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Journal articles on the topic 'Thick Gas Electron Multiplier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Orchard, G. M., K. Chin, W. V. Prestwich, A. J. Waker, and S. H. Byun. "Development of a thick gas electron multiplier for microdosimetry." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 638, no. 1 (May 2011): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.179.

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2

Li, Zhiyuan, Xianyun Ai, Yuguang Xie, Liliang Hao, Ying Wang, Hui Cui, and Li Fu. "Study on gain stability of Thick Gas Electron Multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 986 (January 2021): 164534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164534.

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3

Putignano, O., A. Muraro, S. Cancelli, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, M. H. Kushoro, et al. "Design of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier based photon pre-amplifier." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): C06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/c06003.

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Abstract In this paper we present the design of a photon pre-amplifier based on a photo-cathode coated Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM). Such device is crucial in application where a weak light signal produced in a radiation detector must be amplified so that it can be carried to a photo-detector by means of optical fibres. An example of a device where a light signal must be amplified is a gamma-ray Cherenkov detector for fusion power measurements in magnetic confinement devices. In such application the active part of the detector must be located very close the plasma, typically in a harsh radiation environment where standard photodetectors cannot operate. The photon pre-amplifier allows to increase the signal generated in the active part of the detector so that it can be easily detected by the photodetector located outside the harsh environment. We present the conceptual design of a THGEM based photon pre-amplifier supported by Garfield++ simulations. The device working principle is the following: primary photons impinge on the photo-cathode and extract electrons that are accelerated by the THGEM electric field. Upon collisions with the accelerated electrons, the gas molecules in the pre-amplifier are brought to excited states and de-excite emitting scintillation photons. Since each electron excites multiple gas molecules, the scintillation photons outnumber the primary photons, leading to the amplification. In addition, we present the first observation of measurements of Nitrogen gas scintillation in a THGEM device. We devised an experimental setup consisting of a vacuum chamber containing a THGEM and an alpha particle source. The vacuum chamber is filled with pure nitrogen and is coupled to a photomultiplier tube via a view-port to detect the scintillation photons generated in the THGEM. For sake of simplicity the electrons that induce the scintillation are generated by the ionization track of an alpha particle rather than by the THGEM photo-cathode coating. A good qualitative agreement between simulations and experiment has been found, however no quantitative conclusions can be made due to the lack of N2 excitation cross sections in the Garfield++ code.

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4

Song, Guofeng, Yiding Zhao, Ming Shao, Yi Zhou, Jianbei Liu, and Zhiyong Zhang. "Construction and test of a transition-radiation detector prototype based on thick gas electron multiplier technology." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01024.

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Abstract A transition-radiation detector (TRD) is a powerful device for highly relativistic electron (γ ≳ 1,000) identification. Electron identification is crucial for tagging the outgoing scattered electrons in an electron-ion collider (EIC) detector. Employing a TRD at the electron forward region of an EIC detector can provide the necessary electron identification with high hadron rejection over a wide momentum range. Thick gas electron multiplier (THGEM) technology is suitable for radiation detection in modern high-energy experiments owing to its high-granularity structure, radiation hardness, high-rate capability and ease of large-area production. This study investigates a TRD prototype based on THGEM technology through soft X-ray and electron beam experiments. Geant4 simulation were extensively exploited to understand the operation of TRD prototype with different gas mixtures. Particularly, the performance of TRD prototype with an electron beam at the DESY, with argon-based gas rather than xenon-based gas, agreed well with the simulation analyses in all important aspects. Based on the consistency of the experimental and simulation results, a likelihood analysis on the simulated total energy deposit in the xenon-based working gas would suggest a pion rejection improvement with the optimization of detector design, readout electronics and identification algorithm.

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5

Arsia, Rahim, Mohammad Kazem Salem, Ali Negarestani, and Amir Hossein Sari. "A new approach to measure radon by Thick Gas Electron Multiplier." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 196 (July 2022): 110114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110114.

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6

Alon, R., M. Cortesi, A. Breskin, and R. Chechik. "Time resolution of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM)-based detector." Journal of Instrumentation 3, no. 11 (November 7, 2008): P11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/3/11/p11001.

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7

Mir, J. A., H. Natal da Luz, X. Carvalho, C. D. R. Azevedo, J. M. F. dos Santos, and F. D. Amaro. "Gain Characteristics of a 100 μm thick Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2015): C12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/12/c12006.

