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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermotrope'

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Published: 9 March 2024

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1

Yahiaoui, B., A. Gharbi, M. Kléman, and J. Malthête. "Phases hexagonales colonnaires thermotrope et lyotrope : défauts observés par cryofracture et caractère anomal du thermotrope." European Physical Journal B 5, no. 1 (September 1998): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050423.

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2

Schröder, Barbara. "Thermotrope Schichten. Scheiben mit eingebauter Jalousie." Chemie in unserer Zeit 29, no. 6 (December 1995): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290608.

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3

Seeboth, A., and H. R. Holzbauer. "Thermotrope Materialien für den Einsatz in „intelligenten Fenstern" / Thermotropic materials for application in "intelligent windows"." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5309.

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Abstract Thermotropic materials as integrated part of „intelligent windows" based on polymer gel networks are developed. Systems change the transparency in dependence on temperature. These windows are able to protect buildings against superheating by sunshine. The aim of this work is the formation of a thermotropic material which operates like a heat filter. The effect is based on reproducible reversible phase transitions in the material. A decisive aspect is the adjustment of these transitions between the optical clear or opaque state of the windows, controled by the solar energy, to the perception of the human eye.

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4

Krücke, B., H. Zaschke, S. G. Kostromin, and V. P. Shibaev. "Thermotrope kristallin-flüssige polymere. Polysiloxane mit mesogenen Phenylbenzoat-Seitengruppen." Acta Polymerica 36, no. 11 (November 1985): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1985.010361114.

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5

Calaminus, W., F. Vögtle, and R. Eidenschink. "Das Dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecan-Gerüst als Baustein für thermotrope Flüssigkristalle / Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Containing the Dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecane Unit." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0814.

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AbstractSeveral 3 .11-disubstituted dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecane-7,14-dions were prepared and the cis/trans-isomers were separated. The trans -stereoisomers were converted into the gem-dihalide ketones and mono- and dithioketones. The phase transfer temperatures were determined. Liquid crystal phases were observed.

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6

Höcker, H. "Thermotrope Flüssigkristalle: Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, Vol. 22. Hrsg. von G. W. Gray. Wiley, Chichester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore 1987. 178S. geb., £38,-. ISBN 0-471-91504-1." Nachrichten aus Chemie, Technik und Laboratorium 36, no. 1 (January 1988): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.19880360115.

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7

Reyes-Mayer, A., B. Alvarado-Tenorio, A. Romo-Uribe, O. Flores, B. Campillo, and M. Jaffe. "Fracture behavior of heat treated liquid crystalline polymers." MRS Proceedings 1485 (2012): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.282.

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ABSTRACTThermotropic polymers are thermally treated in air at temperatures Ta, where ΔT =Ta- Ts→n=40°C, and Ts→n is the solid-to-nematic transition. Samples are extruded thin films of a series of thermotropic random copolyesters termed B-N, COTBP and RD1000. The thermal treatment produces a second endotherm without changing Ts→n for B-N and RD1000. However, for COTBP Ts→n is significantly increased. Regardless of the complex thermal behavior exhibited by the thermotropes, the thermal treatment produces a significant increase in Young's modulus, more than 30% for B-N and over 100% for COTBP. The increase in mechanical modulus is correlated with a thermally-induced fiber-like morphology.

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8

Saito, Shigeru, and Ryuzo Shingai. "Evolution of thermoTRP ion channel homologs in vertebrates." Physiological Genomics 27, no. 3 (December 2006): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00322.2005.

