Ethology 119, no. 5 (2013): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12078.
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Powell, Lindsey J., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Human infants’ understanding of social imitation: Inferences of affiliation from third party observations." Cognition 170 (January 2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.007.
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Anglin, Aaron H., Jeremy C. Short, David J. Ketchen, Thomas H. Allison, and Aaron F. McKenny. "Third-Party Signals in Crowdfunded Microfinance: The Role of Microfinance Institutions." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 44, no. 4 (2019): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258719839709.
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Crowdfunded microfinance research has routinely examined how campaign characteristics drive funding to crowdfunding campaigns but has neglected to examine the critical role of the microfinance institution (MFI). We leverage signaling theory to contend that entrepreneurs’ MFI affiliation is a salient third-party signal that shapes the performance of their crowdfunding campaign and examine how the financial and social performance of MFIs drive campaign funding. Our examination of 220,649 loans paired 173 MFIs supports our arguments. We provide insight into the importance of third-party signals in crowdfunding and into how investors seek to balance social motives with financial concerns in crowdfunded microfinance.
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Kiess, Johannes M., and Hans-Jörg Trenz. "Ties of Solidarity and the Political Spectrum: Partisan Cleavages in Reported Solidarity Activity Across Europe." American Behavioral Scientist 63, no. 4 (2019): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218823839.
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The strength of solidarity ties among individuals is often discussed in relation to membership within a community of equals. This assumes strong links between reported solidarity actions, political attitudes, and national identity. We ask, first, whether differences in solidarity engagement can be explained by party affiliation: Do adherents of political parties driven by right-identitarian politics and adherents of parties driven by left-redistributive politics differ considerably in terms of reported solidarity action? Second, we investigate whether such differences can be explained by the nationality of the supported groups, and third, we explore whether there is a salience of reported solidarity action and party affiliation across European countries. We examine these questions by looking at cleavages in reported solidarity action in support of three different target groups: unemployed, disabled persons, and refugees. Our findings indicate first of all that partisan affiliation matters: cleavages in solidarity behavior follow traditional ideological patterns. Second, and contrary to the exclusive-communitarian rhetoric that is found in party programs and statements of right-wing populist parties, their adherents are among those supporting both nationals and foreigners least, while adherents of left and radical left parties engage in support toward nationals and non-nationals. Third, from a comparative European perspective, we observe similar patterns of a divide between an inclusive, solidary, and cosmopolitan left and a non-solidary right with low interests in community commitment.
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Stengelin, Roman, Ana Golubovic, Theo Toppe, Harriet Over, and Daniel B. M. Haun. "Priming third-party ostracism does not lead to increased affiliation in three Serbian communities." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 203 (March 2021): 105019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105019.
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Palagi, Elisabetta, and Giada Cordoni. "Postconflict third-party affiliation in Canis lupus: do wolves share similarities with the great apes?" Animal Behaviour 78, no. 4 (2009): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.017.
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Romero, Teresa, Fernando Colmenares, and Filippo Aureli. "Testing the function of reconciliation and third-party affiliation for aggressors in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas)." American Journal of Primatology 71, no. 1 (2009): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20619.
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Pennycook, Gordon, and David G. Rand. "Cognitive Reflection and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2018): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218783192.
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We present a large exploratory study ( N = 15,001) investigating the relationship between cognitive reflection and political affiliation, ideology, and voting in the 2016 Presidential Election. We find that Trump voters are less reflective than Clinton voters or third-party voters. However, much (although not all) of this difference was driven by Democrats who chose Trump. Among Republicans, conversely, Clinton and Trump voters were similar, whereas third-party voters were more reflective. Furthermore, although Democrats/liberals were somewhat more reflective than Republicans/conservatives overall, political moderates and nonvoters were least reflective, whereas libertarians were most reflective. Thus, beyond the previously theorized correlation between analytic thinking and liberalism, these data suggest three additional consequences of reflectiveness (or lack thereof) for political cognition: (a) facilitating political apathy versus engagement, (b) supporting the adoption of orthodoxy versus heterodoxy, and (c) drawing individuals toward candidates who share their cognitive style and toward policy proposals that are intuitively compelling.
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Aldrich, John H., and Daniel J. Lee. "Why Two Parties? Ambition, Policy, and the Presidency." Political Science Research and Methods 4, no. 2 (2015): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.48.
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Duverger’s Law suggests that two parties will dominate under first-past-the-post (FPTP) within an electoral district, but the law does not necessarily establish two-party competition at the national level. United States is unique among FPTP countries in having the only durable and nearly pure, two-party system. Following this observation, we answer two questions. First, what contributes to the same two parties competing in districts all across the country and at different levels of office? Second, why is the US two-party system so durable over time, dominated by the same two parties? That is, “Why two parties?” As an answer, we propose the APP: ambition, the presidency, and policy. The presidency with its national electorate and electoral rules that favor two-party competition establishes two national major parties, which frames the opportunity structure that influences party affiliation decisions of ambitious politicians running for lower offices. Control over the policy agenda helps reinforce the continuation of a particular two-party system in equilibrium by blocking third parties through divergence on the main issue dimension and the suppression of latent issue dimensions that could benefit new parties. The confluence of the three factors explains why the United States is so uniquely a durable two-party system.
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Cools, Annemieke K. A., Alain J. M. Van Hout, and Mark H. J. Nelissen. "Canine Reconciliation and Third-Party-Initiated Postconflict Affiliation: Do Peacemaking Social Mechanisms in Dogs Rival Those of Higher Primates?" Ethology 114, no. 1 (2008): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01443.x.
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Yin, Naian, Yachao Lu, and Nan Zhang. "Speed up random walk by leveraging community affiliation information." CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction 2, no. 1 (2019): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42486-019-00021-2.