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8

Bernacci, M. R., and S. H. Byun. "Development of a thick gas electron multiplier-based beta-ray detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 954 (February 2020): 161531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.209.

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9

Chepel, V., G. Martinez-Lema, A. Roy, and A. Breskin. "First results on FHM — a Floating Hole Multiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): P05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05013.

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Abstract A proof of principle of a novel concept for event recording in dual-phase liquid xenon detectors — the Floating Hole Multiplier (FHM) — is presented. It is shown that a standard Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM), freely floating on the liquid xenon surface permits extraction of electrons from the liquid to the gas. Secondary scintillation induced by the extracted electrons in the THGEM holes as well as in the uniform field above it was observed. The first results with the FHM indicate that the concept of floating electrodes may offer new prospects for large-scale dual-phase detectors, for dark matter searches in particular.

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10

Orchard, Gloria M., Silvia Puddu, and Anthony J. Waker. "Design and function of an electron mobility spectrometer with a thick gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 815 (April 2016): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.055.

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11

Hanu, A., S. H. Byun, and W. V. Prestwich. "A Monte Carlo simulation of the microdosimetric response for thick gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 622, no. 1 (October 2010): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.07.033.

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12

Roy, Promita, Vishal Kumar, Pralay Kumar Das, Purba Bhattacharya, Supratik Mukhopadhyay, Nayana Majumdar, and Sandip Sarkar. "Charging up studies in thick Gas Electron Multipliers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2349, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2349/1/012015.

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Gaseous ionization detectors that have insulating media exposed to the active gas volume have issues related to charging up of the insulators during the course of its use[1]. The time-dependent variation of detector response in hole-based Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs), especially THick Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEMs), is one of the challenging problems that has been attributed to “charging up” and “charging down”. Experimental studies of stabilization of THGEM gas gain with time in argon-based mixtures under various experimental conditions will be presented here. Effects of different sources with varying irradiation rates on the gain saturation process have been studied. It has been observed that low-rate source shows two-step gain stabilization phenomena, one short-term saturated gain, another long-term saturated gain, whereas high-rate source shows just one-step gain saturation. While this two-step stabilization has been attributed to the charging up of the rim by earlier studies, its effect seems to be subdued for high-rate irradiation according to the present studies. The results provide an insight into the dynamics of gain saturation in THGEMs.

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13

Wang, Bin-Long, Qian Liu, Hong-Bang Liu, Xiao-Kang Zhou, Shi Chen, Dong-Sheng Ge, Wen-Qian Huang, et al. "Ion Transportation Study for Thick Gas Electron Multipliers." Chinese Physics Letters 31, no. 12 (December 2014): 122901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/31/12/122901.

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14

Hassanpour, Mehdi, Saeedeh Khezripour, Mohammadreza Rezaie, Marzieh Hassanpour, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, and Mayeen Uddin Khandaker. "The efficacy of thick gas electron multiplier detector in measuring 14C for dating purpose." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 198 (September 2022): 110288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110288.

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15

Alon, R., J. Miyamoto, M. Cortesi, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, I. Carne, J. M. Maia, et al. "Operation of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) in Ar, Xe and Ar-Xe." Journal of Instrumentation 3, no. 01 (January 29, 2008): P01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/3/01/p01005.

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16

Anjomani, Z., A. R. Hanu, W. V. Prestwich, and S. H. Byun. "Monte Carlo design study for thick gas electron multiplier-based multi-element microdosimetric detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 757 (September 2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.04.063.

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17

Anjomani, Z., A. R. Hanu, W. V. Prestwich, and S. H. Byun. "Development of a multi-element microdosimetric detector based on a thick gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 847 (March 2017): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.11.051.

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18

Arai, D., K. Ikematsu, A. Sugiyama, M. Iwamura, A. Koto, K. Katsuki, K. Fujii, and T. Matsuda. "Development of Gating Foils To Inhibit Ion Feedback Using FPC Production Techniques." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817402007.