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In mammalian thermosensation, nine temperature-sensitive ion channels that are activated by distinct temperature thresholds have been identified as thermosensors. These ion channels belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily and are referred to as “thermoTRPs” (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM8, and TRPA1). To elucidate the evolutionary processes of thermoTRPs, we conducted comprehensive searches for mammalian thermoTRP gene homologs in the draft genome sequences of chicken ( Gallus gallus), western clawed frog ( Xenopus tropicalis), zebrafish ( Danio rerio), and pufferfish ( Fugu rubripes). Newly identified homologs were compared with known thermoTRPs, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Our comparative analyses revealed that most of the mammalian thermo-TRP members already existed in the common ancestor of fishes and tetrapods. Tetrapods shared almost the same repertoire, except that the western clawed frog expanded TRPV4s (six copies) and TRPM8s (two copies), which were diversified considerably. Comparisons of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates among TRPV4s suggested that one copy of the TRPV4 channel in the western clawed frog retained its original function, while the other copies diversified and obtained slightly different properties. In fish lineages, several members of thermo-TRPs have duplicated in the whole genome duplication occurred in the ancestral ray-finned fish; however, some of the copies have subsequently been lost. Furthermore, fishes do not possess the three members of thermoTRPs existed in mammals, e.g., thermoTRPs activated by noxious heat, warm, and cool temperatures. Our results suggest that thermosensation mechanisms have changed through vertebrate evolution with respect to thermosensor repertoires.

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9

Szallasi, Arpad. "“ThermoTRP” Channel Expression in Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis (Practical Approach by a Pathologist)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10 (May 22, 2023): 9098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109098.

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Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (so-called “thermoTRPs”) are multifunctional signaling molecules with important roles in cell growth and differentiation. Several “thermoTRP” channels show altered expression in cancers, though it is unclear if this is a cause or consequence of the disease. Regardless of the underlying pathology, this altered expression may potentially be used for cancer diagnosis and prognostication. “ThermoTRP” expression may distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. For example, TRPV1 is expressed in benign gastric mucosa, but is absent in gastric adenocarcinoma. TRPV1 is also expressed both in normal urothelia and non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, but no TRPV1 expression has been seen in invasive urothelial carcinoma. “ThermoTRP” expression can also be used to predict clinical outcomes. For instance, in prostate cancer, TRPM8 expression predicts aggressive behavior with early metastatic disease. Furthermore, TRPV1 expression can dissect a subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients with bad prognosis and resistance to a number of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. This review will explore the current state of this rapidly evolving field with special emphasis on immunostains that can already be added to the armoire of diagnostic pathologists.

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10

Gridyakina, A. V. "Electric Properties of Ionic Thermotropic Liquid Crystals." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 61, no. 6 (June 2016): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe61.06.0502.

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11

Yao, Jian, and Jin Xu. "Monte Carlo Simulation for the Angle-Dependent Light Transmittance of Thermotropic Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 2781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.2781.

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In this paper we propose a Monte-Carlo method for the simulation of the angle-dependent light transmittance of thermotropic material. The results show that the scattering light increased as temperature rose, and most of light transmitted went through the sample of thermotropic material at the angles between 10~40 deg. The results also indicate that the light transmittance measurement of thermotropic material by spectrophotometer without an integrating sphere is not accurate. As a conclusion, Monte Carlo simulation is an effective method for the determination of angle-dependent light transmittance of thermotropic material, and results of these simulations can be used to calculate the shading coefficient of window for building energy efficiency.

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12

Zhang, Chen Xi, Shao Rong Lu, and Jian Feng Ban. "Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Liquid Crystalline Polymer." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.98.

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Hyperbranched liquid crystalline polymer (HLCP) were prepared by pentaerythritol with 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride(BTCA) and p-hydroxy benzoic acid. The thermotropic properties, the melting point (Tm) and the isotropization temperature (Ti) of the synthesized HLCP were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). It showed that the new reactive thermotropic liquid polymer containing polyester mesogenic units exhibited thermotropic liquid crystalline properties between 140°C and 230°C.

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13

NESRULLAJEV, ARIF, BELKIZ BILGIN ERAN, and ÇIDEM YÖRÜR. "4-(OCTYLOXY)-N-(4-HEXYLPHENYL)-2-HYDROXYBENZALIMINE THERMOTROPIC COMPOUND: MORPHOLOGIC, MESOMORPHIC, THERMOTROPIC, THERMOOPTICAL AND THERMODYNAMICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 03 (January 30, 2008): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208038582.

