Journal articles on the topic 'Thigh muscles'
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1
Wang, Fengdan, Haiping Zhang, Chanyuan Wu, Qian Wang, Bo Hou, Yi Sun, Tobias Kober, et al. "Quantitative T2 mapping accelerated by GRAPPATINI for evaluation of muscles in patients with myositis." British Journal of Radiology 92, no. 1102 (October 2019): 20190109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190109.
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Objective: Dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) make up the largest group of potentially treatable myopathies and require early diagnosis. This study investigates whether the edema of thigh muscles in DM/PM can be quantitatively assessed by a novel accelerated T2 mapping technique—GRAPPATINI. Methods: Three conventional MR sequences and GRAPPATINI accelerated T2 mapping of bilateral thighs from 20 patients (7 DM and 13 PM) and 10 healthy volunteers were prospectively carried out on a 3 T MR scanner. Afterwards, T2 values of 477 thigh muscles from the patients and the healthy controls were manually measured. In addition, the correlations between T2 values and serum muscle enzymes in patients were also analyzed. Results: The new GRAPPATINI technique made quantitative T2 mapping of bilateral thighs feasible with a scanning time of only 2 min 18 s. Moreover, GRAPPATINI-generated T2 values of muscles from patients were markedly higher than those from healthy subjects (p < 0.001). GRAPPATINI accelerated T2 mapping appeared a more sensitive technique in that some DM/PM muscles appearing normal per conventional MRI had increased T2 relaxation time. Furthermore, GRAPPATINI-generated T2 values of DM/PM thigh muscles positively correlated with serum enzyme levels (p < 0.001), which reflected the severity of myopathy. Conclusion: GRAPPATINI can significantly shorten acquisition time of T2 mapping and may potentially be applied clinically in DM and PM. Advances in knowledge: GRAPPATINI acceleration makes T2 mapping feasible in clinical practice in providing quantitative information regarding thigh muscle inflammation in DM and PM.
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Ou, Zhengmiao, Yanyan Shi, Qingqing Li, Yun Wu, and Fenfen Chen. "Effects of Sex on the Muscle Development and Meat Composition in Wuliangshan Black-Bone Chickens." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192565.
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This study was conducted to illustrate the morphological features of the breast and thigh muscles at four developmental stages (1, 42, 84, and 126 days of age) of Wuliangshan Black-bone chickens and to compare the chemical composition, fatty acid, and amino acid contents of their meat at 126 days of age (D126). In total, 80 chickens (male, n = 40 and female, n = 40) in the sixth generation from the breeding farm were used in the experiment under free-range rearing conditions. The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of muscle fibers and meat composition were compared between different sex and different muscle types. The results showed that gender did not affect the CSA of the breast muscle fibers but did affect the CSA of the thigh muscle fibers at D42, D84, and D126 (p < 0.05). Muscle types affected the CSA of muscle fibers: male chickens exhibited significantly higher values than female chickens at D42, D84, and D126 (p < 0.05). The results of moisture, crude protein, and crude fat at D126 showed that moisture contents were higher in the thigh muscles than in the breast muscles in male and female chickens (p < 0.05). Gender affected the crude protein contents and crude fat contents: the breast muscle crude protein content was significantly higher than that in the thigh muscle, both in males and females (p < 0.05), whereas the crude fat contents were significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.05); moreover, the thigh muscle fat contents were significantly higher than those of the breast muscles both in males and females (p < 0.05). Gender and muscle types also affected the fatty acid contents: the PUFA contents of the breast and thigh muscles were significantly higher in male than in female chickens (p < 0.05). Muscle types significantly influenced the total EAA, NEAA, and flavor amino acid contents. The total EAA contents of the breast muscles were significantly higher than those of the thigh muscles in males and females (p < 0.05), whereas the total NEAA and total flavor amino acid contents of the thigh muscles were significantly higher than those of the breast muscles (p < 0.05). Our results may lead to a better understanding of the effects of gender on the breast and thigh muscle development and meat composition of Wuliangshan Black-bone chicken.
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Yoshii, Ryo, Yu Konishi, Daisuke Ando, Satoshi Ochiai, Tetsuo Hagino, and Shohei Dobashi. "Effect of Subcutaneous Tissue on Changes in Thigh Circumference Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 08 (July 9, 2019): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0893-5838.
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AbstractCircumference measurements have been used to estimate muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in clinical settings. Measurements of thigh circumference are affected by muscle and subcutaneous fat (SF). In fact, SF could increase over a short period. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF following ACL reconstruction is important. This study’s primary purpose was to examine pre- and post-operative changes in thigh circumference, thigh muscles and SF CSAs in both legs. Secondary, the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF CSAs was examined to demonstrate that circumference measurements could be used to detect atrophy. Quadriceps, hamstrings, and SF CSAs at 15, 10, and 5 cm proximal to the patella were measured by MRI pre- and 4 weeks postoperatively to examine how reconstruction affected those tissues in the thighs. The results showed increases in SF CSA (r=0.72 at 10 cm, r=0.67 at 15 cm) greatly affected thigh circumference in females on the surgical side. In males, increases in SF CSA (r=0.83) at 15- and 5-cm and decreases in quadriceps muscle CSA (r=0.73) at 5 cm affected thigh circumference on the surgical side. Thigh circumference measurements might not reflect actual muscle CSA in ACL patients.
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Skalická, M., P. Naď, L. Bujňák, and A. Marcin. "Impact of Dietary Humic Substances Supplementation on Selected Minerals in Muscles of Broiler Chickens." Folia Veterinaria 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2021-0027.
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Abstract In this study, we assessed the effect of humic substances on the changes of some mineral (Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn) content in the thigh and breast muscle of broilers. Group 1 (G1) was supplemented with 0.7 % Humac Natur Mycosorb (HNMy), and G2 with 0.3 % HNMy. The control group (GC) received a basal diet without any supplements. In the breast muscle of broilers from the group G1 we found a statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) Ca content and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the thigh muscle Ca content from the group G2 compared to the control group (GC). A statistically significant increase in Mg content (P < 0.05) was analyzed in breast muscles in the group G1 and also significant reduction (P ≤ 0.01) in Cu in the breast and thigh muscles was found in the group G1 and in the breast muscle from the group G2 compared to the GC. Significantly lower content of Zn (P ≤ 0.05) was found in the breast and thigh muscles of broilers in the group G2 and strong positive correlation (r = 0.9093) were observed between Ca in breast muscle from the group G2 and Ca in thigh muscle from the control group. A negative correlation (r = –0.7656) was shown for Mg between thigh muscle from the group G2 and Ca in thigh muscle from the GC. A strong negative correlation was confirmed (r = –0.9221) for Zn content in breast muscles between groups G2 and G1. The high positive correlation for Zn was occurred between breast muscle from the control group and thigh muscle from the group G1 (r = 0.9786).
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Isakov, E., H. Burger, M. Gregorič, and Č. Marinčcek. "Stump length as related to atrophy and strength of the thigh muscles in trans-tibial amputees." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 20, no. 2 (August 1996): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649609164425.
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Stump length and the thigh muscles strength of the amputated limb are among the major factors influencing outcome of prosthetic rehabilitation of trans-tibial amputees. In the present study the authors evaluated and compared the strength of quadriceps and hamstrings muscles of both limbs in trans-tibial amputees, as measured by means of an electrical dynamometer. The obtained results showed that the thigh muscles of the sound limbs are significantly stronger than those of the amputated limbs (p<0.01). The results obtained for amputees with shorter stumps were compared to those with longer stumps. In the group of amputees (n=9) with a stump shorter than 15.1 cm, values of peak torque (in isokinetic contraction) and maximal average torque (in isometric contraction) were significantly (p<0.5) weaker when compared to those (n=9) with a stump longer than 15.1 cm. The results obtained for amputees with a higher rate of thigh muscle atrophy were compared to those with lesser atrophy. In the group of amputees where muscle atrophy was accompanied by decrease in thigh girth of over 5.9 cm, muscles strength did not significantly decrease (p<0.5) as compared to amputees where thigh girth decrease was less than 5.9 cm. It is concluded that atrophy of the thigh muscles of trans-tibial amputees is accompanied with a significant decrease in strength. In amputees with a short stump, the short lever action provided by the stump interferes with the ability of the thigh muscles to control the prosthesis efficiently during daily activities such as standing and walking.
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Gondoh, Yuichi, Manabu Tashiro, Masatoshi Itoh, Mohammad M. Masud, Hiroomi Sensui, Shoichi Watanuki, Kenji Ishii, Hiroaki Takekura, Ryoichi Nagatomi, and Toshihiko Fujimoto. "Evaluation of individual skeletal muscle activity by glucose uptake during pedaling exercise at different workloads using positron emission tomography." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 2 (August 2009): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90821.2008.
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Skeletal muscle glucose uptake closely reflects muscle activity at exercise intensity levels <55% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max). Our purpose was to evaluate individual skeletal muscle activity from glucose uptake in humans during pedaling exercise at different workloads by using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty healthy male subjects were divided into two groups (7 exercise subjects and 13 control subjects). Exercise subjects were studied during 35 min of pedaling exercise at 40 and 55% V̇o2max exercise intensities. FDG was injected 10 min after the start of exercise or after 20 min of rest. PET scanning of the whole body was conducted after completion of the exercise or rest period. In exercise subjects, mean FDG uptake [standardized uptake ratio (SUR)] of the iliacus muscle and muscles of the anterior part of the thigh was significantly greater than uptake in muscles of control subjects. At 55% V̇o2max exercise, SURs of the iliacus muscle and thigh muscles, except for the rectus femoris, increased significantly compared with SURs at 40% V̇o2max exercise. Our results are the first to clarify that the iliacus muscle, as well as the muscles of the anterior thigh, is the prime muscle used during pedaling exercise. In addition, the iliacus muscle and all muscles in the thigh, except for the rectus femoris, contribute when the workload of the pedaling exercise increases from 40 to 55% V̇o2max.
