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1
Spiller, Neil. Maverick deviations: Neil Spiller : architectural works (1985-1998). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Academy, 2000.
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2
Rosemarie, Lincoln, ed. Psychosexual medicine: A study of underlying themes. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.
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Forsman, Jon Winfield. Measurements with high resolution Raman Gain spectroscopy of deviations from the soft-collision model for translational motion. 1992.
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Mundlak, Guy. Contradictions in Neoliberal Reforms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793021.003.0010.
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Neoliberalism is typically associated with the commoditization and flexibilization of the labor market and a project of deregulation. In constructing responsibility between the employees and employer, deviations from the “standard employment relationship” (SER) indicate the neoliberal thrust. However, this study reveals a growing body of state-led regulation of one such deviation—mediated employment through temp-work agencies and subcontractors. The body of regulations, a source of social action, derives from collective bargaining, extension decrees, judicial decisions, and formal regulation by statutes and executive action. The chapter critically examines two interpretations of these legal developments: one that refutes the claim that neoliberalism dissolved the state’s responsibility, as evidenced by the ever-growing safety net; and another which claims that regulation is merely a token correction of dualism and fragmentation in the labor market.
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Charles, Enoch. 3 The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive: An International Standards Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754411.003.0003.
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This chapter sets some aspects of the new resolution mechanism against the international financial sector standards that have emerged over the past decade. The harmonized resolution framework fostered by the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) will significantly improve resolution capacity and may be as far as we can go without making amendments. Nevertheless, there are a number of deviations from the best practices identified in the relevant standards. The chapter discusses some of these deviations, such as the likely dominance of national representatives on the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) Board and the European Council power to modify and/or turn down a resolution proposed by the Board which may lead to divergences across Member States, and to possible inconsistencies with the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM).
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Berliner, Todd. Classicism and Deviation in His Girl Friday and Double Indemnity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658748.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 illustrates an aesthetically productive balance between easy understanding and cognitive challenge in classical Hollywood cinema with extended analyses of His Girl Friday and Double Indemnity. These films combine classical narrative, stylistic, ideological, and genre properties with artistic devices that complicate formal patterning and thwart audience expectations.
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Fendel, Victoria Beatrix Maria. Coptic Interference in the Syntax of Greek Letters from Egypt. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869173.001.0001.
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Abstract Egypt in the early Byzantine period was a bilingual country where Greek and Egyptian (Coptic) were used alongside each other. Historical studies along with linguistic studies of the phonology and lexicon of early Byzantine Greek in Egypt testify to this situation. In order to describe the linguistic traces the language-contact situation left behind in individuals’ linguistic output, this study analyses the syntax of early Byzantine Greek texts from Egypt. The primary object of interest is bilingual interference in the syntax of verbs, adverbial phrases, and clause linkage as well as in semi-formulaic expressions and formulaic frames. The study is based on a corpus of Greek and Coptic private letters on papyrus, which date from the fourth to mid-seventh centuries, originate from Egypt, and belong to bilingual, Greek-Coptic, papyrus archives. The study shows that deviations from the standard pattern fall into three categories, i.e. bilingual interference, SLA-related errors, and internal confusion of patterns. There is a marked difference as to the extent to which deviations, and interferences in particular, affect syntactic domains. The degree of complexity of the syntactic structure in question as well as the degree of divergence from the corresponding Coptic structure seem to play a role. There is also a marked difference as to the extent to which deviations affect different types of contexts (i.e. free, semi-formulaic, and formulaic contexts). The degree to which constraints are imposed on structures in each type of context seems to play a role. Finally, it appears that the way writers assimilated patterns can explain a large number of deviations. Interferences account proportionately for fewest deviations vis-à-vis SLA-related errors and the internal confusion of patterns.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0001.
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This chapter explains that the book deals with quotients of the complex 2-ball yielding finite coverings of the projective plane branched along certain line arrangements. It gives a complete list of the known weighted line arrangements that can produce such ball quotients, and then provides a justification for the existence of the quotients. The Miyaoka-Yau inequality for surfaces of general type, and its analogue for surfaces with an orbifold structure, plays a central role. The book also examines the explicit computation of the proportionality deviation of a complex surface for finite covers of the complex projective plane ramified along certain line arrangements. Candidates for ball quotients among these finite covers arise by choosing weights on the line arrangements such that the proportionality deviation vanishes.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Family-Based Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0021.
