Journal articles on the topic 'Thermoplastic composites'
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Periasamy, Kailashbalan, Everson Kandare, Raj Das, Maryam Darouie, and Akbar A. Khatibi. "Interfacial Engineering Methods in Thermoplastic Composites: An Overview." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020415.
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The paper critically analyzed different interfacial enhancing methods used in thermoplastic composites. Although the absence of cross-linked polymer chains and chemical bonds on solidification enables the thermoplastics to be remelted, it creates weak interfacial adhesion between fibre reinforcements and the thermoplastic matrix. The weak fibre-matrix interface bonding reduces the efficiency with which the applied load can be transferred between these composite constituents, causing the composite to fail prematurely. Their need for high-temperature processing, poor compatibility with other polymer matrices, and relatively high viscosity render thermoplastics challenging when used to manufacture composite laminates. Therefore, various methods, including nanoparticles, changing the polarity of the fibre surface by plasma etching, chemical treatment with ozone, or an oxidative attack at the fibre surface, have been applied to improve the fibre/matrix bonding in thermoplastic composites. The fabrication steps followed in these techniques, their progress in research, and the associated toughening mechanisms are comprehensively discussed in this paper. The effect of different fibre-matrix interfacial enhancement methods on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites is also deliberated.
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PANNEERSELVAM, K., S. ARAVINDAN, and A. NOORUL HAQ. "H-8 JOINING OF THERMOPLASTICS AND THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES(Session: Welding / Joining)." Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.144.
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Bona, Anna. "Theoretical and Experimental Review of Applied Mechanical Tests for Carbon Composites with Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2019, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2019-0023.
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Abstract This article has a theoretical and experimental character. It presents the characteristics of two main thermoplastics used in the aerospace industry – poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly phenylene sulphide (PPS). The selected materials are compounds for the production of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites. The paper presents a literature review of the application of thermoplastic polymer matrix composite materials in aviation. Additionally, the paper focuses on the characteristics of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) which plays an important role in the production of aerospace components. Testing methods have been chosen on the basis of the type of composite matrix. The article contains the most important mechanical properties and general characteristics of thermoplastics used as a matrix for CFRP type composites used in the aerospace industry. Individual test procedures which allow for the evaluation of mechanical properties of composite materials on a thermoplastic polymer matrix, have been described. Mechanical tests such as static tensile test and bending of short beams were carried out in order to examine CFRP composites.
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Mat Rasat, Mohd Sukhairi, Razak Wahab, Amran Shafie, Ahmad Mohd Yunus AG., Mahani Yusoff, Sitti Fatimah Mhd. Ramle, and Zulhisyam A.K. "Effect of Wood-Fiber Geometry Size on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Fiber from Neolamarckia Cadamba Species Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v1i1.669.
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Using natural wood-fiber as reinforcement in commercial thermoplastics is gaining momentum due to its high specific properties and renewable resources. In this study, the effect of wood particle geometry size on mechanical properties of thermoplastics composite was investigated. The wood species that has been chosen is Kelempayan species (Neolamarckia cadamba) and reinforced with polypropylene using fiber geometry size of 75 and 250 ?m. Thermoplastic composites were produced from two types of ratio (30:70 and 10:90) between wood-fiber and polypropylene. Static bending and tensile strength were tested. The result showed that wood-fiber from 75 ?m geometry sizes with ratio of 30:70 between wood-fiber and polypropylene was most suitable in producing thermoplastic composites. The geometry sizes of wood particle as well as the ratio between wood-fiber and polypropylene were found to influence the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites.
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Rodriguez, Patrick A., and Donald W. Radford. "A DMA-Based Approach to Quality Evaluation of Digitally Manufactured Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Thermoplastic Commingled Tow." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020061.
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Direct digital manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics exhibits the potential to relieve many of the constraints placed on the current design and manufacture of composite structures. At present, the additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics is demonstrated to varying extents; however, a comprehensive investigation of manufacturing defects and the quality of additively manufactured high fiber volume fraction continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites is limited. Considering the preliminary nature of the additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, composites processed in this manner are typically subject to various manufacturing defects, including excessive void content in the thermoplastic matrix. Generally, quality evaluation of processed composites in the literature is limited to test methods that are largely influenced by the properties of the continuous fiber reinforcement, and as such, defects in the thermoplastic matrix are usually less impactful on the results and are often overlooked. Hardware to facilitate the direct digital manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites was developed, and specimens were successfully processed with intentionally varied void content. The quality of the additively manufactured specimens was then evaluated in terms of the measured maximum storage modulus, maximum loss modulus, damping factor and the glass transition temperature by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA allows for thermomechanical (i.e., highly matrix sensitive) evaluation of the composite specimens, specifically in terms of the measured elastic storage modulus, viscous loss modulus, damping factor and the glass transition temperature. Within the tested range of void contents from roughly 4–10%, evaluation by DMA resulted in a distinct reduction in the maximum measured storage modulus, maximum loss modulus and glass transition temperature with increasing void content, while the damping factor increased. Thus, the results of this work, which focused on the effect of void content on DMA measured properties, have demonstrated that DMA exhibits multi-faceted sensitivity to the presence of voids in the additively manufactured continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic specimens.
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Köhler, Thomas, Tim Röding, Thomas Gries, and Gunnar Seide. "An Overview of Impregnation Methods for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.473.
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Carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) can be classified according to whether the matrix is a thermoset or a thermoplastic. Thermoset-matrix composites are by tradition far more common, but thermoplastic-matrix composites are gaining in importance. There are several techniques for combining carbon fibres with a thermoplastic-matrix system. The composite’s characteristics as well as its manufacturing costs are dependent on the impregnation technique of the carbon fibre and the textile structure respectively. Carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) are suitable for fast and economic production of high-performance components. Despite the higher material costs thermoplastic-matrix systems show cost benefits in comparison to thermoset-matrix due to substantial time savings in the production process. Moreover CFRTPs can be manufactured in large production runs. The commingling of reinforcement fibres with matrix fibres is a well-established process. Another approach is the coating of the carbon fibre with a thermoplastic subsequent to the carbon fibre production (carbonization, activation and deposition of sizing). The latter point is currently subject of research and is a promising method for further increasing the production speed. This paper presents the different possibilities of impregnating carbon fibres with a thermoplastic matrix. Diverse technologies along the process chain of the CFRTP production will be discussed.
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Vellguth, Natalie, Tanja Rudeck, Madina Shamsuyeva, Franz Renz, and Hans Josef Endres. "Thermal Stability of Natural Fibers via Thermoset Coating for Application in Engineering Thermoplastics." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.433.
