Journal articles: 'Thin Film Solver'

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Aljohani, M. A., P. K. Jimack, and M. A. Walkley. "A faster optimal solver for thin film flows." Applied Numerical Mathematics 184 (February 2023): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2022.10.012.

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Asle-Zaeem, M., and S. D. Mesarovic. "Investigation of Phase Transformation in Thin Film Using Finite Element Method." Solid State Phenomena 150 (January 2009): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.150.29.

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Cahn-Hilliard type of phase field model coupled with elasticity is used to derive governing equations for the stress-mediated diffusion and phase transformation in thin films. To solve the resulting equations, a finite element (FE) model is presented. The partial differential equations governing diffusion and mechanical equilibrium are of different orders; Mixed-order finite elements, with C0 interpolation functions for displacement, and C1 interpolation functions for concentration are implemented. To validate this new numerical solver for such coupled problems, we test our implementation on thin film diffusion couples.

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Zitz, Stefan, Manuel Zellhöfer, Andrea Scagliarini, and Jens Harting. "Swalbe.jl: A lattice Boltzmann solver for thin film hydrodynamics." Journal of Open Source Software 7, no. 77 (September 5, 2022): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.04312.

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Naganthran, Kohilavani, Ishak Hashim, and Roslinda Nazar. "Triple Solutions of Carreau Thin Film Flow with Thermocapillarity and Injection on an Unsteady Stretching Sheet." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123177.

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Thin films and coatings which have a high demand in a variety of industries—such as manufacturing, optics, and photonics—need regular improvement to sustain industrial productivity. Thus, the present work examined the problem of the Carreau thin film flow and heat transfer with the influence of thermocapillarity over an unsteady stretching sheet, numerically. The sheet is permeable, and there is an injection effect at the surface of the stretching sheet. The similarity transformation reduced the partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations which is then solved numerically by the MATLAB boundary value problem solver bvp4c. The more substantial effect of injection was found to be the reduction of the film thickness at the free surface and development of a better rate of convective heat transfer. However, the increment in the thermocapillarity number thickens the film, reduces the drag force, and weakens the rate of heat transfer past the stretching sheet. The triple solutions are identified when the governing parameters vary, but two of the solutions gave negative film thickness. Detecting solutions with the most negative film thickness is essential because it implies the interruption in the laminar flow over the stretching sheet, which then affects the thin film growing process.

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Putri, N. P., F. Al Azis, D. D. Kamasi, and S. P. Sakti. "Determination of Resonance Parameters of The PANI Thin Film Fabricated using Spin Coating Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2110, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2110/1/012008.

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Abstract This study aims to determine the resonance parameters of polyaniline thin films to better understand the viscoelasticity properties of polyaniline films. The spin coating method was used with varying solvent concentrations and rotating speed of spin coater during the deposition Polyaniline (PANI) thin film on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). To determine the resonance parameters of the PANI thin film, the impedance and QCM frequency measurements were first carried out before and after coated with PANI. The modelling used is a modified BVD model, and the determined resonance parameters are C0, C1, L1, R1, L2 and R2. From the results of the analysis using the GRG Nonlinear solver program, it was found that solution concentration and rotational speed in the spin coating process has a significant effect on resonator parameters of PANI thin film. The best solution concentration from this study was 2% DMF with a rotational speed of 2,000 rpm. This is because in these conditions it provides a minimal damping effect on QCM.

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van Odyck, D. E. A., and C. H. Venner. "Compressible Stokes Flow in Thin Films." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 3 (June 19, 2003): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1539058.

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A multigrid numerical solution algorithm has been developed for the laminar (Stokes) flow of a compressible medium in a thin film. The solver has been applied to two model problems each representative of lubrication problems in a specific way. For both problems the solutions of the Stokes equations are compared with the solutions of the Reynolds equation. The configurations of both model problems were chosen such that based on the ratio film thickness to contact length (H/L) the difference between the Reynolds and the Stokes solutions will be very small, so the geometry of the gap itself does not lead to a significant cross film dependence of the pressure. It is shown that in this situation the compressibility can still lead to a cross-film pressure dependence which is predicted by the Stokes solution and not by the Reynolds solution. The results demonstrate that limitations exist to the validity of the Reynolds equation related to the compressibility of the medium.

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Lee Shin Leong, Md Faisal Md Basir, Nurul Aini Jaafar, Sarkhosh Seddighi Chaharborj, Taufiq Khairi Ahmad Khairuddin, and Kohilavani Naganthran. "NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE THIN FILM HYBRID NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OVER AN UNSTEADY STRETCHING SHEET." Open Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v3i4.1674.

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This paper explores the mathematical model of thin-film flow and heat transfer utilizing hybrid nanofluid along with the two-dimensional time dependent stretching sheet. The influence of several parameters towards the model are discussed and solved by the method of collocation, namely bvp4c solver that can find in MATLAB software. In this paper, we focused on the effect of parameters are unsteadiness parameter λ, thermocapillarity number M, constant mass transfer parameter S, and concentration of towards the model. The numerical results have been obtained and shown in table and graph form. The effect of thermocapillarity number M and concentration of are explored and graphically portrayed through the velocity, temperature and concentration profile.

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POPESCU, A. A., D. SAVASTRU, L. BASCHIR, V. V. VERLAN, O. BORDIAN, M. STAFE, and N. PUSCAS. "SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE IN As2Se3 PLANAR WAVEGUIDES FOR THE IR SPECTRAL REGION." Chalcogenide Letters 17, no. 3 (March 2020): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2020.173.117.