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A number of selection schemes (especially in plant breeding) are based on using family information. Individuals may be chosen based on the mean of their families (among-family selection), on their standing within their family (either strict within-family selection or family-deviations selection), or on some weighted combination of these two factors (family index selection). This chapter reviews the general theory of response in such settings and examines the relative effectiveness of a number of different family-based selection decisions.
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Mordden, Ethan. The Second Movie. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651794.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the history of the second Chicago movie, Roxie Hart (1942). This film is a notable deviation from how the various Chicagos look at Roxie’s character, because here, for the first and only time, she is not a sociopath. True, she is still brusque and insolent, and especially contemptuous of Amos. But she is not a walking con job. Previously, Roxies wanted to get off even though they were guilty. This Roxie wants to get off because she is innocent; she has agreed to let the press and the law paint her as a murderess only to become notorious and thus break into show business. And there lies Roxie Hart’s most significant deviation, the first linking of crime and show biz that will prove so potent in the musical Chicago.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. Progress in Tackling Beveridge’s Five Giants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0009.
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The concluding chapter of the book summarizes the evidence about social progress in Britain, and the extent to which Britain has been successful in tackling Beveridge’s five giants. It shows how patterns differ between the different domains of social progress and in which domains disadvantaged groups fell behind. The chapter also reviews how Britain’s progress compared with that in peer countries. In some cases the evidence suggests that common features were evident in all eight countries, whereas in other cases, notably material prosperity, life expectancy, and unemployment, there were significant deviations from the experience of peer countries. The chapter uses these comparisons to explore whether Margaret Thatcher’s 1980s reform package improved Britain’s economic and labour market performance and whether it had unwanted side effects in the form of reduced equality of opportunity and social cohesion.
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Costales, Jesse, Silvia De Rubeis, Jennifer Foss-Feig, Patrick R. Hof, Joseph D. Buxbaum, and Alexander Kolezvon. Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0063.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impairments in social communication, along with the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Approximately half of affected children also suffer from intellectual disability (ID), which is defined by cognitive and adaptive functioning at least two standard deviations below the mean (e.g., standard scores <70). It is now well established that genetic factors are major contributors to both ASD and ID. The following chapter will outline emerging themes and integrate data from human and animal studies using genetic, imaging, and histopathological methods. Emerging findings from studies of the immune system and the microbiome will also be briefly reviewed.
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Malthus, Thomas Robert. Definitions in Political Economy: Preceded by an Inquiry Into the Rules Which Ought to Guide Political Economists in the Definition and Use of Their ... Deviation from These Rules in Their Writings. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Malthus, Thomas Robert. Definitions in Political Economy: Preceded by an Inquiry Into the Rules Which Ought to Guide Political Economists in the Definition and Use of Their ... Deviation from These Rules in Their Writings. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Definitions in Political Economy: Preceded by an Inquiry Into the Rules Which Ought to Guide Political Economists in the Definition and Use of Their ... Deviation from These Rules in Their Writings. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Adams, Glenn, Sara Estrada-Villalta, and Tuğçe Kurtiş. The Relational Essence of Cultural Psychology. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.12.
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A cultural psychology perspective proposes an anti-essentialist view of mind and culture that takes the relationality between them as the “essence” of human being. Concerning mind, species-typical tendencies do not emerge “just naturally”, but instead require engagement with cultural affordances. Concerning culture, human ecologies are not “just” natural; instead, we inhabit intentional worlds that carry traces of human imagination and influence. After introducing these ideas, the chapter applies decolonial strategies of cultural psychology to reconsider hegemonic perspectives on love and relationality. The denaturalization strategy considers how standard accounts of relationality have their foundation in independent selfways that reflect and reproduce racial domination. The normalization strategy challenges prevailing accounts that portray other forms of relationality as pathological deviations from the hegemonic standard. In many cases, these forms are expressions of interdependent selfways, attuned to the relational essence of being, that are worthy of broader emulation.
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Burgess, Katrina. Courting Migrants. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197501795.001.0001.