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Chiang, Chen, and Lin. "Altered Body Composition of Psoas and Thigh Muscles in Relation to Frailty and Severity of Parkinson's Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193667.
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Background: To investigate the relationship between fat content and the cross-sectional area of psoas and thigh muscles, and clinical severity in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients and 20 age- and sex-matched normal controls were recruited. All subjects underwent MRI study to determine the fat content of the bilateral psoas and thigh muscles. Muscle quality was measured by grasp, walking speed, and cross-sectional area. All patients underwent clinical surveys to evaluate disease severity and frailty, and analyses of the correlations between muscle quality and disease severity were performed. Results: Compared with the controls, patients exhibited higher fatty content in the measured muscles. The higher fat infiltration of measured muscles was significantly correlated with increased disease severity and frailty in patients. The fat fraction of the bilateral medial compartment of the thigh was correlated with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-I results and the fat fraction of the bilateral anterior compartment of the thigh was correlated with weakness and exhaustion in patients. Conclusions: Decreased quality in psoas and thigh muscles is prominent in Parkinson’s disease which is further associated with disease severity and frailty. Awareness of the risk of sarcopenia and associated sequelae might improve patient care and outcomes.
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Diachkova, G. V., N. M. Kliushin, K. A. Diachkov, V. D. Gayuk, I. V. Sutyagin, and T. A. Larionova. "MSCT-semiotics of muscles in chronic osteomyelitis of the femur and lower leg." Genij Ortopedii 28, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-2-216-222.
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Introduction It is known that the function and structure of the muscles of the thigh and lower leg are closely related to the function of the lower limb, which is impaired to one degree or another in all patients with chronic osteomyelitis. However, the nature of structural changes in the muscles, which, in turn, affect the condition of the bones, has not been well studied. Purpose of the work To study the features of changes in the muscles of the thigh and lower leg in patients with chronic osteomyelitis according to MSCT data. Material and methods The study is retrospective conducted at a single centre of Evidence level IV. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was used in 112 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of long bones of the lower extremities to study the radiological morphology of the muscles of the thigh and lower leg, including density, muscle belly area, and anatomical features. Twenty patients had chronic osteomyelitis in the area of transosseous elements (pins). The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 9.8 years. Males prevailed among the patients (87.5 %). The cause of osteomyelitis in 107 cases was trauma or surgery, five patients had consequences of hematogenous osteomyelitis. Results The results of the study showed that the muscles of the thigh and lower leg in patients with chronic osteomyelitis have pronounced dystrophic changes. In 89.4 % of patients, they were manifested by an increase in the density of the anterior tibial muscle, long extensor of the toes (84.7 %), peroneal muscles (78.5 %) and a decrease in the density of the head of the gastrocnemius muscle (91.3 %). In 10.6 % of the patients, there was a decrease in the density of the anterior tibial muscle, the long extensor of the fingers. In all patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur, the density of the muscles of the anterior and posterior groups was reduced, except for the musculus vastus intermedius of the thigh that was characterized by fibrotic changes with an increase in density. Conclusion The data obtained indicate that radiological morphological changes in muscles occur in all patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur and lower leg. The most pronounced alterations in the architectonics were in the anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles, and the intermediate broad muscle of the thigh.
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Gazulla, José, Esteban Mayayo-Sinués, Isabel Benavente, Pedro J. Modrego, and José Berciano. "Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay: MR and Clinical Results in Lower-Limb Musculature." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 41, no. 1 (January 2014): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100016231.
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Objective:Peripheral neuropathy is a cardinal manifestation of the autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix- Saguenay (ARSACS), although its type of neuromuscular involvement has not been definitely established, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the assessment of muscle and nerve diseases. The objective of this work has been to define the patterns of muscle weakness and of abnormal muscular MRI in ARSACS.Patients and Methods:Five patients with a molecular diagnosis of ARSACS, aged 39 to 59 years, whose electrophysiological findings were consistent with an axonal neuropathy of distal distribution superimposed on a developmental defect of myelinization, underwent neurological and MRI lower-limb examinations. Conventional FSE T1-weighted and STIR sequences were performed, looking for fatty infiltration and oedema in the musculature of the thighs, legs and feet, together with their distribution along the longitudinal axis of the muscle bellies.Results:On clinical examination, paralysis was apparent in foot muscles; moderate weakness, in leg musculature; and normal strength, in thigh muscles. MRI demonstrated massive fat deposition in the foot muscles and medial gastrocnemii in every case, distal fat infiltration and oedema in every leg muscle group, and preservation of thigh muscles, albeit with diffuse minimal non-specific fat infiltration. An inverse correlation between strength and degree of fat infiltration in lower-limb muscles became apparent.Conclusion:The preponderance of weakness and MRI abnormalities in distal muscle groups was concordant with the presence of a length-dependent axonopathy, as described in ARSACS.
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Krssak, Martin, Kitt Falk Petersen, Raynald Bergeron, Thomas Price, Didier Laurent, Douglas L. Rothman, Michael Roden, and Gerald I. Shulman. "Intramuscular Glycogen and Intramyocellular Lipid Utilization during Prolonged Exercise and Recovery in Man: A 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.2.6354.
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Depletion of muscle glycogen is considered a limiting performance factor during prolonged exercise, whereas the role of the intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) pool is not yet fully understood. We examined 1) intramyocellular glycogen and lipid utilization during prolonged exercise, 2) resynthesis of muscle glycogen and lipids during recovery, and 3) changes in glycogen content between nonexercising and exercising muscles during recovery. Subjects ran on a treadmill at submaximal intensity until exhaustion. Glycogen concentrations were assessed in thigh, calf, and nonexercising forearm muscle, and IMCL content was measured in soleus muscle using magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. At the time of exhaustion, glycogen depletion was 2-fold greater in calf than in thigh muscles, but a significant amount of glycogen was left in both leg muscles. The glycogen concentration in nonexercising forearm muscle decreased during the initial 5 h of recovery to 73% of the baseline value. During the exercise, the IMCL content decreased to 67% and subsequently during recovery increased to 83% of the baseline value. In summary, we found during prolonged running 1) significantly greater muscle glycogen utilization in the calf muscle group than in the thigh muscle group, 2) significant utilization of IMCL in the soleus muscle, and 3) a decrease in glycogen content in nonexercising muscle and an increase in glycogen content in recovering muscles during the postexercise phase. These latter data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is transfer of glycogen by the glucose→lactate and the glucose→alanine cycle from the resting muscle (forearm) to recovering muscles (thigh and calf) after running exercise .
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Fatehi, Farzad, Soroor Advani, Ali Asghar Okhovat, Bentolhoda Ziaadini, Hosein Shamshiri, and Shahriar Nafissi. "Thigh and Leg Muscle MRI Findings in GNE Myopathy." Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 8, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnd-210629.
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Background: Muscle MRI protocols have been developed to assess muscle involvement in a wide variety of muscular dystrophies. Different muscular dystrophies can involve muscle groups in characteristic patterns. These patterns can be identified in muscle MRI in the form of fatty infiltration. Objective: This study was conducted to add the existing knowledge of muscle MRI in GNE myopathy and evaluate the correlation of muscular involvement with different gene mutations. Methods: The MRI scans of the 18 GNE patients were analyzed retrospectively. Cluster analysis was done for grouping the muscles and patients. Results: The four muscles with the highest fat infiltration were adductor magnus, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Furthermore, three clusters of muscle involvement were found, including cluster 1, typical muscle involvement indicating muscles with the highest infiltration: extensor digitorum longus, gracilis, biceps femoris, soleus, gastrocnemius medial, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, adductor magnus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus; cluster 2, less typical muscle involvement indicating muscles with intermediate fat infiltration, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateral, and minimal fat infiltration in most of the patients, i.e., tibialis posterior; and cluster 3, atypical muscle involvement with low-fat infiltration: rectus femoris, sartorius, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. Conclusions: This study found three clusters of muscle involvement and three groups of patients among GNE patients. Hamstring muscles and the anterior compartment of the lower leg were the muscles with the highest fat infiltration. Moreover, a weak genotype-muscle MRI association was found in which tibialis posterior was more involved in patients with the most frequent mutation, i.e., C.2228T > C (p.M743T) mutation; however, this finding may be related to longer disease duration.
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Rhim, Hye Chang, Jin Hyuck Lee, Seung-Beom Han, Kyun-Ho Shin, Dong Won Suh, and Ki-Mo Jang. "Role of the Triceps Surae Muscles in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Matched Case-Control Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103215.
