Academic literature on the topic 'Third party’s civil liability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Third party’s civil liability"
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Cavalcanti Jardim, Mariana. "Acionamento de resseguradoras por terceiros sob a perspectiva do Direito Brasileiro: um estudo sobre o contrato de seguro de responsabilidade civil facultativo." Revista Electrónica de Direito 26, no. 3 (2021): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2021-0003_0004.
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Despite the impossibility to, under Brazilian law, as a rule, an insured or aggrieved third party seek payment of insurance indemnity directly from a reinsurer, it is recurrent the inclusion of reinsurers as defendants in lawsuits, especially in cases involving the purchase of facultative civil liability insurance. As a result of legislative, jurisprudential, bibliographical and documentary research, this study aims to shed light on the relationships and obligations established by reinsurance agreements and reject this unlawful practice at once. This is done through an initial dive into the insurance relationship and the facultative civil liability insurance and through the review of the particularities of reinsurance and the features that differ it from insurance, to, ultimately, reinforce the initial statement that served as a premise for this work.
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Stefanović, Nenad. "Medical error: Civil liability for the damage." Pravo - teorija i praksa 37, no. 4 (2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2004013s.
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The paper analyzes the civil law aspects of the responsibility of medical workers and institutions due to the damage caused by the doctors' mistakes in providing medical care. The aim of this paper is to present all the basics of physician responsibility, if it is established that there is a close connection between the error and the proven error and damage caused to the health of the patient, but also to third parties. The issue of medical error is not exclusively related to compensation for damages, since it heavily relies on medical law too. Although mistakes are mainly caused by the wrong actions of the doctors in performing their professional activities, the paper also deals with the responsibility of medical institutions for the damage being caused. An inaccurate definition of the legal nature of doctors' responsibilities, obligations imposed on medical workers by law, the definition of errors in a medical treatment, as well as the legal basis of liability to third parties, indicate that there are many not only legal but also ethical and moral dilemmas requiring the additional attention and analysis, which is also the goal of this paper.
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Smith, April R., Tracy K. Witte, Nadia E. Teale, Sarah L. King, Ted W. Bender, and Thomas E. Joiner. "Revisiting impulsivity in suicide: Implications for civil liability of third parties." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 26, no. 6 (November 2008): 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.848.
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Kincaid, Peter. "Third Parties: Rationalising a Right to Sue." Cambridge Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 1989): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300105306.
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In a revolutionary but unsatisfactory recent decision, the High Court of Australia has allowed a third-party beneficiary of an insurance contract a right to sue the promisor. The decision casts doubt upon the whole doctrine of privity and ultimately upon bargain as the theoretical basis of promissory liability. The Trident case is unsatisfactory not because it allowed a third-party beneficiary a cause of action or because it challenges privity and bargain, but because it offers no satisfactory replacement for the theory of bargain. The reasons the court gave for recognising a right to sue are weak and inconsistent with the common law's approach to questions of civil liability. That approach is to give a plaintiff a cause of action against a defendant not solely because of something the defendant has done, but because there is a legally relevant link between what he has done and the plaintiff's condition. That is, the plaintiff must, in order to establish a right, satisfy some criterion for linking the defendant's behaviour to his complaint.
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Weiss, Thalia Kauane, and Jair Kulitch. "Civil liability insurance contract in the accounting area." Revista Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2024): e3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/rcssv13n2-007.
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This research have to identify the perception of accounting professionals in the municipality of São Mateus do Sul, in the state of Paraná, regarding the civil liability insurance contract. The accounting professional, in the exercise of his profession, needs to be updated of frequent changes in the legislation and the varied information to be provided. Thus, it is possible that malpractices may occur that may result in financial damage. These damages are often to be borne by the professional himself. In this scenario, it is possible to acquire the civil liability insurance contract, which have to cover losses caused to third parties. This research had a questionnaire to the accounting professionals of the city of São Mateus do Sul, applied through virtual means with the intention of perceiving the knowledge of these professionals about the civil liability and insurance contract of the accountant. Based on this research, it was verified that the accounting professionals are aware of the accountant's civil liability and of the coverage insurance, however the majority identified themselves as not contracting this coverage instrument.
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Lara González, Rafael. "Cláusulas de franquicia o deducible en seguros de responsabilidad civil en el Derecho español: Naturaleza y efectos respecto de terceros perjudicados." Derecho y Justicia, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196377.3.1394.
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ResumenPese a su ubicuidad en la práctica contractual, las cláusulas de franquicia han recibido tratamiento incidental en la doctrina. La discusión sobre ellas se ha enfocado en los contratos de seguros de responsabilidad civil, y en la interpretación del artículo 76 de la Ley española de Contrato de Seguro. En este contexto se ha tratado de establecer si el asegurador puede o no oponer la cláusula de franquicia al tercero perjudicado. El presente trabajo analiza la cláusula de franquicia en la obligación principal del asegurador, su naturaleza jurídica, y examina su relación con los terceros perjudicados. La consideración principal a este respecto estará en si nos encontramos ante un seguro obligatorio o ante un seguro voluntario de responsabilidad civil. Palabras clave: Contrato de seguro; Cláusula de franquicia; Terceroperjudicado; Responsabilidad civil.AbstractDespite their ubiquity in contractual praxis, deductible clauses have received only incidental treatment in legal doctrine. Discussion on them has focused on civil liability insurance contracts, and the interpretation of article 76 of the Spanish Law of Insurance Contracts. In this context it has been attempted to establish whether the insurer can invoke the clause to oppose the injured third party's claim. This article examines the deductible clause included in the insurer's main obligation, its legal nature, and its relation to injured third parties. The main consideration in this regard will be whether the insurance contract is of a mandatory or voluntary nature.Keywords: Insurance contract; Deductible clause; Injured third party; Civil liability.