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Abstract Large online networks are most massive and opulent data sources these days. The inherent growing demands of analyses related data fetching conflict greatly with network providers’ efforts to protect their digital assets as well as users’ increasing awareness of privacy. Restrictions on web interfaces of online networks prevent third party researchers from gathering sufficient data and further global images of these networks are also hidden. Under such circumstances, only techniques like random walk approaches that can run under local neighborhood access will be adopted to fulfill large online network sampling tasks. Meanwhile, the presence of highly clustered community like structure in large networks leads to random walk’s poor conductance, causing intolerable and hard-to-foresee long mixing time before useful samples can be collected. With lack of techniques incorporate online network topology features being the context, in this paper we focus on taking use of community affiliation information that possibly comes with metadata when querying objects in online networks, and proposed a speeded version of random walk by raising the probability of inter-community edges being selected. Assuming the community structure is well established as promised, the community speeded random walk expects better conductance and faster convergence. Our method forces the sampler to travel rapidly among different communities that conquers the bottlenecks and thus the samples being collected are of higher quality. We also consider the scenario when community affiliation is not directly available, where we apply feature selection algorithms to select features as community.
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Wang, Xi, Dong-Po Xia, Lixing Sun, et al. "Infant attraction: why social bridging matters for female leadership in Tibetan macaques." Current Zoology 66, no. 6 (2020): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa026.
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Abstract Leadership is a key issue in the study of collective behavior in social animals. Affiliation–leadership models predict that dyadic partner preferences based on grooming relationships or alliance formation positively affect an individual’s decision to follow or support a conspecific. In the case of many primate species, females without young infants are attracted to mother–infant dyads. However, the effects of mother–infant–female associations on affiliation–leadership models remain less clear. In free-ranging Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana, we used social network analysis to examine the importance of “mother-infant-adult female” social bridging events as a predictor of who leads and who follows during group movement. Social bridging is a common behavior in Tibetan macaques and occurs when 2 adults, generally females, engage in coordinated infant handling. Using eigenvector centrality coefficients of social bridging as a measure of social affiliation, we found that among lactating females, initiating bridging behavior with another female played a significant role in leadership success, with the assisting female following the mother during group movement. Among nonlactating females, this was not the case. Our results indicate that infant attraction can be a strong trigger in collective action and directing group movement in Tibetan macaques and provides benefits to mothers who require helpers and social support in order to ensure the safety of their infants. Our study provides new insights into the importance of the third-party effect in rethinking affiliation–leadership models in group-living animals.
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Ahmetović, Amir. "Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Constitution assembly of the Kingdoms of Serb, Croats and Slovenes and the transformation of social splits into political divisions." Historijski pogledi 3, no. 4 (2020): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2020.3.4.66.
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Based on the available literature, social division is defined as a measure that separates community members into groups. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina and its population who spoke the same language and shared the same territory, the confessional (millet) division from the time of Turkish rule, as a fundamental social fact on the basis of which the Serbian and Croatian national identity of the Bosnian Catholic and the Orthodox population remained in Bosnia and Herzegovina even after the departure of the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1918. Historical confessional and ethnic divisions that developed in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian periods became the key and only basis for political and party gatherings and are important for today's Bosnia and Herzegovina segmented society. The paper attempts to examine the applicability of the analytical framework (theory) of Lipset and Rokan (formulated in the 1960s) on social divisions in the case of the elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1920? Elements for the answer can be offered by the analysis of the relationship between the ethno-confessional affiliation of citizens, on the one hand, party affiliation, on the other and their acceptance of certain political attitudes and values on the third side. If there is a significant interrelation, it could be concluded that at least indirectly the lines of social divisions condition the party-political division. The political system, of course, is not just a simple reflex of social divisions. One should first try to find the answer to the initial questions: what are the key lines of social divisions? How do they overlap and intersect? How and under what conditions does the transformation of social divisions into a party system take place? The previously stated social divisions passed through the filter of political entrepreneurs and returned as a political offer in which the specific interests and motives of (ethnic) political entrepreneurs were included and incorporated. After the end of the First World War, ethnic, confessional and cultural divisions were (and still are) very present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The key lines of division in the ethnic, confessional and cultural spheres, their development and predominantly multipolar (four-polar) character through changes in the forms and breadth of interest and political organization have influenced political options (divisions) and further complicating and strengthening B&H political splits. The concept of cleavage is a mediating concept between the concept of social stratification and its impact on political grouping and political institutions and the political concept that emphasizes the reciprocal influence of political institutions and decisions on changes in social structure. Thanks to political mobilization in ethno-confessional, cultural and class divisions, then the "history of collective memory" and inherited ethno-confessional conflicts, mass political party movements were formed very quickly in Bosnia and Herzegovina as an integral part of the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ( Yugoslav Muslim organization, Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Democratic Party, Croatian Farmers' Party, Croatian People's Party, Farmers' Union, People's Radical Party ...). The lines of social divisions overlap with ethnic divisions (Yugoslav Muslim Organization, Croatian Farmers' Party, Croatian People's Party, Farmers' Union, People's Radical Party ...) but also intersect them so that several ethnic groups can coexist within the same party-political framework (Communist Party of Yugoslavia). The significant, even crucial influence of party affiliation and identification on the adoption of certain attitudes speaks of the strong feedback of the parties and even of some kind of created party identity. The paper discusses the first elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina organized during the Kingdom of SCS and the formation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political spectrum on the basic lines of social divisions.
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Trent, Judith S., Cady Short-Thompson, Paul A. Mongeau, and Maribeth S. Metzler. "The Consistent Attributes of the Ideal Presidential Candidate in an Increasingly Divided Electorate." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 3 (2017): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764217693278.