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A limited number of studies has investigated the gastrocnemius and soleus in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This study investigated the muscle strength (Nm kg−1 × 100) and reaction time (acceleration time (AT), milliseconds) of thigh and calf muscles in patients undergoing ACLR. Thirty-two patients with ACLR and 32 normal control subjects were included. One year postoperatively, the strength of thigh muscles was significantly reduced after ACLR compared with that of controls (hamstring: 80 ± 31.3 vs. 142 ± 26.4, p < 0.001, quadriceps: 159 ± 63.7 vs. 238 ± 35.3, p < 0.001). However, the strength of calf muscles was not significantly different compared with that of controls (gastrocnemius: 77 ± 22.9 vs. 81 ± 22.5, p = 0.425, soleus: 54 ± 15.9 vs. 47 ± 16.1, p = 0.109). The AT of calf muscles was significantly faster after ACLR than that of controls (gastrocnemius: 26 ± 9.8 vs. 31 ± 9, p = 0.030, soleus: 18 ± 6.7 vs. 22 ± 8.5, p = 0.026). The AT of thigh muscles was significantly elongated after ACLR than that of controls (hamstring: 72 ± 18 vs. 55 ± 12.4, p < 0.001, quadriceps: 63 ± 17.6 vs. 47 ± 17, p < 0.000). The strength of thigh muscles was reduced, and the ATs of thigh muscles were slower one year after ACLR. However, the AT of the triceps surae was faster than that of controls. This may implicate a compensatory mechanism of the triceps surae for the weakness and delayed activation in hamstring and quadriceps muscles.
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Straková, Eva, Pavel Suchý, Ivan Herzig, Petr Marada, and František Vitula. "Amino Acid Levels in Muscle Tissue of Six Wild Feathered Species." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 5 (2016): 1661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664051661.
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The objective of this study was to determine and compare the levels of amino acids (AAs) in breast and thigh muscles of six species of feathered game of the same age. The experiment involved the following species: wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), chukar partridge (Alectoris chucar), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and grey partridge (Perdix perdix). The highest content of AAs was found in the chukar partridge (breast: 815.7 ± 47.71 g/kg; thigh: 771.4 ± 107.0 g/kg, on a dry matter basis), the lowest levels of AAs were found in Japanese quail (breast: 734.2 ± 45.07 g/kg) and grey partridge (thigh: 614.9 ± 49.66 g/kg). In all examined species, the level of histidine in breast muscles differed (P ≤ 0.01) from that in thigh muscles. In all investigated species, the levels of essential AAs in breast muscles were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those in thigh muscles, whereas the levels of non-essential AAs in breast muscles were lower (P ≤ 0.01) than those in thigh muscles. Breast muscles are therefore more valuable than thigh muscles because of the content of essential AAs.
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Hwang, Sung Jae, Hilton Kaplan, Gerald E. Loeb, Han Sung Kim, and Young Ho Kim. "Pressure Distributions on the Buttocks and Thighs by Electrical Stimulation in the Sitting Posture." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.984.
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Pressure distributions on the buttocks and thighs by the functional electrical stimulation on the gluteus maximus, sartorius and hamstring in the seating posture were analyzed for ten healthy young volunteers in order to determine which muscle can be stimulated for pressure ulcer prevention. Muscles were stimulated every 5 seconds over 30 seconds by the MP150 stimulator. Pressure distribution and ground reaction forces on the stimulated buttocks and thighs increased when the gluteus maximus was stimulated. Pressure on the stimulated thigh slightly decreased when stimulating sartorius and hamstring individually. With a simultaneous stimulation of the gluteus maximus and sartorius, pressures on the stimulated buttocks and thighs increased significantly, but pressure on the opposite buttock decreased significantly. With a simultaneous stimulation of the sartorius and hamstring, both pressure on the stimulated thigh and the ground reaction force significantly decreased.
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Zajac, F. E. "Thigh muscle activity during maximum-height jumps by cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.4.979.
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Cats were trained to jump from a force plate and touch a cotton ball suspended as high as 1.6 m. Force-plate reaction forces and double-joint hamstring muscle activity observed early in propulsion varied from one maximal jump to another. This variability is consistent with theory (31, 32, 42); that is, different coordination strategies can be implemented prior to the heels losing contact with the force plate (heel-off). Single-joint hip extensor and double-joint posterior thigh (hip extensor-knee flexor) muscles were coactivated prior to heel-off. This coactivation is probably partially responsible for the observed backward rotation of the trunk. Forepaws, observed to contact the force plate prior to heel-off, probably assist the hindlimbs in generating trunk rotation. Both single-joint knee extensor and hip extensor muscles exhibited greatest activation between heel-off and body lift-off. Single-joint flexor muscles were inactive throughout propulsion. Double-joint posterior thigh muscles were deactivated at heel-off and remained inactivated until lift-off. These observations agree with the theoretical notion that muscles should be either fully activated, inactivated, or switched from one extreme to the other (i.e., bang-bang control) between heel-off and body lift-off (31, 32, 42, 44). All seven muscles studied shortened while activated. Using computations based on muscle geometry, fiber architecture, and joint angle trajectories, I propose that sarcomeres shorten along the flat and ascending regions of the force-length curve. De- and inactivation of double-joint posterior thigh muscles between heel-off and lift-off coincided with muscle stretch. The reason for inactivation of these muscles is that the negative work that would have been generated had these muscles stayed activated would have hindered propulsion. Contractions preceded by active stretch were not observed. Enhancement of positive work by previous storage of energy in elastic musculotendinous structures is thus not used by cat thigh musculature in jumps starting from the squat. Adductor femoris, semimembranosus anterior, and biceps femoris anterior muscles were activated synergistically as one group yet differently from the synergistic activation of gracilis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris posterior muscles. The separation of these muscles into two groups based on their activation patterns during jumping is compatible with the classification of these muscles into hip extensor and knee flexor muscle groups, respectively, based on their reflex patterns (37), spinal cord reflex connectivity (18, 30), and firing patterns during locomotion (20).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Drapsin, Miodrag, Otto Barak, Jelena Popadic-Gacesa, Aleksandar Klasnja, Nada Naumovic, and Nikola Grujic. "Follow up of some anthropometric and ergometric parameters during 8 week resistance training." Medical review 62, no. 11-12 (2009): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0912505d.
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Muscle cell adaptation to physical activity is well known. Hypertrophy is one of the basic changes but metabolic changes are following the anatomic ones as well. The aim of the study was to follow up the changes of the ergometric parameters and surface area of the thigh muscles evoked by the heavy resistance strength training. The study included 15 male subjects, who took part in the heavy resistance strength training lasting 8 weeks. Anthropometric (surface area of the thigh muscles) and ergometric (peak power) parameters were measured at the beginning and at the end of the 8 week period in order to evaluate the changes in the thigh muscles. The surface area of the thigh muscles increased significantly (p<0.05) (the left leg 9.26?0.32 cm2 and the right leg 9.07?0.57 cm2). Metabolic changes were assessed via Wingate test and also showed significant increase (p<0.05). This finding indirectly indicates the increase in anaerobic capacity of the trained muscles. The heavy resistance training evidently influenced the changes in the trained muscles. After the 8 week period both antropometric and metabolic changes were evident, and significant.
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Akima, Hiroshi, Keigo Kainuma, and Kenji Togashi. "Abdominal and Thigh Muscle Attenuation Is Associated With Visceral Fat and Age in Children and Adolescents With Obesity." Global Pediatric Health 5 (January 2018): 2333794X1881712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x18817121.
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Objective. This study investigated relationships between adipose tissue deposition within skeletal muscle and morphological and biochemical variables in children with obesity. Methods. Fifty-one Japanese children (16 girls) aged 7 to 16 years were assigned to either mild (<20%), moderate (≥20% to <50%), or severe obesity groups (≥50%). Computed tomography images were taken to calculate the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (VAT, for abdomen only), and muscle signal intensities, as an index of intramuscular adipose tissue in the anterior, lateral, and posterior muscles of the abdomen and quadriceps, hamstring and adductor muscles in the thigh. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure plasma lipids, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, uric acid, glucose, and HbA1c. Results. Signal intensity in the severe obesity group was significantly lower than mild and moderate obesity groups in the abdomen and significantly lower than the moderate obesity group in the thigh. Stepwise regression analysis with signal intensity as dependent variable revealed that VAT CSA and age in abdominal muscles and VAT CSA, age, and triglycerides in thigh muscles are predictors of signal intensities. Conclusions. These results suggest that VAT CSA and age are predictors of intramuscular adipose tissue of the abdominal and thigh in children with obesity.
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SHAHIN, KARIMA A., and R. T. BERG. "GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-037.
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Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" upon muscle growth patterns and distribution. The left side of each carcass was dissected into major carcass tissues and the weights of individual muscles were obtained and grouped into nine standard anatomical groups. Relative to total side msucle (TSM), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all muscle groups except muscles surrounding the spinal column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either DM or SY. As TSM increased, the proportion of muscle found in proximal hindlimb, distal hindlimb and distal forelimb decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of muscle in abdominal wall and proximal forelimb remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05) and the proportion of muscle in thorax to forelimb, neck to forelimb and intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax increased (b > 1; P < 0.05). At the same TSM, compared with the other breed types, DM tended to have more of their muscle in the hip and stifle region but less in the distal parts of both limbs and in neck and thorax. The hyperdevelopment of the large superficial muscles of the proximal part (thigh) and the hypodevelopment of the distal part in the hindlimb give the DM animal the typical 'bottle thigh' appearance. Key words: Bulls (young), muscle growth, muscle distribution, Double Muscled, cattle
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Razmaitė, Violeta, Artūras Šiukščius, Rūta Šveistienė, and Virginija Jatkauskienė. "Present Conservation Status and Carcass and Meat Characteristics of Lithuanian Vištinės Goose Breed." Animals 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020159.
