Journal articles: 'Thermoplastic Matrix Materials'

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Bona, Anna. "Theoretical and Experimental Review of Applied Mechanical Tests for Carbon Composites with Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0023.

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Abstract This article has a theoretical and experimental character. It presents the characteristics of two main thermoplastics used in the aerospace industry – poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly phenylene sulphide (PPS). The selected materials are compounds for the production of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites. The paper presents a literature review of the application of thermoplastic polymer matrix composite materials in aviation. Additionally, the paper focuses on the characteristics of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) which plays an important role in the production of aerospace components. Testing methods have been chosen on the basis of the type of composite matrix. The article contains the most important mechanical properties and general characteristics of thermoplastics used as a matrix for CFRP type composites used in the aerospace industry. Individual test procedures which allow for the evaluation of mechanical properties of composite materials on a thermoplastic polymer matrix, have been described. Mechanical tests such as static tensile test and bending of short beams were carried out in order to examine CFRP composites.

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Krivonogov, P. S., A. E. Shkuro, V. V. Glukhikh, and O. V. Stoyanov. "Composite Materials Based on Thermoplastic Matrix." Polymer Science, Series D 12, no. 1 (January 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995421219010106.

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Pitchumani, Randa. "PROCESSING OF THERMOPLASTIC-MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Annual Review of Heat Transfer 12, no. 12 (2002): 117–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.v12.60.

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Folkes, M. J. "Advances in thermoplastic matrix composite materials." Materials & Design 12, no. 1 (February 1991): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(91)90095-l.

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Ramakrishnan, T., M. D. Mohan Gift, S. Chitradevi, R. Jegan, P. Subha Hency Jose, H. N. Nagaraja, Rajneesh Sharma, P. Selvakumar, and Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis. "Study of Numerous Resins Used in Polymer Matrix Composite Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1088926.

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There are a slew of elements at work in the composites sector, from people and markets to technology and innovation, that are continually reshaping the industry's structure. For now, composite materials' winning combination of high strength-to-weight ratio continues to propel them into new areas, but other attributes are just as crucial. These properties, which may be customized for unique purposes, result in a completed product requiring fewer raw materials and fewer joints and fasteners, as well as reduced assembly times, thanks to composite materials. To lower product lifespan costs, composites also have demonstrated resilience in industrial applications to temperature extremes as well as corrosion and wear. Polymers, ceramics, and metals can all be used as matrices. Thermoplastic (TP) resin is the second most prevalent matrix type, and it is becoming increasingly popular among composite makers. By melting or softening and then chilling the material, thermoplastic linear polymer chains are generated and may be reformed into shaped solids. It is common for thermoplastics to be offered in sheet or panel form, which may be treated using in situ consolidation processes, such as pressing, to manufacture durable, near-net-shape components without the need for an autoclave or vacuum bag cure. Correcting abnormalities or fixing harm done in service is possible with reformability.

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Schreil, Daniela, Georgi Zhilev, Alexander Matschinski, and Klaus Drechsler. "Development of a Test Bench for the Investigation of Thermoplastic-Thermoset Material Combinations in Additive Manufacturing." Materials Science Forum 1067 (August 10, 2022): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3nvb83.

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To enhance the mechanical properties of fused filament fabricated parts, the process integrates continuous fibers. Currently, fibers are impregnated either with thermoplastics or with thermoset material, which is completely cured before printing and later combined with thermoplastic filament during the coextrusion process. A major problem about using cured thermoset matrix for the fibers is an insufficient bond between the fiber matrix and the thermoplastic material. A new approach proposed by the authors combine uncured thermoset matrices with thermoplastic filaments to form a substance-to-substance bond. To investigate the material and bonding behavior, a test bench is constructed. Its main purpose is to replicate the coextrusion of thermoplastic filament and thermoset impregnated continuous fibers. Parameters, such as temperature, tension and extrusion speed can be adjusted within the setup to accurately simulate the additive manufacturing process. Aluminum blocks including heater cartridges and thermocouples act as hot ends and impregnation units. Heated blocks compact the fiber strands. We tested different heating blocks containing flat and curved geometries including actual additive manufacturing nozzles to evaluate the impregnation behavior of the dry carbon fiber filaments. Approaches with additive manufacturing nozzles show the most promising results regarding fiber impregnation with thermoplastic material.

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Mangaraj, D. "Role of Compatibilization in Recycling Rubber Waste by Blending with Plastics." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547895.

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Abstract Blending ground rubber with thermoplastic and thermoset polymers is a very cost effective and efficient method for recycling rubber waste. However it is important for vulcanized rubber particles and the thermoplastic matrix to adhere to each other to form co-continuous type morphology to provide necessary strength properties. The paper discusses the principles underlying compatibilization and discusses the three types, namely mechanical, non-reactive and reactive compatibilization. Past work in compatibilizing ground rubber from tire waste (GRT) with thermoplastics has been reviewed and the use of compatibilized GRT/ plastic products in the preparation of a variety of value-added products, including thermoplastic elastomers has been discussed.

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Sorokin, A. E., V. A. Sagomonova, A. P. Petrova, and L. V. Solovyanchik. "MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS ON THERMOPLASTICS (review)." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 3 (2021): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-3-78-86.

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Various technologies for the production of prepregs based on a thermoplastic matrix and composite materials based on them are considered. Their advantages over the technologies of manufacturing polymer composite materials based on a thermosetting matrix are presented. It is shown that the use of melt technology allows the production of fiberglass with the highest level of strength characteristics. An algorithm for estimating residual stresses in a thermoplastic composite to optimize the technological process of producing complex products is described.

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Bano, Afroza, and Manish Kumar Gupta. "A Study Of Welding Of Heterogenous Polycarbonate Substances Utilizing Hybrid Filaments Of Fused Deposition Modeling." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/12996.