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Political image is a transactional process between candidates’ actions and how voters assess them with their own individual ideas of the ideal presidential candidate. This 28-year longitudinal study of political communication serves to address the following four research questions. First, what attributes do voters find most important or desirable for a candidate to possess—in other words, what makes him or her an ideal presidential candidate? Second, how do these evaluations of ideal characteristics change across time and a different field of candidates? Third, how important are the candidates’ demographic variables? Fourth, how do the evaluations of ideal characteristics differ across the age, gender, and political party affiliation of the voters? These questions are posed and answered across 1988 to 2016 presidential campaign cycles in one of the longest research studies in the discipline of political communication.
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Bennett, Aronté Marie, Chris Malone, Kenyn Cheatham, and Naina Saligram. "The impact of perceptions of politician brand warmth and competence on voting intentions." Journal of Product & Brand Management 28, no. 2 (2019): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-09-2017-1562.
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PurposeThe cultivation and maintenance of a brand is becoming increasingly important as politicians seek to connect with constituents. Through the lens of social cognition and group dynamics, this paper aims to understand the impact of evaluations of politician brands on voter intentions.Design/methodology/approachThree studies utilize the social cognition constructs of warmth and competence from the stereotype content model (SCM) and Brands as Intentional Agents Framework (BIAF) to evaluate the impact of brand perceptions on voting intentions, comparing fit between the models. The first study establishes the impact of these perceptions on existing politicians. The second study replicates these effects while controlling for party affiliation and extraneous factors and explicitly studies politicians as brands. The third study examines the formation of perceptions and assumptions when full information is unavailable.FindingsSocial cognition and group dynamics drive responses to politician brands. The data herein support perceptions of warmth and competence as significant predictors of voting intentions. Dependent upon whether the politician is being evaluated as a brand or a person, BIAF or SCM predicts the dimension that will be most impactful. These patterns persist in the absence of full information. As expected, voting intentions increased significantly when the voter was of the same (vs opposing) party as that of the candidate.Research limitations/implicationsConducted during an election year, evaluations of politicians are susceptible to the current political climate and the predominantly two party political system in which the studies were conducted. The design of Studies 2 and 3 addresses some of these limitations. Results point toward the interrelated nature of warmth and competence perceptions and the usefulness of applying both BIAF and SCM to understand how voters view politicians and the drivers of voting intentions.Practical implicationsThis study evidences the depth to which perceptions of candidates impact voting intent, establishing politicians’ unique position as both brands and people. These findings prove useful in interpreting the outcome of elections this year, and beyond.Originality/valueExpanding a limited body of existing research, this work contributes to our understanding of the application of SCM within the context of politician brands. As the first concurrent investigation of SCM and BIAF, these findings are of value to political strategists and academics alike. The contribution is augmented by the consideration of the impact of party affiliation and missing information.
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Lin, Yen Ju, and Thomas T. H. Wan. "Effect of Organizational and Environmental Factors on Service Differentiation Strategy of Integrated Healthcare Networks." Health Services Management Research 14, no. 1 (2001): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480101400103.
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During the past decade, the missions/goals of medical providers of healthcare services in the United States have shifted — from emphasizing individual, independent illness treatments to focusing on the continuum of care, population-based wellness, and providing the appropriate care in the most efficient way. Integrated healthcare networks (IHNs) — or integrated healthcare delivery systems — have been focusing heavily on their level of various partnership integration (i.e. service differentiation strategy) in order to offer a full continuum of care. The aim of this study, using the individual IHN as the unit of analysis, was to identify organizational and environmental factors that influence IHN administrators to focus on their service differentiation of market lines, including the establishment of third-party payers' contracts, the affiliation of managed-care organizations, and the alliances of various nonhospital medical providers, to provide a continuum of care. The study findings show that tax status of an IHN, its age, and market competition affect its service differentiation strategy in the provision of a full continuum of care.
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Lin, Yen Ju, and Thomas T. H. Wan. "Effect of organizational and environmental factors on service differentiation strategy of integrated healthcare networks." Health Services Management Research 14, no. 1 (2001): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0951484011912492.
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During the past decade, the missions/goals of medical providers of healthcare services in the United States have shifted - from emphasizing individual, independent illness treatments to focusing on the continuum of care, population-based wellness, and providing the appropriate care in the most efficient way. Integrated healthcare networks (IHNs) - or integrated healthcare delivery systems - have been focusing heavily on their level of various partnership integration (i.e. service differentiation strategy) in order to offer a full continuum of care. The aim of this study, using the individual IHN as the unit of analysis, was to identify organizational and environmental factors that influence IHN administrators to focus on their service differentiation of market lines, including the establishment of third-party payers' contracts, the affiliation of managed-care organizations, and the alliances of various nonhospital medical providers, to provide a continuum of care. The study findings show that tax status of an IHN, its age, and market competition affect its service differentiation strategy in the provision of a full continuum of care.
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Kim, Soo Jin. "Direct Interconnection and Investment Incentives for Content Quality." Review of Network Economics 18, no. 3 (2020): 169–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2020-0013.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of direct interconnection agreements in the Internet backbone on content quality investment for content providers (CPs). The model assumes that when the Internet service provider (ISP) has a vertical affiliation with one CP, the ISP directly interconnects the affiliated CP’s traffic to its network for free while collecting a direct interconnection fee from the unaffiliated CP. If the unaffiliated CP’s traffic is indirectly interconnected to the ISP’s network via a third party transit provider, its network quality is lower than that via a direct interconnection. For the CPs’ content quality investments, I find that the affiliated CP invests more in content when the rival indirectly interconnects, leading to a higher total level of content investment. Accordingly, there is a condition under which the ISP does not want to offer direct interconnection to the unaffiliated CP. However, consumers are not always worse off from this interconnection foreclosure. Thus, the regulation of a paid direct interconnection does not necessarily enhance welfare in terms of consumer surplus.
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Arpangi, Arpangi. "POLITICAL REFORM OF LABOR PROTECTION LAW IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i1.9246.