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Positive ion feedback from a gas amplification device to the drift region of the Time Projection Chamber for the ILC can deteriorate the position resolution. In order to inhibit the feedback ions, MPGD-based gating foils having good electron transmission have been developed to be used instead of the conventional wire gate. The gating foil needs to control the electric field locally in opening or closing the gate. The gating foil with a GEM (gas electron multiplier)-like structure has larger holes and smaller thickness than standard GEMs for gas amplification. It is known that the foil transmits over 80 % of electrons and blocks ions almost completely. We have developed the gating foils using flexible printed circuit (FPC) production techniques including an improved single-mask process. In this paper, we report on the production technique of 335 μm pitch, 12.5 μm thick gating foil with 80 % transmittance of electrons in ILC conditions.

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19

Lightfoot, P. K., G. J. Barker, K. Mavrokoridis, Y. A. Ramachers, and N. J. C. Spooner. "Optical readout of secondary scintillation from liquid argon generated by a thick gas electron multiplier." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 179 (July 1, 2009): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/179/1/012014.

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20

Roque, R. C., H. Natal da Luz, L. F. N. D. Carramate, C. D. R. Azevedo, J. A. Mir, and F. D. Amaro. "Spatial resolution properties of krypton-based mixtures using a 100 μm thick Gas Electron Multiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): P10010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/10/p10010.

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21

Yang, S., S. Das, B. Buck, C. Li, T. Ljubicic, R. Majka, M. Shao, et al. "Cosmic ray test of mini-drift thick gas electron multiplier chamber for transition radiation detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 785 (June 2015): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.037.

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22

Byun, Soo Hyun, Gloria M. Spirou, Andrei Hanu, William V. Prestwich, and Anthony J. Waker. "Simulation and First Test of a Microdosimetric Detector Based on a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, no. 3 (June 2009): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.2009214.

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23

Moslehi, Amir, and Gholamreza Raisali. "Simulated response of a multi-element thick gas electron multiplier-based microdosimeter to high energy neutrons." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 137 (July 2018): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.03.027.

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24

Amaro, F. D., J. A. Mir, X. Carvalho, C. D. R. Azevedo, J. M. F. dos Santos, and H. Natal da Luz. "A robust large area x-ray imaging system based on 100 μ m thick Gas Electron Multiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2015): C12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/12/c12005.

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25

Kopylov, A. V., I. V. Orekhov, E. P. Petrov, V. V. Petukhov, and A. A. Tikhonov. "Low-background thick-walled gas-electron multiplier for measuring alpha-, beta-, and X-rays of ultralow intensity." Technical Physics Letters 36, no. 7 (July 2010): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785010070035.

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26

Hu, Zhimeng, Andrea Muraro, Gabriele Croci, Oisin McCormack, Enrico Perelli Cippo, Marco Tardocchi, Xiaojuan Zhou, et al. "Interpretation of effective gain variations with the drift electric field for a ceramic thick gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 988 (February 2021): 164907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164907.

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27

Zhang, Weihua, Chunjuan Li, Yisheng Zou, Yina Liu, and Hailong Luo. "THE DETERMINATION OF NEUTRON FLUENCE TO ABSORBED DOSE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS AND RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT BASED ON MICRODOSIMETRY MEASUREMENTS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz160.

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Abstract A tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) is a reference detector to measure microdosimetric quantities. A conventional spherical TEPC and a novel TEPC based on a ceramic thick gas electron multiplier (THGEM) foil were developed to carry out microdosimetric measurements of lineal energy spectra in monoenergetic and 252Cf/241Am-Be neutron radiation fields, and the absorbed dose values had been derived. In order to go further in radiobiology and therapy, the fluence to absorbed dose conversion coefficients in neutron fields were also determined. According to the dose distribution in lineal energy, the neutron relative biological effect (RBE) values were also calculated using an empirical procedure applying biological weighting functions.

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28

Lightfoot, P. K., G. J. Barker, K. Mavrokoridis, Y. A. Ramachers, and N. J. C. Spooner. "Optical readout tracking detector concept using secondary scintillation from liquid argon generated by a thick gas electron multiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 04 (April 1, 2009): P04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/04/p04002.

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29

Bayev, V., K. Afanaciev, S. Movchan, A. Kashchuk, O. Levitskaya, and V. Akulich. "Effect of multiple discharges on accumulated damage to the DLC anode layer of a resistive Well Electron Multiplier." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): C06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/c06004.