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The aim of the present study was to identify the conservation status of Lithuanian local Vištinės goose breed and evaluate the carcass and meat quality characteristics in the breast and thigh depending on the sex. The status of the Lithuanian Vištinės goose breed was evaluated by monitoring of the birds, which are included in the breeding system. Twenty geese from the nucleus flock at the age of 10 weeks and reared using a commercial concentrate diet ad libitum were used for the carcass and meat quality evaluation. Due to fluctuations in the numbers of geese and reproduction of purebred birds on a largest scale from the nucleus flock, the status of Vištinės goose population remains critical-maintained. The difference in the live body weight between males and females was insignificant, whereas males showed higher carcass weight (p < 0.05), including the weight of breast, wings, thighs and neck. The sex did not affect the meat quality parameters, but the anatomical location of muscles has appeared to show a high effect. Thigh muscles had lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) protein and cholesterol, and higher (p < 0.001) intramuscular fat contents compared with the breast. Thigh muscles also showed higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) pH and EZ drip loss, but lower (p < 0.001) cooking loss compared with the breast. The breast was characterized by a higher (p < 0.001) shear of force and toughness with Warner–Bratzler test and higher (p < 0.001) hardness detected by texture profile analysis (TPA) compared with the thigh. Breast lipids had higher (p < 0.001) proportion of total saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas the thigh was characterized by a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids. Atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes were higher (p < 0.001) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio was lower (p < 0.001) and less favourable in the breast compared with the thigh. Despite the muscle type differences, goose meat of the local conserved breed exhibited good quality and expected enhancing impact on consumer health.
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Večerek, V., P. Suchý, E. Straková, F. Vitula, and M. Mikundová. "Variation in the chemical composition of muscles in young pheasants during their growth." Archives Animal Breeding 48, no. 3 (October 10, 2005): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-48-290-2005.
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Abstract. The paper reports on the changes in the chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles in intensively fed chickens of common pheasant, discussing the results obtained from the perspective of the production of high-quality pheasant meat. Young pheasants were fed for 90 days. Unlike breast muscles, thigh muscles showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in water content between Day 50 and Day 90 (falling from 757.20 to 728.61 g/kg) which was associated with increasing dry matter content in muscles (from 242.80 to 271.39 g/kg). From a dietetic point of view, one positive finding is that both breast and thigh muscles from young pheasants aged 40 - 90 days contained low levels of fat, ranging from 6.12 g/kg to 8.33 g/kg, and from 20.36 g/kg to 51.37 g/kg, respectively. However, at the end of the monitored period (i.e. between Day 70 and Day 90) fat content in muscles significantly increased (P ≤ 0.01). Differences between average levels of ash (minerals) in breast muscles during the monitored period were not statistically significant. The average levels of ash in thigh muscles decreased statistically very significantly (P ≤ 0.01) on Day 50 (11.75 g/kg). In breast muscles a statistically significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) was detected on Day 90 (11.67 g/kg). The above-mentioned changes in the chemical composition of muscles in young pheasants may arise due to qualitative age-related changes such as decreasing proteosynthesis and enhanced fat biosynthesis in muscles. This conclusion is supported by profound changes in the parameters of chemical composition related to muscle dry matter which are presented in this paper.
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Gálik, Branislav, Cyril Hrnčár, Martin Gašparovič, Michal Rolinec, Ondrej Hanušovský, Miroslav Juráček, Milan Šimko, Luboš Zábranský, and Anton Kovacik. "The Effect of Humic Substances on the Meat Quality in the Fattening of Farm Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020295.
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Background: The effects of humic substances (HSs) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of breast and thigh muscles were studied. Methods: In total, 200 pheasants were allocated to 4 treatments, each containing 50 birds. The control birds were fed a diet without additives (0% HS); the other treatment birds were fed diets containing HSs at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% from 1 to 90 days of age. At the end of the experiment, several carcass characteristics were measured and breast and thigh muscle samples were taken to determine the composition of several nutrients by standard laboratory methods and procedures. Results: The carcass weights of both males and females increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 0.50 HS and 0.75 HS groups after supplementation with HSs. The same effect of humic substances in the 0.50 and 0.75 HS groups was found in the weight of breast and thighs (p < 0.05). Significantly (p < 0.05), the highest carcass yield in males and females was found in the 0.50 HS group. Conclusions: Feeding with a diet containing HSs can have a beneficial influence on the carcass parameters, decrease the crude fat content in the meat and change the profile of bioactive fatty acids in the breast and thigh muscles of broiler pheasants.
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Liu, Y., G. Tang, J. Yang, and W. Li. "Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chickens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 62, No. 8 (July 20, 2017): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/95/2016-cjas.
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The effect of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid peroxidation in the breast muscles (Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor) and thigh muscles of broiler chickens was investigated. A total of ninety-six 21-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (0 and 1.5% CLA) with 8 replicates per 6 chickens each. The left breast and thigh muscles of broiler chickens were excised on day 42. The broilers receiving the CLA diet exhibited lower malondialdehyde content and reactive oxygen species production (P < 0.01) in the breast and thigh muscles than the broilers receiving the control diet. After the dietary CLA supplementation, the glutathione (GSH) content in the breast and thigh muscles of the broiler chickens fed the CLA diet increased by 21.89 and 21.56%, respectively (P < 0.05) while the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase（γ-GCS）activity increased by 28.57 and 25.80% (P < 0.05), respectively. Dietary CLA significantly increased the CLA content (P < 0.01) and saturated fatty acid content (P < 0.05), and decreased the monounsaturated fatty acid content (P < 0.01) in the breast and thigh muscles. These results showed that dietary CLA may decrease the lipid peroxidation level in the breast and thigh muscles of broiler chickens perhaps through increasing the γ-GCS activity to induce GSH synthesis and changing the fatty acid composition to increase oxidative stability.
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Islam, Muhammad Saiful, Rafi Nazrul Islam, Mohammad Sakhawat Hossen Khan, Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, and Mohammad Ashraful Islam. "Diabetic Myonecrosis: Rare Complication of a Common Disease." BIRDEM Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v8i3.38136.
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We report a case of sudden left thigh pain in adductor muscles of medial compartment, known as diabetic myonecrosis, in a 50-year-old patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Diabetic muscle infarction is a rare end-organ complication seen in patients with poor glycemic control and advanced chronic microvascular complications. Proposed mechanisms involve atherosclerotic microvascular occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion related injury, vasculitis with microthrombi formation, and an acquired antiphospholipid syndrome. The clinical presentation is swelling, pain, and tenderness of the involved muscle, most commonly the thigh muscles. Management consists of conservative measures including analgesia and rest.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(3): 263-265
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Ryan, Alice S., Andrew Buscemi, Larry Forrester, Charlene E. Hafer-Macko, and Frederick M. Ivey. "Atrophy and Intramuscular Fat in Specific Muscles of the Thigh." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 25, no. 9 (July 6, 2011): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968311408920.
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Purpose. Sarcopenia and increased fat infiltration in muscle may play a role in the functional impairment and high risk for diabetes in stroke. Our purpose was to compare muscle volume and muscle attenuation across 6 muscles of the paretic and nonparetic thigh and examine the relationships between intramuscular fat and insulin resistance and between muscle volume and strength in stroke patients. Methods. Stroke participants (70; 39 men, 31 women) aged 40 to 84 years, BMI = 16 to 45 kg/m2 underwent multiple thigh CT scans, total body scan by DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), peak oxygen intake (VO2peak) graded treadmill test, 6-minute walk, fasting blood draws, and isokinetic strength testing. Results. Muscle volume is 24% lower and subcutaneous fat volume is 5% higher in the paretic versus nonparetic thigh. Muscle attenuation (index of amount of fat infiltration in muscle) is 17% higher in the nonparetic midthigh than the paretic. The semitendinosis/semimembranosis, biceps femoris, sartorius, vastus (medialis/lateralis), and rectus femoris have lower (between 9% and 19%) muscle areas on the paretic than the nonparetic thigh. Muscle attenuation is 15% to 25% higher on the nonparetic than the paretic side for 5 of 6 muscles. The nonparetic midthigh muscle attenuation is negatively associated with insulin. Eccentric peak torque of the nonparetic leg and paretic leg are associated with the corresponding muscle volume. Conclusions. The skeletal muscle atrophy, increased fat around and within muscle, and ensuing muscular weakness observed in chronic stroke patients relates to diabetes risk and may impair functional mobility and independence.
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Eremushkin, Mikhail А., Kirill А. Berdyugin, and Daria V. Fedulova. "Characteristics of Muscle Work in Track and Field Athletes with Intellectual Disability, Hearing Impairment and Cerebral Palsy." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-2-23-28.
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In persons with disabilities, the underlying impairment affects the functioning of other organs and systems. Special attention is drawn to athletes of adaptive sports, in particular, the main impairment influence to the work of the musculoskeletal system, and, accordingly, the sports result. Is it possible to correct and change training programs, knowing the peculiarities of muscles work of various nosological groups athletes. Aim. To analyze the work of the musculoskeletal system in athletes with intellectual disability, hearing impairment and cerebral palsy. Material and methods. The study was carried out on the multifunctional simulator Humac Norm on the basis of the State Autonomous Institution “Sports Adaptive School”of the Sverdlovsk region. It was attended by 21 athletes aged from 16 to 22 years: with intellectual impairment of the slight mental retardation degree (n = 7: 1 m., 6 days), with infantile cerebral palsy in the form of spastic hemiparesis (n = 7: 4 m., 3 days), athletes with hearing impairment (n = 10: 7 m., 3 days) with congenital deafness (n = 3) and 3-4 degree hearing loss (n = 7). the athletes underwent testing of the lower extremities muscles, in particular, the muscles of the anterior and posterior thigh surfaces; internal and external lower leg muscles in concentric (overcoming) and eccentric (yielding) modes of muscle work. The muscles of the anterior and posterior thighs were tested in the sitting position at angular velocity of 45 degrees/s on a simulator. The internal and external muscles of the lower leg were tested in the reclining position with a fixed knee joint, at the angular velocity on the simulator of 30 degrees/s. The result was evaluated 15 times for performing a given movement in concentric and eccentric modes and the average values of the general muscle working capacity were revealed. Results. When analyzing the results, it was revealed that athletes with cerebral palsy and hearing impairment have interaction in muscle work. Thus, the weakness of the front thigh part muscles corresponds to or entails the weakness of the lower leg external muscles. Hypotension of the posterior thigh surface muscles entails (or is a consequence of) weakness of the lower leg internal muscles. In athletes with intellectual disabilities, there is no clear interaction in muscle work. In different athletes, asymmetry is detected in completely different indicators, which may be associated with incomplete understanding of the attitudes to test performance or with the overlap syndrome presence. Conclusion. The athletes’ testing revealed the muscle work imbalance and asymmetry. A greater deficit was observed in the concentric mode of work in athletes with intellectual disability and cerebral palsy. The calf muscles need to be worked out in athletes of all nosological groups.