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BRYHINETS, Oleksandr. "Civil liability for breach of contract." Economics. Finances. Law 3, no. - (April 11, 2022): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.3.4.
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The article reveals the role and issues of civil liability for breach of contract. It is determined that without the possibility of bringing the violator to justice, the performance of a civil obligation itself loses the quality of obligation and gives the debtor contempt for performance. Responsibility can take many forms. The most important of these are damages and damages by the debtor to the creditor. The main and universal form of liability is compensation for damages caused by breach of obligation. Conditions different from those provided for in the Civil Code may be established by law or contract for the implementation of a specific form of liability. The essence of liability for breach is that it, first, reimburses the creditor for property losses caused by breach of obligation by the debtor; secondly, encourages the debtor to properly fulfill the obligation; third, punishes the debtor for non-performance or improper performance; fourth, to some extent, it encourages the creditor to enter into an obligation, as it provides compensation for possible losses caused by the failure of the counterparty; fifth, it confirms in the eyes of others the facts of the debtor's indiscipline. It is important in determining the civil liability for breach of contract to comply with the principles of good faith and reasonableness of the parties to civil relations, which should be applied in assessing the actions of the debtor. Prosecution is the implementation of the sanction of the legal norm established in the case of a civil violation. That is, the liability to which a violator of a civil obligation can be held is one of the most important institutions of civil law. The issue of civil liability for breach of contract is a very important element of protection of the human right to civil protection.
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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "The ICAO Conventions on Liability for Third-Party Damage Caused by Aircraft." Air and Space Law 34, Issue 6 (November 1, 2009): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2009037.
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The adoption of two international treaties by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States in the first quarter of 2009 on the subject of liability for third-party damage caused by aircraft certainly filled a visible gap in the legislative structure pertaining to liability in air law. However, it remains to be seen whether these instruments will come into effect, given the numerous issues that were brought to bear by key stakeholders and interested parties, both before and during the diplomatic conference which resulted in the treaties. Academic and professional views from the members of the legal profession highlighted several perceived inadequacies and inequities of the treaties. The views expressed by certain States and regional blocks highlighted the redundancy of the instruments in the face of regional and national legislation that cover liability for third-party damage caused by aircraft. This article discusses in depth the features of the two treaties and analyses the issues that have been raised by interested parties.
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Halimi, Halimi. "NOTARY RESPONSIBILITY FOR THIRD PARTY LOSSES DUE TO THE ISSUANCE OF THE DEED OF BINDING OF LAND PURCHASE AGREEMENT." Trunojoyo Law Review 5, no. 2 (August 29, 2023): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/tlr.v5i2.21163.
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Third parties in the formation of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement (APPJB) Land have rights to the object regulated in the PPJB even though they are not involved in its formation as long as they have legal ties to the object being agreed upon. So that when a material loss occurs to a third party originating from the issuance of the PPJB, does the notary have the responsibility to compensate for the loss or vice versa. This type of legal research is a type of normative legal research. The results of this study indicate that legal remedies that can be taken by a third party if the deed of binding sale and purchase agreement issued by a notary causes harm to him is to send a subpoena, carry out an unlawful act lawsuit, report an alleged criminal act and make a complaint to the Regional Supervisory Council. The form of liability that can be borne by a Notary for the issuance of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement which is detrimental to third parties is civil liability by compensating for losses suffered by third parties in accordance with the provisions of Article 1365 of the Civil Code (KUHPerd) and criminal liability, namely serving a criminal sentence in accordance with the criminal provisions in Article 263 paragraph (1) and (2) or 264 or 266 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) and ethically responsible according to Article 85 by receiving administrative sanctions.
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Korotkih, A. "PECULIARITIES OF THE CONTENTS OF THE MATERIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CIVIL SERVANTS." Social Law, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37440/soclaw.2019.01.02.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the content of civil liability of civil servants, which is regulated by the rules of the current legislation of Ukraine on labor. The article focuses on the theoretical problems of determining the constituent elements that make up the content of such responsibility, and attempts to express these constituent elements of the content of liability in the form of a coherent system.
Therefore, in view of all the above, we conclude that the peculiarities of the content of the civil liability of civil servants are expressed in the specifics of the legal status of such subjects of labor law, as well as in the peculiarities of the labor relations that arise between the civil servant and his employer. The peculiarities of the content of full or limited liability of a civil servant are disclosed in the specifics of the compensation of the damage caused by the employee, which depends directly on the subject to whom such damage was caused, namely: a) liability for damage caused to third parties; b) liability for damage caused to the state (employees guilty of damage to a state-owned enterprise, institution, organization of damage, bear financial responsibility: only in the presence of direct actual harm; regardless of bringing the employee to other types of legal liability for the same illegal acts that were damage to the state; to the extent that must be limited to a certain part of the civil servant's salary, but not more than his average monthly salary, except in cases provided for by law).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Third party’s civil liability"
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Fobe, Jean-Michel. "Legal aspects and insurance of the liability of civil aerospace products manufacturers in the EEC, for damage to third parties." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26198.
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Civil aerospace products manufacturers in the EEC may, as in the USA, be called into litigation as co-defendant following an aircraft accident by the victims or their dependents. As opposed to the airlines, their liability is not limited by international conventions.This thesis examines their liability and insurance in case of damage to third parties after the entry into force of EEC Directive 85/374 on liability for defective products.