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Friction-based welding is one of the most cost-effective and dependable methods for joining thermoplastics. However, there has been minimal work that has demonstrated the procedure/methods/equipment for welding two distinct types of thermoplastics. There is, nevertheless, a significant possibility of connecting the various thermoplastic materials by matching their melt flow index (MFI). One way for modifying the MFI is to reinforce it with micro/nano sized fillers. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a fast prototyping technology that employs thermoplastic-based filament to print components. The current study focuses on connecting aluminium (Al) metal powder reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyamide 6 (PA6) thermoplastic substrates (3D printed by FDM) utilising friction welding (FW) / friction stir welding (FSW) / friction stir spot welding (FSSW). It was observed that the PA6 with 50% Al fillers (PA6-50% Al) and ABS matrix with 15% Al fillers (ABS-15% Al) produced MFIs of 11.97g/10min and 11.57g/10min, respectively.

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Hussain, M., A. Imad, A. Saouab, A. Abbas, T. Kanit, S. Shahid, and Y. Nawab. "Delamination Characteristics of Aluminum-Composite Bonds: Impact of Reinforcements and Matrices." International Journal of Polymer Science 2023 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6020509.

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Adhesion properties of metal-composite bonds are crucial in defining composite capability with other metallic components, and failures could lead to severe accidents. Hence, the study is aimed at the development and characterization of metal-composite bonds using different rigid adherends and adhesive materials (thermoset and thermoplastics). Among natural fibers, jute was used, while aramid, carbon, and glass woven reinforcements were employed from synthetic fibers. A simultaneous comparison of both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices was done using epoxy, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl butadiene (PVB) as adhesive materials. Floating roller delamination characterization proved variation in adhesion qualities governing different failure modes by varying adhesive even in a single rigid adherend. The highest fracture toughness was observed for aluminum-jute bonds made with PP and PVB that was due to toughness of matrix and intralaminar failure. Carbon being brittle in nature showed the most fluctuated performance with a 90% difference between the highest value of carbon-PVB and the lowest value of carbon-epoxy. Thermoplastic matrices owing to plasticity offered overall more fracture toughness than brittle thermoset resin. Furthermore, intralaminar was the dominant failure mechanism in the jute-based bond made with thermoplastic matrix.

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Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, Ilario Biblioteca, and Matteo Sambucci. "Thermoplastic Composite Materials Approach for More Circular Components: From Monomer to In Situ Polymerization, a Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050132.

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To move toward eco-sustainable and circular composites, one of the most effective solutions is to create thermoplastic composites. The strong commitment of world organizations in the field of safeguarding the planet has directed the research of these materials toward production processes with a lower environmental impact and a strong propensity to recycle the polymeric part. Under its chemical properties, Nylon 6 is the polymer that best satisfies this specific trade-off. The most common production processes that use a thermosetting matrix are described. Subsequently, the work aimed at investigating the use of thermoplastics in the same processes to obtain comparable performances with the materials that are currently used. Particular attention was given to the in situ anionic polymerization process of Nylon 6, starting from the ε-caprolactam monomer. The dependencies of the process parameters, such as temperature, time, pressure, humidity, and concentration of initiators and activators, were therefore investigated with reference to the vacuum infusion technique, currently optimized only to produce thermosetting matrix composites, but promising for the realization of thermoplastic matrix composite; this is the reason why we chose to focus our attention on the vacuum infusion. Finally, three production processes of the polymeric matrix and glass fiber composites were compared in terms of carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) through life-cycle assessment (LCA).

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Silva, R. F., João F. Silva, João Pedro Nunes, Carlos A. Bernardo, and António Torres Marques. "New Powder Coating Equipment to Produce Continuous Fibre Thermoplastic Matrix Towpregs." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.246.

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Thermoplastics are replacing traditional thermosetting resins as matrices in composite materials in many applications due to their enhanced properties. Thermoplastics exhibit better toughness, durability and damping properties and provide the options of continuous processing, reshaping, and reparability, as well as more favourable recycling and processing routes that do not involve chemical reactions [1]. However, their high melt viscosity makes it difficult to impregnate continuous fibres, which restricts commercial applications. Recently developed dry coating techniques allow the production of long fibre thermoplastic matrix towpregs without most of the previous impregnation problems [2, 3]. In this work, a new coating line was developed to produce long fibre dry coated thermoplastic matrix towpregs at rates compatible with industrial production. The polymer deposition rate was considerably increased to allow processing towpregs at greater speeds (approx. 10 m/min) than current equipment. A new coating chamber was used to allow improved control of the fibre and polymer contents and the towpreg impregnation quality. Other general improvements were also made in the equipment to allow better monitoring of the towpreg processing. Glass or carbon fibres with polypropylene towpregs (GF/PP and CF/PP, respectively) were produced on the new coating line which were then submitted to extensive tests to verify their polymer content and impregnation quality. This paper presents the results of the tests and discusses the optimization of the new dry coating line. The results show that the new deposition chamber allows production of economical thermoplastic matrix towpregs with improved efficiency that may be used in the industrial production of composites for commercial markets.

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Di Landro, L., and M. Pegoraro. "Carbon fibre thermoplastic matrix adhesion." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 6 (June 1987): 1980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132927.

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Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.

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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.

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Bigg, D. M., D. F. Hiscock, J. R. Preston, and E. J. Bradbury. "Thermoplastic matrix sheet composites." Polymer Composites 9, no. 3 (June 1988): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750090309.

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Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, and Matteo Sambucci. "Different Production Processes for Thermoplastic Composite Materials: Sustainability versus Mechanical Properties and Processes Parameter." Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010242.