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El-Tarabany, Mahmoud S., Omar A. Ahmed-Farid, Mohamed Abdo Nassan, and Ayman S. Salah. "Oxidative Stability, Carcass Traits, and Muscle Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111725.
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The objective was to elucidate the effects of chronic heat stress on carcass traits, muscle oxidative stability, muscle fatty acids and amino acid profiles in broiler chickens. A total of 100-day-old male Ross broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups of five replicates. The control group (TN) was maintained on a thermoneutral condition, while the experimental group (HS) was subjected to 8 h of heat stress (34 °C). The HS group showed lower dressing percentage and breast yield compared with the TN group (p = 0.040 and 0.042, respectively). Meanwhile, heat stress significantly increased the percentage of abdominal fat in broiler chickens (p = 0.001). The HS group showed significantly lower levels of PUFA (linoleic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic) in the breast (p = 0.003, 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) and thigh (p = 0.001, 0.009 and 0.003, respectively) muscles than did the TN group. The levels of α-lenolinec acid in the breast and thigh muscles did not differ between both experimental groups (p = 0.818 and 0.060, respectively). With exception of threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, the levels of essential AA in the breast muscles were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) reduced in the HS group. The HS group showed significantly higher concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the breast muscles (p = 0.032). Meanwhile, the concentration of MDA in the thigh muscles did not differ between both experimental groups (p = 0.149). Furthermore, the HS group showed significantly lower superoxide dismutase and catalase in heart tissues (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, chronic thermal stress deteriorates carcass yield and the oxidative stability of breast muscles, as well as the levels of PUFA and essential AA in broiler chickens. However, the oxidative stability of thigh muscles was not affected.
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Gottschalk, F. A., and M. Stills. "The biomechanics of trans-femoral amputation." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 18, no. 1 (April 1994): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649409164665.
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The biomechanics of trans-femoral amputations has not been previously described. Little attention has been paid to the importance of adductor magnus in holding the femur in its normal anatomical axis. Loss of function of adductor magnus leads to abduction of the residual femur, in a trans-femoral amputation. A cadaver study of the adductor group of thigh muscles has been done and the biomechanical importance of these muscles is documented. The moment arms of the three adductor muscles have been determined, based on muscle attachments and muscle size, relative to each other. Adductor magnus has a major mechanical advantage in holding the thigh in its normal anatomical position. Loss of the distal third of its attachment results in a 70% loss of the effective moment arm of the muscle, which contributes to the abducted femur in standard trans-femoral amputations. A muscle preserving trans-femoral amputation, which keeps adductor magnus intact, prevents abduction of the residual femur and may allow for easier walking with a prosthesis. The conflicting reports about adductor magnus activity during the gait cycle can be explained by this muscle's dual innervation by the sciatic and obturator nerves and its dual function as a hip adductor and extensor.
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Mersmann, F., S. Bohm, A. Schroll, H. Boeth, G. Duda, and A. Arampatzis. "Muscle shape consistency and muscle volume prediction of thigh muscles." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25, no. 2 (June 27, 2014): e208-e213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12285.
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Goodall, Alex F., David A. Broadbent, Raluca B. Dumitru, David L. Buckley, Ai Lyn Tan, Maya H. Buch, and John D. Biglands. "Feasibility of MRI based extracellular volume fraction and partition coefficient measurements in thigh muscle." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1111 (July 2020): 20190931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190931.
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Objective: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of extracellular volume-fraction (ECV) measurement, and time to achieve contrast equilibrium (CE), in healthy muscles, and to determine whether in-flow and partial-volume errors in the femoral artery affect measurements, and if there are differences in the partition coefficient (λ) between muscles. Methods: T1 was measured in the biceps femoris, vastus intermedius, femoral artery and aorta of 10 healthy participants. This was repeated alternately between the thigh and aorta for ≥25 min following a bolus of gadoterate meglumine. λ was calculated for each muscle/blood measurement. Time to CE was assessed semi-quantitatively. Results: 8/10 participants achieved CE. Time to CE = 19±2 min (mean ± 95% confidence interval). Measured λ: biceps femoris/aorta = 0.210±0.034, vastus intermedius/aorta = 0.165±0.015, biceps femoris/femoral artery = 0.265±0.054, vastus intermedius/femoral artery = 0.211±0.026. There were significant differences in λ between the muscles when using the same vessel (p < 0.05), and between λ calculated in the same muscle when using different vessels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: ECV measurements in the thigh are clinically feasible. The use of the femoral artery for the blood measurement is associated with small but significant differences in λ. ECV measurements are sensitive to differences between muscles within the healthy thigh. Advances in knowledge: This paper determines the time to contrast equilibrium in the healthy thigh and describes a method for measuring accurately ECV in skeletal muscle. This can aid in the diagnosis and understanding of inflammatory auto-immune diseases.
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Šulcerová, Hana, Michal Mihok, Miroslav Jůzl, and Peter Haščík. "Effect of addition of pollen and propolis to feeding mixtures during the production of broiler chickens ROSS 308 to the colour of thigh and breast muscle and pH determination." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 6 (2011): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060359.
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The aim of this study was to verify influence of pollen and propolis added to the feeding mixture in the diet of broiler chickens Ross 308 to colour breast and thigh muscles in relation to pH values. A total of 198 units 1 day-old Ross 308 hybrid combinations divided into 6 groups according to the feeding mixtures were investigated on meat quality characteristics changes. Muscle colour of breasts and thighs was measured and compared with pH in three times, pH1, pH2 and pHult. Feeding with various additions to feeding mixtures for chicken showed small impact of low content (200 or 300 mg.kg−1) propolis to meat quality characteristics. Higher effect on breast quality was found in group with 400 mg.kg−1 pollen addition to feed, there was faster and deeper postmortal process level found, although without negative impact on meat quality. Meat colour and muscle pH of chicken in this experiment was pale and had low ultimate pH. In these parameters were found correlation. Chicken meat of this experimental animals was paler and had the lowest ultimate pH, altough in group with higher addition it wasn’t confirmed. Raw meat breast pH was significantly lower than thigh muscles in all measurement time. Various feeding especially pollen had significant impact on breast colour which was paler although without negative displays attended of pH decline. Significant relationships are between breast and thigh L*a*b* values and pH1 respectively.
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Elsharkawy, Mohamed Shafey, Ying Chen, Ranran Liu, Xiaodong Tan, Wei Li, Ibrahim El-Wardany, Dongqin Zhao, Maiqing Zheng, Jie Wen, and Guiping Zhao. "Paternal Dietary Methionine Supplementation Improves Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Chicken Progeny." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020325.
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The effects that maternal dietary methionine have on progeny have been reported on broilers. However, the paternal effects are not known, so the current study was conducted to explore the influences of paternal dietary methionine (Met) have on progeny carcass traits, meat quality, and related gene expressions. A total of 192 hens and 24 roosters from Ross parent stock at 36 weeks of age were selected. From week 37 to 46, the roosters were allocated to two groups with three replicates of 4 cocks each, (control, 0.28% Met), and methionine group (MET group, 0.28% Met + 0.1% coated Met). The results revealed that, although the heavier live body weight in progeny at day 49 of control group compared to MET group (p < 0.05), the relative eviscerated yield and relative thigh muscle yield were higher in MET group (p < 0.05); but the relative abdominal fat was lower (p < 0.05). In thigh and breast muscles, a positive response of pH24 h value, shear force (g) and drip loss (%) were observed in MET group (p < 0.05). The lightness (L) and redness (a) were increased (p < 0.05) in breast muscles of MET group, while only the redness (a*24 h) and yellowness (b*24 h) were increased (p < 0.05) in thigh muscles of MET group. The gender has a significant (p < 0.05) effect on carcass traits and muscle redness (a*), where these traits improved in males, and no interaction between treatments and gender were observed for these results. The expression levels of PRKAG2 and PRDX4 supported the changes in muscle pH, with these up-regulated in thigh and breast muscles of MET group, the PPP1R3A gene supported the changes in pH value being down-regulated (p < 0.01) in these same muscles. The BCO1 gene expression was consistent with the changes in meat color and was up-regulated (p < 0.01) in thigh muscles of MET group, consistent with the changes in b* color values. Finally, it was concluded that the supplementation of 0.1% Met to rooster diets could improve carcass characteristics and meat quality of progeny.
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Vitula, František, Pavel Suchý, Eva Straková, Kateřina Karásková, David Zapletal, and Leo Kroupa. "Energy value of meat in selected species of feathered game." Acta Veterinaria Brno 80, no. 2 (2011): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201180020197.