First, a brief description will be given of the evolution of the aerospace industry in Europe and its governmental regulation through certification. In the second part we will examine the evolution of product liability in Europe. The main focus will be on the Directive. After a discussion of aspects of conflict of laws and enforcement of judgments, the particulars of aviation products liability in Europe will be looked at. Finally, we will consider aviation product liability insurance.
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Schlag, Jenny Melanie. "Tort law liability of directors and officers towards third party creditors : a comparative study of common and civil law with special focus on Canada and Germany." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81234.
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Where individuals standing outside of the corporation have been harmed by the acts of one of its directors or officers, the question becomes whether they have only a claim against the corporation or whether they may have also a personal claim against the executive inflicting the harm on them.The issue of how far it should be possible to hold directors and officers personally liable for tort has been a contested one and even courts within one and the same jurisdiction provide different solutions. On the one hand, there is the general basic principle that individuals causing harm to others should be held responsible. On the other hand, the fact that directors and officers act as agents on behalf of the corporation might call for an exception to this basic tort law principle.
This thesis will compare the solutions proposed by Common law (with focus on the law of Ontario) and German law as an example of a Civil law jurisdiction. An attempt will be made to see in how far the proposed solutions are consistent with legal principles like the separate legal entity of the corporation and the concept of limited liability as well as with arguments related to economic efficiency.
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Thomas, Arnaud. "L'indemnisation de l'impayé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA100152.
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Un créancier de somme d’argent peut être privé du paiement par la faute d’un tiers. Les occurrences d’une telle hypothèse sont nombreuses et variées. L’intervention d’un tiers peut avoir été sollicitée par le créancier, aux fins de recouvrer la créance. L’intervention du tiers peut à l’inverse être entièrement subie par le créancier, lorsque le premier fait irruption dans le processus de recouvrement. Dans chacune de ces hypothèses, le créancier privé de son paiement peut rechercher la responsabilité civile du tiers auquel il impute son impayé. Le contentieux est nourri, notamment à l’encontre des professionnels du droit. Il n’existe pourtant pas d’analyse globale de l’indemnisation du créancier de somme d’argent privé de son paiement par la faute d’un tiers. Parfois présenté comme la perte de la créance ou la perte de chance d’un paiement, le dommage susceptible d’être subi par le créancier de somme d’argent n’est pas réellement identifié. Il en résulte des hésitations en jurisprudence et en doctrine, relatives notamment au quantum de l’indemnisation du créancier et à la subsidiarité de cette indemnisation à l’épuisement de toute voie de recouvrement de la créance. L’identification du dommage, dont doit être distingué le préjudice, subi par le créancier de somme d’argent tend ainsi à faire émerger un régime général de son indemnisation. Cette étude tend notamment à éclaircir le système spécial d’indemnisation des créanciers d’un même débiteur soumis à une procédure collective. Le droit des faillites a en effet vu apparaitre un système d’indemnisations collectives des créanciers dans l’hypothèse d’une faute imputable à un tiers. Edifié aux fins de rendre effective la responsabilité civile des tiers dans ce contexte, ce système s’avère incohérent et inefficace. Il est dès lors proposé de lui substituer un système nouveau d’indemnisations individuelles des créanciers, à la demande des organes de la procédure collective. Etudiée de manière générale puis dans le contexte de la procédure collective du débiteur, l’indemnisation de l’impayé tend enfin à éclairer tant le droit de la responsabilité civile que celui des entreprises en difficultéThe creditor of a sum of money may be deprived of payment through the fault of a third party. These can happen under many circumstances. For example, the creditor may have asked a third party to take action to recover the debt, and that third-party may have failed to carry out its obligations. On the other hand, the third party's action may be entirely unsolicited but still interferes with the debt collection process. In either case, the creditor who has been deprived of payment may seek damages from the third party whom he holds liable for his unpaid claim.There is a considerable amount of litigation in this area, particularly against legal professionals. However, there is no legal framework governing the compensation of creditors who have been deprived of payment through the fault of a third party. Sometimes referred to as the loss of the claim [“perte de la créance”] or the loss of the chance of payment[“perte de chance d’un paiement”], the damage that the creditor of a sum of money might suffer is not clearly identified. As a result, courts and academic writers have been rather hesitant as to the amount of compensation to be paid to the creditor by the third party and whether such compensation should depend on the exhaustion of all means of recovering the debt.A proposal for a new identification of the damage, suffered by the creditor of a sum of money, thus tends to give rise to a clearer legal framework.The purpose of this dissertation is also to shed light on the specific system of compensation for creditors of the same debtor who is subject to bankruptcy proceedings. Indeed, French courts have created a mechanism of collective compensation for creditors in the event of a fault attributable to a third party. However, this mechanism has proved to be inconsistent and ineffective. This current mechanism could be replaced by a new system of individual compensation for creditors at the request of the bankruptcy Trustee.This dissertation thus examines, and proposes to amend, the issue of compensation for unpaid debts both from a general perspective and in the context of the debtor's bankruptcy proceedings
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Oliveira, Diogo Rocha de. "Ratemaking in motor insurance : an application." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14125.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisThe scope of this work is to calculate an Automobile Tariff for Third Party Liability Coverage and Shock, Collision and Rollover Coverage assuming the basic distributions, Poisson for Claim Frequency and Gamma for Average Cost using Generalized Linear Regression Models. After a brief presentation of the methodology we develop an exploratory analysis of the portfolio both from a frequency and a severity point of view. Using the main conclusions of this exploratory analysis we estimate our models. We use a log link for both frequency and severity, i.e. we define a multiplicative tariff. When modelling the frequency we use a Poisson regression model with over dispersion and we introduce the bonus-malus in force in the company as an offset since the definitions of a new bonus malus system was outside our setup. Once the models are estimated we define a tariff structure and, finally, in the last chapter we analyze the results and take some conclusions.