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This book examines state–migrant relations in four countries with a long history of migration, regime change, and democratic fragility: Turkey, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the Philippines. It uses these cases to develop an integrative theory of the interaction between “diaspora-making” by states and “state-making” by diasporas. Specifically, it tackles three questions: (1) Under what conditions and in what ways do states alter the boundaries of political membership to reach out to migrants and thereby “make” diasporas? (2) How do these migrants respond? (3) To what extent does their response, in turn, transform the state? Through historical case narratives and qualitative comparison, the book traces the feedback loops among migrant profiles, state strategies of diaspora-making, party transnationalization, and channels of migrant engagement in politics back home. The analysis reveals that most migrants follow the pathways established by the state and thereby act as “loyal” diasporas but with important deviations that push states to alter rules and institutions.
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Larissa, Silverentand, Sprecher Jasha, and Simons Lisette. Part II Investment Firms and Investment Services, 8 Inducements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the MiFID II inducement rules. During the negotiations on MiFID II, it became clear that inducements were a topic on which there was no easy agreement between the Member States. While certain Member States pressed for a total ban on inducements, others were unwilling to impose such strict rules. The political compromise allowed for deviating rules by those Member States requesting stricter rules. This may seem counter to the European legislator’s general approach to limit Member State options by creating ‘single rulebooks’ and greater regulation. The authors express disappointment that, on such an important topic, the European market will continue to have deviating rules per Member State. The Dutch legislator has already indicated that it will make use of this; according to the authors, other Member States where stricter rules apply may do likewise, leaving an un-level playing field for investment firms regarding the use of inducements.
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Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Linear regression and correlation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses the descriptive treatment of linear regression with a single predictor: straight-line fitting, interpretation of the regression line and standard deviation, the confusing phenomenon of “regression to the mean,” correlation, and conducting regressions on the computer. These concepts are illustrated with student discussions and activities. Many examples are of the sort commonly found in statistics textbooks, but the focus here is on how to work the examples into student-participation activities rather than simply examples to be read or shown on the blackboard. Topics include the following relationships: height and income, height and hand span, world population over time, and exam scores.
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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Critical illness. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0147.
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Critical illness can be considered to be any disease process which causes physiological instability that leads to disability or death within minutes or hours. Fortunately, physiological instability associated with critical illness is easily detected by perturbations of simple clinical observations such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, level of consciousness, and urine output. Individual abnormalities in these observations are sensitive for the presence of critical illness but non-specific. Specificity for critical illness improves as the number of abnormal clinical observations increases. Over recent years, a greater appreciation of the importance of deviations in simple clinical observations as a method of detecting critical illness has led to the development of a number of ‘early warning’ or ‘track and trigger’ systems. These systems attribute a score according to the magnitude and number of abnormal observations that are present, and a high score prompts immediate medical review. Although intuitively sensible, the evidence that these systems are effective in ameliorating or preventing critical illness is currently lacking. This chapter looks at the approach to diagnosis of critical illness, including the pitfalls in diagnosis.
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Conway-Lanz, Sahr. The Struggle to Fight a Humane War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0003.
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The Korean War demonstrated the serious problems that the United States had adhering to the new 1949 Geneva Conventions and the severely limited protections that these new treaties provided. The protections for war victims were undermined both by serious gaps in the treaties that failed to provide much safety from bombing to civilians and by US deviations from the agreements in the handling of refugees and prisoners of war. However, Americans did not discard the agreements in the wake of their troubled Korean War experiences. Instead, the war helped to legitimize and lay the foundation for the further internalization of the new laws through their formal implementation, the public controversy they generated, and a boomerang effect of atrocity accusations. Despite failing to provide much protection for Korean War victims, the treaties were part of a broader international consensus-building process that helped to spread humanitarian norms.
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Rosenberg, Leah. The Novel in English in the Caribbean to 1950. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609932.003.0008.