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An effective integration of natural fibers into engineering thermoplastics requires sufficient thermal stability of natural fibers during processing, since melting temperature of engineering thermoplastics lies above 200 °C. The aim of the work was to protect natural fibers from the heat of the molten thermoplastic via coating with a modified epoxy resin, thus enabling manufacture of natural fiber-reinforced engineering thermoplastic composites with minimized thermal degradation of the fibers. Processing temperature comprised the range of engineering thermoplastic polyamide 6 (PA6), which was 225 °C. Flax fabrics were spray coated with partially bio-based epoxy resin and incorporated via hot press technique into a PA6 matrix. The composite samples including spray coated flax fibers as well as the reference flax fibers without coating were characterized with regard to their mechanical properties, namely bending and tensile tests, thermal properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and optical via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer tomography (CT). The results show that this approach enables manufacture of composites with reproducible mechanical properties, i.e. bending and tensile properties as well as enhanced thermal stabilities.
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James, M. R., and D. P. Anderson. "Determination of Crystallinity in Graphite Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010387.
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Interest in advanced thermoplastic composites for use in high performance structures stems from their order of magnitude improvement in fracture toughness and delamination resistance over epoxy based composites, their strong solvent resistance, and the possibility of dramatically lower fabrication costs through processing flexibility. The chemical and mechanical properties of semicrystalline thermoplastics depend on the morphology of the material, such as the crystallinity content and spherulite size. We describe here the use of x-ray diffraction to characterize the degree of crystallinity of the polyetheretherketone-graphite composite system, a leading thermoplastic candidate for use in aerospace vehicles. In reflection, diffraction from the microcrystalline graphite fibers dominates the scattered signal and must be adequately accounted for. The technique is useful on large samples and for quality control. In transmission, the graphite signal is weak, thus simplifying data analysis; however, sample thickness must be limited.
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Wang, Qiushi, Haibin Ning, Uday Vaidya, Selvum Pillay, and Leigh-Ann Nolen. "Fiber content measurement for carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites using carbonization-in-nitrogen method." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 1 (December 8, 2016): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716679481.
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Carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites are gaining increasing interest in various applications thanks to their combined properties of high specific stiffness, high specific strength, and superior toughness. Their mechanical properties are highly dependent on the carbon fiber content. In this study, the carbonization-in-nitrogen method (CIN) developed in previous work is used to measure the fiber content of carbon fiber thermoplastic composites. Three types of carbon fiber thermoplastic composite samples were prepared using hot-melt impregnation. The carbon fiber thermoplastic composite sample is carbonized in a nitrogen environment alongside a neat resin sample that is used for calibrating the resin carbonization percentage. A good agreement is achieved between the nominal carbon fiber content and the carbon fiber content measured using the CIN method. It is concluded that the CIN method is an accurate and efficient way to characterize the carbon fiber content for carbon fiber thermoplastic composites. This work completes the verification of the CIN method, which enables extended application to thermoplastic composites. Moreover, it has its unique merits on evaluating the carbon fiber content for high-temperature and solvent-resistant thermoplastic composites that would encounter challenges using other methods.
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Perrin, Henri, Masoud Bodaghi, Vincent Berthé, Sébastien Klein, and Régis Vaudemont. "On the Hot-Plate Welding of Reactively Compatibilized Acrylic-Based Composites/Polyamide (PA)-12." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020691.
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Joining of dissimilar thermoplastics and their composites is a challenge for thermal welding techniques due to different melting points. Reactive welding with an auxiliary functional material can offer the clear opportunities to develop joining processes due to robustness to joining dissimilar thermoplastic polymers and their composites. The current study employed reactive compatibilization to offer the possibility of joining an acrylic-based glass fiber composite to polyamide (PA)-12 by applying a hot-tool welding technique. For this purpose, composite plates are fabricated by a typical vacuum infusion and thin layer thermoplastic films are formed by a thermostamping of PA12 granules. Subsequently, the reactive welding of the interposed PA12 sheet and Elium®-GMA-Glass composite is conducted by hot-plate welding. A glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a compatibilizing agent is copolymerized with methyl methacrylate Elium® resin. During the hot-tool welding process of dissimilar thermoplastic material, GMA can react with the polyamide end groups. The heat distribution at the Elium® GMA/PA-12 interface is responsible for obtaining a strong joint. This study focuses on the functionality of the compatibilizer on the welding of acrylic-based composites with polyamide (PA)-12 while varying the assembly temperature. The flatwise tensile test proved the effectiveness of GMA on the interface bounding. The excellent bounding incompatible polymers Elium® resin (PMMA) and PA12 was achieved at 200 °C.
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Adeniran, Olusanmi, Weilong Cong, and Kayode Oluwabunmi. "Thermoplastic matrix material influences on the mechanical performance of additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic composites." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 9 (March 4, 2022): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221077345.
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Materials design and development continue to be more relevant as applications continue to rise for additively manufactured carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastic (CFRP) composites. Plastic matrixes bond and protect the fiber and help to transfer load through the composite to support intended applications. This makes it more necessary to understand the influences of thermoplastic matrixes on the mechanical performance of the composites fabricated through the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. This study investigated Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) and Polyamide (PA) matrixes, which represent the bulk of the amorphous and semicrystalline engineering-grade thermoplastics matrixes, respectively, used in CFRP composite applications. Mechanical properties: tensile, compression, flexural, and thermal properties were examined, with the results showing the thermoplastic matrixes compositions and morphologies influences on the mechanical properties. The CF-PA was found to offer superior strength, ductility, and toughness because of their close-packed ordered lamellar matrix morphology, while the CF-ABS was found to offer superior modulus because of their loose morphology which more easily rearrange in reaction to stress upon elastic deformation. The mechanical properties results were reinforced by the fracture failure modes and the thermal analysis results which showed the CF-PA composite’s ability to withstand higher mechanical performance and temperatures before failure.
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Sebaey, Tamer A., Mohamed Bouhrara, and Noel O’Dowd. "Fibre Alignment and Void Assessment in Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers Manufactured by Automated Tape Placement." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030473.
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Automated Tape Placement (ATP) technology is one of the processes that is used for the production of the thermoplastic composite materials. The ATP process is complex, requiring multiple melting/crystallization cycles. In the current paper, laser-assisted ATP was used to manufacture two thermoplastic composites (IM7/PEEK and AS4/PA12). Those specimens were compared to specimens that were made of thermoset polymeric composites (IM7/8552) manufactured while using a standard autoclave cycle. In order assess the quality, void content, fibre distribution, and fibre misalignment were measured. After manufacturing, specimens from the three materials were assessed using optical microscopy and computed tomography (CT) scans. The results showed that, as compared to the thermoset composites, thermoplastics that are manufactured by the ATP have a higher amount of voids. On the other hand, manufacturing using the ATP showed an improvement in both the fibre distribution inside the matrix and the fibre misalignment.