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Santos, Lucas Vicente Romero Rodrigues Frias dos. "Responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet pelo conteúdo gerado por terceiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6747.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-12In this paper we face the issue of Internet service provider liability for content generated by third parties. With the enactment of Law 12,965 of April 23, 2014, known as Civil Marco of the Internet, doctrinal definitions were modified and new concepts were integrated into the legal system. And so it was with the liability of internet service providers. This tune and upon the a sandy soil of so young a subject, we will seek to form a logical system of the liability of internet service providers, having as main objective the fair and systematic application of the law, resulting in the effective protection of the user, without improperly burdening the providers
Neste estudo iremos enfrentar a problemática da responsabilidade do provedor de internet pelo conteúdo gerado por terceiro. Com a edição da Lei 12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014, conhecida como Marco Civil da Internet, definições doutrinárias foram alteradas e novos conceitos foram inseridos no sistema jurídico. E assim o foi com a responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet. Nessa toada e sobre o terreno ainda arenoso de um assunto tão moço, buscaremos formar sistema lógico da responsabilidade dos provedores de internet, tendo como objetivo precípuo a aplicação justa e sistemática do Direito, que resulte na eficaz proteção do usuário, sem onerar indevidamente os provedores
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Higa, Alberto Shinji. "A responsabilidade civil do Estado em face da atividade administrativa de fomento no domínio social e a do agente fomentado à luz da Constituição Federal de 1.988." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8504.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-24This present work has the purpose of proposing reflections for the outlining of the public foment in the social domain and of the respective civil liability of the State and of the parastate entities in this sphere, in light of the Constitution of the Republic of 1988. The choice of the theme could be justified by the following reasons: (i) the contemplation of the fertile field by the Magna Carta for the development of said administrative function; (ii) the issuing in the infraconstitutional sphere of sparse laws that, as a pretext of the promotion of this need, extrapolate the landmarks conceived in the Greater Law; (iii) the ommission of these legal diplomas related to the civil liability of the State and of the beneficiary entities, whether arising from the juridical relationship between this, fomenting agent, and those, fomented agents, whether arising from the bond between the latter and the third party; (iv) the lacuna in the field of juridical science, as that occurring in the legislative sphere, seeing the attention given by the scientists of the constitutional law to said theme is still shy. To reach the established objectives, the constitutional contours of the administrative activity of foment in the social domain were initially traced. It was sought to identify its juridical regime and its area of incidence. In possession of all these elements, it was then passed on to the study of the civil liability of the State and of the fomented entity. At the end of the research, it was noticed that the State answers for the damages caused to the fomented agents due to its comissive or omissive acts, in the exercise of the promotional administrative function, in objective or subjective form, respectively. Likewise, it is concluded that the State, as a rule, does not answer for the damages caused by the fomented agents to third parties, in the exercise of the activities which are the object of the foment, except in cases of autonomous social services, of the social organizations that substitute the Public Authority in the performance of public service under its charge or are benefitted with the granting of goods and public servants, and in the cases of state omission in inspecting the activities developed by the fomented agents, as long as observed, in this case, the theory of the direct and immediate damage (art. 403 of the CC) and with presence of the premises related to the subjective civil liability, by the theory of the guilt of the service. Finally, in relation to the fomented agents, it is concluded that, as a rule, the subjective civil liability foreseen in art. 927, headline c/c art. 186 of the Civil Code, is applied in the hypothesis of extracontractual liability or in art. 389 of the Civil Code, in case of contractual liability, whether in relation to the State, whether in relation to the third party that makes use of the service rendered by it. The incidence of the objective liability is an exception and is observed only in two distinct hypotheses: (i) in the terms of sole paragraph of art. 927 of the Civil Code, which authorizes the establishment of the objective liability in cases foreseen in law, as in Law No. 8.078/90; and (ii) in cases of social organizations established with the purpose of substituting the State in relation to its duty of rendering public services, in the terms of the Magna Carta, and of deceiving the juridical administrative regime that, strictly, such activities are submitted to, opposing the limits of complementary actuation of the private in the social domain
O presente trabalho tem por objetivos propor reflexões para o delineamento do fomento público no domínio social e da respectiva responsabilidade civil do Estado e das entidades paraestatais nesse âmbito, à luz da Constituição da República de 1988. A escolha do tema pode ser justificada pelas seguintes razões: (i) a contemplação de campo fértil pela Carta Magna para o desenvolvimento da referida função administrativa; (ii) a edição no plano infraconstitucional de leis esparsas que, a pretexto da promoção desse mister, extrapolam os marcos gizados na Lei Maior; (iii) a omissão desses diplomas legais quanto à responsabilidade civil do Estado e das entidades beneficiárias, seja aquela decorrente da relação jurídica entre este, agente fomentador e aquelas, agentes fomentados, seja a oriunda do vínculo entre estes últimos e o terceiro; (iv) a lacuna no campo da ciência jurídica, tal como ocorre no plano legislativo, posto que ainda é tímida a atenção dada pelos cientistas do direito pátrio ao referido tema. Para se alcançar os objetivos fixados, inicialmente, foram traçados os contornos constitucionais da atividade administrativa de fomento no domínio social. Procurou-se identificar o seu regime jurídico e sua área de incidência. De posse de todos esses elementos, passou-se, então, ao estudo da responsabilidade civil do Estado e da entidade fomentada. Ao término das pesquisas, constatou-se que o Estado responde pelos danos causados aos agentes fomentados por seus atos comissivos ou omissivos, no exercício da função administrativa promocional, respectivamente, de forma objetiva ou subjetiva. Outrossim, conclui-se