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Up to now, fiber-reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrix have seen limited fields of use in the structural scope due to their high viscosity in the molten state, which results in poor impregnability of the reinforcement, leading to mechanical properties of the finished product that are not comparable to those of thermosets. Although the latter still dominate the various sectors of automotive, aerospace, transportation and construction, new applications involving the production of thermoplastic composites are growing rapidly, offering new approaches to the solution of this problem. The aim of this work is to study and evaluate the state of the art on the manufacturing processes of thermoplastic matrix composite, analyzing the parameters that come into play and that most influence the process and material performance. The advantages of film stacking and powder impregnation techniques are contrasted by the versatility of hybrid fabrics and, at the same time, parameters such as pressure and temperature must be carefully considered. A description of different thermoplastic composite processes such as powder impregnation, film stacking molding, hybrid woven fabric, hybrid yarn and products follows, which represent the current possibilities to move from a thermosetting matrix composite to a thermoplastic one, upon which the concept of sustainability is based. This article wants to present an overview of research that has been done in manufacturing thermoplastic reinforced composites and will serve as a baseline and aid for further research and development efforts.

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Szymański, Rafał. "Non-Destructive Testing of Thermoplastic Carbon Composite Structures." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2020, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2020-0003.

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AbstractThe article is in line with the contemporary interests of companies from the aviation industry. It describes thermoplastic material and inspection techniques used in leading aviation companies. The subject matter of non-destructive testing currently used in aircraft inspections of composite structures is approximated and each of the methods used is briefly described. The characteristics of carbon preimpregnates in thermoplastic matrix are also presented, as well as types of thermoplastic materials and examples of their application in surface ship construction. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations for these materials are listed. The focus was put on the explanation of the ultrasonic method, which is the most commonly used method during the inspection of composite structures at the production and exploitation stage. Describing the ultrasonic method, the focus was put on echo pulse technique and the use of modern Phased Array heads. Incompatibilities most frequently occurring and detected in composite materials with thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix were listed and described. A thermoplastic flat composite panel made of carbon pre-impregnate in a high-temperature matrix (over 300°C), which was the subject of the study, was described. The results of non-destructive testing (ultrasonic method) of thermoplastic panel were presented and conclusions were drawn.

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Öztekin, Hilal Filiz, Mustafa Gür, Serkan Erdem, and Mete Onur Kaman. "Effect of fiber type and thickness on mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composite plates reinforced with fabric plies." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2022.03161169.

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Studies on weight reduction in aviation and space vehicles have gained momentum recently. Thermoplastic matrix composite materials are important alternative materials, especially due to their high specific strength, formability and recyclability. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for different fiber and layer configurations. Thermoplastic composite materials used in the study were produced by lamination technique. In composite production; Glass fiber and carbon-aramid hybrid fabrics were used as fiber, and polyethylene granules were used as matrix. Thermoplastic sheets were obtained by keeping polyethylene granules and woven fibers in the hot press for a certain period of time. The damage behavior of the composite test specimens under tensile load was tested for the number of layers and fiber type. As the number of layers increased, stiffness, damage load and deformations increased in thermoplastic composites. Using hybrid fabric instead of glass as fiber material increased the maximum damage load by 100%.

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Song, Xincheng, Wenju Wang, Fufeng Yang, Guoping Wang, and Xiaoting Rui. "The study of enhancement of magnetorheological effect based on natural rubber/thermoplastic elastomer SEBS hybrid matrix." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19888790.

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Magnetorheological elastomers are one kind of smart materials which consist of matrix materials and magnetic particles. The mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomers were controllable under an external magnetic field. Applications of magnetorheological elastomers are limited as a result of their poor magnetorheological effect and mechanical performance, so enhancing the magnetorheological effect of them is critical for their application. Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer was added to natural rubber to fabricate hybrid matrix–based magnetorheological elastomers. Zero modulus of magnetorheological elastomers increased from 0.50 to 0.64 MPa and magnetorheological effect increased from 28.00% to 43.75% with the addition of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer. The contact angle of carbonyl iron particles with the matrix showed that styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomer can improve the compatibility of carbonyl iron particles with the matrix. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis has been carried out to investigate the internal structure of hybrid matrix–based magnetorheological elastomers.

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Zaragkas, Thomas, Spyridon Psarras, George Sotiriadis, and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Bearing Damage of a CF-LMPAEK Thermoplastic Composite." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010035.

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This study focuses on investigating the behavior of a thermoplastic matrix composite (Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK) under a bearing strength determination test. The specimens were subjected to a double-shear-bolted joint configuration tensile test, and the propagation of damage was monitored using extensometers. The research employs a technique that involves inelastic modelling and considers discrepancies in layer interfaces to better understand bearing damage propagation. In this context, cohesive modelling was utilized in all composite layers, and the Hashin damage propagation law was applied. The double-shear-bolted joint configuration chosen for the test revealed critical insights into the bearing strength determination of the Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK thermoplastic matrix composite. This comprehensive approach, combining inelastic modelling and considerations for layer interfaces, provided a nuanced understanding of the material’s response to bearing forces. The results of the study demonstrated that all specimens exhibited the desired type of bearing failure, characterized by severe delamination around the hole. Interestingly, the thermoplastic matrix composite showcased enhanced bearing properties compared to traditional thermoset materials. This observation underscores the potential advantages of thermoplastic composites in applications requiring robust bearing strength. One noteworthy aspect highlighted by the study is the inadequacy of current aerospace standards in prescribing the accumulation of bearing damage in thermoplastic composites. The research underscores the need for a more strategic modelling approach, particularly in cohesive modelling, to accurately capture the behavior of thermoplastic matrix composites under bearing forces. In summary, this investigation not only provides valuable insights into the bearing strength of Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK thermoplastic matrix composites, but also emphasizes the necessity for refining aerospace standards to address the specific characteristics and failure modes of these advanced materials.

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Li, Wen Yan, Hai Tao Cheng, and Shuang Bao Zhang. "Methods of Improving the Interfacial Compatibility of the Bamboo Fiber/Thermoplastic." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1130.