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In its development, economic globalization has created an affiliation between the local economy and the international economy. It resulted in an extraordinary blow to the economic system in third world countries that were trying to become developed countries. It can be seen in the issue of protecting workers' welfare, which is not fair. So, this article intends to discuss related to the protection of workers' welfare in the era of globalization and the weaknesses that affect the protection of labor rights in the era of globalization, which can't realize justice for workers. The article is expected to be able to stimulate each party to re-discuss the issue of protecting labor welfare in the current era of globalization in Indonesia. The results of research produced are The factors that influence injustice in protecting workers' welfare in Indonesia are Legal rule factors, Influence Factors of Globalization can also be concluded that the failure of labor law politics in Indonesia will have an impact on the increasing poverty rate in Indonesia due to increasing unemployment in Indonesia as one of the effects of the flood of foreign workers in Indonesia with the number of employment that is running low.
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Hasen, Richard L. "Polarization and the Judiciary." Annual Review of Political Science 22, no. 1 (2019): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051317-125141.
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The increased polarization in the United States among the political branches and citizenry affects the selection, work, perception, and relative power of state and federal judges, including justices of the US Supreme Court. Polarization in the United States over the last few decades matters to the American judicial system in at least four ways. First, polarization affects judicial selection, whether the selection method is (sometimes partisan-based) elections or appointment by political actors. In times of greater polarization, governors and presidents who nominate judges, legislators who confirm judges, and voters who vote on judicial candidates are more apt to support or oppose judges on the basis of partisan affiliation or cues. Second, driven in part by selection mechanisms, polarization may be reflected in the decisions that judges make, especially on issues that divide people politically, such as abortion, guns, or affirmative action. The Supreme Court, for example, often divides along party and ideological lines in the most prominent and highly contested cases. Those ideological lines now overlap with party as we enter a period in which all the Court liberals have been appointed by Democratic presidents and all the Court conservatives have been appointed by Republican presidents. Third, increasingly polarized judicial decisions appear to be causing the public to view judges and judicial decision making (at least on the US Supreme Court) through a more partisan lens. Fourth, polarization may affect the separation of powers, by empowering courts against polarized legislative bodies sometimes paralyzed by gridlock. The review concludes by considering how increased polarization may interact with the judiciary and judicial branch going forward and by suggesting areas for future research.
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Fenwick, Luke. "The Protestant Churches in Saxony-Anhalt in the Shadow of the German Christian Movement and National Socialism, 1945–1949." Church History 82, no. 4 (2013): 877–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640713001170.
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The two major Protestant churches in Saxony-Anhalt, the Church Province of Saxony(Evangelische Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsens[KPS])and the State Church of Anhalt(Landeskirche Anhalts[LKA]), undertook denazification processes against “compromised” pastors and church hierarchs after 1945. Where the Church Province faced secular criticism about “lenient” denazification, the Anhalt Church enjoyed state support, largely because it admitted political representatives to its review commission. Hierarchs in the KPS explained their leniency with reference to the resistance of Christians in the Third Reich, a particular theology of church and state relations, and forgiveness. The verdicts handed down, nonetheless, were premised primarily on each clergyman's affiliation to the former German Christian movement and not on Nazi party membership; denazification was therefore “de-German-Christianization.” (The German Christian movement was a heterodox movement heavily influenced by Nazism.) However, quite apart from de-German-Christianization, there was also pragmatism within both(mutatis mutandis)the KPS and the LKA. Both desired a fully manned and unified pastorate in a time of acute need. Most churchmen withstood denazification as a result. One pastor in Anhalt exemplifies the process. Formerly a member, Erich Elster renounced the German Christian movement as a “false path” after 1945. He continued in his pastoral duties, albeit with an admonishment to preach orthodoxy. The general continuity of churchmen did not provide for unity in any case, and it even led to recrimination and in places a post-war perpetuation of the Third Reich “church struggle”(Kirchenkampf)that had pitted German Christians against members of the Confessing Church.
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Over, Harriet, and Malinda Carpenter. "Priming third-party ostracism increases affiliative imitation in children." Developmental Science 12, no. 3 (2009): F1—F8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00820.x.
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Kuester, Jutta, Andreas Paul, and Signe Preuschoft. "Dominance Styles of Female and Male Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)." Behaviour 135, no. 6 (1998): 731–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792640477.
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AbstractDominance styles can be understood as consequences of different competition regimes imposed by socio-ecological conditions. As vital resources differ for males and females of the same species, one might expect different competitive tactics, hence differential dominance styles in both sexes. This was investigated on the basis of dyadic competition over a food resource (peanut) or mating partner (estrous female) in the semifree ranging colony of Barbary macaques at 'Affenberg Salem'. Both, females and males competed over nuts. The dominant typically won the nut by eliciting the retreat of the subordinate with a ritualised assertive signal, the 'rounded-mouth threat face'. The competitive style in adult male dyads (AM-AM) differed from that of all other age-sex class combinations, including adult versus subadult males, and did not change with the kind of incentive: Use of threat faces and retreat was replaced by ignoring, tension, or recruitment behaviour, and in 115of AM-AM dyads at least one nut was taken by a third party. In the few cases where a male did perform a threat face his rival responded by counter aggression, recruitment or appeasement/affiliation, or by taking the nut nevertheless. It is concluded that (1) dominance relations among adult females are stricter than those between males, indicating different dominance styles for the two sexes; (2) the 'egalitarian' competitive style of adult males was compatible with an absence of formalisation of dominance-subordination relations and did not indicate an absence of competition among them; (3) Adult males behaved as dominance oriented as females if the risk of injury was small (as in AM-SM dyads). The 'egalitarian' behaviour in AM-AM dyads is best understood as the result of a stalemate where the risks of escalation are high relative to the value of the resource. In sum, the results suggest that variance in power asymmetries and differential cost-benefit ratios of escalated competition may produce different dominance styles even within the same species.
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Song, Ruiting, Harriet Over, and Malinda Carpenter. "Children draw more affiliative pictures following priming with third-party ostracism." Developmental Psychology 51, no. 6 (2015): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039176.
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Bussert, Leslie. "Americans’ Tolerance of Racist Materials in Public Libraries Remained Steady between 1976-2006." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 7, no. 1 (2012): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b83313.
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Abstract
 