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In this work, the mesomorphic, morphologic, thermotropic, thermooptical, and thermodynamical properties of 4-(octyloxy)-N-(4-hexylphenyl)-2-hydroxybenzalimine thermotropic liquid crystalline compound, which was synthesized by our group, have been studied in detail. This compound displays smectic C and nematic mesophases. These mesophases are enantiotropic and exhibit specific confocal and schlieren textures, respectively. Thermotropic, thermooptical, and thermodynamical properties of the compound at direct and reverse phase transitions between smectic C and nematic mesophases and also between nematic mesophase and isotropic liquid have been investigated. The peculiarities of the bistable heterophase regions of these phase transitions have been studied.

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14

Alder, P., and J. G. Dolden. "Design, Preparation and Characterization of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polyamides." High Performance Polymers 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/8/3/008.

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There are few examples of thermotropic polyamides reported in the literature due to the strong tendency for hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. The vast majority of reported liquid crystalline (LC) polyamides are aromatic, highly crystalline and consequently infusible— and can only exhibit LC behaviour in solution (lyotropic behaviour). In this paper, the authors set out to synthesize novel amorphous wholly aromatic and semi-aromatic thermotropic polyamides. As crystalline aromatic polyamides are normally infusible, it was necessary to ensure that the target polyamides were amorphous with a definable softening point below their temperature of decomposition. The ‘Symmetry Index’ approach first developed by Dolden was used to ensure that the chosen monomer compositions were able to produce amorphous polyamides. Aharoni has reported that three amide linked aromatic rings is the minimum unit size needed to obtain mesogenic polyamides. Building on this principle, a new empirical predictive technique called the ‘Mesogenic Index’ is introduced and combined with the Symmetry Index to predict polyamides which are both amorphous and thermotropic. This approach was validated by the preparation of a whole new series of thermotropic amorphous polyamides which were based on 3,3′-dimethoxy benzidine, and the acid chlorides of terephthalic, isophthalic and adipic acids. Furthermore, this led on to the preparation of two more series of amorphous polyamides, believed by the authors to be the first wholly aromatic thermotropic polyamides to be reported, based on 3,3′-dimethoxy and 3,3′-dimethyl benzidine in conjunction with a variety of aromatic and cyclic diacids.

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15

Hiro, Kazuki, and Tadahiro Wada. "Phase Diagram of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Including Negative Pressure Region Generated in Metal Berthelot Tube." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.22.

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Phase diagrams including absolute negative pressure regions of thermotropic liquid crystals give useful information on science and technology. A phase diagram was depicted for ca. 40mg of a thermotropic liquid crystal in a pressure vs. temperature (P-T) plane by the Berthelot method using a metal tube. N-I phase transitions occurred even under-10MPa, and a polymorphism of the crystalline phase was observed.

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16

Yao, Jian, and Rong-Yue Zheng. "A Comparative Study of the Building Energy Performance of Thermotropic Windows." Open House International 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2017-b0003.

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This paper conducted a study on the energy-saving potential of a developed thermotropic window. Office buildings in different climate regions of China were compared in terms of heating, cooling and lighting energy demands. Results show that annual heating and cooling energy demands for office buildings differ largely, while lighting energy demand at different climates keeps a significant percentage of the total energy demand, ranging from 36.1% to 66.3%. Meanwhile, thermotropic windows achieve a great advantage in improving daylighting performance and in reducing the overall energy demand, by reducing the overall energy demand by 2.27%-8.7% and 10.1%-21.72%, respectively, compared to movable shading devices and Low-E windows. This means that this kind of thermotropic windows have a great potential in applications in different climatic regions and can be considered as a good substitute of solar shading devices and Low-E windows.

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17

Saito, Kazuya. "Microphase-separated multicontinuous phase in low-molecular-mass thermotropic liquid crystals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 10 (September 17, 2009): 1783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-09-10.