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Thermoplastic polymer composites reinforced by bamboo fiber are environmental friendly composites, which are made from fiber reinforced materials and thermoplastic matrix. In this paper, the interfacial compatibility of the bamboo fiber/thermoplastic and affected factors were briefly analyzed, and improving methods of the interfacial compatibility were introduced. The methods included bamboo fibers modification, thermoplastic resin chemical modification and adding compatibilizer.

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Dharmarajan, N., and L. G. Kaufman. "High Flow TPO Compounds Containing Branched EPDM Modifiers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 4 (September 1, 1998): 778–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538504.

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Abstract Polymer blends of ethylene-propylene elastomers and polypropylene plastics, referred to as thermoplastic olefins, are finding increasing use in automotive applications. The combination of attractive mechanical properties, low raw material cost and recyclability make these materials ideal substitutes for expensive engineering thermoplastics (polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate alloys) and nonrecyclable polyurethane systems. The primary application is in automotive bumper fascia. This paper describes the addition of long chain branched ethylene-propylene elastomers in thermoplastic olefin compounds containing a high flow polypropylene resin matrix. In such compounds, the modifier molecular architecture plays an important role in impact toughening. The results clearly indicate that linear modifiers such as traditional ethylene-propylene copolymers are ineffective in impact toughening, while long chain branched polymers provide enhanced impact resistance with a ductile failure mode in high flow polypropylenes.

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Sebaey, Tamer A., Mohamed Bouhrara, and Noel O’Dowd. "Fibre Alignment and Void Assessment in Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers Manufactured by Automated Tape Placement." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030473.

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Automated Tape Placement (ATP) technology is one of the processes that is used for the production of the thermoplastic composite materials. The ATP process is complex, requiring multiple melting/crystallization cycles. In the current paper, laser-assisted ATP was used to manufacture two thermoplastic composites (IM7/PEEK and AS4/PA12). Those specimens were compared to specimens that were made of thermoset polymeric composites (IM7/8552) manufactured while using a standard autoclave cycle. In order assess the quality, void content, fibre distribution, and fibre misalignment were measured. After manufacturing, specimens from the three materials were assessed using optical microscopy and computed tomography (CT) scans. The results showed that, as compared to the thermoset composites, thermoplastics that are manufactured by the ATP have a higher amount of voids. On the other hand, manufacturing using the ATP showed an improvement in both the fibre distribution inside the matrix and the fibre misalignment.

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Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan, S. M. Sapuan, Edi Syam Zainudin, A. A. Nuraini, and Arep Ariff Hambali. "Thermoplastic Matrix Material Selection Using Multi Criteria Decision Making Method for Hybrid Polymer Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (June 2014): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.439.

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Multi criteria decision making (MDCM) methods are amongst the approaches available in aiding composite designers to make the final decision especially during the material selection process where multiple solutions are present and various requirements are required to be satisfied simultaneously. Thus, in this paper, material selection process of thermoplastic matrix using MDCM methods for hybrid natural fiber/glass fiber polymer composites is presented. The aim is to identify the most suitable type of thermoplastic matrix to be used in the hybrid polymer composites formulation. The Weighted Sum Method (WSM) is applied in the selection process of seven candidate thermoplastic matrix materials based on the product design specifications. The overall analysis highlights that low density polyethylene (LDPE) is the preferred matrix for the intended application based on the highest scores obtained compared to other candidate materials. A signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis was further performed to validate the initial selection results where LDPE once again outperformed other candidate materials with highest S/N ratio score in the non-compensatory approach.

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Baibarac, M., A. Nila, I. Smaranda, M. Stroe, L. Stingescu, M. Cristea, R. C. Cercel, et al. "Optical, Structural, and Dielectric Properties of Composites Based on Thermoplastic Polymers of the Polyolefin and Polyurethane Type and BaTiO3 Nanoparticles." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040753.

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In this work, new films containing composite materials based on blends of thermoplastic polymers of the polyurethane (TPU) and polyolefin (TPO) type, in the absence and presence of BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) with the size smaller 100 nm, were prepared. The vibrational properties of the free films depending on the weight ratio of the two thermoplastic polymers were studied. Our results demonstrate that these films are optically active, with strong, broad, and adjustable photoluminescence by varying the amount of TPU. The crystalline structure of BaTiO3 and the influence of thermoplastic polymers on the crystallization process of these inorganic NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The vibrational changes induced in the thermoplastic polymer’s matrix of the BaTiO3 NPs were showcased by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. The incorporation of BaTiO3 NPs in the matrix of thermoplastic elastomers revealed the shift dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) band depending on the BaTiO3 NP concentration, which was capable of covering a wide visible spectral range. The dependencies of the dielectric relaxation phenomena with the weight of BaTiO3 NPs in thermoplastic polymers blends were also demonstrated.

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Ngo, Gia Viet. "Thermoplastic Characteristics of Polymer Composite Materials Used for the Manufacture of Ship Systems Pipelines." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.7.

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The article presents thermoplastic characteristics of polymer composite materials developed on domestic raw materials on a thermoplastic matrix-injection material of the VTP-7 brand based on polyaryl sulfones (polysulfone PSU) plastic and sheet material of the VKU-44 brand based on PSU and carbon unidirectional tape ELUR 0.08 PA. In the article, the author considered the modification method of thermoplastic polymers to impart functional properties and mechanisms of their action. It is shown that the developed materials have no analogues in the domestic industry. According to the level of physical and mechanical characteristics, fire-hazard properties and heat resistance, the developed polymer composite materials (PCM) fully meets the requirements for modern thermoplastic PCM, and is not inferior to foreign analogues.