 Objective – To determine the general public’s levels of social tolerance toward public library materials containing racist content in order to present opinion data to librarians within a framework of scholarly perspectives that they can use for making decisions about intellectual freedom and controversial materials in libraries.
 
 Design – Percentage and regression analysis of the General Social Survey longitudinal trend study dataset.
 
 Setting – United States, 1976-2006.
 
 Subjects – Random samples of 26,798 primarily English-speaking adults aged 18 and up.
 
 Methods – The author analyzed responses from the well-respected and frequently used General Social Survey (GSS), which has been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center since 1972. The GSS is a closed-ended survey including a variety of demographic measures. Between the years 1976 and 2006, it also included a question to gauge the support of removing a book with racist beliefs about African Americans from the public library. The surveys were conducted irregularly over this thirty-year span, and in total the question was asked nineteen times garnering 26,798 responses. Spanish speakers were not included until 2006.
 
 The author examined the data in multilevel cross-tabulations using percentages, and calculated chi-square for independence using frequencies. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictive value of the independent variables examined on opinions of book removal. The author examined different variables, including education level, race, age, parental status, sex, geographic factors, religious affiliation, political party, and political conservatism. Occupation was not used in the regression analysis because sample sizes in some categories were too small. The two ordinal variables, age and education level, were available as ratio level data that are most appropriate for regression calculations.
 
 Due to the large sample size, very small differences in percentages are significant at the .000 level. In these cases the author made judgment as to whether these differences were meaningful, or divided the data into multi-layer cross-tabulations to reduce the sample size and make the significance test more informative.
 
 Main Results – Analysis revealed the most influential predictors of support for book removal from the public library were education level, religious affiliation, and race. Age was particularly influential for older respondents, while occupation and living in the South were moderately influential. Variables with only slight correlations to support of book removal included political party affiliation and conservatism, parental status, and sex.
 
 Across all years of the study only 35.3% of respondents supported removal of racist materials from the public library. Levels of support only changed slightly over the decades: in 1976, 38.1% supported removal while in 2006 only 34.5% did.
 
 The mean age of respondents was 44.1 years and the median was 42 years. Respondents over 57 years old were more likely to support removal (43.5%) compared to younger ages whose support ranged from 31.1–34.1%. The largest change over time was seen from respondents 57 years and older, whose support for removal dropped in later years of the study.
 
 Education level had a strong impact on opinions; the lower one’s education level, the higher their support for removal of the racist book from the public library. Of those with less than a high school degree, 50.6% supported removal versus 35.8% of high school diploma holders. Respondents with junior college, bachelor’s, and graduate degrees supported removal at 29.2%, 20.5%, and 15.3%, respectively. Over time, those with high school degrees maintained their level of support for removal while those with higher levels of education increased their support for removal.
 
 Race was strongly related to opinions on removing offensive items from the library. While half of African American respondents supported removing a racist book, only one-third of white respondents did. However, in all but a few subcategories of analysis, the majority of African Americans did not support removal, indicating a great deal of social tolerance on their part despite the possibility of being more sensitive to the implications of having racist materials in the library. When cross-tabulated with education level, the same pattern of support for removal was reproduced. There was little variation over time in white respondent’s opinions while African Americans’ varied slightly.
 
 Geographic factors affected opinions supporting removal of racist materials, though place size only had a small impact on opinions. Respondents in the South were most likely to support removal (42.1%) and those in New England were least likely (25.2%). About one-third of respondents from the Midwest (33%), Mid-Atlantic (36%), and the West (29.8%) supported removal. Opinions over time remained the same in all regions but the South, whose support of removal dropped to 38.8%. 
 
 Religion was found to correlate with opinions on removing racist books from the library. Protestants showed the highest level of support for removal (39.5%), followed by Catholics (32.3%), Jews (21.7%), and respondents unaffiliated with religion (20.5%). Race had a strong impact within some religions on supporting removal, particularly among Methodists and those claiming no religion. When opinions by religion were cross-tabulated with education level, at every level Baptists were more likely to support removal than other groups, while Jews and those without religious affiliation were least likely. 
 
 Other demographic variables had little effect on opinions concerning removal of racist materials from the library. Parents supported removal (37%) while nonparents were less likely to (30%), and men and women were almost equally likely to support removal (33% and 37% respectively). Political affiliation and level of conservatism only showed slight effects on opinions supporting removal. By a small margin Democrats were most likely to support removal (39.2%) followed by Republicans (34%) and independents (32.5%). Across the conservatism spectrum, moderates were most likely to support removal (37.7%) followed by conservatives (36.4%) and liberals (29.9%).
 
 The author also examined whether a respondent’s occupation influenced their opinions and focused this inquiry on the professions of library workers and educators. Librarians were overwhelmingly against removal of racist materials while library paraprofessionals were less likely to support it than other workers with a similar level of education. College and university teachers in disciplines other than library and information science were divided but in comparison to other similarly educated professions they were less likely to support removal. School teachers were significantly more likely to support removal than other occupations also requiring a bachelor’s degree.
 
 When contrasted with controversial materials of other types, such as those by openly homosexual or communist authors, different patterns of support for removal over time were observed. Support for removal of books by homosexuals and communists declined significantly over the decades. Similar to the support of the removal of racist materials, education and religious affiliation were the variables most highly correlated to support of removal of these other types of controversial books. 
 