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Eksen, Melis Meldem. "Production and characterization of basalt fiber/pet composites." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 6, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.03264267.
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The use of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials is increasing day by day due to their high strength and recyclability. In addition to these superior advantages, high melt viscosity is among the disadvantages of these materials because it makes reinforcement absorption difficult. This problem can be solved by using hybrid yarns in which reinforcement and thermoplastic fibers are homogeneously mixed for the production of thermoplastic composites. This study, it was aimed to prepare basalt fiber/PET hybrid yarns containing basalt fiber in different volume ratios by air-jet mixing method and to prepare thermoplastic composite materials by pressing from fabrics woven from hybrid yarns. By determining the mechanical properties of basalt fiber/PET thermoplastic composites prepared to contain basalt fiber in different proportions by volume, the effects of basalt fiber amount in hybrid yarn blends on the mechanical properties of the composite material were examined and the most appropriate basalt fiber amount was determined.
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Kang, Chang-Soo, Hyun-Kyu Shin, Yong-Sik Chung, Min-Kang Seo, and Bo-Kyung Choi. "Manufacturing of Carbon Fibers/Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites via Induction-Heating Molding: Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Flammability." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214587.
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Conventional thermosetting composites exhibit advantageous mechanical properties owing to the use of an autoclave; however, their wide usage is limited by high production costs and long molding times. In contrast, the fabrication of thermoplastic composites involves out-of-autoclave processes that use press equipment. In particular, induction-heating molding facilitates a quicker thermal cycle, reduced processing time, and improved durability of the thermoplastic polymers; thus, the process cost and production time can be reduced. In this study, carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide thermoplastic composites were manufactured using induction-heating molding, and the relationships among the process, structure, and mechanical properties were investigated. The composites were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, an ultrasonic C-scan, and X-ray computed tomography. In addition, the composites were subjected to flammability tests. This study provides novel insights into the optimization of thermoplastic composite manufacturing and thermoset composite curing processes.
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Shen, Ziling, Zhi Ye, Kailin Li, and Chusheng Qi. "Effects of Coupling Agent and Thermoplastic on the Interfacial Bond Strength and the Mechanical Properties of Oriented Wood Strand–Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 13, no. 23 (December 5, 2021): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234260.
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Wood–plastic composites (WPC) with good mechanical and physical properties are desirable products for manufacturers and customers, and interfacial bond strength is one of the most critical factors affecting WPC performance. To verify that a higher interfacial bond strength between wood and thermoplastics improves WPC performance, wood veneer–thermoplastic composites (VPC) and oriented strand–thermoplastic composites (OSPC) were fabricated using hot pressing. The effects of the coupling agent (KH550 or MDI) and the thermoplastic (LDPE, HDPE, PP, or PVC) on the interfacial bond strength of VPC, and the mechanical and physical properties of OSPC, were investigated. The results showed that coupling agents KH550 and MDI improved the interfacial bond strength between wood and thermoplastics under dry conditions. MDI was better than KH550 at improving the interfacial bond strength and the mechanical properties of OSPC. Better interfacial bonding between plastic and wood improved the OSPC performance. The OSPC fabricated using PVC film as the thermoplastic and MDI as the coupling agent displayed the highest mechanical properties, with a modulus of rupture of 91.9 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 10.9 GPa, and a thickness swelling of 2.4%. PVC and MDI are recommended to fabricate WPCs with desirable performance for general applications.
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Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.
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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.
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Kaya, Gaye. "Comparison of the impact damage resistance of non-hybrid and intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/polypropylene non-crimp thermoplastic composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418805561.
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This study aims to compare the low-velocity impact and post-impact properties of intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/polypropylene non-crimp thermoplastic composites with non-hybrid carbon/PP and E-glass/PP non-crimp thermoplastic composites. Impact test was performed at four energy levels as 15 J, 30 J, 45 J and 60 J. Post-impact properties of hybrid thermoplastic composites were tested by compression after impact method for each energy level to understand the impact damage tolerance of intra-ply hybrid carbon/E-glass/PP non-crimp thermoplastic composites. The effect of hybridization on energy absorption of composites was not significant, while C-scan results showed that the intra-ply hybrid non-crimp thermoplastic composites had smaller impact damage areas in comparison to the non-hybrid samples. Compression and compression after impact tests results confirmed that the intra-ply hybridization increased the toughness of the composite laminates. Also, the residual compression strength/modulus increased with hybridization which indicated to damage tolerance.
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Dong, Wei Gou, and Hai Ling Song. "Transverse Impact and Tensile Behavior of the Three-Dimensional Woven Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1238.
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Two forms of perform were prepared by a Glass fiber/Polypropylene fiber commingled yarn. One was a three-dimensional woven fabric with an angle-interlock structure, and another was a two-dimensional plain woven fabric laminate. The three-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(3-DWRC) and two-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(2-DWRC) were fabricated by hot-press process. The Impact and tensile performances of both 3-DWRC and 2-DWRC were examined. Compared to the 2-DWRC, the 3-DWRC have better impact properties, the energy required to initiate cracks, the threshold force of the first oscillation and maximum load increased by 41.90%, 54.41%, 38.75% respectively under the low-energy impact conditions. The tensile tests shown that the 3-DWRC presented batter fracture toughness than the 2-DWRC. The use of thermoplastic composites is growing rapidly because of their excellent properties, a high toughness and damage tolerance, short processing cycles, and the ability to be reprocessed. But thermoplastic materials usually have a difficulty to impregnate between reinforcing fibers, due to high melt polymer viscosity. It is a technology innovation that the commingled yarns composed of reinforced fibers and thermoplastic fibers are used as prepreg for thermoplastic composite materials. Because thermoplastic fiber and reinforced fiber are closely combined, which reduces distances of resin’s infiltration, this can effectively overcome the difficulties of resin’s impregnation. The commingled yarns can be woven and knitted, and can facilitate the processing of complex structural composites. Three-dimensional fabrics reinforced composites are ideal materials with excellent integrity because it is linked with yarns between layers. Its shearing strength between layers, damage tolerance and reliability are better than the two-dimensional fabric laminated composites. At present, the researches of thermoplastic materials with two-dimensional fabric reinforced structure made from commingled yarns are much more, such as manufacturing technology, material properties ,effects of process conditions on properties, relationship between structures and properties, and so on [1-8]. However, only a few studies appear in literature on the structure-property relationships of three-dimensional fabric reinforced thermoplastic composite materials made of commingled yarns [9-10]. Byun, Hyung Joon et al. [9] undertook the impact test and the tensile test on 3-D woven thermoplastic composite materials and 2-D plain woven laminate which is made by CF/PEEK mixed yarn. Dong Weiguo and Huang Gu[10] studied the porosity, tensile and bending properties on 3-D woven thermoplastic composites which make from core-spun yarn containing glass fibers and polypropylene fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact behavior of and tensile properties of 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites made by a GF/PP commingled yarns. Attempts was made to identify the damage mode of the 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites under the low energy impact and tensile conditions.