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Abstract A prototype of the WEM (Well Electron Multiplier) detector with an active area of 10 × 10 mm2 and a resistive DLC anode was tested in terms of robustness to electrical discharges induced by highly ionizing particles (241Am alpha source). The perforated structure of the WEM detector was produced from a 500 μm thick FR4 with drilled holes of 200 μm in diameter and 500 μm in pitch. The resistive anode was made of 100 nm thick DLC layer with 30 MOhm/square sheet resistance deposited on the anode grid electrode. The anode grid electrode is used to distribute voltage to the resistive layer and provide fast charge evacuation. The detector was operated in Ar:CO2 (90:10) gas mixture at gas gain of 3,500. The alpha source was placed in the drift gap. The WEM detector with intrinsic capacitance of 34 pF did not show visible damage and changes in performance after 1 million accumulated discharges. To simulate a large area detector, we added a capacitance up to 1 nF in parallel with the test device. The results of the experiments with an additional capacitance revealed that a small WEM prototype can't be directly scaled to the dimensions more than 60 × 60 mm2 without losing the robustness to discharges. We assume that the observed damage could be caused by the design features of the prototype. The grid anode electrode with a thickness of 35 μm results in a gap between the perforated FR4 board and the resistive anode board. Simulations of the electric field distribution with Comsol Multiphysics software revealed a significant electric field strength in this gap. This could lead to electric discharge path bypassing the protective resistive DLC layer. A possible solution to this problem could be additional insulation of the anode grid electrode with a coverlay similar to that used in bulk MicroMegas production.

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30

Moslehi, A., and G. Raisali. "A MULTI-ELEMENT THICK GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER-BASED MICRODOSEMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF NEUTRONS DOSE-EQUIVALENT: A MONTE CARLO STUDY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 176, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncx024.

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31

Cortesi, M., S. Rost, W. Mittig, Y. Ayyad-Limonge, D. Bazin, J. Yurkon, and A. Stolz. "Multi-layer thick gas electron multiplier (M-THGEM): A new MPGD structure for high-gain operation at low-pressure." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 1 (January 2017): 013303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974333.

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32

Chen, Shi, Hongbang Liu, Qian Liu, Yangheng Zheng, Binglong Wang, Wenqian Huang, Yang Dong, et al. "One-dimensional parallax-free position-sensitive detector for diffraction measurements based on a home-made thin THGEM." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751801086x.

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A large parallax-free gas diffraction meter based on a thinner-THGEM (thick gaseous electron multiplier) has been developed at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). A thinner-THGEM of thickness 200 µm is adopted, which can be shaped into a curve to eliminate parallax-error effects. The detector is designed to have a 48° open angle positioned 20 cm from the powder samples. A front-end electronics board with 128 channels direct-current mode was adapted for the 8 keV BSRF beamline with 0.2 ns/100 ns stable duty cycle. Two powder samples, TiO2 and SnO2, were tested separately. The measured spectra with an angular resolution of 0.148 ± 0.081° are consistent with the data from the powder diffraction file. Combining the gas gain of the thinner-THGEM with the electronic circuit dynamic range, a very broad dynamic range of about 107 could be obtained.

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33

In’shakov, V. I., V. I. Kryshkin, V. V. Skvortsov, A. N. Sytin, N. A. Kuz’min, and S. Ya Sychkov. "Development of the active element for detectors based on thick gas electron multipliers." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 53, no. 2 (March 2010): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002044121002003x.

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34

Cortesi, Marco, Wolfgang Mittig, Daniel Bazin, Yassid Ayyad Limonge, Saul Beceiro-Novo, Rim Soussi Tanani, Michael Wolff, John Yurkon, and Andreas Stolz. "Recent advances with a hybrid micro-pattern gas detector operated in low pressure H2 and He, for AT-TPC applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817401007.

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In view of a possible application as a charge-particle track readout for an Active-Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC), the operational properties and performances of a hybrid Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) were investigated in pure low-pressure Hydrogen (H2) and Helium (He). The detector consists of a MICROMEsh GAseous Structure (MICROMEGAS) coupled to a two-cascade THick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) as a pre-amplification stage. This study reports the effective gain dependence of the hybrid-MPGD at relevant pressure (in the range of 200-760 torr) for different detector arrangements. The results of this work are relevant in the field of avalanche mechanism in low-pressure, low-mass noble gases, in particularly for applications of MPGD end-cap readout for active-target Time Projection Chambers (TPC) in the field of nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics.