 Conclusion – The discomfort among Americans over the free expression of exclusionary speech about African Americans remained relatively consistent over the years of the study (1976 – 2006) despite some shifts within particular demographic categories. Tolerance toward free expression by homosexuals and communists increased over time, demonstrating exclusionary speech may be perceived as a different type of social threat. Librarians can use this information to: better understand how non-librarians view intellectual freedom in the context of materials with offensive content; inform collection development decisions and predict likelihood of challenges based on the demographics of their user communities; and to educate the public and library stakeholders of the implications of challenging these kinds of items within a library’s collection through upholding their professional values. Librarians should continue to serve their communities by acting as champions of intellectual freedom and to uphold the profession’s rigorous standards. The author suggests future research could: address attitudes about materials with racist views of populations other than African Americans; look for differences in opinions among library users versus non-users; and differentiate between adult and children’s materials containing controversial topics.
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Schneider, Gudrun, and Konstanze Krueger. "Third-party interventions keep social partners from exchanging affiliative interactions with others." Animal Behaviour 83, no. 2 (2012): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.007.
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Karl, Sabrina, Kristina Anderle, Christoph J. Völter, and Zsófia Virányi. "Pet dogs’ Behavioural Reaction to Their Caregiver’s Interactions with a Third Party: Join in or Interrupt?" Animals 12, no. 12 (2022): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121574.
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Pet dogs are promising candidates to study attachment-related and potentially jealousy-like behaviours in non-human animals, as they form a strong and stable bond with their human caregivers who often engage in affiliative interactions with diverse social partners. Nevertheless, it is still debated whether non-human animals are capable of experiencing such complex emotions. Even though caregivers frequently report observations of jealousy-like behaviours in dogs, behavioural studies in dogs have thus far led to contradictory results. Adding to this complexity, dogs appear extraordinarily skilled in understanding humans’ communicative behaviour and can flexibly and diversely interact with them in social contexts. Here, we aimed at investigating (1) whether dogs indeed respond in a jealousy-consistent manner when seeing their caregiver interact in an affiliative way with a remotely controlled, realistic-looking fake dog, or (2) whether they would rather synchronize their reaction to the fake dog with the caregiver’s behaviour, or (3) whether they respond directly to the caregiver without paying much attention to the third party. To address what drives the dogs’ behaviours in this triadic situation, we compared four groups of dogs who first observed and then joined the interaction of either the caregiver or a stranger greeting or medically examining the fake dog. We found that the dogs initially responded negatively or neutrally when the fake dog entered the room but changed to more positive reactions when the caregiver approached the fake dog, especially if initiating a positive interaction. When being released, more dogs showed friendly behaviours towards the fake dog when the caregiver—rather than the stranger—was interacting with it. At the same time, however, the dogs tried to block the interaction of the caregiver with the fake dog more often than the one of the stranger. In conclusion, we did not find clear evidence for jealousy-like behaviours in dogs during the human–fake dog interactions, but we observed indicators of behavioural synchronization with the caregivers, suggesting that the caregivers’ affiliative behaviours directed at a third party may more often facilitate positive than negative interactions in dogs.
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Kopp, Kathrin S., and Katja Liebal. "Conflict resolution in socially housed Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)." PeerJ 6 (July 31, 2018): e5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5303.
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BackgroundPeaceful conflict resolution strategies have been identified as effective mechanisms for minimising the potential costs of group life in many gregarious species, especially in primates. The knowledge of conflict-management in orangutans, though, is still extremely limited. Given their semi-solitary lives in the wild, there seems to be barely a need for orangutans to apply conflict management strategies other than avoidance. However, because of the rapid loss of orangutan habitat due to deforestation, opportunities to prevent conflicts by dispersion are shrinking. Additionally, more and more orangutans are brought into rehabilitation centres where they are bound to live in close contact with conspecifics. This raises the questions of whether and how orangutans are able to cope with conflicts, which are inevitably connected with group life.MethodsObservational zoo-studies provide a valuable method to investigate such potential: in zoos, orangutans usually live in permanent groups and face the challenges of group life every day. Therefore, we observed a group of six socially-housed Sumatran orangutans at the Dortmund Zoo, Germany, both in their spacious outdoor enclosure in the summer and in the less spacious indoor enclosure in the winter. During 157.5 h of observation, we collected data on aggressive interactions, third-party interventions and post-conflict affiliations. We applied the post-conflict/matched-control observation (PC/MC) and the time rule method to investigate the occurrence of reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliations.ResultsWe recorded a total of 114 aggressive interactions (including conflicts in the context of weaning and of male sexual coercion). As expected, we found an increase of both open conflicts and peaceful conflict resolution under less spacious conditions. In accordance with previous reports, we observed interventions by initially uninvolved individuals. Whereas we found no clear evidence for post-conflict third-party affiliations, we were able to demonstrate the occurrence of reconciliation among orangutans.DiscussionNotwithstanding the small sample size and the explorative character of our study, we found evidence that orangutans possess a potential for prosocial conflict resolution. When living in groups and under conditions in which dispersion is no longer an option, orangutans are capable to flexibly apply strategies of conflict resolution to cease open conflicts and to repair the potential social damage of aggressive interactions. These strategies are similar to those of other great apes.
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Andrzejewski, Piotr. "Paradoks narodowego liberalizmu. Historia i idee Freiheitliche Partei Ősterreichs." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 22 (April 30, 2014): 168–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2014.22.08.
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The article describes the history and ideological profile of the Austrian parties of the ‘Third Camp’, namely Verband der Unabhängigen (VdU) and Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ). Its main goal is to analyse the course of those parties’ political life, their triumphs, failures and crises. However, it is an attempt at describing the FPÖ’s ideological profile and determining its ideological affiliations which constitutes the core of the piece. The two fundamental values of the Third Camp are liberty and nation. By tracing the development of party programmes and electoral campaigns from the end of World War II to the 2013, it is possible to observe a where liberal thinking is gradually eroded by nationalist thinking, as well as a considerable shift of emphasis. Using the example of the Austrian parties, the author tries to prove that national liberalism is a paradoxical political ideology which contradicts itself and, in the process, exposes its political parties to internal tensions, splits and inconsistency, something which, in the political world, can be a terminal illness.