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Yu, Meihong, Yongjie Zheng, and Jingzhi Tian. "Study on the biodegradability of modified starch/polylactic acid (PLA) composite materials." RSC Advances 10, no. 44 (2020): 26298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00274g.

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Sockol, Steve, Christoph Doerffel, Juliane Mehnert, Gerd Zwinzscher, Steffen Rein, Mirko Spieler, Lothar Kroll, and Wolfgang Nendel. "Ultrasonic-Impregnation for Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Prepreg Production." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.17.

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Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics have a high potential for big scale light weight process applications due to low processing times and recyclability. Further advantages are the low emissions during the manufacturing process and beneficial handling and storing properties of the semi finished materials. Thermoplastic composites are made of reinforcement fibers and a thermoplastic polymer matrix by applying two essential sub processes: (1) melting of the matrix-material and (2) impregnating the textile component with molten matrix-material. At present state of art both sub-processes are applied by using double-belt-presses, characterized by high processing temperatures and high processing forces. Therefore, a large amount of energy is needed to create the necessarily high compaction forces and temperatures with hydraulic cylinders and electric heating. Convection, infrared-radiation and the cooling (dynamic) of tempered machine parts leads to a significant dissipation of energy. Especially the process for generating the hydraulic pressure has a low level of efficiency. Therefore, in respect to economic and ecologic reasons, novel energy-efficient impregnation processes need to be investigated and developed. The represented novel impregnation process is based on ultrasonic technology. A stack of polymer film (outer layers) and a textile ply (inner layer) is formed and the energy is applied with an ultrasonic sonotrode. The efficient, fast and strongly concentrated energy application into the thermoplastic films allows the development of novel and highly flexible machine concepts. These can be used for development of small scale up to large scale production processes. The ultrasonic-technology allows a continuous impregnation of the textile component with molten matrix-material. A custom-designed prototype was developed. First material samples were produced and the technological parameters studied. A characterization of the experimental results, material samples, prototype machine and process is the focus of this paper.

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Anoshkin, A. N., Pavel V. Pisarev, and G. S. Shipunov. "Prediction of the Mechanical Characteristics of Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Materials Used in Aviation." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.801.

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Within the framework of the present work, the results of calculation and experimental studies of the mechanical characteristics of textile composites with a thermoplastic matrix are presented. A software module and a numerical model for calculating the effective elastic characteristics of composite materials with a thermoplastic matrix are developed. At the heart of the developed software module implemented in the engineering package ANSYS, the method of averaging by volume, integrated into ANSYS Mechanical, is applied. Based on the results of numerical experiments, effective elastic characteristics for a periodicity cell with an interlacing of 5H Satin and a layered composite material were determined. The verification of the developed numerical models has been carried out.

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Прут, Eduard Prut, Черкашина, Natalya Cherkashina, Ястребинская, and Anna Yastrebinskaya. "DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 1, no. 12 (November 11, 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22761.

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This paper presents data on the development of polymer composite materials based on thermoplastic elastomers. As starting materials for the synthesis of the matrix components were selected as follows: isotactic polypropylene and ternary ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer (EPDM). Diene component in EPDM are ethylidene norbornene composition in an amount of 4-5%. Dynamic vulcanization was carried out using the elastomer element sulfur. The filler polymer composite materials used silica gel with dimethyl polysiloxane. Synthesis was carried out by filling the sol-gel technology. The filler content in the composite varied from 10 to 80% by weight. Mixing of filler and the matrix was performed in a laboratory twin-rotor mixer, type "Brabender". It is found that the maximum possible filler content of the matrix used was 80%. With the introduction of more filler mixing of the components it has been difficult. When the filler content from 10 to 70% of parameters such as tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of longitudinal elasticity increasing and administered at higher filler and 80 wt%. markedly reduced. Thus, it can be concluded that the content of filler in the composite is 70%. Further research should be directed to the evaluation of the radiation resistance of the developed composite materials.

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31

Ghasemi Nejhad, M. N., R. D. Cope, and S. I. Gu¨c¸eri. "Thermal Analysis of In-Situ Thermoplastic-Matrix Composite Filament Winding." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910562.

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In filament winding of thermoplastics, localized melting/solidification can reduce the residual stresses and allow for improved dimensional stability and performance. This paper presents a three-dimensional thermal analysis for melting and consolidating impregnated tows in the presence of a local heat source during filament winding of thermoplastic composites. The analysis is performed using an Eulerian approach. The anisotropy of the filament wound woven structure is modeled as an orthotropic domain employing the concept of angle-ply sublaminates. The effective orthotropic conductivity tensor incorporates the effect of winding angle. The governing equations are discretized in a nonuniform mesh domain and solved using a finite difference approach. The processing parameters, such as winding angle, winding speed, and heat input, as well as material properties, are incorporated into the analysis. The results show large thermal gradients in the vicinity of the consolidation point. The effects of winding speed and heat input are investigated, and the overall thermal characterization of the process is discussed. The accuracy of the numerical method is assessed by comparing the results of a test problem with an available analytical solution.

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Alfonso, A., J. Andrés, and J. A. García. "Study of the Proper Sintering Conditions of Anionically-Polymerized Polyamide 6 Matrices for the Fabrication of Greencomposites." Materials Science Forum 713 (February 2012): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.713.121.

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The present research work assesses the manufacture of long fiber thermoplastic matrix composite materials (GreenComposites). Thermoplastic matrices are too viscous to be injected into the conventional LCM (Liquid Composite Molding) molds, and then epoxy, polyester or vinylester resins are used. Nevertheless, the groundbreaking anionic polymerization of caprolactam allows such a synthesis of a thermoplastic APA6 matrix inside the mold. This matrix is sintered from the starting monomers, and presents high mechanical performance and recyclability. In order to do the reactive injection in a LCM mold, it is necessary to control the polymerization mechanism of such a thermoplastic matrix. This paper puts special emphasis on detecting and solving all problems which arose during synthesis. For instance, moisture values were assessed for all starting reactants, since humidity keeps polymerization from occurring. It is thought that once the synthesis and the resulting material characterization are well controlled, the manufacture of GreenComposites through in situ polymerization, as well as addition of state-of-the-art fabrics such as basalt, can proceed successfully.