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Sato, Tsukasa, and Michiaki Shishido. "Thermoplastic Composites Recycled from Fishing Rope Fiber." Journal of the Institute of Industrial Applications Engineers 7, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jiiae.7.118.
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Gröger, Benjamin, Daniel Köhler, Julian Vorderbrüggen, Juliane Troschitz, Robert Kupfer, Gerson Meschut, and Maik Gude. "Computed tomography investigation of the material structure in clinch joints in aluminium fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets." Production Engineering 16, no. 2-3 (December 7, 2021): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01091-x.
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AbstractRecent developments in automotive and aircraft industry towards a multi-material design pose challenges for modern joining technologies due to different mechanical properties and material compositions of various materials such as composites and metals. Therefore, mechanical joining technologies like clinching are in the focus of current research activities. For multi-material joints of metals and thermoplastic composites thermally assisted clinching processes with advanced tool concepts are well developed. The material-specific properties of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics have a significant influence on the joining process and the resulting material structure in the joining zone. For this reason, it is important to investigate these influences in detail and to understand the phenomena occurring during the joining process. Additionally, this provides the basis for a validation of a numerical simulation of such joining processes. In this paper, the material structure in a joint resulting from a thermally assisted clinching process is investigated. The joining partners are an aluminium sheet and a thermoplastic composite (organo sheet). Using computed tomography enables a three-dimensional investigation that allows a detailed analysis of the phenomena in different joining stages and in the material structure of the finished joint. Consequently, this study provides a more detailed understanding of the material behavior of thermoplastic composites during thermally assisted clinching.
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Jiang, Qihong, Guiyong Chen, Abhideep Kumar, Andrew Mills, Krutarth Jani, Vasudevan Rajamohan, Barathan Venugopal, and Sameer Rahatekar. "Sustainable Sandwich Composites Manufactured from Recycled Carbon Fibers, Flax Fibers/PP Skins, and Recycled PET Core." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010002.
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European union end of life vehicle directive mandates the use of more sustainable/recyclable materials in automotive industries. Thermoplastics matrix-based composites allow recyclability of composites at the end of life; however, their processing technology is more challenging than thermoset composites. Manufacturing process and mechanical testing of sustainable sandwich composite made from sustainable materials: flax, recycled carbon fiber, polypropylene, and recycled PET foam are presented in this article. High pressure compression molding with adhesive thermoplastic polymer film was used for manufacturing sandwich composite skin. The recycled PET foam core was integrated/joined with the skin using a thermoplastics adhesive film. A three-point bending test was conducted to compare the flexural properties. The results show that such sustainable sandwich composites will be an excellent material for truck side panel to operate in adverse wind/storm conditions. The sustainable sandwich composite can potentially be an excellent candidate for the fabrication of light-duty, lightweight, and low-cost engineering structures in automotive industry to meet the EU end of life requirements.
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Bhudolia, Somen K., Goram Gohel, Kah Fai Leong, and Aminul Islam. "Advances in Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites: A Review." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061284.
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The ultrasonic welding (UW) technique is an ultra-fast joining process, and it is used to join thermoplastic composite structures, and provides an excellent bonding strength. It is more cost-efficient as opposed to the conventional adhesive, mechanical and other joining methods. This review paper presents the detailed progress made by the scientific and research community to date in the direction of the UW of thermoplastic composites. The focus of this paper is to review the recent development of the ultrasonic welding technique for thermoplastic composites to thermoplastic composites, and to dissimilar materials. Different ultrasonic welding modes and their processing parameters, namely, weld time, weld pressure, amplitude, type of energy directors (EDs) affecting the welding quality and the advantages and disadvantages of UW over other bonding techniques, are summarized. The current state of the ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites and their future perspectives are also deliberated.
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Zaragkas, Thomas, Spyridon Psarras, George Sotiriadis, and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Bearing Damage of a CF-LMPAEK Thermoplastic Composite." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010035.
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This study focuses on investigating the behavior of a thermoplastic matrix composite (Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK) under a bearing strength determination test. The specimens were subjected to a double-shear-bolted joint configuration tensile test, and the propagation of damage was monitored using extensometers. The research employs a technique that involves inelastic modelling and considers discrepancies in layer interfaces to better understand bearing damage propagation. In this context, cohesive modelling was utilized in all composite layers, and the Hashin damage propagation law was applied. The double-shear-bolted joint configuration chosen for the test revealed critical insights into the bearing strength determination of the Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK thermoplastic matrix composite. This comprehensive approach, combining inelastic modelling and considerations for layer interfaces, provided a nuanced understanding of the material’s response to bearing forces. The results of the study demonstrated that all specimens exhibited the desired type of bearing failure, characterized by severe delamination around the hole. Interestingly, the thermoplastic matrix composite showcased enhanced bearing properties compared to traditional thermoset materials. This observation underscores the potential advantages of thermoplastic composites in applications requiring robust bearing strength. One noteworthy aspect highlighted by the study is the inadequacy of current aerospace standards in prescribing the accumulation of bearing damage in thermoplastic composites. The research underscores the need for a more strategic modelling approach, particularly in cohesive modelling, to accurately capture the behavior of thermoplastic matrix composites under bearing forces. In summary, this investigation not only provides valuable insights into the bearing strength of Carbon Fiber-LMPAEK thermoplastic matrix composites, but also emphasizes the necessity for refining aerospace standards to address the specific characteristics and failure modes of these advanced materials.
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Öztekin, Hilal Filiz, Mustafa Gür, Serkan Erdem, and Mete Onur Kaman. "Effect of fiber type and thickness on mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composite plates reinforced with fabric plies." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2022.03161169.
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Studies on weight reduction in aviation and space vehicles have gained momentum recently. Thermoplastic matrix composite materials are important alternative materials, especially due to their high specific strength, formability and recyclability. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for different fiber and layer configurations. Thermoplastic composite materials used in the study were produced by lamination technique. In composite production; Glass fiber and carbon-aramid hybrid fabrics were used as fiber, and polyethylene granules were used as matrix. Thermoplastic sheets were obtained by keeping polyethylene granules and woven fibers in the hot press for a certain period of time. The damage behavior of the composite test specimens under tensile load was tested for the number of layers and fiber type. As the number of layers increased, stiffness, damage load and deformations increased in thermoplastic composites. Using hybrid fabric instead of glass as fiber material increased the maximum damage load by 100%.
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Lustiger, Arnold, and Bor Z. Jang. "Advanced thermoplastic composites." Polymer Composites 13, no. 6 (December 1992): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750130602.