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Gruber, Helmut. "Debating or displaying political positions?" Pragmatics and Society 9, no. 4 (2018): 571–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.16021.gru.
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Abstract This paper investigates the reference statements and rhetorical functions of politicians’ reactive (“uptaking”) statements in parliamentary debates as well as their self-positioning effects. Uptaking moves may be used by speakers for pursuing strategic, global discourse aims. The specific properties of such ‘uptaking’ utterances and their sequential embedding in the unfolding discourse provide analysts with cues of speakers’ global interactional goals. Results indeed show how global and local pragmatic factors impact content, form, and rhetorical function of MPs’ uptaking statements. The data comprises four Austrian parliamentary sessions, which follow the inaugural speech each newly appointed Austrian chancellor has to deliver in the Austrian national assembly at the beginning of a legislative term. Overall, four fifths of the uptaking discourse units (consisting of ‘reference to previous statement plus comment’) refer to the government program, the inaugural speech or a previous MPs’ statement. Whereas a closer investigation of the reference statements seems to indicate a left wing vs. right wing rhetorical pattern (with left wing and center parties referring to ‘official’ sources, while right wing parties set their own topical agenda), investigating the rhetorical functions of the uptaking discourse units reveals a clear government vs. opposition (but no party-specific) rhetoric: Government party MPs praise the government program (or the inaugural speech), opposition party speakers criticize it. Both groups thus focus on the interpersonal plain of interaction. In contrast, argumentative (or counter-argumentative) uptaking discourse units which would indicate speakers’ willingness to enter into a rational discourse (in a Habermasian sense) with their political opponents are extremely rare. Through their rhetorical activities, the vast majority of government and opposition speakers thus reinforce and perpetuate already known political stances and affiliations in front of a third party (i.e. the general public watching the debates via TV or Internet livestream) rather than presenting themselves as rational, problem-focused politicians.
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Baetens, Freya. "The European Unions Proposed Investment Court System: Addressing Criticisms of Investor-State Arbitration While Raising New Challenges." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 43, Issue 4 (2016): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2016020.
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Many would agree that reforms to the existing investor-State arbitration system are necessary, but opinions diverge on precisely what these should be. The European Commission’s proposal is to include an Investment Court System (ICS) in the investment chapters of the European Union (EU) Free Trade Agreements. This article scrutinizes, first, difficulties in setting up an ICS: the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention’s applicability, the rules regarding conflicts of interest, ethics and ancillary professional affiliations of adjudicators, and requirements in terms of nationality, expertise and diversity of the bench. Secondly, problems are examined which may emerge in running an ICS: ensuring transparency, allowing for third party participation, and avoiding major increases in length and costs of the proceedings. Thirdly, issues concerning the review and enforcement of ICS decisions are analysed. Although the Commission has made a meritorious attempt at countering the main criticisms of investor-State arbitration, several new challenges have emerged which need to be addressed in order for an ICS to be fit for purpose. Although the incorporation of investment rules into the World Trade Organization (WTO) would seem unlikely to become politically feasible in the foreseeable future, multiple bilateral ICS mechanisms could serve as stepping stones towards a multilateral adjudicatory system for international investment disputes.
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Qaiser, Fahham Hasan, Karim Ahmed, Martin Sykora, Alok Choudhary, and Mike Simpson. "Decision support systems for sustainable logistics: a review and bibliometric analysis." Industrial Management & Data Systems 117, no. 7 (2017): 1376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-09-2016-0410.
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Purpose Decision making in logistics is an increasingly complex task for organizations as these involve decisions at strategic, tactical and operational levels coupled with the triple-bottom line of sustainability. Decision support systems (DSS) played a vital role in arguably solving the challenges associated with decision making in sustainable logistics. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of the research in the domain of DSS for logistics while considering sustainability aspects. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review approach using a set of relevant keywords with several exclusion criteria was adopted to identify literature related to DSS for sustainable logistics. A total of 40 papers were found from 1994 to 2015, which were then analyzed along the dimensions of publishing trend, geographic distribution and collaboration, the most influential journals, affiliations and authors as well as the key themes of identified literature. The analysis was conducted by means of bibliometric and text mapping tools, namely BibExcel, gpsvisualizer and VOSviewer. Findings The bibliometric analysis showed that DSS for sustainable logistics is an emerging field; however, it is still evolving but at a slower pace. Furthermore, most of the contributing affiliations belong to the USA and the UK. The text mining and keyword analysis revealed key themes of identified papers. The inherent key themes were decision models and frameworks to address sustainable logistics issues covering transport, distribution and third-party logistics. The most prominent sustainable logistics issue was carbon footprinting. Social impact has been given less attention in comparison to economic and environmental aspects. The literature has adequate room for proposing more effective solutions by considering various types of multi-criteria decision analysis methods and DSS configurations while simultaneously considering economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainable logistics. Moreover, the field has potential to include logistics from wide application areas including freight transport through road, rail, sea, air as well as inter-modal transport, port operations, material handling and warehousing. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic review of DSS for sustainable logistics using bibliometric and text analysis. The key themes and research gaps identified in this paper will provide a reference point that will encourage and guide interested researchers for future study, thus aiding both theoretical and practical advancements in this discipline.
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Akbari, Mohammadreza. "Logistics outsourcing: a structured literature review." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 5 (2018): 1548–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2017-0066.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a structured literature review (SLR) and systematic insight into logistics outsourcing research, in order to identify gaps in knowledge, and provide future research direction in the logistics outsourcing discipline. Design/methodology/approach This paper identifies and synthesises information from academic journals and examines research designs and methods, data analysis techniques, geographic locations, industry engagements, year of publication, publishers, university and author affiliations. A collection of online databases from 1991 to 2016 were explored, using the keywords “third-party”, “logistics” and “outsourcing” in their title and/or abstract, to deliver an inclusive listing of journal articles in this discipline area. Based on this approach, a total of 263 articles were found and data were derived from a succession of variables. Findings There has been a significant increase and concentration by researchers over the past 25 years focussing on logistics outsourcing. A need to implement best practice has been universally identified, owing to increasing global supply chain complexity. This analysis shows that only seven literature reviews were published in the logistics outsourcing discipline. Additionally, this study revealed that 42 per cent of the work in this field was found to be survey based and this trend in research indicates the development of the structural equation modelling and multi-criterion decision-making methods. Investigations between 2010–2012 and 2015–2016 accounted for 151 of the total 263 articles published. Finally, reverse logistics is an area that requires special attention. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to a review of academic articles obtainable from online databases, containing the words “logistics” and “outsourcing” in the title and/or abstract. Additionally, only papers from high quality, peer-reviewed journals were evaluated. Other academic sources such as books and conference papers were not included in this study. Originality/value This review will provide an increased understanding of the existing state of current research, trends and future research directions in the logistics outsourcing discipline.