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33

Cebe, Peggy. "Review of Recent Developments in Poly(Phenylene Sulphide)." Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 4 (May 1995): 239–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300401.

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An extensive review of recent developments in the synthesis, crystallization, structure and morphology of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) polymers is presented. There has been a vast proliferation of knowledge about such thermoplastic matrix materials and the more important findings are now discussed, mainly for the literature period 1985 onward. New understandings have emerged about the amorphous phase and its impact on polymer properties. Considerable data have been reported on the thermal properties of PPS too. PPS is expected to hold its position as one of the more important thermoplastics and to attract further research interest.

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Diaz, G. "Comment on ?Carbon fibre-thermoplastic matrix adhesion?" Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 10 (October 1988): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720819.

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Cebe, Peggy. "Review of Recent Developments in Poly(Phenylene Sulphide)." Engineering Plastics 3, no. 4 (January 1995): 147823919500300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919500300401.

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An extensive review of recent developments in the synthesis, crystallization, structure and morphology of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) polymers is presented. There has been a vast proliferation of knowledge about such thermoplastic matrix materials and the more important findings are now discussed, mainly for the literature period 1985 onward. New understandings have emerged about the amorphous phase and its impact on polymer properties. Considerable data have been reported on the thermal properties of PPS too. PPS is expected to hold its position as one of the more important thermoplastics and to attract further research interest.

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Miller, A., and A. G. Gibson. "Impregnation Techniques for Thermoplastic Matrix Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 4, no. 7 (October 1996): 459–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119600400701.

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This paper reviews the techniques available for the impregnation of reinforcing fibres with thermoplastic resins. The key material factors influencing the achievement of impregnation are outlined and the current impregnation technologies are discussed. The techniques are divided into two categories: those that aim to reduce the viscosity in order to achieve rapid impregnation, the pre-impregnation processes, and the processes that attempt to reduce the distance that the resin is required to flow, which involve intimate mixing of constituents prior to melting, the mingling processes. The techniques used to mingle fine polymer powder and continuous fibres are examined and the various elements of a powder impregnation line are reviewed. Applications of powder impregnated composites are also discussed.

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Chervakov, D. O., O. S. Sverdlikovska, and O. V. Chervakov. "Development of thermoplastic composite materials based on modified polypropylene." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (May 2021): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-136-3-145-149.

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To improve the physical-mechanical and thermophysical properties of polypropylene-based thermoplastic composite materials, we performed modification of a polymer matrix by reactive extrusion of polypropylene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide and polysiloxane polyols. Modified polypropylene was compounded with basalt, carbon, and para-aramide reinforcing fillers in a screw-disc extruder. It was established that the reinforcement of modified polypropylene by basalt fibers ensured a 110% increase in tensile strength. The reinforcement of modified polypropylene by carbon fibers allowed fabricating thermoplastic composite materials with tensile strength increased by 14%. The maximum reinforcing effect was observed by using para-aramide fibers as reinforcing fibers for modified polypropylene with tensile strength increased by 30% as compared with initial polypropylene. It was determined that the obtained thermoplastic composite materials based on modified polypropylene can be processed into products by the most productive methods (extrusion and injection molding). The developed materials exhibited improved thermal stability. The proposed ways of modification methods provide substantial improvement in physical-mechanical and thermophysical properties of modified polypropylene-based thermoplastic composite materials as compared with initial polypropylene. In addition, they ensure a significant increase in service properties of the products prepared from thermoplastic composite materials based on modified polypropylene.

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Han, Liu, Yao Song, Hui Qi, Jin-Shui Yang, Shuang Li, and Ping-An Liu. "A Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Open-Hole Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composite Materials." Polymers 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15224468.

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In this paper, the damage initiation/propagation mechanisms and failure modes of open-hole carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites and thermosetting composites with tension, compression, and bearing loads are investigated, respectively, by experiments and finite element simulations. The experimental evaluations are performed on the specimens using the Combined Loading Compression (CLC) test method, the tensile test method, and the single-shear test method. The differences in macroscopic damage initiation, evolution mode, and damage characteristics between thermoplastic composite materials and thermosetting composite material open-hole structures are obtained and analyzed under compressive load. Based on scanning electron microscope SEM images, a comparative analysis is conducted on the micro-failure modes of fibers, matrices, and fiber/matrix interfaces in the open-hole structures of thermoplastic and thermosetting composites under compressive load. The differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting composites were analyzed from the micro-failure mechanism. Finally, based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), a damage model is also developed for predicting the initiation and propagation of damage in thermoplastic composites. The model, which can capture fiber breakage and matrix crack, as well as the nonlinear response, is used to conduct virtual compression tests, tensile test, and single-shear test, respectively. Numerical simulation results are compared with the extracted experimental results. The displacement-load curve and failure modes match the experimental result, which indicates that the finite element model has good reliability.

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Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030782.