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Khurshid, Muhammad Furqan, Martin Hengstermann, Mir Mohammad Badrul Hasan, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Recent developments in the processing of waste carbon fibre for thermoplastic composites – A review." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 14 (November 7, 2019): 1925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319886043.
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The aim of this paper is to highlight recent developments in the processing of waste carbon fibre for thermoplastic composites. Initially, injection moulding and nonwoven technologies have been used to integrate waste carbon fibres into fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Recently, tape and hybrid yarn spinning technologies have been developed to produce tape and hybrid yarn structures from waste carbon fibre, which are then used to manufacture recycled carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastics with much higher efficiency. The hybrid yarn spinning technologies enable the development of various fibrous structures with higher fibre orientation, compactness and fibre volume fraction. Therefore, thermoplastic composites manufactured from hybrid yarns possess a good potential for use in load-bearing structural applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review on novel and existing technologies employed for the processing of waste carbon fibre in addition to different quality aspects of waste carbon fibre is presented.
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Minchenkov, Kirill, Alexander Vedernikov, Alexander Safonov, and Iskander Akhatov. "Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020180.
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Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.
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Boria, Simonetta, and Alessandro Scattina. "Energy absorption capability of laminated plates made of fully thermoplastic composite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 8 (February 19, 2018): 1389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218760059.
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The behaviour of composites materials, made of synthetic fibres embedded in a thermoplastic resin, subjected to low velocity impacts, was largely studied in the past. However, in the last years, the use of thermoplastic composites has been increased due to the considerable advantages in terms of recyclability of this family of materials. Thermoplastic composites are composed of polymers with different material’s structure if compared to the more traditional thermoset composite. Consequently, the behaviour of these materials can be different in some loading conditions. Moreover, considering the wide range of thermoplastic composites that have been developed in the last years, the study of the behaviour of these materials, in case of impact, has not been yet widely analysed, in particular considering materials where both the matrix and the reinforcement are made of thermoplastic. In this perspective, the goal of this work is to study the behaviour of a new thermoplastic composite (PURE thermoplastic) in conditions of low velocity impact. In this material, the matrix and the fibre reinforcement are made of polypropylene both. The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation. In particular, a series of impact tests with a drop dart equipment have been carried out on laminates made of PURE thermoplastic. Laminates with different thicknesses have been taken into consideration. The influence of the impact conditions on the material’s behaviour has been investigated and the capability of energy absorption has been studied. The PURE thermoplastic showed a different behaviour in terms of energy absorption and damage mechanisms if compared to the composites presented in the literature. The thickness of the laminate has had influence on the deformation and the damage mechanism of the specimens: with low thickness, the perforation of the specimen has been obtained, whereas, with the higher thickness, the specimens have shown a ductile behaviour and extended plasticity without crack tip. The contact force between the dart and the specimen has been influenced by the energy level of the impact, but with an opposite trend if compared to that of the composites studied in the literature.
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Mansor, M. R., S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, A. A. Nuraini, and A. Hambali. "Rigidity Analysis of Kenaf Thermoplastic Composites Using Halpin-Tsai Equation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.29.
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In this paper, the stiffness mechanical property of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites is analyzed using composite micromechanical model. Kenaf natural fiber is selected as the reinforcement material in the composites construction while three types of commonly used automotive grade thermoplastic matrices, namely polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyamide 6 were selected to be reinforced with kenaf fibers. Their stiffness property was later analyzed using Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model at varying fiber content and fiber aspect ratio conditions. In all cases, theoretical results show that the kenaf reinforced thermoplastic composites stiffness increased linearly as the fiber contents were increased. Apart from that, results also show that the stiffness property also increases as the fiber aspect ratio was increased. Higher final composites stiffness property was also observed as stiffness matrix material is utilized in the composites formulation. The prediction results also provided valuable and quick insight as well as cost effective alternative to composite designers in assessing the stiffness performance of natural fiber composites especially those which are reinforced with thermoplastic matrices compared to conventional experimental technique for automotive product development purposes in addition to identifying the optimal parameter to be put into focus in their composites design to achieve the intended design performance specifications.
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Jiang, Bingyan, Muhan Zhang, Liang Fu, Mingyong Zhou, and Zhanyu Zhai. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Interfacial Behavior of Over-Molded Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061270.
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Hybrid fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites are receiving important attention in lightweight applications. The fabrication process of hybrid thermoplastic composites is that discontinuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics are injected onto the continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics by over-molding techniques. The key issue during this process is to get a reliable interfacial bonding strength. To understand the bonding mechanism at the heterogeneous interface of hybrid thermoplastic composites which is difficult to obtain through experimental investigations, a series of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were conducted in this paper. The influence of processing parameters on the interfacial characteristics, i.e., the distribution of interfacial high-density enrichment areas, radius of gyration, diffusion coefficient and interfacial energy, were investigated during the forming process of a heterogeneous interface. Simulation results reveal that some of molecule chains get across the interface and tangle with the molecules from the other layer, resulting in the penetration phenomenon near the interface zone. In addition, the melting temperature and injection pressure exhibit positive effects on the interfacial properties of hybrid composites. To further investigate the interfacial bonding strength and fracture mechanism of the heterogeneous interface, the uniaxial tensile and sliding simulations were performed. Results show that the non-bonded interaction energy plays a crucial role during the fracture process of heterogeneous interface. Meanwhile, the failure mode of the heterogeneous interface was demonstrated to evolve with the processing parameters.
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Wu, Jingyu, Chenggao Li, Bahetihan Hailatihan, Longlong Mi, Yeerna Baheti, and Yuze Yan. "Effect of the Addition of Thermoplastic Resin and Composite on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061087.
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When the thermoplastic composites reach the service limits during the service, the recovery and utilization are the key concerns. Meanwhile, the improvement of strength, toughness and durability of epoxy resin is the effective method to prolong the service life of materials and structures. In the present paper, three kinds of thermoplastic resins (polypropylene-PP, polyamide 6-PA6 and polyether-ether-ketone-PEEK) and composites (carbon fiber-PEEK, glass fiber-PA6 and glass fiber-PP) were adopted as the fillers to reinforce and toughen the epoxy resin (Ts). The mechanical, thermal and microscopic analysis were conducted to reveal the performance improvement mechanism of Ts. It can be found that adding thermoplastic resin and composite fillers at the low mass ratio of 0.5~1.0% brought about the maximum improvement of tensile strength (7~15%), flexural strength (7~15%) and shear strength (20~30%) of Ts resin. The improvement mechanism was because the addition of thermoplastic fillers can prolong the cracking path and delay the failure process through the load bearing of fiber, energy absorption of thermoplastic resin and superior interface bonding. In addition, the thermoplastic composite had better enhancement effect on the mechanical/thermal properties of Ts resin compared to thermoplastic resin. When the mass ratio was increased to 2.0~3.0%, the agglomeration and stress concentration of thermoplastic filler in Ts resin appeared, leading to the decrease of mechanical and thermal properties. The optimal addition ratios of thermoplastic resin were 0.5~1.0% (PEEK), 1.0~2.0% (PA6) and 0.5~1.0% (PP) to obtain the desirable property improvement. In contrast, the optimal mass ratios of three kinds of composite were determined to be 0.5~1.0%. Application prospect analysis indicated adding the thermoplastic resin and composite fillers to Ts resin can promote the recycling and reutilization of thermoplastic composites and improve the performance of Ts resin, which can be used as the resin matrix, interface adhesive and anti-corrosion coating.