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The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) four layers configuration that contains prism of BK7-gold metal film-As2Se3 waveguide-air was realized. As2Se3 thin films with low roughness were obtained by thermal evaporation using cvasi-closed evaporator. The surface roughness’s was less than 2.5 nm. The SPR curves shape calculated by MATLAB solver were identical to these one calculated by matrix method. The As2Se3 films were characterized by ellipsometric spectroscopy and the obtained optical constants were used for calculations. Experimentally obtained SPR curves at the 1064 nm wavelength shown sharp resonance and are in accordance with calculus.

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Agarwal, Lucky, K. Sambasiva Rao, Anshika Srivastava, and Shweta Tripathi. "Ytterbium doped ZnO nanolaminated planar waveguide for ring resonator applications." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 22 (March 7, 2022): 225106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac57dd.

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Abstract In the present paper, optical and structural properties of Yb doped ZnO (YZO) are studied for different Yb molar concentrations. The YZO thin films are deposited over the silicon substrate via the sol-gel spin coating method. The range of Yb doping content (concentration) is 0 mol% to 1.5 mol% in ZnO. The morphological variations of the deposited thin film are studied using XRD, FE-SEM, atomic force microscopy, and Ellipsometer. The obtained results indicate that the YZO thin film possesses a single crystalline structure with (1 0 0) as the preferential orientation. All samples have a smooth, dense structure and are free of pinholes. A detailed optical result showed a favorable behavior of YZO thin film for integrated photonic devices. Hence, an optical ring resonator is simulated using MODE and FDTD tool of Lumerical to validate the experimental results. The eigen mode solver is incorporated in MODE (wavelength ranging from 300 to 800 nm) to compute refractive index, propagation constant, group velocity, losses, dispersion and transmission intensity. Furthermore, quality factor, free spectral range and fullwidth at half-maximum of the ring resonator are evaluated using FDTD.

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LeFloch, P. G., and M. Shearer. "Non-classical Riemann solvers with nucleation." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 134, no. 5 (October 2004): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500003577.

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We introduce a new non-classical Riemann solver for scalar conservation laws with concave–convex flux-function. This solver is based on both a kinetic relation, which determines the propagation speed of (under-compressive) non-classical shock waves, and a nucleation criterion, which makes a choice between a classical Riemann solution and a non-classical one. We establish the existence of (non-classical entropy) solutions of the Cauchy problem and discuss several examples of wave interactions. We also show the existence of a class of solutions, called splitting–merging solutions, which are made of two large shocks and small bounded-variation perturbations. The nucleation solvers, as we call them, are applied to (and actually motivated by) the theory of thin-film flows; they help explain numerical results observed for such flows.

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Blome, Mark, Kevin McPeak, Sven Burger, Frank Schmidt, and David Norris. "Back-reflector design in thin-film silicon solar cells by rigorous 3D light propagation modeling." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 1282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2012-0367.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find an optimized thin-film amorphous silicon solar cell design by numerically optimizing the light trapping efficiency of a pyramid-structured back-reflector using a frequency-domain finite element Maxwell solver. For this purpose short circuit current densities and absorption spectra within the investigated solar cell model are systematically analyzed. Furthermore, the authors employ a topology simulation method to accurately predict the material layer interfaces within the investigated solar cell model. The method simulates the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that is typically used to fabricate thin-film solar cells by combining a ballistic transport and reaction model (BTRM) with a level-set method in an iterative approach. Predicted solar cell models are far more realistic compared to solar cell models created assuming conformal material growth. The purpose of the topology simulation method is to increase the accuracy of thin-film solar cell models in order to facilitate highly accurate simulation results in solar cell design optimizations. Design/methodology/approach – The authors perform numeric optimizations using a frequency domain finite element Maxwell solver. Topology simulations are carried out using a BTRM combined with a level-set method in an iterative fashion. Findings – The simulation results reveal that the employed pyramid structured back-reflectors effectively increase the light path in the absorber mainly by exciting photonic waveguide modes. In using the optimization approach, the authors have identified solar cell models with cell periodicities around 480 nm and pyramid base widths around 450 nm to yield the highest short circuit current densities. Compared to equivalent solar cell models with flat back-reflectors, computed short circuit current densities are significantly increased. Furthermore, the paper finds that the solar cell models computed using the topology simulation approach represent a far more realistic approximation to a real solar cell stack compared to solar cell models computed by a conformal material growth assumption. Research limitations/implications – So far in the topology simulation approach the authors assume CVD as the material deposition process for all material layers. However, during the fabrication process sputtering (i.e. physical vapor deposition) will be employed for the Al:ZnO and ITO layers. In the framework of this ongoing research project the authors will extend the topology simulation approach to take the different material deposition processes into account. The differences in predicted material interfaces will presumably be only minor compared to the results shown here and certainly be insignificant relative to the differences the authors observe for solar cell models computed assuming conformal material growth. Originality/value – The authors systematically investigate and optimize the light trapping efficiency of a pyramid nano-structured back-reflector using rigorous electromagnetic field computations with a 3D finite element Maxwell solver. To the authors’ knowledge such an investigation has not been carried out yet in the solar cell research literature. The topology simulation approach (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) has previously not been applied to the modelling of solar cells. Typically a conformal layer growth assumption is used instead.

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Alabdulhadi, Sumayyah, Sakhinah Abu Bakar, Anuar Ishak, Iskandar Waini, and Sameh E. Ahmed. "Effect of Buoyancy Force on an Unsteady Thin Film Flow of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid over an Inclined Stretching Sheet." Mathematics 11, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030739.