que o Estado, via de regra, não responde pelos danos causados pelos agentes fomentados a terceiros, no exercício das atividades objeto de fomento, salvo nos casos dos serviços sociais autônomos, das organizações sociais que substituam o Poder Público no desempenho de serviço público a seu encargo ou sejam beneficiadas com a cessão de bens e servidores públicos e nos casos de omissão estatal em fiscalizar as atividades desenvolvidas pelos agentes fomentados, desde que observada, nessa hipótese, a teoria do dano direto e imediato (art. 403 do CC) e presentes os pressupostos relativos à responsabilidade civil subjetiva, pela teoria da culpa do serviço. Por fim, quanto aos agentes fomentados, concluise que, via de regra, aplica-se a responsabilidade civil subjetiva prevista no art. 927, caput c/c art. 186 do Código Civil, na hipótese de responsabilidade extracontratual ou no art. 389 do Código Civil, no caso de responsabilidade contratual, seja em relação ao Estado, seja em relação ao terceiro que se utiliza do serviço por ela prestado. A incidência da responsabilidade objetiva constitui-se exceção e somente se verifica em duas distintas hipóteses: (i) nos termos do parágrafo único do art. 927 do Código Civil, que autoriza a fixação da responsabilidade objetiva em casos previstos em lei, a exemplo da Lei nº 8.078/90; e (ii) nos casos de organizações sociais constituídas com a finalidade de substituir o Estado no que toca ao seu dever de prestar serviços públicos, nos termos da Carta Magna, e de burlar o regime jurídico administrativo que, a rigor, se submetem tais atividades, contrariando os limites da atuação complementar do particular no domínio social
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Chia-LienFang and 方佳蓮. "A study of CPA's civil liability to the third party for financial statement attestation." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27660404095490036046.
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Santos, Vanessa Audrey Alves Cardoso. "A responsabilidade civil do atleta e de terceiros por doping no âmbito do contrato de patrocínio: problemas de imputação." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90388.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoVive-se em um mundo imagético, onde a imagem tem ocupado o centro, sobretudo das relações comerciais e empresariais. As empresas têm apostado cada vez mais em um método estratégico de valorização da sua imagem pública, bem como na aproximação dos seus produtos e serviços com as pessoas, por meio da celebração de inúmeros contratos de patrocínio. É com esses contratos que se busca a valorização da imagem através da associação com celebridades, nomeadamente atletas, utilizando-se da fama, notoriedade e prestígio deles, para influenciar o consumo de produtos. O patrocinado, por sua vez, vincula-se a uma série de obrigações, sobretudo de bom comportamento, com o intuito de não prejudicar o fim contratual. A dopagem, ao macular o requisito pessoal pelo qual o atleta foi contratado, gera um efeito contrário ao desejado, traduzido na transferência de imagem negativa. Tal conduta figura, portanto, como causa da quebra contratual e resulta na frustração da finalidade pela qual o contrato foi celebrado e da confiança depositada, razão pela qual a manutenção do contrato passa a não fazer mais sentido. Diante desse cenário, além de tratar de modo lateral da resolução desse contrato duradouro, como uma das soluções apontadas pelo ordenamento jurídico, buscou-se, sobretudo, enfrentar o problema sob a ótica do instituto da responsabilidade, o que trouxe inúmeros problemas a serem trabalhados e opções difíceis a serem tomadas, notadamente na identificação do agente responsável pelo dano. Em outras palavras, a quem deve ser imputada a conduta que desencadeou prejuízos pela violação do direito do credor/patrocinador. Isso porque para além de considerarmos a dopagem praticada com dolo ou negligência do atleta, consideram-se, também, as hipóteses de interferência de um terceiro (dirigente desportivo, treinador, médico desportivo etc.) que induz ou coage o atleta a entrar em um esquema de doping. Nesse contexto, discutiu-se a própria possibilidade desse terceiro vir a responder, e, em caso positivo, perante quem e sob qual modalidade de responsabilidade civil, sem afastar a discussão do âmbito da eficácia do contrato e do princípio da relatividade das obrigações. Uma tarefa complexa e cheia de nuances, que exigiu a aplicação entrelaçada do instituto da responsabilidade civil a um caso muito específico e que, por vezes, desafia análises simplistas e observações enviesadas. Se conseguirmos estabelecer um debate construtivo e com sólida discussão dogmática, o trabalho já terá cumprido sua função.
We live in a world of images, where that has occupied the center of life, mainly of the commercial and business relations. Companies are increasingly betting on a strategic method of valuing their public image, as well as the approximation of their products and services with the common people, through the conclusion of numerous sponsorship contracts. It is with these contracts that the image is valued through association with celebrities, namely athletes, using their fame, notoriety and prestige to influence the consumption of many products. The sponsored, in turn, is bound by a series of obligations, especially of good behavior, in order not to undermine the contractual purpose. The doping, to maculate the personal requisite by which the athlete was contracted, generates an effect contrary to one who was desired at the beginning, translated in a negative image transfer. Such conduct is therefore the cause of the breach of contract and results in the frustration of the purpose for which the contract was concluded and of the trust deposited, which is why the maintenance of the contract no longer makes sense. In a scenery like that, besides a minor part about the resolution of this durable contract, as one of the solutions pointed out by the legal system, it was mainly sought to address the problem in the perspective of the tort law, which brought numerous problems to be worked and difficult options to be taken, notably in identifying the agent responsible for the damage. In other words, to whom should be imputed the conduct that triggered damages for the breach of the right of the creditor/sponsor. This is because in addition to considering the doping practiced with intent or negligence of the athlete, it was also considered the hypotheses of interference by a third party (sports manager, coach, sports doctor etc.) that induces or coerces the athlete to dope. In this context, it was discussed the possibility of this third party to respond, and, if so, to whom and under which type of civil liability, without excluding the discussion of the scope of effectiveness of the contract and the principle of relativity of obligations. A complex task and full of nuances, which required the application of the tort law to a very specific case and that sometimes defies simplistic analysis and biased comments. If we can establish a constructive debate and a solid dogmatic discussion, this dissertation will have already fulfilled its function.