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This chapter explores English-language novels in the Caribbean. The West Indian novel was seen as a post-Second World War literary phenomenon, the creation of male authors who, born in Britain's Caribbean colonies, began arriving in England in the 1950s as part of a larger wave of Caribbean immigrants. Despite the diverse origins and perspectives of the Anglophone Caribbean's many writers, several dominant themes emerge. West Indian novels comprised a spectrum of direct, indirect, partial, and unwitting deviations from and challenges to English literary genres and ideologies. Novelists were particularly engaged with the ideologies of race and domesticity and the closely linked genre of romance. Nearly all West Indian novels of the nineteenth century were romances featuring elite West Indian heroes who excelled their English counterparts in domestic and civic virtue, while the twentieth century saw the emergence of literature that so revelled in social and sexual disorder that it constituted anti-romance.
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Richard, Happ. 7 Germany. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199655717.003.0008.
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This chapter evaluates the merits of Germany as a venue for international arbitration proceedings. It discusses the history and development of arbitration in Germany; the processes and rules involved as well as the role of courts in the conduct of arbitration proceedings; and rules for arbitral awards. It concludes that Germany offers a modern and effective legal framework for international arbitration. As in other popular arbitration jurisdictions, there are deviations from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law regarding the courts' control of and assistance in the proceedings that do not affect Germany' s general suitability as arbitration venue. Nevertheless, a German venue is not always on the shortlist of counsel and arbitral tribunals. One possible obstacle in the minds of foreign lawyers is that there is not a single German arbitration venue akin to London for the United Kingdom or Paris for France. Instead, there are at least six suitable venues in Germany. The ability to choose should not be seen as an obstacle, but rather as an advantage.
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Ruiz, Rosaura Martinez, and Judith Butler. Eros. Translated by Ramsey McGlazer. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823298273.001.0001.
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This book considers a promise left unfulfilled in Sigmund Freud’s Beyond the Principle of Pleasure. There Freud suggests that he will investigate a psychic tendency that is not subject to the pleasure principle, but in fact for Freud the latter remains sovereign. Following Jacques Derrida, Martínez argues that when the pleasure principle comes into contact with the death drive (a tendency toward aggression or cruelty), the psyche can take detours that, without exceeding the limit of the pleasure principle, can nevertheless defer it. Eros: Beyond the Death Drive reflects on these deviations of the pleasure principle, which Martínez finds both in the political sphere and in intimate relations. Following these erotic paths, Martínez argues that the forces of the death drive can only be resisted if resistance is understood as an ongoing process in which erotic action and the construction of pathways for sublimation are interminable tasks. We know that the final accomplishment of these tasks is impossible, but, like Freud’s “impossible professions,” they remain imperative. Though always incomplete, they remain undeniably urgent, and psychoanalysis and deconstruction remind us of their urgency. In complementary ways, both Freud and Derrida teach us that the death drive is insurmountable, but that through political action we can delay, defer, and postpone it. Martínez shows us that this effort of resistance must be uninterrupted. Calling for the creation and maintenance of a “community of mourning duelists,” this book builds toward the affirmation of the kind of “erotic battalion” that must always be mobilized.
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Tretkoff, Paula. Complex Surfaces and Coverings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with complex surfaces and their finite coverings branched along divisors, that is, subvarieties of codimension 1. In particular, it considers coverings branched over transversally intersecting divisors. Applying this to linear arrangements in the complex projective plane, the chapter first blows up the projective plane at non-transverse intersection points, that is, at those points of the arrangement where more than two lines intersect. These points are called singular points of the arrangement. This gives rise to a complex surface and transversely intersecting divisors that contain the proper transforms of the original lines. The chapter also introduces the divisor class group, their intersection numbers, and the canonical divisor class. Finally, it describes the Chern numbers of a complex surface in order to define the proportionality deviation of a complex surface and to study its behavior with respect to finite covers.
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Rasmussen, Joel D. S., Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Introduction. Edited by Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.41.
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The Introduction sets out the volume’s programmatic aims. While previous scholarship often saw the nineteenth century as a period of secularization, there is increasing evidence that the period was instead one of vivid intellectual engagement with the Christian tradition, albeit often articulated in ways deviating from what had hitherto been accepted as orthodox. This introductory overview therefore combines attention to the abiding influence of the Christian tradition with a recognition of its radical transformation and diversification under the influence of the forces of modernity. It acknowledges that in the nineteenth century, Christian ideas have to be discerned within a broad spectrum of intellectual, political, and artistic expressions that are no longer overtly controlled by institutionalized Christianity, and their study has to draw on the expertise of scholars from various disciplines. The Introduction subsequently gives an overview of how these fundamental considerations play out in the individual sections of the Handbook.