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The aim of this work was to compare gross energy (GE) in breast and thigh muscles in the following six species of feathered game reared in Europe: guineafowl (Numida meleagris), common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), chukar (Alectoris chucar), grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Calorimetric analysis revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences between individual species in the content of energy in breast and thigh muscles. The highest content of energy (recalculated to dry matter) was found in breast muscles from wild turkey (24.75 MJ·kg-1) and Japanese quail (24.57 MJ·kg-1) whereas the highest content of energy (recalculated to dry matter) in thigh muscles was found in Japanese quail and grey partridge. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences in the energy content were also found between breast and thigh muscles in all studied game species except for wild turkey. Differences in the content of energy in muscles between individual species occur mainly due to different contents of fat in muscles. This is also confirmed by high correlation coefficients between the content of energy and the content of fat in breast (r = 0.912) and thigh muscles (r = 0.878). Our study provides more specific data on the amount of energy in muscles of major species of feathered game reared in Europe and significantly extends current knowledge in this field.
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Shi, Kai, Qian Zhao, Minghui Shao, Ying Duan, Dongfeng Li, Yangqing Lu, Yanfei Tang, and Chungang Feng. "Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Effect of Selective Breeding on the Quality of Chicken Meat." Metabolites 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050367.
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The selection for improved body weight is an effective approach in animal breeding. Guangxi Partridge chickens have differentiated into two lines under selective breeding, which include line S and line D that have shown statistically significant differences in body weight. However, the meat quality analysis in our study indicated that the quality of breast and thigh muscles in line S chickens changed, which included increased values of L*, b*, and drip loss and decreased a* value, pH, and shear force in skeletal muscles. To illuminate the effect of selection on skeletal muscles, LC-MS/MS metabolomics was performed to explore differentiated metabolites in divergent tissues from the two chicken lines. The results of principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis suggested that metabolites of different groups were separated, which suggested that selective breeding certainly affected metabolism of skeletal muscles. KEGG analysis identified that valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism noteworthily changed in breast muscle. Amino sugars and nucleotide sugar metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, fructose and mannose metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were remarkedly identified in thigh muscle. These screened pathways suggested oxidative stress in breast and thigh muscles, which corresponded with our previous results. Therefore, this study determined that glycerophospholipid metabolism conservatively functioned in muscle flavor and development but exhibited different anti-oxidative patterns in different skeletal muscles. Overall, the present study identified several differentiated metabolites and pathways for exploring differences in meat quality between different broiler populations.
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Nurimanov, R. Z., A. E. Strizhkov, and V. N. Nikolenko. "Features of the structure of the muscles acting on the hip joint of the human fetus." Sechenov Medical Journal 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/22187332.2019.1.47-51.
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Aim - to identify the features of the anatomical structure of the muscles acting on the hip joint in the fetal period of prenatal ontogenesis. Material and methods. The study was carried out on corpses of 200 fetuses aged from 12th to 38th weeks. Anatomical and morphometric research methods were used. Results. As a result of the study, it was established that the muscles of the pelvis and thigh of the fetus are different from the definitive ones: more heads are noted, a different direction of force action vector, functional indicators of the extensor and rotator muscles prevail. There are critical periods of organogenesis of functional muscle groups. Conclusions. The main trend of organogenesis of the muscles of the pelvis and thigh is the fusion of small muscle insertions into larger organs. A feature of the fetal muscles acting on the hip joint is the morpho - functional predominance of the insteps and adductor muscles that create the necessary conditions for the hip joint morphogenesis. The 20th-22th and 28th-30th weeks of intrauterine development are critical periods in human hip joint morphogenesis.
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Razmaite, Violeta, Vidmantas Pileckas, and Violeta Juškiene. "Effect of muscle anatomical location on fatty acid composition of beaver (Castor fiber) females." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 2 (May 10, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/176/2018-cjfs.
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Ten beaver (Castor fiber) females were used in the experiment. The samples were excised from a different anatomical location of each beaver carcass used in the study: m. longissimus dorsi (LD), m. triceps brachii (shoulder), m. biceps femoris (thigh). Thigh muscles were characterized by the highest percentage of free fat followed by longissimus muscle and shoulder. The total proportions of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), including many individual fatty acids, were affected by the muscle anatomical location. The fattiest thigh had the most favourable and highest PUFA/SFA, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) and lowest n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, and the lowest thrombogenic index. Despite the fact that the leanest m. triceps brachii had the highest proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-6/n-3PUFA ratio was the lowest compared with the muscles from other anatomical locations and showed lower atherogenic index compared with a more fatty longissimus muscle.
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Mroczek, Dariusz, Edward Superlak, Marek Konefał, Krzysztof Maćkała, Paweł Chmura, Tomasz Seweryniak, and Jan Chmura. "Changes in the Stiffness of Thigh Muscles in the Left and Right Limbs During Six Weeks of Plyometric Training in Volleyball Players." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2018-0010.
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Abstract Introduction. Monitoring muscle stiffness in athletes can be a good method of assessing fatigue caused by high training loads, and the early detection of fatigue can help prevent the occurrence of micro-trauma in the muscles that can cause contusions. The research carried out by Wilson et al. [1] confirmed that an optimal level of muscle stiffness is significantly correlated with high muscle loads. The aim of the current study was to determine changes in muscle stiffness of the left and right thighs during six weeks of plyometric training (PT) in volleyball players. Material and methods. The study involved 16 volleyball players from the second-league Opole University of Technology Club (age = 21.12 ± 1.66 years, height = 191.62 ± 5.73 cm, and weight = 86.25 ± 6.66 kg) with at least five years of competitive experience (7.5 ± 2.44 years). Muscle stiffness was measured during three stages of the plyometric training using a MYOTON PRO device (Estonia). Results. An RM-ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference in the resting stiffness of the semitendinosus (posterior thigh) muscles of the left and right limbs before the plyometric training began, but no significant differences were found in the stiffness of these muscles in the fourth or sixth weeks of training. The results of the measurement performed for the anterior muscles of the thigh did not reveal a significant difference in the stiffness of the left limb compared to that of the right limb in subsequent weeks of training. Conclusion. The loads used in plyometric training in volleyball players caused a decrease in the differences in muscle stiffness between the left and right limbs, and in both limbs, adaptation trended towards an increase or a decrease in stiffness.
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Flis, Marian, Eugeniusz R. Grela, Grażyna Żukowska, and Dariusz Gugała. "Nutritional composition and heavy metal content in breast and thigh muscles of wild and intensively reared common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0028.
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AbstractIntroductionDiffering conditions in captive breeding and in the wild have impact on the mineral profile of the pheasant carcass and its heavy metal contents. This may be an indicator of environmental contamination. The study evaluated the nutritional composition and selected macro- and trace element contents (heavy metals in particular) in usable sections of pheasant breast and thigh muscles originating from captive breeding and wild birds.Material and MethodsThe tests were performed on the breast and thigh muscles of 20 wild and 20 farm bred birds from around Lublin, Poland, with equal sex representation. The nutrient and lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel contents were determined using inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.ResultsThe farmed pheasants had a higher proportion of breast muscle. The thigh muscles of all birds had a higher fat content than the breast muscles (5.1 g vs. 3.4 g per kg of natural weight). The macroelement level depended on the muscle type and bird origin. The trace element content also did and gender dependence was also evident. The wild birds contained more cadmium in the breast muscles and lead in both muscles than the farm-raised ones.ConclusionThe high quality and usefulness of wild and farmed pheasant meat is confirmed. It has advantageous macro- and trace element contents and permissible heavy metal contents except for lead in wild birds. The heavy metal level can be a bioindicator of their environmental occurrence. In wild birds, the lead level may also reflect birdshot remnants.
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Gesek, Michał, Daria Murawska, and Iwona Otrocka-Domagała. "Three-Point Scale of Lipid Concentration and Localization in Muscle Tissue of Birds Using Oil Red O Staining." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0014.
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AbstractResearch on skeletal muscles includes chemical, sensorial, histopathological, microbiological analysis, and the influence of observed data on meat quality. The aim of this paper was to establish a point scale for analysing the fat concentration in breast and thigh muscles of birds during histological examination. The need for a point scale showing lipid localization arises during the experiment, including the castration of the bird. During necropsy, pectoral and thigh muscles were put into 30% saccharose solution with the addition of sodium azide. Then, frozen samples were cut into 8 µm sections and stained with Oil Red O (Bio-Optica, Milan, Italy) to detect lipids. Four main locations were evaluated: the area around vessels, perimysium between fascicles, endomysium between fascicles, and sarcoplasm of the fibres. Each location was separately evaluated for pectoral and thigh muscles. The percentage of tissue occupied by lipids in different locations was detected using Panoramic Viewer software (3DHISTECH, Budapest, Hungary). The results from the point scale analysis, similar in pectoral and thigh muscles, confirmed data from the chemical analysis. Significant differences were observed in all examined periods in chemical analysis (P<0.05) and were visible in the point scale with a higher number of birds with higher lipid concentration in all examined locations. Our scale analysis of lipid concentration, confirmed by chemical analysis, is an objective tool and can be used separately in muscle tissues in experiments where there is the need for lipid visualization. An established three-point scale can be a tool in poultry muscle tissue evaluation because not only accumulation but also lipid location is crucial in determining the usefulness of meat in culinary processing.