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Extensive application of chemical thermodynamics to exotic aggregation formed in thermotropic liquid crystals is briefly described. Through thermodynamic analyses and considerations of experimental results on liquid crystals, the unexpected sharing of common properties by thermo- and lyotropic liquid crystals is demonstrated. In some thermotropic liquid crystals, the terminal alkyl chain attached to the molecular core is highly disordered, as indicated by the magnitude of configurational entropy. The molten chain serves as intramolecular solvent (self-solvent), as evidenced by the close similarity between phase diagrams against chain length and composition in the binary system with n-alkane. These facts lead to the quasi-binary picture of thermotropic liquid crystals. Consideration of the thermodynamic potential expanded in terms of density fluctuation gives a new insight into the multicontinuous phases formed in simple systems consisting of anisotropic, rodlike particles.

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18

YAO, JIAN, and CHENG-WEN YAN. "DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL KIND OF SMART THERMOTROPIC MATERIAL." Functional Materials Letters 03, no. 02 (June 2010): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604710001081.

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Thermally induced switching temperature and spectral transmittance of a novel kind of smart thermotropic material developed by a different mixing proportion of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and pure water was measured. Radiation transmittance measurements were carried out on a thermotropic double glazing window sample, a double glazing window and a low-E double glazing window. Results show that the thermotropic double-glazed window with optimum mixing proportion of HPMC, NaCl and pure water of 2:10:100 by mass-reduces radiation transmittance at fully turbid state by up to 72% and 32% respectively, compared to the ordinary double-glazed window and low-E double-glazed window which do not have adjustable radiation transmittance; its radiation transmittance changed from transparent state to light scattering state up to 60%, indicating a high performance on switching solar radiation and a great potential for energy efficient windows.

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19

Bauer, Henry. "RE: Thermotropy Exploratory Study." Journal of Scientific Exploration 37, no. 3 (October 19, 2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20232989.

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20

Piguet, Claude, Jean-Claude G. Bünzli, Bertrand Donnio, and Daniel Guillon. "Thermotropic lanthanidomesogens." Chem. Commun., no. 36 (2006): 3755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b605737c.

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21

Yao, Jian. "Measurement of Optical and Radiation Transmittance of Thermotropic Material." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.574.

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Thermally induced switching temperature, spectral transmittance of a new kind of thermotropic material developed by a different mixing proportion of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and pure water was measured. The optimum mixing proportion of samples for application was determined by solar radiation and outdoor temperature measurements. Radiation transmittance was tested on samples of a thermotropic double glazing window, double glazing window and Low-E double glazing window. Results show that thermotropic double-glazed window with the optimum mixing proportion of HPMC, NaCl and pure water of 2:10:100 by mass reduces radiation transmittance at fully turbid state by up to 72% and 32%, respectively, compared to the ordinary double-glazed window and Low-E double-glazed window which do not have adjustable radiation transmittance, and its radiation transmittance changed from transparent state to light scattering state is up to 60%, indicating a high performance on switching solar radiation and a great potential for energy efficient windows.

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22

Barloy, L., B. Heinrich, L. Douce, M. Henry, M. Scarpi-Luttenauer, N. Kyritsakas, and P. Mobian. "A robust Ti(iv)-based mesogen constructed around a TiO4N2 core." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 6 (2019): 1960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt04972f.

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23

Kocer, Hasan B., Idris Cerkez, and Royall M. Broughton. "Annealing studies on a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester meltblown fabric." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 8 (January 24, 2016): 1656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716629139.

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Meltblown fabrics composed of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester were subjected to heat conditioning at various temperatures. Physical effect of the treatment was investigated by tensile testing of the fabrics and the individual fibers. The fabrics exhibited increased tensile strength by more than 100% after the heat conditioning due to inter-fiber bonding in the fabric structure and morphological reorganization of the thermotropic polymer. The calorimetric behavior of the polymer was further investigated to obtain information about the internal structure. Structural change during the annealing was also visually observed under a polarized light microscope.

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24

Lashko, Nataliya, Nataliya Derevianko, and Galina Dudarieva. "Binding of aromaforming cryo- and thermotropic jellies of gelatin and starch." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 11, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht11.04.480.

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25

Ogiwara, Yuki, Tatsuya Suzuki, Naoto Iwata, and Seiichi Furumi. "Room-Temperature Cholesteric Liquid Crystals of Cellulose Derivatives with Visible Reflection." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010168.