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Kutsukake, Nobuyuki, and DuncanL Castles. "Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania." Primates 45, no. 3 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0082-z.
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van Haute, Emilie, and Pedro Floriano Ribeiro. "Country or party? Variations in party membership around the globe." European Political Science Review, June 13, 2022, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773922000212.
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Abstract This paper explores external (country-level) and internal (party-level) drivers of membership variations across parties. Relying on the Political Party Database combined with other datasets, we provide original, cross-sectional analyses of membership variation across 223 parties in 38 countries, innovatively covering third-wave democracies, post-communist countries, and advanced democracies. It allows for a unique analysis of recruitment patterns of parties under quite different contexts. Departing from the dominant view that parties are the powerless victims of external trends, we show that, while context matters, parties’ choices regarding affiliation rules and organization structure also matter. They are more powerful determinants of membership ratios than country-level variables. Especially, the representation of sub-groups in the party structure is a key driver of membership recruitment. We also show how party origins, and the foundational environment in which they emerged, are important to understand how membership varies across parties today. Overall, this study strongly advocates for a broad comparative, multilevel approach to party membership.
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Gaur, Shruti. "Reading Party as Space: A Study of Virginia Woolf's Select Short Stories." MINDSHARE: International Journal of Research and Development, December 25, 2021, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55031/mshare.2019.33.li.1.
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This paper aims to address a conceptual gap in the understanding of 20th-century modernist literature where on the one hand, it was associated with a sensibility of death, frustration, crisis, and social dissonance. On the other hand, the literature of the times was proliferated with social spaces and public gatherings which not just acted as spaces of leisure but had a politics of their own. By developing on this inherent contradiction, this paper studies the impact of the built environment of the party space on the construction of the modernist subject through urban theorist Henry Lefebvre’s idea of the “lived space.” Party here is a reference to any social gathering, a celebratory occasion, and does not have any political affiliation. Through this theoretical framework, the paper identifies space not as a physical structure or a medium but as a milieu formed through human actions and interactions with each other and the surroundings. Moreover, to study the ambience of the modernist party the paper draws inspiration from Virginia Woolf’s idea of “party consciousness” which elucidates the impact of the imping of spatial consciousness of the party through its developments which either “make things much more real or much less real.” Through this understanding, the paper studies Virginia Woolf’s short story collection Mrs Dalloway’s Party (2012) wherein the ideological binaries of race, class, and gender collapse to reveal party as a third space of open-ended possibilities. In a larger context, this study recognizes humans as inherently spatial beings made and re-made continually through socio-political and economic factors. Therefore, the impressive impact of city life which has stirred multiple consciousnesses and has realized the significance of leisure time makes it a relevant study in the present times.
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Xu, Ying, Wanxin Li, and Shangxin Chi. "Altruism, Environmental Concerns, and Pro-environmental Behaviors of Urban Residents: A Case Study in a Typical Chinese City." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643759.
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To investigate the relationships between altruism, environmental concerns, and ordinary people's pro-environmental behaviors that go beyond self-interested NIMBY-ism, we examined measurements of altruism and environmental concerns in a Chinese context and developed a scale that measured people's pro-environmental behaviors at the individual, organizational, and policy level. We then conducted a tailor-made, face-to-face survey (N = 603) and found, first, that old age, gender (being a woman), party affiliation, and education level are positively associated with pro-environmental behaviors at the individual, organizational, and policy levels. We next found that human domination worldviews are negatively associated with individual- and organizational-level pro-environmental behaviors and that eco-centric worldviews are positively associated with individual-level pro-environmental behaviors. Third, we found that altruistic behaviors (prosocial behaviors and/or donations) are positively associated with pro-environmental behaviors. In short, awareness of the ecological crisis and altruism can stimulate people's pro-environmental behaviors in China. Meanwhile, it is doubtful that people care more for the environment after their living standards have improved, because socioeconomic status indicators are not statistically significant for individual-level pro-environmental behaviors.
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Cheetham, Melissa S., Junhui Zhao, Keith McCullough, et al. "International peritoneal dialysis training practices and the risk of peritonitis." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, October 11, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab298.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Background The effects of training practices on outcomes of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) are poorly understood and there is a lack of evidence informing best training practices. This prospective cohort study aims to describe and compare international PD training practices and their association with peritonitis. Methods Adult patients on PD <3 months participating in the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS) were included. Training characteristics (including duration, location, nurse affiliation, modality, training of family members, use of individual/group training and use of written/oral competency assessments) were reported at patient and facility levels. The hazard ratio (HR) for time to first peritonitis was estimated using Cox models, adjusted for selected patient and facility case-mix variables. Results A total of 1376 PD patients from 120 facilities across seven countries were included. Training was most commonly performed at the facility (81%) by facility-affiliated nurses (87%) in a 1:1 setting (79%). In the UK, being trained by both facility and third-party nurses was associated with a reduced peritonitis risk [adjusted HR 0.31 (95% confidence interval 0.15–0.62) versus facility nurses only]. However, this training practice was utilized in only 5 of 14 UK facilities. No other training characteristics were convincingly associated with peritonitis risk. Conclusions There was no evidence to support that peritonitis risk was associated with when, where, how or how long PD patients are trained.