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Zheng, Aijuan, Shumei Lin, Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado, Zhimin Chen, Wenhuan Chang, Huiyi Cai, and Guohua Liu. "Stress Associated with Simulated Transport, Changes Serum Biochemistry, Postmortem Muscle Metabolism, and Meat Quality of Broilers." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081442.
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Many factors contribute to the stress of transporting broilers from the farm to the processing plant. Using a motion simulation machine, a total of 144 male broilers were employed to determine the effect of motion, vibration, and feed withdrawal during transportation on serum biochemical parameters, postmortem muscle metabolism, and meat quality of broilers. The results indicated that transportation did not affect the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and glucose in the serum, glutathione peroxidase in the breast and thigh muscle, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the breast, and heat stress protein 70 mRNA expression level in the liver (p > 0.05). Serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and insulin concentration declined with 2 h transportation (p < 0.05) and recovered with 4 h transportation (p < 0.05). NOS concentration in the thigh increased with 2 h transportation (p < 0.05) and recovered with 4 h transportation (p < 0.05). Two-hour and 4 h transportation increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in both muscles. Malondialdehyde, lactic acid, and drip loss24 h in both thigh and breast muscles increased, and glycogen in both muscles decreased with increasing transportation times (p < 0.05). Two-hour transportation did not influence pH45 min and pH24 h in the breast and thigh muscle, but these indexes decreased with 4 h transportation. This experiment supports and extends previous work that identified transportation as a major risk in relation to bird welfare and meat quality.
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Drapsin, Miodrag, Damir Lukac, Predrag Rasovic, Patrik Drid, Aleksandar Klasnja, and Ivica Lalic. "Isokinetic profile of subjects with the ruptured anterior cruciated ligament." Vojnosanitetski pregled 73, no. 7 (2016): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp141128067d.
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Background/Aim. All changes in the knee that appear after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion lead to difficulties in walking, running, jumping especially during sudden changes of the line of movement. This significantly impairs quality of life of these subjects and leads to decrease in physical activity. Knee injuries make 5% of all most severe acute sport injuries. The aim of the study was to determine strength of the thigh muscles in persons with unilateral rupture of the ACL and to evaluate potential bilateral differences between healthy and injured leg. Methods. This study involved 114 male athletes of different sport specialities with the clinical diagnosis of ACL rupture. Each subject had unilateral ACL rupture and the other leg was actually the control for this research. An isokinetic device was used to evaluate the muscle strength of thigh muscles. Testing was performed for two testing speeds, 60?/s and 180?/s. Results. Data analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) between the ACL and the healthy leg in the following parameters: peak torque for thigh extensors (Ptrq_E), angle to peak torque during extension (Ang_E), power of extension (Pow_E) and work during extension (Work_E). Analysing hamstrings to quadriceps (H/Q) ratio we found the unilateral disbalance of thigh muscle strength in ACL leg. Conclusion. A high level of validity makes isokinetic dynamometry the method for evaluation of thigh muscles strength and leaves this field of research open for new studies in order to improve both diagnostic and rehabilitation of patients with the insufficient ACL.
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Szkucik, Krzysztof, Renata Pyz-Łukasik, Marta Wójcik, and Michał Gondek. "Ubiquinone Q10 and Protein Contents in Rabbit Meat in Relation to Primal Cut and Rearing System." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0020.
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Abstract The research material included 96 slaughter rabbit carcasses. Half of them came from the animals managed in small-scale backyard farming units where animals were fed a natural ingredient diet, while the other half was from rabbits kept under commercial production conditions and fed commercial rabbit pellets. The thigh and saddle muscle samples were collected from each carcass to establish a content of ubiquinone (CoQ10) and crude protein along with its collagen level. Determination of tissue coenzyme Q10 (UQ10) was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with some modification. Crude protein concentration was estimated using Kjeldahl procedure, while total collagen content by the method of Stegemann modified by Hurych-Chvapil, using hydrolysis according to Möhler and Volley. Ubiquinone level in slaughter rabbit tissue ranged between 76 and 127 μg/g tissue. The studies indicated that rabbit rearing system and muscle type are determinants of CoQ10 content. Meat of rabbits managed under the traditional backyard farming system exhibited higher CoQ10 concentration as compared to that determined in rabbits from the commercial rabbitry. Additionally, the CoQ10 level in the saddle was significantly higher than that in the thigh muscles, and the relationships was noted in both types of rabbit production systems. When the CoQ10 content was expressed per gram of fibrillar protein, there were not significant differences between saddle and thigh muscles. The correlation coefficient between ubiquinone and fibrillar protein averaged to 0.94. The studies also demonstrated a higher protein level in the saddle than in thigh muscles. However, no differences in protein concentration were reported in respect to the rabbit farming system. The protein composition in the saddle muscles, irrespective of a rabbit production system, revealed significantly lower collagen content compared to the proteins in thigh muscles. The obtained results and data from literature provide evidence that rabbit meat, especially from the traditional (organic) management system, is one of the best sources of animal protein and ubiquinone Q10.
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Razmaitė, Violeta, Artūras Šiukščius, and Giedrius Šarauskas. "Effects of Dietary Rapeseed and Camelina Seed Cakes on Physical–Technological Properties of Goose Meat." Animals 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050632.
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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of commercial diet supplemented with rapeseed and camelina seed cakes on the physical and technological attributes of goose meat quality. The breast and thigh muscles from thirty geese of both sexes of the Lithuanian native breed Vištinės fed the diet containing either rapeseed cake (group 1) or camelina cake (group 2) at the age of 13 weeks were used for the evaluation of physical and technological attributes. The diet did not affect the colour of goose meat; however, females showed higher (p < 0.05) values of breast yellowness (b*) and hue angle (h). The camelina group demonstrated higher (p < 0.001) cooking losses of breast and thigh muscles and also higher (p < 0.05) EZ drip loss and thawing loss of thigh muscles compared with the rapeseed group. Females had higher (p < 0.05) cooking loss of the breast, whereas males had higher (p < 0.05) cooking loss of the thigh. The growth rate of geese and their slaughter time showed an effect (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) on pH of thigh muscles. Higher (p < 0.01) hardness of the breast muscle in the camelina group compared with the rapeseed group was detected by the texture profile analysis (TPA) as well as other parameters such as cohesiveness and gumminess, chewiness. Despite some differences in technological meat quality attributes, the quality of goose meat produced with diet supplementation of 10% of rapeseed cake and camelina seed cake can be considered as suitable.
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Hoffer, J. A., N. Sugano, G. E. Loeb, W. B. Marks, M. J. O'Donovan, and C. A. Pratt. "Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion. II. Normal activity patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 530–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.57.2.530.
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Activity patterns were recorded from 51 motoneurons in the fifth lumbar ventral root of cats walking on a motorized treadmill at a range of speeds between 0.1 and 1.3 m/s. The muscle of destination of recorded motoneurons was identified by spike-triggered averaging of EMG recordings from each of the anterior thigh muscles. Forty-three motoneurons projected to one of the quadriceps (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, or rectus femoris) or sartorius (anterior or medial) muscles of the anterior thigh. Anterior thigh motoneurons always discharged a single burst of action potentials per step cycle, even in multifunctional muscles (e.g., sartorius anterior) that exhibited more than one burst of EMG activity per step cycle. The instantaneous firing rates of most motoneurons were lowest upon recruitment and increased progressively during a burst, as long as the EMG was still increasing. Firing rates peaked midway through each burst and tended to decline toward the end of the burst. The initial, mean, and peak firing rates of single motoneurons typically increased for faster walking speeds. At any given walking speed, early recruited motoneurons typically reached higher firing rates than late recruited motoneurons. In contrast to decerebrated cats, initial doublets at the beginning of bursts were seen only rarely. In the 4/51 motoneurons that showed initial doublets, both the instantaneous frequency of the doublet and the probability of starting a burst with a doublet decreased for faster walking speeds. The modulations in firing rate of every motoneuron were found to be closely correlated to the smoothed electromyogram of its target muscle. For 32 identified motoneurons, the unit's instantaneous frequencygram was scaled linearly by computer to the rectified smoothed EMG recorded from each of the anterior thigh muscles. The covariance between unitary frequencygram and muscle EMG was computed for each muscle. Typically, the EMG profile of the target muscle accounted for 0.88-0.96 of the variance in unitary firing rate. The EMG profiles of the other anterior thigh muscles, when tested in the same way, usually accounted only for a significantly smaller fraction of the variance. Brief amplitude fluctuations observed in the EMG envelopes were usually also reflected in the individual motoneuron frequencygrams. To further demonstrate the relationship between unitary frequencygrams and EMG, EMG envelopes recorded during walking were used as templates to generate depolarizing currents that were applied intracellularly to lumbar motoneurons in an acute spinal preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Kuster, Roman Peter, Christoph Michael Bauer, and Daniel Baumgartner. "Is active sitting on a dynamic office chair controlled by the trunk muscles?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242854.
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Today’s office chairs are not known to promote active sitting or to activate the lumbar trunk muscles, both of which functions are ergonomically recommended. This study investigated a newly developed dynamic office chair with a moveable seat, specifically designed to promote trunk muscle controlled active sitting. The study aimed to determine the means by which the seat movement was controlled during active sitting. This was accomplished by quantifying trunk and thigh muscular activity and body kinematics. Additionally, the effect of increased spinal motion on muscular activity and body kinematics was analysed. Ten subjects were equipped with reflective body markers and surface electromyography on three lumbar back muscles (multifidus, iliocostalis, longissimus) and two thigh muscles (vastus lateralis and medialis). Subjects performed a reading task during static and active sitting in spontaneous and maximum ranges of motion in a simulated office laboratory setting. The temporal muscle activation pattern, average muscle activity and body segment kinematics were analysed and compared using Friedman and post-hoc Wilcoxon tests (p≤0.05). Active sitting on the new chair significantly affected the lumbar trunk muscles, with characteristic cyclic unloading/loading in response to the seat movement. Neither thigh muscle activity nor lateral body weight shift were substantially affected by active sitting. When participants increased their range of motion, the lumbar back muscles were activated for longer and relaxation times were shorter. The characteristic activity pattern of the lumbar trunk muscles was shown to be the most likely dominant factor in controlling seat movement during active sitting. Consequently, the new chair may have a potential positive impact on back health during prolonged sitting. Further studies are necessary to analyse the frequency and intensity of active sitting during daily office work.