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The present study looks at the heat transfer and the unsteady thin film flow of Al2O3 water nanofluid past an inclined stretching sheet having a buoyancy force effect. The boundary value problem solver (bvp4c) package in Matlab is utilized in solving the converted set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The multi-shape Al2O3 nanoparticles’ impact with respect to the flow as well as heat transfer characteristics are studied and visually displayed for certain governing parameter values, which include the mixed convection, inclination angle, magnetic, slip, and Biot number. Thus, the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are also determined. Here, the platelet shape of Al2O3 nanoparticles possesses a high heat transfer and flow rate based on the outcomes. In addition, increasing the slip and magnetic parameters improves the temperature, whereas increasing the buoyancy and inclination angle parameters has reverse effects. The results also show that increasing the unsteadiness parameter and the magnetic parameter reduces the film thickness.

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Bassi, Francesco, Lorenzo Alessio Botti, Alessandro Colombo, and Francesco Carlo Massa. "Assessment of an Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Solver for Incompressible Flow Problems with Variable Density." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 11229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111229.

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Multi-component flow problems are typical of many technological and engineering applications. In this work, we propose an implicit high-order discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the variable density incompressible (VDI) flow model for the simulation of multi-component problems. Indeed, the peculiarity of the VDI model is that the density is treated as an advected property, which can be used to possibly track multiple (more than two) components. The interface between fluids is described by a smooth, but sharp, variation in the density field, thus not requiring any geometrical reconstruction. Godunov numerical fluxes, density positivity, mass conservation, and Gibbs-type phenomena at material interfaces are challenges that are considered during the numerical approach development. To avoid Courant-related time step restrictions, high-order single-step multi-stage implicit schemes are applied for the temporal integration. Several test cases with known analytical solutions are used to assess the current approach in terms of space, time, and mass conservation accuracy. As a challenging application, the simulation of a 2D droplet impinging on a thin liquid film is performed and shows the capabilities of the proposed DG approach when dealing with high-density (water–air) multi-component problems.

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SAITOH, Ayumu. "Performance Improvement of Symmetric Linear System Solver in Shielding Current Analysis of HTS Thin Film: Application of H-Matrix-Based Preconditioner." Plasma and Fusion Research 17 (July 8, 2022): 2401089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.17.2401089.

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Kelmanson, M. A. "A Rapid Boundary-Element Method for Modeling Viscous Flow Within Asymptotically-Thin Gaps." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833769.

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A new boundary-element method is presented for the rapid and accurate solution of viscous-flow boundary-value problems in which the inherent geometry has a high aspect ratio, R ≫ 1, As such, the method is particularly suited to the investigation of steady flow within thin-gap bearings of arbitrary geometry, in which the spatial dimension in one direction is an order of magnitude greater than that in a perpendicular direction. Our theory predicts that the new method is O(R2) times faster than, and requires O(R−1) the storage of, existing boundary-element techniques with equivalent computational mesh resolution. The new method is applied to the test problem of steady 2-D viscous flow within an exponential-profile slider bearing, and results obtained provide convincing evidence to support the theory in that, as R → ∞, the thin-film solution is recovered. The new method, which brings problems which were hitherto computationally restrictive within reach of modest computational platforms, is intended to provide the basis of a fast and accurate solver which can incorporate random surface roughness.

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Britton, R. D., C. D. Elcoate, M. P. Alanou, H. P. Evans, and R. W. Snidle. "Effect of Surface Finish on Gear Tooth Friction." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 1 (May 21, 1999): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.555367.

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A special four-gear rig has been used to determine gear tooth frictional losses at loads and speeds representative of engineering practice using a gas-turbine engine oil. The effect of surface finish has been investigated by comparing the frictional losses of conventionally ground teeth (with roughness average, Ra, of approximately 0.4 μm) with those of teeth which were superfinished to approximately 0.05 μm Ra. It was found that superfinishing resulted in a reduction of friction of typically 30 percent with correspondingly lower tooth surface temperatures under the same conditions of load and speed. Film generation and frictional traction in the experiments were simulated theoretically using a thin film non-Newtonian micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver, and encouraging agreement between friction measurements and theoretical predictions was obtained. [S0742-4787(00)04701-9]

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Krowne, C. M., M. Daniel, S. W. Kirchoefer, and J. A. Pond. "Anisotropic permittivity and attenuation extraction from propagation constant measurements using an anisotropic full-wave Green's function solver for coplanar ferroelectric thin-film devices." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 50, no. 2 (2002): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.982233.

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Khan, Naveed Ahmad, Fahad Sameer Alshammari, Carlos Andrés Tavera Romero, Muhammad Sulaiman, and Seyedali Mirjalili. "An Optimistic Solver for the Mathematical Model of the Flow of Johnson Segalman Fluid on the Surface of an Infinitely Long Vertical Cylinder." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247798.