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Vilaça, Joel Tiago Ferreira. "Identidade e Deslocação do Dano: o problema da liquidação do dano de terceiro - Um ensaio prático-dogmático no ordenamento jurídico português." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92651.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoPartimos da seguinte premissa: sem dano não há responsabilidade. É em torno deste pressuposto que toda a mecânica da responsabilidade civil calcorreia: na identificação do problema social do dano, enquanto limite e medida da indemnização, e da sua imputação através da obrigação de indemnizar.Conscientes das dificuldades técnico-jurídicas que algumas hipóteses juridicamente relevantes suscitam no âmbito da tutela indemnizatória dos danos e da premente atualidade do tema que a encerra, propomos indagar sobre as potencialidades da liquidação do dano de terceiro enquanto figura resolutiva de hipóteses em que um terceiro sofre um dano no quadro de referência da contratualidade. As determinantes da figura que nos propomos discutir, cuja fundamentação enfrenta severas dificuldades na doutrina, surgem pelos contornos que o sistema delitual apresenta a exigir aos autores a investigar no campo contratual a solução para alguns problemas relacionados com o não ressarcimento dos danos puramente patrimoniais ao nível da responsabilidade extracontratual e com o regime do ónus da prova consagrado no plano extracontratual.Assim, empreenderemos um ensaio prático-dogmático no ordenamento jurídico pátrio limitados pelas coordenadas que o sistema jurídico português nos fornece.Destarte, abordaremos em particular, uma das propostas que a doutrina da responsabilidade civil contratual nos apresenta para a tutela ressarcitória de terceiros: a figura da liquidação do dano de terceiro no ordenamento jurídico português.
We start with the following premise: without damage there is no liability. It is revolving around this assumption that the whole mechanic of civil liability works: the identification of the social problem of damage, as a limit and measure of the compensation, and of his imputation through the obligation of paying compensation. Aware of the technical and legal difficulties that some legally relevant hypotheses raise within the damage compensation and the pressing actuality of the theme it poses, we propose to question about the potentialities of transferred loss liquidation as a resolutive figure of situations in which a third party suffers a damage in the reference framework of the contract.The determinants of the figure we propose to discuss, whose grounds face severe difficulties in doctrine, arise from the contour that the delict system presents, requiring the author to investigate in the contractual field a solution for some problems related to the non-compensation of the pure economic loss at the level of extra-contractual liability and the burden of proof regime established in the extra-contractual plan.Thus, we will undertake a practical and dogmatic essay in our national legal order limited by the coordinates that the Portuguese legal system offers us.Therefore, we will approach, in particular, one of the proposals that the doctrine of contractual civil liability presents to us for the compensation of a third party: the figure of transferred loss in the Portuguese legal order.
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CHEN, MIAO-FEN, and 陳妙芬. "A study on the Risk Factors of the Third Party’s Liability Insurance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96039981992838366413.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
金融系金融資訊碩士在職專班
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The sample of this paper covers assurance details and claim records of the third-party’s liability insurance for passenger cars between 2013 and 2015. Among 16,350 entries of assurance details, the number of claim records is 945,which is examined by this research,There are seven variables including: “gender,” “age coefficient,” “year of car,” “brand name code,” “engine displacement,” and “claim record”,to be used for empirical analyses of claim records. Empirical result indicates: “gender,” “age coefficient,” and “year of car” are significant variables to significantly influence insurance claims while Logistic Regression Analysis shows “age coefficient” and “years of car” are important variables of insurance claims.
Books on the topic "Third party’s civil liability"
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Lipcanu, Emilian. Răspunderea comitentului pentru fapta prepusului: Probleme actuale privind răspunderea civilă prevăzută de articolul 1000, alineatul 3, Cod civil. [Bucharest]: Lumina Lex, 1999.
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1950-, Spier Jaap, Busnelli Francesco Donato, and European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law., eds. Unification of tort law: Liability for damage caused by others. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003.
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Guimarães, José Castro. A responsabilidade civil do operador postal perante o destinatário e outros terceiros. Porto: Almedina & Leitão, 2010.
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Margarida Maria Matos Correia Azevedo de Almeida. A responsabilidade civil do banqueiro perante os credores da empresa financiada. [Coimbra]: Coimbra Editora, 2003.
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Klopper, H. B. The law of third-party compensation: In terms of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996. Durban: LexisNexis, 2012.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law. General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on H.R. 3087, to amend the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to establish time limitation on certain civil actions against aircraft manufacturers, and for other purposes, May 12, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law. General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on H.R. 3087, to amend the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to establish time limitation on certain civil actions against aircraft manufacturers, and for other purposes, May 12, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on S. 825 ... June 21, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session on S. 825 ... June 21, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
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Aviation, United States Congress House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on. General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on H.R. 3087, to amend the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to establish time limitations on certain civil actions against aircraft manufacturers, and for other purposes, October 27, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Third party’s civil liability"
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Lanz, Marcel, and Stefan Mijic. "Risks Associated with the Use of Natural Language Generation: Swiss Civil Liability Law Perspective." In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law, 319–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41264-6_17.