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Lundin, Olof, and Jorma R. Styf. "Intramuscular Pressure in the Leg and Thigh Related to Tensile Strap Force During Knee Brace Wear." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 4 (July 1998): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260041701.
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The effects of a functional knee brace on intramuscular pressure in the leg and thigh were measured in eight subjects with a mean age of 32 years. Pressures in the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscles were recorded without a knee brace and with a brace applied with strap tensile force of 25 N, 50 N, and a force preferred by the subject. External compression caused by the brace significantly increased intramuscular pressures at rest and muscle relaxation pressure during exercise in the leg and thigh muscles. Pressure in the tibialis anterior muscle increased 3 to 10 times, to mean values between 17.5 and 41 mm Hg, depending on the tensile force of the straps used at brace application. Corresponding mean pressure values in the rectus femoris muscle were between 17.5 and 32.5 mm Hg. Mean pressures in the standing subject varied between 37 and 62 mm Hg. Our study showed that intramuscular pressure at rest and muscle relaxation pressure during exercise in the tibialis anterior and the rectus femoris muscles increased significantly in the braced limb. Local blood perfusion pressure in the supine subject decreased significantly, by 16% to 42%, in the compressed muscles.
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Maylia, Eric, John A. Fairclough, Leonard D. M. Nokes, and Michael D. Jones. "Can Muscle Power Be Estimated from Thigh Bulk Measurements? A Preliminary Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8, no. 1 (February 1999): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.1.50.
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The purpose of this study was to assess whether measurements of thigh bulk taken with a tape measure would give an indication of muscle power. Eleven male patients, all undergoing unilateral menisectomies, performed exercises of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles during concentric loading at 60°/s. The patients were tested three times over a 12-week period: one day before the operation and 2 and 12 weeks after the operation. Thigh girth was recorded, using a conventional plastic tape measure, 10 cm from the top of the patella in each of the three test sessions. The results of this study demonstrated that muscle power cannot be predicted from thigh girth measurements.
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Bel, Michael Del, Nicholas J. Romanchuk, Daniel Benoit, and Sasha Carsen. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Change Muscle Co-Activation Strategies in Adolescent Females During Landing." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00473.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in adolescents continue to rise. Given that muscles are the only modifiable contributors to knee joint control, there has been a focus on their management in rehabilitation research. After an ACL injury, increased co-activation of the thigh muscles is considered a hallmark characteristic in stabilising the knee joint among adults with ACL injuries. However, increasing co-activation to improve joint stiffness should not be the rehabilitation goal after an ACL injury since a prolonged increase in co-activation about the joint alters knee joint loads and is associated with the onset and progression of knee osteoarthritis in adults. Purpose: Co-activation information currently does not exist among adolescents, therefore this study set out to address this gap. Methods: Twelve female patients with ACL-deficiency (ACLd) and 12 matched controls (CON) performed countermovement jumps while having the following muscle activations recorded for both limbs: rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), lateral (LG) and medial gastrocnemii (MG), and gluteus medius (GM). During the landing phase of the task, co-activation indices were calculated for the lateral thigh muscles (VL and ST), medial thigh muscles (VM and BF), and the total thigh muscles (VL&VM and BF&ST). Independent-sample t-tests ( p=.05) evaluated mean group differences for each of the three co-activation indices. Results: A significant difference was found in medial co-activation ( p=.019), while a trend towards significance ( p=.071) was found in total thigh co-activation, with ACLd females having higher co-activations indices in both compared to matched controls (Figure 1). No differences were observed between groups in their demographics or lateral co-activation indices. Conclusion: Failure to appropriately adapt one’s neuromuscular control strategies may explain why some individuals continue to have knee instability and difficulty returning to their pre-ACL injury activity levels after rehabilitation. This is evidenced by our findings among this cohort of females with ACL injuries who displayed higher co-activations, specifically in the medial thigh musculature. Moreover, our findings highlight the need to target individual muscles during rehabilitation and to avoid generalization of segment muscles (i.e. quadriceps and hamstrings) where vital information in knee joint stabilization may be missed. [Figure: see text]
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Straková, E., P. Suchý, F. Vitula, and V. Večerek. "Differences in the amino acid composition of muscles from pheasant and broiler chickens." Archives Animal Breeding 49, no. 5 (October 10, 2006): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-508-2006.
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Abstract. The present paper explores amino acid composition of breast and thigh muscles of common pheasant and compares it with that in broiler chickens. The experimental feeding of both pheasant and broiler chickens proceeded for a period of 42 days at the identical conditions employing the same diet and rearing technology. Muscles were analysed for the content of following amino acids: Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, and Arg. The results show that the levels of most amino acids in thigh and breast muscles of pheasants (related to dry matter content) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those in broiler chickens. In 42-day-old birds, the levels of individual amino acids in breast muscles (related to 100% of dry matter content) ranged from 8.02 to 127.32 g . kg-1 in pheasant chickens and from 19.77 to 110.33 g . kg-1 in broiler chickens while the corresponding average values in thigh muscles ranged from 14.77 g . kg-1 to 132.77 g . kg-1 in pheasant chickens and from 14.02 g . kg-1 to 93.53 g . kg-1 in broiler chickens. One interesting finding is that in the case of broiler chickens the levels of most amino acids in breast muscles were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those in thigh muscles. In the case of pheasant chickens, the difference between breast and thigh muscles was not confirmed which indicates that both muscles have high nutritive value. The results of amino acid composition of pheasant and broiler meat have proven a high nutritive value of pheasant meat in respect to human nutrition.
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Rossi, Raffaella, Francesco Vizzarri, Sabrina Ratti, and Carlo Corino. "Poultry Meat Quality in Antibiotic Free Production Has Improved by Natural Extract Supplement." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192599.
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Modern consumers are conscious of the relationship between meat quality and animal welfare. Today, slow-growing chickens are associated with a higher broiler welfare. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of dietary natural extract supplementation with polyphenols and seaweed mixtures (PPE) on breast and thigh muscles quality parameters in Hubbard JA57 slow growth chicken in antibiotic-free production. Five hundred Hubbard female chickens (250 from control and 250 from experimental group) were housed on floor pens (10 pens/treatment, 25 birds/pen) and assigned to two experimental groups: a control group (CON) receiving a commercial diet and another group receiving the same diet supplemented with 0.3% of polyphenols and seaweed mixtures (PPE). Dietary supplementation with PPE did not affect (p > 0.05) growth performances. The breast pH tended to be lower (p = 0.062) in PPE groups. The protein content of breast muscles resulted higher in PPE samples (p < 0.05) than controls. The thigh muscles from PPE group showed a lower (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde content than CON during refrigerated storage. In conclusion, the PPE supplement improves breast muscle protein content and oxidative stability of thigh muscle. This feeding practice is suggested to enhance the nutritional and technological parameters of meat Hubbard slow growth chicken in antibiotic-free production.
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Anous, M. R. "A comparative study of muscle-bone relationships in the hind limb of goats and sheep." Animal Science 53, no. 1 (August 1991): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006000.
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ABSTRACTMuscle to bone weight relationships within anatomical regions (proximal-distal division into pelvic, thigh and lower leg groups) and subregions (division within regions into gluteal, intrinsic pelvic, cranial, caudal and medial thigh, and cranial and caudal lower leg groups) of the hind limb and also of its most important muscles (no. = 11) were compared between goats and sheep using the method of multivariate analysis of the centred data. In this comparison, a total of 39 animals was considered: 13 male kids of the Alpine breed (K) and a sample of 26 male lambs derived from different breeds or crossbreeds representing, in equal numbers, lambs having good conformation (LGC) and poor conformation (LPC). Lambs were chosen on the basis of the hindlimb length the means of which were 22·9 (s.e. 1·5), 29·3 (s.e. 1·8) and 29·1 (s.e. 2·5) cm for LGC, LPC, and K, respectively. Corresponding cold carcass weights were 19·71 (s.e. 347), 17·28 (s.e. 1·77) and 10·84 (s.e. 0·56) kg.In both comparisons (K-LGC and K-LPC) the two species were systematically distinguished by the size of the following ratios: (pelvic muscles/os coxae + leg muscles /tibia) relative to thigh muscles/femur (for regions), which was lower in lambs than in kids; intrinsic pelvic muscles/os coxae relative to caudal thigh muscles/femur (for subregions), which was higher in kids than in lambs. For individual muscles, they were distinguished by the size of the following ratios: rectus (emoris/femur relative to semimembranosus/femur (or gluteus medius/os coxae) in the comparison K-LGC, which was higher in lambs than in kids, and vastus lateralis/femur relative to sum of pectineus + gracilis/femur (or gastrocemius/tibia) in the comparison K-LPC, which was lower in kids than in lambs. The results show that the muscle-bone ratios of the anatomical regions, subregions and the most commercially important muscles in the hindlimb can be used as discriminant characteristics of species.