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In this paper, a novel soft computing technique is designed to analyze the mathematical model of the steady thin film flow of Johnson–Segalman fluid on the surface of an infinitely long vertical cylinder used in the drainage system by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The approximate series solutions are constructed by Legendre polynomials and a Legendre polynomial-based artificial neural networks architecture (LNN) to approximate solutions for drainage problems. The training of designed neurons in an LNN structure is carried out by a hybridizing generalized normal distribution optimization (GNDO) algorithm and sequential quadratic programming (SQP). To investigate the capabilities of the proposed LNN-GNDO-SQP algorithm, the effect of variations in various non-Newtonian parameters like Stokes number (St), Weissenberg number (We), slip parameters (a), and the ratio of viscosities (ϕ) on velocity profiles of the of steady thin film flow of non-Newtonian Johnson–Segalman fluid are investigated. The results establish that the velocity profile is directly affected by increasing Stokes and Weissenberg numbers while the ratio of viscosities and slip parameter inversely affects the fluid’s velocity profile. To validate the proposed technique’s efficiency, solutions and absolute errors are compared with reference solutions calculated by RK-4 (ode45) and the Genetic algorithm-Active set algorithm (GA-ASA). To study the stability, efficiency and accuracy of the LNN-GNDO-SQP algorithm, extensive graphical and statistical analyses are conducted based on absolute errors, mean, median, standard deviation, mean absolute deviation, Theil’s inequality coefficient (TIC), and error in Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (ENSE). Statistics of the performance indicators are approaching zero, which dictates the proposed algorithm’s worth and reliability.

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Khalil, Asma, Zubair Ahmad, Farid Touati, and Mohamed Masmoudi. "Optical Absorption Enhancement in Polymer BHJ thin Film Using Ag Nanostructures: A Simulation Study." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190125163438.

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Background: The photo-absorption and light trapping through the different layers of the organic solar cell structures are a growing concern now-a-days as it affects dramatically the overall efficiency of the cells. In fact, selecting the right material combination is a key factor in increasing the efficiency in the layers. In addition to good absorption properties, insertion of nanostructures has been proved in recent researches to affect significantly the light trapping inside the organic solar cell. All these factors are determined to expand the absorption spectrum and tailor it to a wider spectrum. Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to explore the consequence of the incorporation of the Ag nanostructures, with different sizes and structures, on the photo absorption of the organic BHJ thin films. Methods: Through a three-dimensional Maxwell solver software, Lumerical FDTD, a simulation and comparison of the optical absorption of the three famous organic materials blends poly(3- hexylthiophene): phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM), poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7- carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)]: phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDTBT:PCBM) and poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt- 4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]: phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDPDTBT:PCBM) has been conducted. Furthermore, FDTD simulation study of the incorporation of nanoparticles structures with different sizes, in different locations and concentrations through a bulk heterojunction organic solar cell structure has also been performed. Results: It has been demonstrated that embedding nanostructures in different locations of the cell, specifically in the active layer and the hole transporting layer had a considerable effect of widening the absorption spectrum and increasing the short circuit current. The effect of incorporation the nanostructures in the active layer has been proved to be greater than in the HTL. Furthermore, the comparison results showed that, PCDTBT:PCBM is no more advantageous over P3HT:PCBM and PCPDTBT:PCBM, and P3HT:PCBM took the lead and showed better performance in terms of absorption spectrum and short circuit current value. Conclusion: This work revealed the significant effect of size, location and concentration of the Ag nanostructures while incorporated in the organic solar cell. In fact, embedding nanostructures in the solar cell widen the absorption spectrum and increases the short circuit current, this result has been proven to be significant only when the nanostructures are inserted in the active layer following specific dimensions and structures.

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Ali, Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed, Javed Alam, Arun Kumar Shukla, Mansour Alhoshan, Basem M. A. Abdo, and Waheed A. Al-Masry. "A Novel Approach to Optimize the Fabrication Conditions of Thin Film Composite RO Membranes Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm II." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020494.

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This work focuses on developing a novel method to optimize the fabrication conditions of polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) membranes using the multi-objective genetic algorithm II (MOGA-II) method. We used different fabrication conditions for formation of polyamide layer—trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentration, reaction time (t), and curing temperature (Tc)—at different levels, and designed the experiment using the factorial design method. Three functions (polynomial, neural network, and radial basis) were used to generate the response surface model (RSM). The results showed that the radial basis predicted good results (R2 = 1) and was selected to generate the RSM that was used as the solver for MOGA-II. The experimental results indicate that TMC concentration and t have the highest influence on water flux, while NaCl rejection is mainly affected by the TMC concentration, t, and Tc. Moreover, the TMC concentration controls the density of the PA, whereas t confers the PA layer thickness. In the optimization run, MOGA-II was used to determine optimal parametric conditions for maximizing water flux and NaCl rejection with constraints on the maximum acceptable levels of Na2SO4, MgSO4, and MgCl2 rejections. The optimized solutions were obtained for longer t, higher Tc, and different TMC concentration levels.

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MURATA, Masahiko, Toshiro DOI, Syuhei KUROKAWA, Osamu OHNISHI, Michio UNEDA, Takanori IWAHASHI, Kunihito MIYAKE, Keiji MIYACHI, and Yoshinori KOBAYASHI. "3371 Study on Formation of Films by a Spray Deposition Method for the Organic Thin Film Solar Cells." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2011.6 (2011): _3371–1_—_3371–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2011.6._3371-1_.

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Nagamalleswari, D., and Y. B. Kishore Kumar. "Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cells Using Chemical Synthesis." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 15, no. 28 (July 28, 2022): 1399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v15i28.194.

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Lara-Padilla, E., Maximino Avendano-Alejo, and L. Castaneda. "Transparent Conducting Oxides: Selected Materials for Thin Film Solar Cells." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr22628033513.

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Chen, Lili, Wenqing Yang, and Wei Wang. "Dynamic CFD/CSD Coupling Research for Flexible Micro Aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2489, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2489/1/012014.