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AbstractThe use and improvement of Natural-Language-Generation (NLG) is a recent development that is progressing at a rapid pace. Its benefits range from the easy deployment of auxiliary automation tools for simple repetitive tasks to fully functional advisory bots that can offer help with complex problems and meaningful solutions in various areas. With fully integrated autonomous systems, the question of errors and liability becomes a critical area of concern. While various ways to mitigate and minimize errors are in place and are being improved upon by utilizing different error testing datasets, this does not preclude significant flaws in the generated outputs.From a legal perspective it must be determined who is responsible for undesired outcomes from NLG-algorithms: Does the manufacturer of the code bear the ultimate responsibility or is it the operator that did not take reasonable measures to minimize the risk of inaccurate or unwanted output? The answer to this question becomes even more complex with third parties interacting with a NLG-algorithm which may alter the outcomes. While traditional tort theory links liability to the possibility of control, NLG may be an application that ignores this notion since NLG-algorithms are not designed to be controlled by a human operator.
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Schreiber, Anderson. "Civil Rights Framework of the Internet (BCRFI; Marco Civil da Internet): Advance or Setback? Civil Liability for Damage Derived from Content Generated by Third Party." In Personality and Data Protection Rights on the Internet, 241–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90331-2_10.
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Stoffel-Munck, Philippe. "Liability of Contracting Parties Towards Third Parties." In French Civil Liability in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509927302.ch-004.
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"The Club’s Civil Liability to Third Parties." In Ashton & Reid on Clubs and Associations. Bloomsbury Professional, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781526505187.chapter-013.
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Fox, D., RJC Munday, B. Soyer, AM Tettenborn, and PG Turner. "6. Relations with third parties." In Sealy and Hooley's Commercial Law, 158–208. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198842149.003.0006.
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This chapter examines how contracts made by the agent affect the legal relations of the principal with regard to third parties. When considering the rights and liability arising under a contract made by an agent, it is important to draw the distinction between whether the agent was acting for a disclosed or undisclosed principal, the latter being an important feature of English agency law largely unknown to civil lawyers. This chapter discusses generally the relations between principal and third party, and between agent and third party, in the context of both disclosed and undisclosed agency.
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Hannigan, Brenda. "14. Directors’ liabilities for breach of duty." In Company Law, 270–300. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848493.003.0014.
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This chapter focuses on the extent of a director’s civil liability for breach of fiduciary duty and the liability of third parties involved in some way in that breach of duty. One of the most important issues is the extent of a director’s liability to account. Liability can range from accounting for secret profits to claims for equitable compensation and from personal to proprietary claims. Often, a claim will be affected by limitation issues. It may be complicated by the involvement of third party accessories. Mitigation through reliance on indemnity provisions, insurance and by applying to the court for relief is also considered. The discussion covers: breach of fiduciary duty, liability of third parties, claims for negligence, and managing potential liabilities.
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Sime, Stuart. "20. Additional Claims under Part 20." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 221–30. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838593.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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Sime, Stuart. "20. Additional Claims under Part 20." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 217–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858386.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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Sime, Stuart. "20. Additional Claims under Part 20." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 218–27. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192859365.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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Sime, Stuart. "20. Additional Claims under Part 20." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 218–27. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844521.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
Conference papers on the topic "Third party’s civil liability"
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Novotná, Marianna. "Zodpovednosť za škodu spôsobenú zamestnancom trochu inak." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.440-450.
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The paper deals with a very narrow and rather conceptually oriented scope of selected issues of liability for damage caused by an employee, while performing an activity for the employer or outside the framework of such activities, to the employer, to another employee or to a third party standing outside the employer’s structures. The paper looks at the problem outlined not only from the perspective of labour law but also from the perspective of the relevant civil law provisions.
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Vodenicharov, Asen. "CIVIL LAW STATUS OF THE SUPERVISORY ORGAN IN EUROPEAN BUSINESS COMPANIES." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.303.
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The Supervisory organ is a compulsory element in the governance structure of the European Structures for Business Association, namely the European Company (Societas Europaea) and the European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea) that have chosen a two-tier system for their organizations. The organ under consideration presents a hybrid regulatory framework. On the one hand, these are the provisions in the regulations of the European Union, and, on the other, the national law regulations. The organ in question has specific characteristics. Its members are elected by the General meeting. The staff of the first supervisory board may be appointed in the statues. This should apply without prejudice to any employee participation arrangements determined pursuant to Directive 2003/72 / EC. The members of the Supervisory organ are elected for the term specified in the Statute of the association. Their maximum term of office after the expiry mandate date may not exceed six months. The package of powers includes constitutional, authoritative and controlling rights and obligations. The supervisory organ shall elect and dismiss members or an individual member of the management organ. In cases explicitly provided for in the statute of the association, a certain category of legal transactions cannot be concluded by the management organ without the permission of the supervisory organ. Its controlling functions are particularly important. The supervisory organ shall supervise the duties performed by the management organ. It may not itself exercise the power to manage the associations. The supervisory organ may not represent the associations in dealings with third parties. It shall represent the associations in dealings with the management body, or its members, in respect of litigation or the conclusion of contracts. The management organ shall report to the supervisory body at least once every three months on the progress and foreseeable developments of the association’s business, taking into account any information relating to undertakings controlled by the association that may significantly affect the progress of the association business. The members of the Supervisory organ are holders of Civil liability. Its legal basis is the relevant rules in the national law relating to joint stock companies or cooperative organizations in the Member States in which they have registered their office. This liability is based on the possible damage caused by illegal or incorrect acts or actions.