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Ritchie, Karen. Psychometric assessment in older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0002.
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Psychometrics permits the quantification of cognition, affect and behaviour, thus permitting both the identification of pathology and degree of deviation from normality. These methods have been principally used in older populations to screen affective and cognitive disorders, as an adjunct to the differential diagnosis of different forms of cognitive dysfunction and also to describe and monitor the functional consequences of pathology. The application of psychometric tests in older populations raises several problems, notably the confounding effects of associated pathologies, changing definitions of disease threshold in parallel with advances in medical technology, and inadequate knowledge of normal information processing at higher ages. Computerized assessment, once considered inappropriate in older populations, is now commonly used to standardize administration procedures and tailor testing to individual competency. It has also permitted the more accurate measurement of information processing time, which is important in the diagnosis of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Cleary, Paul, Sam Ghebrehewet, and David Baxter. Essential statistics and epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0022.
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This chapter provides a grounding in basic statistics, descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, and hypothesis testing appropriate for health protection practitioners. The analysis of categorical data using frequency distributions, and charts, and the interpretation of epidemic curves is described. The description of quantitative data including central tendency, standard deviation, and interquartile range is concisely explained. The role of geographical information systems and different disease map types is used to demonstrate how disease clusters may be detected. Determining possible association between specific risk factors and outcome is described in the section on analytical epidemiology, using the risk ratio and the odds ratio. The use of these in different study/investigation types is explained. The importance of confounding, matching, and standardization in study design is described. The final part of the chapter covers hypothesis testing to distinguish between real differences and chance variation, and the use of confidence intervals.
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Nolan, Daniel. Causal Counterfactuals and Impossible Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0002.
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A standing challenge in the theory of counterfactuals is to solve the ‘deviation problem’. Consider ordinary counterfactuals involving an antecedent concerning a difference from the actual course of events at a particular time, and a consequent concerning, at least in part, what happens at a later time. In the possible worlds framework, the problem is often put in terms of which are the relevant antecedent worlds. Desiderata for the solution include that the relevant antecedent worlds be governed by the actual laws of nature with no miracles; that the past in those worlds before the antecedent time matches the actual past; that the account is compatible with determinism, and that many of our ordinary counterfactual judgements are correct, and would be correct even given determinism. Many theorists have compromised on one or more of these desiderata, but this chapter presents an account employing impossible worlds that satisfies them all.
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Croce, Mariano, and Marco Goldoni. The Legacy of Pluralism. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503612112.001.0001.
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Book Abstract: How should the state face the challenge of radical pluralism? How could constitutional orders be changed when they prove unable to regulate society? Santi Romano, Carl Schmitt, and Costantino Mortati, the leading figures of Continental legal institutionalism, provided three responses that deserve our full attention today. Mariano Croce and Marco Goldoni introduce and analyze these three towering figures for a modern audience. Romano thought pluralism to be an inherent feature of legality and envisaged a far-reaching reform of the state for it to be a platform of negotiation between autonomous normative regimes. Schmitt believed pluralism to be a dangerous deviation that should be curbed through the juridical exclusion of alternative institutional formations. Mortati held an idea of the constitution as the outcome of a basic agreement among hegemonic forces that should shape a shared form of life. The Legacy of Pluralism explores the convergences and divergences of these towering jurists to take stock of their ground-breaking analyses of the origin of the legal order and to show how these help us cope with the current crisis of national constitutional systems.
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Paul, Richard, Pavlos Myrianthefs, George Baltopoulos, and Shaun McMaster. Blood gas analysis: acid–base, fluid, and electrolyte disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0018.
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Acid-base homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of normal tissue and organ function, as both acidosis and alkalosis can have harmful and potentially life-threatening effects. Arterial blood gas analysis, combined with routine clinical history and examination, can provide useful information for the management of the critically ill cardiac patient. Most acid-base derangements are reversed by treatment of the underlying disease process, rather than simple correction of the abnormal pH, and prognosis is determined by the nature of the underlying disease, rather than the extent of pH value deviation. Within this chapter, a six-step approach is presented for prompt and accurate acid-base interpretation. Water and electrolyte disorders are common in the intensive cardiac care unit, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. Prompt recognition and treatment is required to prevent cardiovascular and neurological compromise. Therapeutic strategies range from simple electrolyte substitution and fluid management to extracorporeal filtration of excess fluid and electrolytes. These are discussed within this chapter.