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Abstract Bio-inspired flapping wing aircraft have made progress in recent years. Flying birds can fly in various low Reynolds numbers (103-105) with high flight stability and maneuvering ability by use of the flexible deformation of skeletal muscle structures or thin-film structure wings. Early studies mainly focused on the aerodynamics and kinematics of the flapping wings, with relatively little research on the flexible structure, and the aerodynamic structure coupling characteristics of micro flappings are still unclear. At present, the focus of research is to evaluate the impact of structural deformation on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible micro-flapping wing. A CFD/CSD coupling solver are developed and several technical challenges related to the CFD/CSD interface are resolved in this study (CFD/CSD data exchange method and moving mesh generation). The aerodynamic characteristics of five flexible wings with different structural parameters are calculated and compared. The results show that structural parameters play an important role in aerodynamic performance, which also indicates that the potential aerodynamic performance can be improved by the optimal structural design.

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Xiao Youpeng, 肖友鹏, and 王怀平 Wang Huaiping. "硫化锑同质结薄膜太阳电池设计与缺陷分析." Acta Optica Sinica 42, no. 23 (2022): 2331002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202242.2331002.

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MAHENDRA KUMAR, MAHENDRA KUMAR. "Cds/ Sno2 Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/march2014/109.

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Seo, Jong Hyun, Jae Hong Jeon, and Hee Hwan Choe. "Prevention of Thin Film Failures for PECVD Amorphous-Si on Plastic Substrate." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.387.

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Amorphous silicon thin films were deposited below 160oC on PES plastic films using PECVD. After thin film deposition using PECVD, thin film failures such as film delamination and cracking often occurred. For successful growth of thin films (about 2000 Å) without their failures, it is necessary to solve the critical problem related to the internal compressive stress (some GPa) leading to delamination at a threshold thickness value of the films. The Griffith’s theory explains the failure process by looking at the excess of elastic energy inside the film, which overcomes the cohesive energy between film and substrate. In this work, reducing a-Si layer film thickness and optimizing a barrier SiNx layer have produced stable a-Si films at 150oC, over PES substrates.

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Chen Ke, 陈科, 吴胜 Wu Sheng, 郑红梅 Zheng Hongmei, 田文立 Tian Wenli, and 刘志杰 Liu Zhijie. "薄膜太阳能电池双界面光栅结构的优化分析." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 7 (2022): 0731001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.0731001.

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Blejchař, Tomáš, Václav Nevrlý, Michal Vašinek, Michal Dostál, Milada Kozubková, Jakub Dlabka, Martin Stachoň, et al. "Desorption/ablation of lithium fluoride induced by extreme ultraviolet laser radiation." Nukleonika 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2016-0023.

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Abstract The availability of reliable modeling tools and input data required for the prediction of surface removal rate from the lithium fluoride targets irradiated by the intense photon beams is essential for many practical aspects. This study is motivated by the practical implementation of soft X-ray (SXR) or extreme ultraviolet (XUV) lasers for the pulsed ablation and thin film deposition. Specifically, it is focused on quantitative description of XUV laser-induced desorption/ablation from lithium fluoride, which is a reference large band-gap dielectric material with ionic crystalline structure. Computational framework was proposed and employed here for the reconstruction of plume expansion dynamics induced by the irradiation of lithium fluoride targets. The morphology of experimentally observed desorption/ablation craters were reproduced using idealized representation (two-zone approximation) of the laser fluence profile. The calculation of desorption/ablation rate was performed using one-dimensional thermomechanic model (XUV-ABLATOR code) taking into account laser heating and surface evaporation of the lithium fluoride target occurring on a nanosecond timescale. This step was followed by the application of two-dimensional hydrodynamic solver for description of laser-produced plasma plume expansion dynamics. The calculated plume lengths determined by numerical simulations were compared with a simple adiabatic expansion (blast-wave) model.

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Ho, C. E., C. H. Yang, and L. H. Hsu. "Electromigration in thin-film solder joints." Surface and Coatings Technology 259 (November 2014): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.02.060.

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Wolf, J. A., and K. A. Peterson. "Thin Film on LTCC for Connectivity and Conductivity." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.288.

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The topic of this paper is the development and characterization of multilayer thin films on low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) for the purpose of attaining robust connectivity and improved conductivity, aimed at the RF single digit GHz frequency range. The aspect of connectivity primarily covers both standard SnPb eutectic solder as well as Au wire/wedge connections to the same thin film materials. This multipurpose film ages well, as do solder joints—even after rework. In circuit development, this allows the reappropriation of solder pads for wire bond purposes and vice versa, greatly enhancing the flexibility of the substrates. The useful lifetime of such substrates has been extended significantly by this work. The photolithographically-defined circuits further enable smaller features and tolerances and better geometric uniformity. Vias received special attention due mainly to topography encountered at via boundaries and at the top of vias. Preparation and pattern generation for the thin film traces and pads will be discussed with attention to each material and thickness. Ion milling and postprocessing for solder masking as well as unique soldering properties of the film edges are also presented. The results for adhesion and performance with respect to the various functions will be presented, as well as a detailed study of the thin film integrity and robustness.

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Zeng, Guanggen, Xia Hao, Shengqiang Ren, Lianghuan Feng, and Qionghua Wang. "Application of ALD-Al2O3 in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061123.