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Karklins, Janis. "Third-Party’s Fault as an Exclusion from Strict Liability." In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.30.
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Inglis, Iulia. "Specific protection of copyright and related rights." In Open Science in the Republic of Moldova National Scientific Conference, 2nd edition. Information Society Development Institute, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57066/sdrm22.11.
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Legal protection regarding copyright and related rights is granted according to the legislation in force, and the legal norms regulate the relations that appear at the creation and capitalization of literary, artistic and scientific works (copyright), of interpretations, phonograms, videograms and broadcast programs (related rights), as well as other rights that are determined by intellectual activity. The principles of protection of copyright and related rights are based on the objective form of expression, originality, automatic protection, exclusivity of rights, freedom of creation and freedom of contract. The subject of copyright relations may be legal entities, both citizens of the Republic of Moldova and persons with foreign citizenship or stateless persons. The moral right of the author is inalienable: the right to paternity, the right to names, the right to respect the integrity of the work, the right to disclose the work, the right to withdraw the work. The successors of the copyright values, only the patrimonial rights, which can be transmitted to third parties. The registration of the object of copyright and / or related rights implies the completion and submission of the application to AGEPI, the payment of the state fee, the registration of the data regarding the registration in the State Register, the issuance of the registration certificate. From legal protection on copyright and related rights are excluded theories, scientific discoveries, procedures, methods of operation, mathematical concepts, inventions contained in a work, whatever the way of taking, explaining or expressing. Likewise, the protection of copyright related rights does not extend to administrative, political or judicial acts, nor to their official translations, state symbols and official state signs, folk expressions, news of the day and various facts that represent a simple information. Enforcement of copyright and related rights is ensured through civil, administrative and criminal protection. Violation of the rights recognized and guaranteed according to the legislation in force attracts civil, contravention or criminal liability.
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Рузанова, В. Д., and Е. С. Крюкова. "FEATURES OF TRANSPORTATION OF BIO-CARGO." In ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЧАСТНОПРАВОВОГО И ПУБЛИЧНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/pplaw.2023.73.46.020.
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В статье анализируется состояние законодательства в сфере перевозки биогрузов и делается вывод о том, что нормативные правовые акты, регулирующие обращение биоматериалов (включающие, в том числе, и правила их транспортировки), представляет собой совокупность разрозненных автономных источников (в основном в области здравоохранения), никак не согласующихся не только между собой, но и с правилами перевозки грузов. Устанавливается соотношение понятий «транспортировка» и «перевозка» груза и применительно к биоматериалам предлагается легально разграничить два понятия: деятельность самого обладателя биоматериалов (иного указанного в законе субъекта) по перемещению названных объектов (собственно транспортировку) и оказание услуги по их перемещению сторонней организацией, отвечающее установленным требованиям (перевозку). Обосновывается подход, при котором к собственно транспортировке биоматериалов нормы ГК РФ о договоре перевозки и транспортных уставов и кодексов следует применять только в «недостающей» части, а к перевозке – при отсутствии специальных правил. Выявляются особенности договора перевозки биогрузов, относящиеся к условиям перевозки и видам используемого транспорта, участникамперевозки, к дополнительной обязанности производителя (разработчика) биоматериалов по обеспечению их транспортировки и осуществлению контрольных функций, а также к ответственности перевозчика за утрату и порчубиоматериалов. Вносится предложение о необходимости разработки в рамках транспортного законодательства целостной системы легальных положений, закрепляющих особенности перевозки биологических грузов и обеспечивающих согласование правил собственно транспортировки и перевозки биоматериалов. The article analyzes the state of legislation in the field of transportation of biocargoes and concludes that the regulatory legal acts regulating the circulation of biomaterials (including, among other things, the rules for their transportation) are a collection of disparate autonomous sources (mainly in the field of healthcare). ), which are in no way consistent not only with each other, but also with the rules for the carriage of goods. The relationship between the concepts of “transportation” and “transportation” of cargo is established and, in relation to biomaterials, it is proposed to legally distinguish between two concepts: the activity of the owner of biomaterials (another entity specified in the law) in moving the named objects (transportation itself) and the provision of a service for their movement by a third-party organization that is responsible established requirements (transportation). An approach is substantiated in which the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the contract of carriage and transport charters and codes should be applied to the actual transportation of biomaterials only in the "missing" part, and to transportation – in the absence of special rules. The features of the contract for the transportation of biocargoes are revealed, related to the conditions of transportation and the types of transport used, the participants in the transportation, the additional obligation of the manufacturer (developer) of biomaterials to ensure their transportation and exercise control functions, as well as the liability of the carrier for the loss and damage of biomaterials. A proposal is made on the need to develop, within the framework of the transport legislation, an integral system of legal provisions that fix the features of the transportation of biological cargo and ensure the harmonization of the rules for the actual transportation and transportation of biomaterials.
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Ose, Daina. "Trešo personu atsevišķas tiesības un pienākumi prasības tiesvedībā." In Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.13.
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Third parties is quite a significant institute of procedural law based on the principle of procedural economy and the duty to establish the truth in court. An essential feature of a third party’s participation in legal proceedings is the need for that person to protect his or her legal interests and to intervene in the dispute between the parties on his or her own initiative. A judge is not entitled to summon a party to a civil case on his or her own initiative, if the party to the dispute has not made such a request. The third party, without his or her independent claims, is one of the parties to the dispute in support of the case. When deciding on the admission or summoning of a third party, the judge must assess whether the boundaries of the subject of the claim and the claim allow the protection of the legal interest of the third party concerned. Economic interest and actual interest are not grounds for admitting or summoning a third party to a civil case.