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Han, Liu, Yao Song, Hui Qi, Jin-Shui Yang, Shuang Li, and Ping-An Liu. "A Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Open-Hole Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composite Materials." Polymers 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15224468.
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In this paper, the damage initiation/propagation mechanisms and failure modes of open-hole carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites and thermosetting composites with tension, compression, and bearing loads are investigated, respectively, by experiments and finite element simulations. The experimental evaluations are performed on the specimens using the Combined Loading Compression (CLC) test method, the tensile test method, and the single-shear test method. The differences in macroscopic damage initiation, evolution mode, and damage characteristics between thermoplastic composite materials and thermosetting composite material open-hole structures are obtained and analyzed under compressive load. Based on scanning electron microscope SEM images, a comparative analysis is conducted on the micro-failure modes of fibers, matrices, and fiber/matrix interfaces in the open-hole structures of thermoplastic and thermosetting composites under compressive load. The differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting composites were analyzed from the micro-failure mechanism. Finally, based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), a damage model is also developed for predicting the initiation and propagation of damage in thermoplastic composites. The model, which can capture fiber breakage and matrix crack, as well as the nonlinear response, is used to conduct virtual compression tests, tensile test, and single-shear test, respectively. Numerical simulation results are compared with the extracted experimental results. The displacement-load curve and failure modes match the experimental result, which indicates that the finite element model has good reliability.
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Behrens, Bernd-Arno, Klaus Dröder, Kai Brunotte, Hendrik Wester, André Hürkamp, Tim Ossowski, and Ralf Lorenz. "Numerical Modelling of Bond Strength in Overmoulded Thermoplastic Composites." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070164.
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Overmoulding of thermoplastic composites combines the steps of thermoforming and injection moulding in an integrated manufacturing process. The combination of continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics with overmoulded polymer enables the manufacturing of highly functionally integrated structures with excellent mechanical properties. When performed as a one-shot process, an economically efficient manufacturing of geometrical complex lightweight parts within short cycle times is possible. However, a major challenge in the part and process design of overmoulded thermoplastic composites (OTC) is the assurance of sufficient bond strength between the composite and the overmoulded polymers. Within the framework of a simulation-based approach, this study aims to develop a methodology for predicting the bond strength in OTC using simulation data and a numerical model formulation of the bonding mechanisms. Therefore, a modelling approach for the determination of the bond strength depending on different process parameters is presented. In order to validate the bond strength model, specimens are manufactured with different process settings and mechanical tests are carried out. Overall, the results of the numerical computation are in good agreement with the experimentally determined bond strength. The proposed modelling approach enables the prediction of the local bond strength in OTC, considering the interface conditions and the processing history.
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Shayan Asenjan, M., Ali Reza Sabet, and M. Nekoomanesh. "Long fiber thermoplastic composites under high-velocity impact: Study of fiber length." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318784639.
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This study experimentally investigates the high-velocity impact response of long glass fiber-reinforced polypropylenes with different fiber lengths. The study considers three long fiber thermoplastic composites, i.e. 5, 10, and 20 mm prepared via a combination of extrusion and pultrusion processes and a crosshead die. An internal mixer was used to obtain an isotropic compound. The dispersion quality of each compound was confirmed using burn off test. A gas gun with a spherical projectile was employed to conduct high-velocity impact tests at three velocities of 144, 205, and 240 m/s. Internal mixer operation resulted in extensive fiber length reduction for all three long fiber thermoplastic lengths. Results from mechanical tests (Tensile and Izod impact) revealed an increasing value with increase in long fiber thermoplastic length, i.e. fiber length. High-velocity impact results showed higher impact performance for 20 mm long fiber thermoplastic compound compared to 5 and 10 mm long fiber thermoplastic containing specimens. Rate of increase in energy absorption from neat polypropylene to 5 and 10 mm long fiber thermoplastic compounds is much higher than from 10 to 20 mm long fiber thermoplastics. High-velocity impact tests indicated that there may be a threshold value for fiber length beyond which the fiber length plays a lesser role. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed more fiber breakage at the impact point at a higher impact velocity than the lower end of high-velocity impact.
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Jeong, Euichul, Yongdae Kim, Seokkwan Hong, Kyunghwan Yoon, and Sunghee Lee. "Innovative Injection Molding Process for the Fabrication of Woven Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081577.
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Woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites have been gaining significant attention as a lightweight alternative to metal in various industrial fields owing to their high stiffness and strength. Conventional manufacturing processes of woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites can be divided into two steps: first, the manufacturing of intermediate material, known as prepreg; then, the formation of the final products from the prepregs. This two-step process increases the manufacturing cost and time of the final composite products. This study demonstrated that woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites could be fabricated by an innovative injection molding process instead of the two-step process. A structure placing an extra mesh, which is a new and key component, on the mold-side of woven fabric was devised so that the thermoplastic matrix could be impregnated up to the surface of the woven fabric during injection molding. Tensile tests were performed in the direction parallel to the yarns of the fabric on the injection-molded composites to confirm their mechanical properties. As a result, it was possible to fabricate woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites with increased mechanical properties using injection molding without prepreg, and the composites could be molded with a much shorter cycle time than the conventional process, such as thermoforming or over-molding process.
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Wongpreedee, Thapanee, and Nanthaya Kengkhetkit. "Effect of Rice Flour Types on the Properties of Nonwoven Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Thermoplastic Rice Starch Composites." Key Engineering Materials 904 (November 22, 2021): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.221.
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Thermoplastic starches and a nonwoven pineapple leaf sheet (NPALF) were prepared. Two types of flours were used to prepare thermoplastic starches (TPSs) which were Rice flour thermoplastic starch (RTPS) and Glutinous rice flour thermoplastic starch (GTPS). Two layers of thermoplastic starches and NPALF layer were sandwiched and pressed by a hot pressing machine at 150°C with 1500 psi for 15 min. All composites were investigated their densities and tensile properties. The density of all composite types had a lower density than each neat TPSs and types of rice flours did not affect their densities. The tensile property results confirmed NPALF could be used as a reinforcing agent both in GTPS and RTPS composites but their tensile improvement effectiveness in both systems are different. NPALF composite with RTPS did not affect the tensile strength but provided a slight improvement in modulus. Remarkably, NPALF composite using GTPS explored the great improvement performance both in strength and modulus which were increased up to 174% and 308% comparing with neat GTPS. SEM micrograph evidence clearly showed good wetting between GTPS and the reinforcement layer in the composite. This is resulting in the NPALF-GTPS composite showed a strong improvement in tensile properties.