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The application of thinner cadmium sulfide (CdS) window layer is a feasible approach to improve the performance of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cells. However, the reduction of compactness and continuity of thinner CdS always deteriorates the device performance. In this work, transparent Al2O3 films with different thicknesses, deposited by using atomic layer deposition (ALD), were utilized as buffer layers between the front electrode transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and CdS layers to solve this problem, and then, thin-film solar cells with a structure of TCO/Al2O3/CdS/CdTe/BC/Ni were fabricated. The characteristics of the ALD-Al2O3 films were studied by UV–visible transmittance spectrum, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The light and dark J–V performances of solar cells were also measured by specific instrumentations. The transmittance measurement conducted on the TCO/Al2O3 films verified that the transmittance of TCO/Al2O3 were comparable to that of single TCO layer, meaning that no extra absorption loss occurred when Al2O3 buffer layers were introduced into cells. Furthermore, due to the advantages of the ALD method, the ALD-Al2O3 buffer layers formed an extremely continuous and uniform coverage on the substrates to effectively fill and block the tiny leakage channels in CdS/CdTe polycrystalline films and improve the characteristics of the interface between TCO and CdS. However, as the thickness of alumina increased, the negative effects of cells were gradually exposed, especially the increase of the series resistance (Rs) and the more serious “roll-over” phenomenon. Finally, the cell conversion efficiency (η) of more than 13.0% accompanied by optimized uniformity performances was successfully achieved corresponding to the 10 nm thick ALD-Al2O3 thin film.

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Wolf, J. A., and K. A. Peterson. "Thin Film on LTCC for Connectivity and Conductivity." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-tp35.

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The topic of this paper is the development, and characterization of multilayer thin films on Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) for the purpose of attaining robust connectivity and improved conductivity, aimed at the RF single digit GHz frequency range. The aspect of connectivity primarily covers both standard SnPb eutectic solder as well as Au wire/wedge connections to the same thin film materials. This multi-purpose film ages well, as do solder joints—even after rework. In circuit development, this allows the re-appropriation of solder pads for wire bond purposes and vice versa, greatly enhancing the flexibility of the substrates. The useful lifetime of such substrates has been extended significantly by this work. The photolithographically-defined circuits further enable smaller features and tolerances and better geometrical uniformity. Vias received special attention due mainly to topography encountered at via boundaries and at the top of vias. Preparation and pattern generation for the thin film traces and pads will be discussed with attention to each material and thickness. Ion milling and post-processing for solder masking as well as unique soldering properties of the film edges are also presented. Results for adhesion and performance with respect to the various functions will be presented, as well as a detailed study of the thin film integrity and robustness.

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34

Guillén, C., and J. Herrero. "Estructura de bicapas Mo/CuInSe₂ para células solares de lámina delgada." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 43, no. 2 (April 30, 2004): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2004.v43.i2.571.

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Humaidan, Raed M., Ashwaq T. Dahham, and Zuheer N. Majeed. "Designed and Simulation of AlGaAs: GaAs Thin Film Solar Cell Using PC1D Program." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 3 (May 18, 2022): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.3.nq22254.

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Obtained the highest competence and finding the best combination of thickness and concentricity of multilayer solar cells is one the most prominent problems in the field of photovoltaic energy. In this research AlGaAs/GaAs solar cell with four layers of window layer, emitter layer, absorber layer and back surface layer. Is modeled in PC1D emulation software. The performance of the solar cell was studied by changeful the thickness and doping concentration of the window layer from the range (0-1)μm, (1015-1020) respectively. Where the best efficiency was 31.2% at thickness and doping 1015cm-3. Where changing the thickness and doping concentricity of the absorber layer from the range (0-5)μm, (1015-1020) respectively. The highest efficiency was 31.4581% at thickness 3.67μm and doping is 1015cm-3. The results of the final solar cell parameters were Isc, Voc, F.F and η has been observed as 31.8mA, 1.109 V, 89.32% and 31.4581% respectively.

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Gorman, G. L., M. M. Chen, G. Castillo, and R. C. C. Perera. "Density Measurement of Thin Sputtered Carbon Films." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020632.

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AbstractThe densities of sputtered thin carbon films have been determined using a novel X-ray technique. This nondestructive method involves the measurement of the transmitivity of a characteristic soft (low energy) X-ray line through the carbon film, and using the established equation I1 = I0eμpt where I1/I0 is the transmitivity, fi the photo absorption cross section, t the independently measured thickness, the density p can be easily solved for. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using this simple technique to measure densities of carbon films as thin as 300 Å, which is of tremendous practical interest as carbon films on this order of thickness are used extensively as abrasive and corrosive barriers (overcoats) for metallic recording media disks. The dependence of the density upon film thickness for a fixed processing condition is presented, as also its dependence (for a fixed thickness) upon different processing parameters (e.g., sputtering gas pressure and target power). The trends noted in this study indicate that the sputtering gas pressure plays the most important role, changing the film density from 2.4gm/cm3 at 1 mTorr to 1.5gm/cm3 at 30 mTorr for 1000 Å thick films.

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Burgess, James M., and David E. Gildfind. "CFD Analysis of Early Diaphragm Removal in Expansion Tubes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.23.