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Paul, Richard, and Paul Grant. Blood gas analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0018_update_001.
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Acid-base homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of normal tissue and organ function, as both acidosis and alkalosis can have harmful and potentially life-threatening effects. Arterial blood gas analysis, combined with routine clinical history and examination, can provide useful information for the management of the critically ill cardiac patient. Most acid-base derangements are reversed by treatment of the underlying disease process, rather than simple correction of the abnormal pH, and prognosis is determined by the nature of the underlying disease, rather than the extent of pH value deviation. Within this chapter, a six-step approach is presented for prompt and accurate acid-base interpretation. Water and electrolyte disorders are common in the intensive cardiac care unit, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. Prompt recognition and treatment is required to prevent cardiovascular and neurological compromise. Therapeutic strategies range from simple electrolyte substitution and fluid management to extracorporeal filtration of excess fluid and electrolytes. These are discussed within this chapter.
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Vigdor, Steven E. Signatures of the Artist. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814825.001.0001.
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This book provides a nonmathematical survey of the past half-century of research in particle physics, nuclear physics, and cosmology bearing on the physical conditions that allow our universe to support the development of structure and the origins of life. These conditions rely on a surprising number of tiny imperfections—deviations from perfect symmetry (i.e., symmetry violations), homogeneity, or predictability—that seem mysteriously fine-tuned. The emphasis here is on the intricate tapestry of elegant experiments that have revealed and quantified these imperfections, as well as on theoretical efforts to understand how the imperfections arose in the infant universe. Among the topics covered are: the dominance of matter over antimatter (i.e., matter–antimatter asymmetry); the existence and intermixing of three generations of quarks and leptons; the stability of hydrogen and synthesis of other elements essential for life; the longevity and energy budget of the universe; the remaining mysteries surrounding dark matter, dark energy, and the postulated inflationary expansion of space in the infant universe; the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules and in biological evolution; the apparent perching of the vacuum state in our universe on the edge between stability and meta-stability; and philosophical questions, including the possibility of a multiverse, surrounding the interpretation of a universe that exhibits such fine-tuning. On all of these issues, the book clarifies what we know and how we know it, as distinct from what we speculate and how we might test it.
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Tsai, Ching-Wei, Sanjeev Noel, and Hamid Rabb. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury, Repair, and Regeneration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0030.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI), regardless of its aetiology, can elicit persistent or permanent kidney tissue changes that are associated with progression to end-stage renal disease and a greater risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In other cases, AKI may result in complete repair and restoration of normal kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal injury and repair include vascular, tubular, and inflammatory factors. The initial injury phase is characterized by rarefaction of peritubular vessels and engagement of the immune response via Toll-like receptor binding, activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T and B lymphocytes. During the recovery phase, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and chemokines may be instrumental by directing the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of renal epithelial cells; recent data also suggest a critical role of M2 macrophage and regulatory T cell in the recovery period. Other processes contributing to renal regeneration include renal stem cells and the expression of growth hormones and trophic factors. Subtle deviations in the normal repair process can lead to maladaptive fibrotic kidney disease. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will help discover new therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting the extent of AKI and halting its progression to CKD or ESRD.
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Barclay, Philip, and Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.
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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.
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James, Edward. Disability and Genetic Modification. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039324.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the theme of disability, including attitudes toward disability and ideas about deviations from the bodily norm, that Bujold explores in her fictional work. While disability is rarely treated in science fiction and fantasy, it is ubiquitous in Bujold's work. Most visible is Miles Vorkosigan himself, whose fetus was damaged by an insurgent's attack and who struggles with his brittle bones and other problems throughout the early decades of his life. But to Miles can be added many other characters whose physical or mental disabilities are a crucial part of the narrative, from the brain-damaged Dubauer in Shards of Honor to the one-handed Dag in the Sharing Knife sequence, and Cazaril, with a mutilated hand and a demonic stomach tumor, in the first Chalion book. Bujold has declared that she was never writing books about issues: they are about character. The disabilities with which her characters have to cope “do not comprise the sums of their characters nor the reasons for their existences, but are just plot-things that happen to them and with which they must deal, daily or otherwise,” and she adds that the letters she gets from disabled readers suggest that they prefer that approach.