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Currently, plastics and rubbers are broadly being used to produce a wide range of products for several applications like automotive, building and construction, material handling, packaging, toys, etc. However, their waste (materials after their end of life) do not degrade and remain for a long period of time in the environment. The increase of polymeric waste materials’ generation (plastics and rubbers) in the world led to the need to develop suitable methods to reuse these waste materials and decrease their negative effects by simple disposal into the environment. Combustion and landfilling as traditional methods of polymer waste elimination have several disadvantages such as the formation of dust, fumes, and toxic gases in the air, as well as pollution of underground water resources. From the point of energy consumption and environmental issues, polymer recycling is the most efficient way to manage these waste materials. In the case of rubber recycling, the waste rubber can go through size reduction, and the resulting powders can be melt blended with thermoplastic resins to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) compounds. TPE are multi-functional polymeric materials combining the processability of thermoplastics and the elasticity of rubbers. However, these materials show poor mechanical performance as a result of the incompatibility and immiscibility of most polymer blends. Therefore, the main problem associated with TPE production from recycled materials via melt blending is the low affinity and interaction between the thermoplastic matrix and the crosslinked rubber. This leads to phase separation and weak adhesion between both phases. In this review, the latest developments related to recycled rubbers in TPE are presented, as well as the different compatibilisation methods used to improve the adhesion between waste rubbers and thermoplastic resins. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Huang, Yucheng, Yang Zheng, Amrita Sarkar, Yanmei Xu, Morgan Stefik, and Brian C. Benicewicz. "Matrix-Free Polymer Nanocomposite Thermoplastic Elastomers." Macromolecules 50, no. 12 (June 6, 2017): 4742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00873.

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Boria, Simonetta, and Alessandro Scattina. "Energy absorption capability of laminated plates made of fully thermoplastic composite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 8 (February 19, 2018): 1389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218760059.

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The behaviour of composites materials, made of synthetic fibres embedded in a thermoplastic resin, subjected to low velocity impacts, was largely studied in the past. However, in the last years, the use of thermoplastic composites has been increased due to the considerable advantages in terms of recyclability of this family of materials. Thermoplastic composites are composed of polymers with different material’s structure if compared to the more traditional thermoset composite. Consequently, the behaviour of these materials can be different in some loading conditions. Moreover, considering the wide range of thermoplastic composites that have been developed in the last years, the study of the behaviour of these materials, in case of impact, has not been yet widely analysed, in particular considering materials where both the matrix and the reinforcement are made of thermoplastic. In this perspective, the goal of this work is to study the behaviour of a new thermoplastic composite (PURE thermoplastic) in conditions of low velocity impact. In this material, the matrix and the fibre reinforcement are made of polypropylene both. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation. In particular, a series of impact tests with a drop dart equipment have been carried out on laminates made of PURE thermoplastic. Laminates with different thicknesses have been taken into consideration. The influence of the impact conditions on the material’s behaviour has been investigated and the capability of energy absorption has been studied. The PURE thermoplastic showed a different behaviour in terms of energy absorption and damage mechanisms if compared to the composites presented in the literature. The thickness of the laminate has had influence on the deformation and the damage mechanism of the specimens: with low thickness, the perforation of the specimen has been obtained, whereas, with the higher thickness, the specimens have shown a ductile behaviour and extended plasticity without crack tip. The contact force between the dart and the specimen has been influenced by the energy level of the impact, but with an opposite trend if compared to that of the composites studied in the literature.

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Ijaz, M., M. Robinson, P. N. H. Wright, and A. G. Gibson. "Vacuum Consolidation of Commingled Thermoplastic Matrix Composites." Journal of Composite Materials 41, no. 2 (March 23, 2006): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998306063793.

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43

Cañavate, J., P. Casas, F. Carrillo, F. Nogués, and X. Colom. "Thermoplastic elastomers including ground tyre rubber in a thermoplastic matrix." World Journal of Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.8.2.165.

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Disposal of end of life tyres is regulated in many countries. The enormous amount produced every year needs the research of new ways of recycling. A common practice previous to any treatment is the grinding of the tyres by specialized companies producing ground tyre rubber powder. Several attempts to include this powder in polymeric matrixes have been developed, mainly resulting in a lack of compatibility of the components. In this paper we propose a new composite including GTR and EPDM in a HDPE matrix. The use of peroxides to produce crosslinking produces a thermoelastomeric material suitable for industrial applications.

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Koroteeva, L. I., A. V. Sharonov, P. A. Astakhov, N. A. Mironov, and A. V. Sergeeva. "The Design of Composite Materials of Prescribed Structure and Properties." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (July 2017): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400704.

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The structure and properties of a composite material (basalt-fibre-reinforced plastic) reinforced by chaotically distributed discrete fibres were determined at the design stage with account taken of the fibre diameter, the critical length of the fibres, the arrangement of fibres within the matrix, and the stress distribution over the length of the fibres. The results of calculation were used in the manufacture of specimens of thermoplastic polymeric material by the developed technology. The given results of experimental investigation of specimens of the thermoplastic material showed that the calculated values of the properties of the composite differ little from experimental values.

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Adeniran, Olusanmi, Weilong Cong, and Kayode Oluwabunmi. "Thermoplastic matrix material influences on the mechanical performance of additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic composites." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 9 (March 4, 2022): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221077345.

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Materials design and development continue to be more relevant as applications continue to rise for additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastic (CFRP) composites. Plastic matrixes bond and protect the fiber and help to transfer load through the composite to support intended applications. This makes it more necessary to understand the influences of thermoplastic matrixes on the mechanical performance of the composites fabricated through the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. This study investigated Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) and Polyamide (PA) matrixes, which represent the bulk of the amorphous and semicrystalline engineering-grade thermoplastics matrixes, respectively, used in CFRP composite applications. Mechanical properties: tensile, compression, flexural, and thermal properties were examined, with the results showing the thermoplastic matrixes compositions and morphologies influences on the mechanical properties. The CF-PA was found to offer superior strength, ductility, and toughness because of their close-packed ordered lamellar matrix morphology, while the CF-ABS was found to offer superior modulus because of their loose morphology which more easily rearrange in reaction to stress upon elastic deformation. The mechanical properties results were reinforced by the fracture failure modes and the thermal analysis results which showed the CF-PA composite’s ability to withstand higher mechanical performance and temperatures before failure.