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Impulse facilities generate transient high-velocity gas flows for ground testing in aerodynamics. The expansion tube is the facility type with the highest performance capability in terms of total flow enthalpy and total pressure, and is particularly useful for studies of atmospheric re-entry, chemical kinetics, scramjet flight and supersonic combustion. In operation, a thin film diaphragm that initially partitions two tube sections is required to rupture under the force of a shock-wave. Fragmented pieces are accelerated with the flow and can damage test models and instrumentation, and the rupture process itself affects flow properties. It has been proposed to replace the diaphragm with a fast open valve that clears the tube prior to shock arrival. This paper investigates the effect of early valve opening on the test flow.An inviscid, axisymmetric model was created using Eilmer3, a compressible CFD solver developed at the University of Queensland. Early valve opening was simulated at varying times for instantaneous diaphragm removal. The result was the formation of a secondary shock and expansion wave. The primary shockwave reaches the test section at a higher velocity due to passing through the expansion wave, creating a faster, higher-pressure test flow, but also higher temperature, leading to substantially reduced Mach number. The interactions with the secondary waves were found to cause unsteadiness in test flow properties.

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Bobrenko, Yu. "Thin-film solar converters based on the p-Cu1.8S/n-CdTe surface-barrier structure." Semiconductor physics, quantum electronics and optoelectronics 18, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo18.01.101.

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Chen, G., and C. L. Tien. "Thermally Induced Optical Nonlinearity During Transient Heating of Thin Films." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911401.

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This work studies the temperature field and the optical response of weakly absorbing thin films with thermally induced optical nonlinearity during picosecond to nanosecond pulsed-laser heating. A one-dimensional model is presented that examines the effects of the temperature dependent optical constants and the nonuniform absorption caused by interference. The energy equation is solved numerically, coupled with the matrix method in optical multilayer theory. Both cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films and a zinc selenide (ZnSe) interference filter are considered. The computational results compare favorably with available experimental data on the ZnSe interference filter. This study shows that the transient temperature distributions in the films are highly nonuniform. Such nonuniformity yields Airy’s formulae for calculating the thin-film reflectance and transmittance inapplicable. Applications of the work include optical bistability, localized change of the film structure, and measurement of the thermal diffusivity of thin films.

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Rehman, Ali, Taza Gul, Zabidin Salleh, Safyan Mukhtar, Fawad Hussain, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, and Poom Kumam. "Effect of the Marangoni Convection in the Unsteady Thin Film Spray of CNT Nanofluids." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060392.

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The gradient of surface temperature is known as Marangoni convection and plays an important role in silicon melt, spray, atomic reactors, and thin fluid films. Marangoni convection has been considered in the liquid film spray of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluid over the unsteady extending surface of a cylinder. The two kinds of CNTs, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), formulated as water-based nanofluids have been used for thermal spray analysis. The thickness of the nanofluid film was kept variable for a stable spray rate and pressure distribution. The transformed equations of the flow problem have been solved using the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The obtained results have been validated through the sum of the total residual errors numerically and graphically for both types of nanofluids. The impact of the physical parameters versus velocity, pressure, and temperature pitches under the influence of the Marangoni convection have been obtained and discussed. The obtained results are validated using the comparison of OHAM and the (ND-solve) method.

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Babichuk, I. S. "Thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 for solar cells: optical and structural properties." Functional materials 20, no. 2 (June 25, 2013): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm20.02.186.

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Khaled, A. R. A., and K. Vafai. "Analysis of Thermally Expandable Flexible Fluidic Thin-Film Channels." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 7 (October 2, 2006): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712853.

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Heat transfer inside thermally expandable and flexible fluidic thin-film channels is analyzed in this work. Two categories are analyzed: the first category is when the upper plate of the thin film is mobile and flexible, and the second is when the side plates of the thin film are flexible and mobile. The expansion in the thin-film heights (category I) or widths (category II) are linearly related to the local fluid pressure and the local temperature of the heated plate based on the principles of linear elasticity and constant volumetric thermal expansion coefficient. The governing Reynolds, momentum, and energy equations are properly nondimensionalized and solved numerically using an implicit method. The Peclet number, stiffness parameter, thermal expansion parameter, and aspect ratio are found to be the main controlling parameters. It is found that thermally expandable flexible thin films that belong to category I can produce significant increase in cooling as the heating load increases, especially when operated at lower Peclet numbers, whereas the cooling effect for those that belong to category II is almost unaffected by the expansion. This work paves the way to practically utilize thermally expandable flexible thin films, especially in MEMS and electronic cooling applications.

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E. Gorji, Nima, Mauricio D. Perez, Ugo Reggiani, and Leonardo Sandrolini. "A New Approach to Valence and Conduction Band Grading in CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 5 (2012): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.435.

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Guler, Mehmet Ali, Yusuf Fuat Gülver, and Serkan Dag. "Mechanical Modeling of Thin Films Bonded to Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.333.

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In this study the contact problems of thin films bonded to Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) are considered. In these problems the loading consists of any one or combination of stresses caused by uniform temperature changes and temperature excursions, far field mechanical loading, and residual stresses resulting from film processing or in the manufacturing process of the graded coating. The primary interest in this study is in examining stress concentrations or singularities near the film ends for the purpose of addressing the question of crack initiation and propagation in the substrate or along the interface. The underlying contact mechanics problem is formulated by assuming that the film is a “membrane” and the FGM an elastic continuum, and is solved analytically by reducing it to an integral equation. The calculated results are the interfacial shear stress between the film and the graded substrate, mode II stress intensity factor at the end of the film and the axial normal stress in the film.

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Adi, T. Paul, and H. F. Stehmeyer. "X-ray Diffraction of Thin Oxide Films on Soldered Module Pins." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020619.