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Bhattacharya, Purba, Arijit Sen, Tilak Kumar Ghosh, Nayana Majumdar, and Supratik Mukhopadhyay. "Development of THGEM-based Detectors for Nuclear Fission Studies." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012156.

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To optimize the exploration of Super Heavy Elements (SHE), the key challenge is to understand the dynamics of the fusion-fission through the measurements of mass and angular distribution of the fission fragments. For the detection of fission fragments, position sensitive Multi-Wire Proportional Counters are generally used due to their high gain, good temporal and position resolution. However, these detectors use fragile anode wires having a diameter of only 10 μm and therefore they are vulnerable. In the present work, a detector based on robust Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) has been proposed. A numerical demonstration of THGEM-Multi Wire hybrid detector technology as a possible candidate for the new generation low-energy fission studies and their evaluation as a function of different possible geometric and electric configuration in low-pressure gas is discussed here.

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36

Darvish-Molla, Sahar, William V. Prestwich, and Soo Hyun Byun. "Development of an advanced two-dimensional microdosimetric detector based on THick Gas Electron Multipliers." Medical Physics 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 1241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.12750.

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37

Eldridge, C., N. J. C. Spooner, A. G. McLean, J. Burns, T. Crane, A. C. Ezeribe, R. R. Marcelo Gregorio, and A. Scarff. "Directional dark matter readout with a novel multi-mesh ThGEM for SF₆ negative ion operation." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 08 (August 1, 2023): P08021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/p08021.

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Abstract Direct searches for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter could greatly benefit from directional measurement of the expected induced nuclear recoils. Gas-based Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) offer potential for this, opening the possibility of measuring WIMP signals below the so-called neutrino floor but also of directional measurement of recoils induced by neutrinos from the Sun, for instance as proposed by the CYGNUS collaboration. Presented here for the first time are results from a Multi-Mesh Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (MM-ThGEM) using negative ion gases for operation with such a directional dark matter TPC. Negative ion drift gases are favoured for directionality due to their low diffusion characteristics. The multiple internal mesh structure is designed to provide a high gain amplification stage when coupled to future large area Micromegas, strip or pixel charge readout planes. Experimental results and simulations are presented of MM-ThGEM gain and functionality using low pressure pure CF4, SF6 and SF6:CF4 mixtures irradiated with alpha particles and 55Fe x-rays. The concept is found to work well, providing stable operation with gains over 103 in pure SF6.

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38

Cortesi, M., H. Sims, J. Pereira, Y. Ayyad, P. A. Majewski, and I. Katsioulas. "Secondary scintillation properties of multi-layer THGEMs operated in low-pressure CF₄ and Ar/5%Xe." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 08 (August 1, 2023): P08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/p08005.

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Abstract We present a measurement of the secondary scintillation yield produced by two-layer Thick Gas Electron Multipliers (M-THGEMs) in pure Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) gas and in Ar mixed with 5% Xe in low-pressures down to 20 Torr. The detector was irradiated with 5.49 MeV alpha particles from a low-rate 241-Am source. The secondary scintillation light generated during the gas avalanche process was read out by a Hamamatsu photomultiplier tube (model R8520-406), sensitive to a broad wavelength range (160–650 nm). The avalanche charge was collected on the bottom electrode of M-THGEM and correlated to the scintillation light on an event-by-event basis. We observed that, for both gas types, the value of the photon to electron production ratio (0.4 ph/el in CF4 and 0.1 ph/el in Ar/5%Xe) increases with the thickness of the M-THGEM electrodes and varies significantly with the pressure, being higher at lower values. The decrease in electroluminescence yield at higher pressures is much more pronounced in the Ar/Xe mixture. In addition, because of a larger gas avalanche volume, the electroluminescence light yield is larger in thicker M-THGEM structures. Presented results are particularly useful for designing the next generation of Optical-readout Time Projection Chambers (O-TPCs) operated at low-pressure CF4; applications include experimental nuclear physics with rare isotope beams, dark matter detection with directional sensitivity and observation of the Migdal effect in a low-pressure Optical TPC.

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García Ordóñez, Luis Guillermo, Maria Liz Crespo, Sergio Carrato, Andres Cicuttin, Werner Oswaldo Florian Samayoa, Daniele D’Ago, and Stefano Levorato. "Multichannel Time Synchronization Based on PTP through a High Voltage Isolation Buffer Network Interface for Thick-GEM Detectors." Instruments 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010011.