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Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) derivatives with alkanoyl side chains have attracted attention as bio-based cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) materials with reflection colors. By taking advantage of the ability to change the reflection color in response to external stimuli, the thermotropic CLCs can be applied to a wide variety of photonic devices for a sustainable society of future generations. However, the thermotropic CLCs of HPC derivatives substituted with only one kind of alkanoyl group are not suitable for such applications because they do not exhibit visible reflection at room temperature. In this report, we describe a promising strategy to control the reflection colors of HPC derivatives at room temperature by introducing two kinds of alkanoyl groups with different lengths into the side chains of HPCs, which also enables the fine control of temperature dependence on the reflection wavelength. By chemically optimizing the side chain, we successfully prepared room-temperature thermotropic CLCs of HPC derivatives with visible reflection. This report would contribute toward the development of versatile photonic applications by CLCs produced from biomass.

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26

Mulder, D. J., A. P. H. J. Schenning, and C. W. M. Bastiaansen. "Chiral-nematic liquid crystals as one dimensional photonic materials in optical sensors." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 33 (2014): 6695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00785a.

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27

Liu, Huizhong, Ling Wang, Yuanyuan Hu, Ziang Huang, Ying Sun, Shuli Dong, and Jingcheng Hao. "DNA thermotropic liquid crystals controlled by positively charged catanionic bilayer vesicles." Chemical Communications 56, no. 24 (2020): 3484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00980f.

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28

Matsumoto, Takuro, Ayaka Ono, Takahiro Ichikawa, Takashi Kato, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Construction of gyroid-structured matrices through the design of geminized amphiphilic zwitterions and their self-organization." Chemical Communications 52, no. 82 (2016): 12167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc06840e.

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29

Harjung, Marc D., Christopher P. J. Schubert, Friederike Knecht, Jan H. Porada, Robert P. Lemieux, and Frank Giesselmann. "New amphiphilic materials showing the lyotropic analogue to the thermotropic smectic C* liquid crystal phase." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 30 (2017): 7452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02030a.

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30

Zhong, Hai-Yi, Li Chen, Rong Yang, Zhi-Ying Meng, Xiao-Min Ding, Xiao-Feng Liu, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Azobenzene-containing liquid crystalline polyester with π–π interactions: diverse thermo- and photo-responsive behaviours." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 13 (2017): 3306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc05493e.

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31

Lin, Chang-Gen, Wei Chen, Solomon Omwoma, and Yu-Fei Song. "Covalently grafting nonmesogenic moieties onto polyoxometalate for fabrication of thermotropic liquid-crystalline nanomaterials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 1 (2015): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02142h.

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32

Rieth, Thorsten, Natalie Tober, Daniel Limbach, Tobias Haspel, Marcel Sperner, Niklas Schupp, Philipp Wicker, Stefan Glang, Matthias Lehmann, and Heiner Detert. "Impact of Substitution Pattern and Chain Length on the Thermotropic Properties of Alkoxy-Substituted Triphenyl-Tristriazolotriazines." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 5761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235761.

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Tristriazolotriazines (TTTs) with a threefold alkoxyphenyl substitution were prepared and studied by DSC, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray scattering. Six pentyloxy chains are sufficient to induce liquid-crystalline behavior in these star-shaped compounds. Thermotropic properties of TTTs with varying substitution patterns and a periphery of linear chains of different lengths, branching in the chain and swallow-tails, are compared. Generally, these disks display broad and stable thermotropic mesophases, with the tangential TTT being superior to the radial isomer. The structure–property relationships of the number of alkyl chains, their position, length and structure were studied.

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33

Chen, Xiao Dong, Nan Qiao Zhou, and Hai Zhang. "Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes from 4,4-bis (6-hydroxyhexoxy) Biphenyl and 3,3'-Dimethyl-4, 4’-Biphenylene Diisocyanate." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.144.