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Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, and Matteo Sambucci. "Different Production Processes for Thermoplastic Composite Materials: Sustainability versus Mechanical Properties and Processes Parameter." Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010242.
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Up to now, fiber-reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrix have seen limited fields of use in the structural scope due to their high viscosity in the molten state, which results in poor impregnability of the reinforcement, leading to mechanical properties of the finished product that are not comparable to those of thermosets. Although the latter still dominate the various sectors of automotive, aerospace, transportation and construction, new applications involving the production of thermoplastic composites are growing rapidly, offering new approaches to the solution of this problem. The aim of this work is to study and evaluate the state of the art on the manufacturing processes of thermoplastic matrix composite, analyzing the parameters that come into play and that most influence the process and material performance. The advantages of film stacking and powder impregnation techniques are contrasted by the versatility of hybrid fabrics and, at the same time, parameters such as pressure and temperature must be carefully considered. A description of different thermoplastic composite processes such as powder impregnation, film stacking molding, hybrid woven fabric, hybrid yarn and products follows, which represent the current possibilities to move from a thermosetting matrix composite to a thermoplastic one, upon which the concept of sustainability is based. This article wants to present an overview of research that has been done in manufacturing thermoplastic reinforced composites and will serve as a baseline and aid for further research and development efforts.
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Hou, Meng. "Thermoplastic Adhesive for Thermosetting Composites." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2968.
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Technique of including a thermoplastic film as the outermost layer of thermoset composites have been developed as an attempt to join the thermoset composites using fusion bonding methods. Special thermoplastic in the form of film was incorporated onto the surface of thermoset composites during co-curing process. Semi-Interpenetration Polymer Network [s-IPN] was formed between thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The thermoset composites can be fusion bonded using co-consolidation and localized heating through their incorporated thermoplastic surfaces. The mechanical properties of thermoset composites bonded with thermoplastic adhesive were equivalent or superior to the benchmark composites bonded with Cytec FM300K adhesive in terms of lap shear strength, high temperature, low temperature and anti-chemical resistance.
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Lüking, Alexander, Robert Brüll, Thomas Köhler, Davide Pico, Gunnar Seide, and Thomas Gries. "One Step Production of Bicomponent Yarns with Glass Fibre Core and Thermoplastic Sheath for Composite Applications." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.506.
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The film stacking method is the industrial standard for the manufacturing of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (FRTCs). An alternative to this is commingling thermoplastic fibres with reinforcement fibres, e. g. glass fibres, into hybrid yarns. However, the composites produced by the use of film-stacking or hybrid yarns cannot achieve an optimal impregnation of reinforcement fibres with the matrix polymer. This stens from the high melt viscosity of thermoplastics, which prevents a uniform wetting of the reinforcement fibres. Leaving some fibers is unconnected to the matrix. This leads to composite lower strength than theoretically possible. The aim of the research is the coating of a single glass filament in the glass fibre nozzle drawing process to achive a homogenous distribution of glass fibres and matrix in the final composite. The approach uses particles with a diameter from 5 to 25 μm of polyamide 12 (PA 12) which are electrostatically charged and blown at an Eglass filament in the nozzle drawing process as seen in. The particles adhering to the filament are melted by infrared heating and winded afterwards. This development will allow the homogenous distribution of fibres and the matrix in a thermoplastic composite allowing a higher fibre volume content leading to improved mechanical properties. Even though the glass filaments could be coated with PA 12, a homogenous sheath could not be achieved in this investigation. Therefore, further research will focus on an improved homogeneity by reducing the agglomeration of PA 12, using dried PA12 and enhancing the coating setup.
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Ramakrishnan, T., M. D. Mohan Gift, S. Chitradevi, R. Jegan, P. Subha Hency Jose, H. N. Nagaraja, Rajneesh Sharma, P. Selvakumar, and Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis. "Study of Numerous Resins Used in Polymer Matrix Composite Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1088926.
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There are a slew of elements at work in the composites sector, from people and markets to technology and innovation, that are continually reshaping the industry's structure. For now, composite materials' winning combination of high strength-to-weight ratio continues to propel them into new areas, but other attributes are just as crucial. These properties, which may be customized for unique purposes, result in a completed product requiring fewer raw materials and fewer joints and fasteners, as well as reduced assembly times, thanks to composite materials. To lower product lifespan costs, composites also have demonstrated resilience in industrial applications to temperature extremes as well as corrosion and wear. Polymers, ceramics, and metals can all be used as matrices. Thermoplastic (TP) resin is the second most prevalent matrix type, and it is becoming increasingly popular among composite makers. By melting or softening and then chilling the material, thermoplastic linear polymer chains are generated and may be reformed into shaped solids. It is common for thermoplastics to be offered in sheet or panel form, which may be treated using in situ consolidation processes, such as pressing, to manufacture durable, near-net-shape components without the need for an autoclave or vacuum bag cure. Correcting abnormalities or fixing harm done in service is possible with reformability.
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Lin, Kunyang, Xiaofei Ma, Zhen Cui, Youwei Kang, Pengfei Huang, Huanxiao Li, Di Wu, Guanlong Su, and Xiaoyong Tian. "Electrical Property of 3D Printed Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Mesh Reflecting Surfaces." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5424839.
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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have been widely used in modern aerospace and other high-end manufacturing fields because of their light weight, high strength, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance properties. Due to the reinforcement of carbon fiber strands, continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have good conductivity which makes it a potential material for the preparation of space-borne antennas reflecting surfaces. The reflecting surfaces of common mesh antennas are usually prepared by gold-plated molybdenum wire which is expensive and hard to produce. In this study, the continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites mesh reflecting surfaces are prepared by 3D printing technology. The effect of different mesh shape and mesh size on the electrical properties are investigated systematically. The electrical property of the reflecting surface were tested by waveguide method at the S band with the frequency of 1.9 ~ 2.3GHz. The results show that the reflection loss of the 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite mesh reflecting surfaces are lower than 0.25 dB, which can well meet the requirement of space-borne antennas in the S waveband. The reflection loss of the 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite mesh reflecting surfaces increases with the increase of mesh size accordingly for both the quadrangular and the triangular mesh reflecting surface. The reflecting property of the mesh reflecting surface tends to be better with a higher surface mass density. The results foresee that the continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites can be used to develop the reflector of large mesh antenna in the future work.