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Data logging and complex algorithm implementations acting on multichannel systems with independent devices require the use of time synchronization. In the case of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) and Thick-GEM (THGEM) detectors, the biasing potential can be generated at the detector level via DC to DC converters operating at floating voltage. In this case, high voltage isolation buffers may be used to allow communication between the different channels. However, their use add non-negligible delays in the transmission channel, complicating the synchronization. Implementation of a simplified precise time protocol is presented for handling the synchronization on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) side of a Xilinx SoC Zynq ZC7Z030. The synchronization is done through a high voltage isolated bidirectional network interface built on a custom board attached to a commercial CIAA_ACC carrier. The results of the synchronization are shown through oscilloscope captures measuring the time drift over long periods of time, achieving synchronization in the order of nanoseconds.

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40

Saini, J., C. Ghosh, A. K. Dubey, Z. Ahammed, M. Mondal, R. Ganai, G. Sikder, V. Negi, S. Chattopadhyay, and A. Chakrabarti. "Test and characterisation of STS/MuCh-XYTER and integration with multiple detectors of CBM-MuCh detector systems." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01009.

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Abstract Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) is a fixed target experiment at the upcoming Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research in Germany, having collision rates up to 10 MHz. Due to the proximity of the target and secondaries produced in absorbers, Muon Chambers (MuCh) of the CBM experiment will face a very high particle hit rate of up to 400 kHz/cm2 in its first two stations. To cope with these particle rates, a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector will be used for the first two stations while, due to relatively lower particle rates, the last two stations will use a low resistivity Bakelite Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector. The electronics of these two MuCh detectors need different dynamic ranges. A Silicon Tracking Station (STS) system made of 300 μm thick silicon micro-strip sensors will be installed upstream of the MuCh detector system. The sensors will be read out through multi-line micro-cables with fast electronics. The micro-strip sensors will be double-sided with a stereo angle of 7.5°, a strip width of 58 μm, and strip lengths between 20 and 120 mm requiring high-density readout. To meet the high rate and high density requirements of MuCh and STS, respectively, a specialized 128-channel readout ASIC with a dual-gain feature is designed. This is a highly configurable ASIC with about 30,000 configurable register bits which control various bias and threshold settings of the ASIC. To integrate this ASIC with both the detector systems, detailed testing and characterization of the ASIC are required. Due to the high number of configurable registers and several operating conditions, characterizing this ASIC is very challenging. This paper describes the optimization procedures of several configurable bias parameters in detail and also explains how this ASIC is integrated with both GEM and RPC detectors of the MuCh system.

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Razin, V. I. "A Thick Gas Electronic Multiplier." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 63, no. 2 (April 2020): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441220020153.

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Razin, V. I. "Metal Gas Electron Multiplier." Universal Journal of Physics and Application 8, no. 7 (August 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujpa.2014.020701.

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Bouclier, R., M. Capeans, W. Dominik, M. Hoch, J. C. Labbe, G. Million, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli, and A. Sharma. "The gas electron multiplier (GEM)." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 44, no. 3 (June 1997): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.603726.

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Ovchinnikov, B. M., and V. V. Parusov. "A multichannel wire gas electron multiplier." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 53, no. 5 (September 2010): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441210050064.

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Sauli, Fabio. "Imaging with the gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 580, no. 2 (October 2007): 971–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.06.100.

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Büttner, C., M. Capeáns, W. Dominik, M. Hoch, J. C. Labbé, G. Manzin, G. Million, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli, and A. Sharma. "Progress with the gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 409, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(97)01240-0.

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Sauli, Fabio. "Progress with the gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 522, no. 1-2 (April 2004): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.01.025.

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Benlloch, J., A. Bressan, C. Buttner, M. Capeans, M. Gruwe, M. Hoch, J. C. Labbe, et al. "Development of the gas electron multiplier (GEM)." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45, no. 3 (June 1998): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.682386.

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Kosolapov, D. S., B. M. Ovchinnikov, V. V. Parusov, and V. I. Razin. "A gas electron multiplier with metal electrodes." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 56, no. 6 (November 2013): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441214010229.

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Bressan, A., J. C. Labbé, P. Pagano, L. Ropelewski, and F. Sauli. "Beam tests of the gas electron multiplier." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 425, no. 1-2 (April 1999): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)01406-5.

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