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A thermotropic liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU) was synthesized by the polyaddition reaction of 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate (TODI) with 4,4-bis(6-hydroxyhexoxy)biphenyl (BHHBP). The liquid crystalline behavior of the polymer was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The LCPU exhibited a nematic phase with a threaded texture and had a wide mesophase temperature range. And thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the decomposition temperature of the LCPU was >300°C. The observation of POM showed that the LCPU was a thermotropic nematic liquid crystalline polymer at certain temperature range.

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34

Ban, Jian Feng, Shao Rong Lu, and Chen Xi Zhang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Biphenylnate Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.158.

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A series of novel biphenylnate liquid crystalline polyurethanes (BLCPs) were synthesized by polyaddition reaction of 4,4’-dihydroxybiphenyl with 2,4-TDI(2,4-toluenediisocyanate) and diethylene glycol through changing the molar ratio of diphenol and diol. The thermotropic properties, the melting point (Tm) and the isotropization temperature (Ti) of the synthesized polyurethanes were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, POM and WXRD. The results of experiments showed that all of the polyurethane polymers exhibited thermotropic liquid crystalline properties between 130°C and 230°C. The transition temperature (Tm and Ti) decreased with an increase in the length of the flexible chain.

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35

Devadiga, Deepak, and T. N. Ahipa. "Recent synthetic advances in pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens." RSC Advances 9, no. 40 (2019): 23161–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04389f.

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36

Ding, Ling, Yihe Zhang, Leipeng Liu, Jianshe Hu, and Fengzhu Lv. "Optical-electric properties of poly(amic acid) composite films with a low content of thermotropic liquid crystals." RSC Advances 6, no. 62 (2016): 56812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra10244a.

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37

Bruckner and Giesselmann. "The Lyotropic Analog of the Polar SmC* Phase." Crystals 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9110568.

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Only six years ago, the first clear-cut example of a ferroelectric, lyotropic liquid crystal was discovered. Since then, ongoing investigations in this new research field provided numerous instances of the missing pieces to complete the formerly blank picture of the lyotropic smectic C* (SmC*) phase. In this review we wanted to combine these new results and put them into a wider historical and scientific context. We start by giving an introduction about characteristic features of the well-known thermotropic SmC* phase and why it is so difficult to find a lyotropic equivalent of this fascinating phase. After discussing early examples of achiral lyotropic and swollen SmC phases, we recap the discovery of the first lyotropic SmC* phase. The molecular features necessary for its formation and its properties are analyzed. We place special emphasis on discussing the long-range orientational order of the tilt direction and the corresponding chirality effects. By comparing these exceptional features with thermotropic and swollen SmC* phases, we aim to improve not only the understanding of the lyotropic SmC* phase, but also of the relationship between thermotropic and lyotropic systems in general.

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38

Lee, James Weifu. "Thermotrophy Exploratory Study." Journal of Scientific Exploration 37, no. 1 (May 2, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20232655.

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The question of whether environmental heat energy could be utilized as a source ofenergy for biological metabolism is the center of this exploratory research. In 1979, thisauthor postulated a hypothesis for the existence of thermotrophs that could isothermallyutilize environmental heat energy as a source of their energy on Earth. Accordingto this hypothesis, the thermotrophs could be the first primitive forms of life in theearly Earth environment. The chemotrophs and phototrophs that we currently are allwell familiar with might have been evolved somehow from the primitive thermotrophs.Furthermore, all the organisms currently regarded as the “chemotrophs” and “phototrophs”could actually be the mixed trophy types containing thermotrophic features: thermo-chemotrophs and thermo-phototrophs. Energetic analysis with the thermodynamicfirst law indicated that the anaerobic acetate-utilizing methanogenic archaea Methanosarcinacould be a “living fossil specimen” of the thermotrophs. Experiments with enrichedacetate-utilizing methanogen, including Methanosarcina, has, for the first time,demonstrated that their anaerobic metabolism was indeed associated with isothermalenvironmental heat utilization, resulting in their liquid culture temperature to change(decrease) by about −0.10 oC and sometimes drop by as much as −0.45 oC observed inthe experiments. The mean temperature change (drop) was −0.25 ±0.06 oC.