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Chen, Lu, Tianzhengxiong Deng, Helezi Zhou, Zhigao Huang, Xiongqi Peng, and Huamin Zhou. "A Numerical Simulation Method for the One-Step Compression-Stamping Process of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193237.
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Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composites have many advantages, such as high strength, high stiffness, shorter cycle, time and enabling the part consolidation of structural components. However, the mass production of the CFRTP parts is still challenging in industry and simulations can be used to better understand internal molding mechanisms. This paper proposes a three-dimensional simulation method for a one-step compression-stamping process which can conduct thermoplastic compression molding and continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite stamping forming in one single mold, simultaneously. To overcome the strongly coupled non-isothermal moving boundary between the polymer and the composites, arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian based Navier–Stokes equations were applied to solve the thermoplastic compression, and a fiber rotation based objective stress rate model was used to solve for the composite stamping. Meanwhile, a strongly coupled fluid structure interaction framework with dual mesh technology is proposed to address the non-isothermal moving boundary issue between the polymer and the composites. This simulation method was compared against the experimental results to verify its accuracy. The polymer flow fronts were measured at different molding stages and the error between simulation and experiment was within 3.5%. The final composites’ in-plane deformation error was less than 2.5%. The experiment shows that this work can accurately simulate the actual molding process.
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Lin, Jia Horng, Ching Wen Lin, Jin Mao Chen, Ting Ting Li, Ting Wei Chang, and Ching Wen Lou. "Research on Processing Technology of Polyester Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Thermoplastic Laminated Composites." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.373.
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Thermoplastic composites are eco-friendly to environment. In this study, PET/PP thermoplastic composite laminates were produced by interleaving polypropylene (PP) sheets with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plain fabrics in the condition of varying thermocompression temperature, pressure and time. Afterwards, peel resistance, tensile and impact properties of PET/PP thermoplastic laminates were tested. And the tensile and impact performance of PET/PP laminates was respectively about 40 % and 320 % higher than PP laminates. It was shown that when thermal compressing under pressure of 40 Kg/cm2 at 230 °C for 0.5 minute, PET/PP thermoplastic laminates had optimum tensile and impact properties.
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Zhen, Wen Juan. "Study on Nanocellulose / Starch Composites." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.544.
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Nanocellulose and thermoplastic starch polymer (TSP) composite was prepared by solution casting method for the sports industry. As a biological material, this material had special properties of nanomaterials and the rigidity of cellulose, dimensional stability and biodegradable. Such material might be one of the answers to the disposal problem of waste sports equipments. As a reinforcing material, nanocellulose was added to TSP matrix and composites were made with appropriate solvent systems by solution casting methods. Water absorption, degradation and film mechanical performance were evaluated and compared with the pure thermoplastic starch. The tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposite films reveled significantly enhanced. Compared to the pure thermoplastic starch, the degradation and water absorption increased significantly. By solution casting, nanocellulose and starch composites were successfully prepared, which had excellent mechanical properties and good performance at biological degradation.
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Chollakup, Rungsima, Suchada Ujjin, Rattana Tantatherdtam, and Klanarong Sriroth. "F-6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE FIBER REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES(Session: Composites II)." Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.121.
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Lopes, H., S. P. Silva, and J. Machado. "Simulation of Temperature Evolution of Cork Composites During Moulding Process." International Journal of Simulation Modelling 19, no. 4 (December 5, 2020): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2507/ijsimm19-4-530.
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Cork-based composites result from a combination of cork granules with different materials – like thermosets or thermoplastics – and its manufacture involves a thermal process. In order to simulate the manufacturing process, of these types of composites, a new methodology was applied. A material composed of cork and a thermoplastic served as a case study. A model for the prediction of a cork composite mixture properties and a simulation methodology were developed for studying the variation of temperature during the moulding process of cork composites. Density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat were determined based on the formulation of the composite and the properties of cork and the agglutinant agent. Numerical analyses were carried out and compared to experimental results obtained from a moulding process. Three types of simulations, according to the model of the chosen properties were developed using finite volume and finite element methods. In general, the results from the simulations were in good agreement with experimental results.
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Valente, Marco, Ilaria Rossitti, Ilario Biblioteca, and Matteo Sambucci. "Thermoplastic Composite Materials Approach for More Circular Components: From Monomer to In Situ Polymerization, a Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050132.
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To move toward eco-sustainable and circular composites, one of the most effective solutions is to create thermoplastic composites. The strong commitment of world organizations in the field of safeguarding the planet has directed the research of these materials toward production processes with a lower environmental impact and a strong propensity to recycle the polymeric part. Under its chemical properties, Nylon 6 is the polymer that best satisfies this specific trade-off. The most common production processes that use a thermosetting matrix are described. Subsequently, the work aimed at investigating the use of thermoplastics in the same processes to obtain comparable performances with the materials that are currently used. Particular attention was given to the in situ anionic polymerization process of Nylon 6, starting from the ε-caprolactam monomer. The dependencies of the process parameters, such as temperature, time, pressure, humidity, and concentration of initiators and activators, were therefore investigated with reference to the vacuum infusion technique, currently optimized only to produce thermosetting matrix composites, but promising for the realization of thermoplastic matrix composite; this is the reason why we chose to focus our attention on the vacuum infusion. Finally, three production processes of the polymeric matrix and glass fiber composites were compared in terms of carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) through life-cycle assessment (LCA).
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Matsuo, T. "Processings Advanced Thermoplastic Composites." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 49, no. 8 (1996): P393—P402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.49.8_p393.
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Kanabenja, Warrayut, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "Graphene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.77.
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Thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanocomposites were successfully prepared by mixing masterbatches with neat polymers using the melt compounding process. Graphene was obtained from graphite by the chemical mean. Graphite was initially converted into graphite oxide which was then converted to graphene oxide. Graphene oxide was then reduced by L-ascorbic acid to obtain graphene. The effects of graphene addition on thermal and morphological properties of nanocomposite were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter, a thermal gravimetric analyzer and a scanning electron microscope. TPU/graphene nanocomposites showed higher melting temperature compared to TPU. On the other hand, heat of fusion of nanocomposites was lowered. TPU and TPU/graphene nanocomposites have two steps of decomposition. The first degradation of TPU occurred at higher temperature compared with nanocomposites but the second degradation showed the opposite results. The percentage of residue after thermal degradation of nanocomposites was lower than that of TPU. For surface morphology, nanocomposite exhibited the rougher surface comparing with TPU and well graphene dispersion in TPU phase was achieved. Nevertheless, there were some agglomeration of graphene.
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Bersee, H. E. N., and A. Beukers. "Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 16, no. 5 (September 2003): 433–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705703031862.
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