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AbstractThe presence of metal oxide films from wave solder baths on timed module pins are partly responsible for non-wet problems in subsequent soldering steps. The cylindrical geometry of the pins lends itself to the characterization of thin oxide films by using the highly sensitive Debye-Scherrer camera method. As confirmed by Electron Hicroprobe Analysis (EMA), pins containing thin oxide films were used to obtain the diffraction patterns. A software program was developed that subtracts the diffraction angles of an oxids-free control pin from the pattern of the contaminated pin, and tabulates the residual d-spacing (interplanar distance) of the contaminant film.

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KSAPABUTR, BUSSARIN, WORRASIT THONG-OUN, and MANOP PANAPOY. "MORPHOLOGY OF NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 THIN FILM: SYNTHESIS BY ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE AND ITS PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY." Functional Materials Letters 02, no. 04 (December 2009): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604709000776.

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Titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) thin films with different morphologies were synthesized on glass substrate using an electrostatic spray deposition method. Rod, flake and spherical-like nanostructures of TiO2 porous films with anatase phase could easily be obtained by tailoring the precursor solution concentration for atomization. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution was used as a probe to evaluate their photocatalytic activities. The rod-like nanostructured film produced higher photocatalytic activity than other films. The deposition of thin film photocatalyst on the substrate could not only solve the problem of separation and recovery of catalyst particles from the reaction medium, but also provide high photocatalytic activity even at a low catalyst loading of 0.057 g/l.

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47

Piyawatakarn, P., P. Sriamornsak, J. Nunthanid, C. Limmatvapirat, and Sontaya Limmatvapirat. "Design of Shellac-Based Film with Improved Mechanical Properties through Composite Formation with Clay." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.290.

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The objective of this study was to explore the effect of clay on mechanical and related properties of shellac (SHL) films. The SHL was dissolved in ammonia solution, and then casted into the film. For SHL-clay composite film, bentonite (BTN) which is popular clay in pharmaceuticals, was added and well dispersed before casting. The SHL and SHL-BTN composite films were then comparatively characterized. The results showed that SHL-BTN composite films were stiffer than SHL films since the modulus was 3 times higher. However, the percent elongation was lower, suggesting the more fragility of composite film. The drawback of composite film was solved by adding of polyethylene glycol. The percent elongation of composite film, puncture strength and modulus were higher than those of SHL film. However, BTN may be dispersed in the film without any interaction of shellac molecules since the FTIR spectrum of SHL-BTN composite film did not change as compared to physical mixture of SHL and BTN. The knowledge gained should provide an alternative way of modification of shellac properties for coating.

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Khrypunov, G. S. "Thin films CdS/CdTe solar cells with different activation processes base layer." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo14.01.122.

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Zhang, Guanglu, Jindong Huang, Luoshu Wang, Zhenbo Geng, Dequan Zhang, and Juncheng Liu. "Design and Preparation of Anti-Reflection Nanoarray Structure on the Surface of Space Solar Cell Glass Cover." Coatings 13, no. 6 (June 13, 2023): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061092.

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Space solar cell glass covers require high radiation resistance and wide-spectrum high light transmittance. The existing research on the preparation of thin films or special optical structures on the surface of solar cells rarely involves systematic research and the precise control of the high transmittance structural parameters of specific spectral bands by glass covers. Nanoarray structures were designed and constructed on high-purity quartz glass covers, achieving high anti-reflection within the 350–1100 nm range, the high energy part of the solar spectrum on Mars, regardless of the preparation of antireflective film and its radiation resistance. First, G-Solver software package was used to establish a nanoarray structure model according to the equivalent medium theory, and the effects of structural parameters such as the grating period, grating depth, and duty cycle on the glass cover transmittance were investigated. The results show that when the grating period is 50–200 nm, the transmittance ranges from 97.8% to 99.9%. When the grating period further increases from 300 nm, the lowest point of the transmittance spectrum moves to the longwave direction, and the transmittance from 350 nm to the lowest transmittance point significantly reduces. The optimal grating depth is 500 nm for a 300 nm grating period, the transmittance at 350 nm reaches 88.91%, and the average transmittance is 98.23%. When the period is 300 nm and the depth is 500 nm, the optimal duty cycle is 0.67, the transmittance at 350 nm reaches 96.52%, and the average transmittance is 99.23%. Nanoarray structures were constructed on the glass covers with nanoimprint and plasma etching, then modified with atomic layer deposition (ALD) to adjust their depth and duty cycle. The influence rules of the grating period, depth, and duty cycle on the cover transmittance from the experimental results are basically consistent with those from the simulation calculation. The nanoarray structure increases the average transmittance within 350–1100 nm of the glass cover by an average of 2.02% and the peak transmittance by 2.66%. The research results and experimental methods of this study have application value and promotion prospects for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of space solar cells and ground solar cells.

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Wang, Xiaofei, and Qi Tong. "A Multiphysics Peridynamic Model for Simulation of Fracture in Si Thin Films during Lithiation/Delithiation Cycles." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206081.

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Material failure is the main obstacle in fulfilling the potential of electrodes in lithium batteries. To date, different failure phenomena observed experimentally in various structures have become challenging to model in numerical simulations. Moreover, their mechanisms are not well understood. To fill the gap, here we develop a coupled chemo-mechanical model based on peridynamics, a particle method that is suitable for simulating spontaneous crack growth, to solve the fracture problems in silicon thin films due to lithiation/delithiation. The model solves mechanical and lithium diffusion problems, respectively, and uses a coupling technique to deal with the interaction between them. The numerical examples of different types of Si films show the advantage of the model in this category and well reproduce the fracture patterns observed in the experiments, demonstrating that it is a promising tool in simulating material failure in electrodes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thin Film Solver'

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