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Pană, Amalia, Florentina L. Chiriac, Mihail Secu, Iuliana Pasuk, Marilena Ferbinteanu, Marin Micutz, and Viorel Cîrcu. "A new class of thermotropic lanthanidomesogens: Eu(iii) nitrate complexes with mesogenic 4-pyridone ligands." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 32 (2015): 14196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt01197c.

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Całus, Sylwia, Andriy V. Kityk, Manfred Eich, and Patrick Huber. "Inhomogeneous relaxation dynamics and phase behaviour of a liquid crystal confined in a nanoporous solid." Soft Matter 11, no. 16 (2015): 3176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00108k.

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Diaz-Franulic, Ignacio, Christian Verdugo, Felipe Gonzalez, Fernando Gonzalez-Nilo, and Ramon Latorre. "Thermodynamic and structural basis of temperature-dependent gating in TRP channels." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 2211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20210301.

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Living organisms require detecting the environmental thermal clues for survival, allowing them to avoid noxious stimuli or find prey moving in the dark. In mammals, the Transient Receptor Potential ion channels superfamily is constituted by 27 polymodal receptors whose activity is controlled by small ligands, peptide toxins, protons and voltage. The thermoTRP channels subgroup exhibits unparalleled temperature dependence -behaving as heat and cold sensors. Functional studies have dissected their biophysical features in detail, and the advances of single-particle Cryogenic Electron microscopy provided the structural framework required to propose detailed channel gating mechanisms. However, merging structural and functional evidence for temperature-driven gating of thermoTRP channels has been a hard nut to crack, remaining an open question nowadays. Here we revisit the highlights on the study of heat and cold sensing in thermoTRP channels in the light of the structural data that has emerged during recent years.

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Geng, Hao, KaiJun Luo, HaoMin Cheng, ShiLin Zhang, HaiLiang Ni, HaiFeng Wang, WenHao Yu, and Quan Li. "Novel columnar metallomesogens based on cationic platinum(ii) complexes without long peripheral chains." RSC Advances 7, no. 19 (2017): 11389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28767k.

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Huang, Zhaohui, Ping Qi, Yihan Liu, Chunxiao Chai, Yitong Wang, Aixin Song, and Jingcheng Hao. "Ionic-surfactants-based thermotropic liquid crystals." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 28 (2019): 15256–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02697e.

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Lin, Pengcheng, Zhan Wei, Qi Yan, Ying Chen, Minghui Wu, Jiajin Xie, Minxiang Zeng, Wei Wang, Jinliang Xu, and Zhengdong Cheng. "Blue phase liquid crystal microcapsules: confined 3D structure inducing fascinating properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 16 (2019): 4822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05879b.

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Prade, Heiko, Ralf Miethchen, and Volkmar Vill. "Thermotrop fl�ssigkristalline Kohlenhydrat-Amphiphile." Journal f�r Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 337, no. 1 (1995): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19953370195.

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Sinta, R., R. A. Gaudiana, and H. G. Rogers. "Novel Thermotropic Polyesteramides." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 26, no. 5 (May 1989): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338908052010.

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E., J. W. "Thermotropic liquid crystals." Journal of Molecular Structure 178 (August 1988): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(88)85039-7.

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Impéror-Clerc, Marianne. "Thermotropic cubic mesophases." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 9, no. 6 (June 2005): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2004.12.004.

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Wu, Wenqing, Pan Li, Xiaohang Wang, and Baoyan Zhang. "Grafting of thermotropic fluorinated mesogens on polysiloxane to improve the processability of linear low-density polyethylene." RSC Advances 12, no. 20 (2022): 12463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01482c.

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Gutierrez-Cuevas, Karla G., Ling Wang, Chenming Xue, Gautam Singh, Satyendra Kumar, Augustine Urbas, and Quan Li. "Near infrared light-driven liquid crystal phase transition enabled by hydrophobic mesogen grafted plasmonic gold nanorods." Chemical Communications 51, no. 48 (2015): 9845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02127h.

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