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Glomski, Jacqueline, Gesine Manuwald, and Andrew Taylor, eds. Baroque Latinity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350323469.
Full textAbstract:
This volume addresses the idea of the Baroque in European literature in Latin. With contributions by scholars from various disciplines and countries, and by looking at a range of texts from across Europe, the volume offers case studies to deepen scholarly understanding of this important literary phenomenon and inspire future research. A key aim of the volume is to address the distinctiveness of these texts by interrogating the usefulness and specificity of the term ‘Baroque’, especially in relation to the classical rules it transgresses to produce effects of grandeur, richness, and exuberance in a range of secular and sacred arts (e.g. music, architecture, painting), as well as various forms of literature (e.g. prose, poetry, drama). The contributors consider how and why Latin writing mutated from earlier humanist paradigms, thus exploring how ideas of ‘early modern’ and ‘Baroque’ are related, and examine the interplay of the theory and practice of the ‘Baroque’, including its debts to and deviations from ancient models, and its limits and limitations. This volume offers an introduction and a series of case studies exploring the concept of ‘Baroque Latinity’, covering the entire period of the ‘long seventeenth century’ as well as material from a number of European countries. Altogether the chapters show that the term ‘Baroque’ applied to texts written in Latin in this period is a complex and fluid term that may be adduced to describe different aspects, while Latin writings of the seventeenth century can be shown to exhibit a distinctive identity.
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Creaser, John. Milton and the Resources of the Line. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864253.001.0001.
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Abstract Whereas prose is written in sentences, poetry is written in lines, lines that may or may not coincide with the syntax of the sentence. Lines add an aural and visual mode of punctuation through bringing some degree of pause and sense of weight at the line-turn. So lineation, the division of poetry into lines, opens a repertoire of possibilities to the poet. Notably, it encourages an enhanced concentration on meaning, rhythm, and sound. It makes metrical patterns possible, with interactions between regularity and deviation; or the presence or absence of structural rhyme; or the multiple variations of the line-turn, whether in harmony with syntax or overflowing in ways either more or less conspicuous. This book develops ways for exploring the expressive resources of the verse line through concentration on the greatest of English poets, John Milton. Topics examined include: the interaction of strictness and freedom in the rhythms of Milton’s line and paragraph; the interfusion of diverse prosodies in a single poem; approaches to free verse; rhyme in the earlier lyric verse and modes of near-rhyme in the later blank verse; the diverse modes of onomatopoeia; and the complex interweavings of prosody and ideology in this very political poet. The great themes and issues and characters of Milton’s innovative and always controversial poetry are perceived afresh, being approached intimately through the rich possibilities of the line. The insights of the approach will illuminate the reading of any poetry.
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Auerbach, Charles, and Wendy Zeitlin. SSD for R. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582756.001.0001.
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Single-subject research designs have been used to build evidence to the effective treatment of problems across various disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, allied health fields, juvenile justice, and special education. This book serves as a guide for those desiring to conduct single-subject data analysis. The aim of this text is to introduce readers to the various functions available in SSD for R, a new, free, and innovative software package written in R, the robust open-source statistical programming language written by the book’s authors. SSD for R has the most comprehensive functionality specifically designed for the analysis of single-subject research data currently available. SSD for R has numerous graphing and charting functions to conduct robust visual analysis. Besides the ability to create simple line graphs, features are available to add mean, median, and standard deviation lines across phases to help better visualize change over time. Graphs can be annotated with text. SSD for R contains a wide variety of functions to conduct statistical analyses traditionally conducted with single-subject data. These include numerous descriptive statistics and effect size functions and tests of statistical significance, such as t tests, chi-squares, and the conservative dual criteria. Finally, SSD for R has the capability of analyzing group-level data. Readers are led step by step through the analytical process based on the characteristics of their data. Numerous examples and illustrations are provided to help readers understand the wide range of functions available in SSD for R and their application to data analysis and interpretation.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.