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Beaudoin, E., B. Abecassis, D. Constantin, J. Degrouard, and P. Davidson. "Strain-controlled fluorescence polarization in a CdSe nanoplatelet–block copolymer composite." Chemical Communications 51, no. 19 (2015): 4051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07617f.

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Khanjar, Saleh, Srimanta Barui, Kunal Kate, and Kameswara Pavan Kumar Ajjarapu. "An Investigation into Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic-Thermoset Mixed-Matrix Composites: Synergistic Effects of Thermoplastic Skeletal Lattice Geometries and Thermoset Properties." Materials 17, no. 17 (September 9, 2024): 4426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17174426.

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This study aims to develop thermoplastic (TP) and thermoset (TS) based mixed matrix composite using design dependent physical compatibility. Using thermoplastic-based (PLA) skeletal lattices with diverse patterns (gyroid and grid) and different infill densities (10% and 20%) followed by infiltration of two different thermoset resin systems (epoxy and polyurethane-based) using a customized FDM 3D printer equipped with a resin dispensing unit, the optimised design and TP-TS material combination was established for best mechanical performance. Under uniaxial tensile stress, the failure modes of TP gyroid structures with polyurethane-based composites included ‘fiber pull-out’, interfacial debonding and fiber breakage, while epoxy based mixed matrix composites with all design variants demonstrated brittle failure. Higher elongation (higher area under curve) was observed in 20% infilled gyroid patterned composite with polyurethane matrix indicating the capability of operation in mechanical shock absorption application. Electron microscopy-based fractography analysis revealed that thermoset matrix properties governed the fracture modes for the thermoplastic phase. This work focused on the strategic optimisation of both toughness and stiffness of mixed matrix composite components for rapid fabrication of construction materials.

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Yassin, Khaled, and Mehdi Hojjati. "Processing of thermoplastic matrix composites through automated fiber placement and tape laying methods." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 12 (November 26, 2017): 1676–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738305.

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Fiber-reinforced composite materials are replacing metallic components due to their higher specific strength and stiffness. Automation and thermoplastics emerged to overcome the time and labor intensive manual techniques and the long curing cycles associated with processing thermoset-based composites. Thermoplastics are processed through fusion bonding which involves applying heat and pressure at the interface. Together with automated techniques (such as automated fiber placement, and automated tape laying), a fast, clean, out-of-autoclave, and automated process can be obtained. A detailed review of thermoplastic composites processing through automated methods is presented. It sheds the light on the materials used and the different heat sources incorporated with the pros and cons of each, with concentration mainly on hot gas torch, laser, and ultrasonic heating. A thorough illustration of the several mechanisms involved in a tow/tape placement process is tackled such as heat transfer, intimate contact development, molecular interdiffusion, void consolidation and growth, thermal degradation, crystallization, and so on. Few gaps and recommendations are included related to materials, laser heat source, heat transfer model, and the use of silicone rubber rollers. A review of optimization studies for tape placement processes is summarized including the main controllable variables and product quality parameters (or responses), with some of the major findings for laser and hot gas torch systems being presented. Both mechanical and physical characterizations are also reviewed including several testing techniques such as short beam shear, double cantilever beam, lap shear, wedge peel, differential scanning calorimetry, and so on. Challenges, however, still exist, such as achieving the autoclave-level mechanical properties and complying with the porosity levels required by the aerospace industry. More work is still necessary to overcome these challenges as well as increase the throughput of the process before it can be totally commercialized.

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Mashukov, N. I., Albina M. Altueva, Galina M. Danilova-Volkovskaya, and Gennady B. Shustov. "The Magneto-Dimensional Transformation Properties of the Ultradispersed Metallic Media as a Mechanism for Managing the Macrodynamic Features of Crystallizing Thermoplastic Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.292.

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The work considers the main elements of the magneto-dimensional transformation properties in the ultradispersed metallic media (UDM) as a nanomodifier in the process of the formation of nanocompositional polymeric materials (NCPM) based on polyolefins () from a melt. It has been shown that UDM nanoparticles in a melt under the influence and interaction with a thermoplastic matrix are capable of transforming their magnetic properties (to the level of superparamagnetic), structural-dimensional parameters, and chemical potential. With this mutual influence, the nanomodifier has an active effect on the thermoplastic melt at all stages of the formation of the structure-property relationship: structureless ensembles of macromolecules → formation of clusters (domains), lamellas, crystallites → formation of a network of intermolecular entanglements → crystallization of the thermoplastic matrix → transition to a condensed state. An important component of the formation of a fine-crystalline anisotropic NCPM structure is the intramatrix orientation of the structural elements of the thermoplastic in the melt under the influence of the magneto-dimensional transformable manifestations of the nanomodifier. A consequence of the formation of a fine-crystalline anisotropic structure of the NCPM is an increased level of a complex of physicochemical properties (such as deformation-strength, rheological, etc.). An assumption is made about the possibility of the formation of coherent wave packets from clusters (domains) and lamellas of crystallites of matrix thermoplastic with a minimum three-dimensional geometry under the action of superparamagnetic forces of nanoparticles of the nanomodifier.

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Adumitroaie, Adi, Fedor Antonov, Aleksey Khaziev, Andrey Azarov, Mikhail Golubev, and Valery V. Vasiliev. "Novel Continuous Fiber Bi-Matrix Composite 3-D Printing Technology." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183011.

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A new paradigm in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer fused filament fabrication based on a thermoset-thermoplastic bi-matrix material system is proposed and proved. This totally new 3-D printing concept has the potential to overcome the drawbacks and to combine the advantages of separate thermoset and thermoplastic-based, fused filament fabrication methods and to advance continuous fiber-reinforced polymer 3-D printing toward higher mechanical performances of 3-D printed parts. The novel bi-matrix 3-D printing method and preliminary results related to the 3-D printed composite microstructure and performances are reported.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermoplastic Matrix Materials'

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