Journal articles: 'Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) process'

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Chen, Xiao Zhu, Yuan Zheng Yang, Qiu Sheng Lin, and Xiao Jun Bai. "The Optimization of Thermomechanical Treatment and Properties of Cu-Fe-P Alloy C194." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.724.

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The Cu-Fe-P alloy C194 for lead frames was prepared using thermomechanical treatments (TMT)．The effects of deformation ratio of cold rolling and aging temperature on the conductivity and micro hardness of C194 alloy during TMT were studied by a low DC resistance tester and a Vickers hardness tester. The results showed that the effect of aging temperature on conductivity was relatively larger than that of deformation ratio. After a series of experiments, the optimized TMT process was obtained. The strip with 1.4mm in thickness was first rolled to 1.0mm and first aged at 500°C for 2 hours, and second rolled to 0.3mm and second aged at 450°C for 2 hours, and finally rolled to 0.2mm and stress-release annealed at 330°C for one hour. The final strip products would reach to the best properties, such as, conductivity was 68.5 %IACS and microhardness was 149.9HV.

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Behrens, Bernd-Arno, Kai Brunotte, Tom Petersen, and Julian Diefenbach. "Mechanical and Thermal Influences on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties during Process-Integrated Thermomechanically Controlled Forging of Tempering Steel AISI 4140." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 5772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245772.

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Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) describes the effect of thermal and mechanical conditions on the microstructure of materials during processing and offers possible integration in the forging process. TMT materials exhibit a fine-grained microstructure, leading to excellent mechanical properties. In this study, a two-step TMT upsetting process with intermediate cooling is used to demonstrate possibilities for a process-integrated treatment and corresponding properties. A water–air-based cooling system was designed to adjust different phase configurations by varying the target temperature and cooling rate. Four different thermal processing routes and four combinations of applied plastic strains are investigated in standardized mechanical tests and metallographic analyses. The applied TMT results in a finely structured bainitic microstructure of the investigated tempering steel AISI 4140 (42CrMo4) with different characteristics depending on the forming conditions. It can be shown that the demands of the standard (DIN EN ISO 683) in a quenched and tempered state can be fulfilled by means of appropriate forming conditions. The yield strength can be enhanced up to 1174 MPa while elongation at break is about 12.6% and absorbed impact energy reaches 58.5 J without additional heat treatment when the material is formed after rapid cooling.

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Han, Yan, Fei Zhao, Yuan Liu, and Chaowen Huang. "Quantitative Relationships between Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Ti17 Alloy after Thermomechanical Treatment." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010067.

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In this paper, the relationships between the thermomechanical treatments (TMT), the microstructural evolution the mechanical properties of Ti17 alloy were investigated. The results indicate the coarsening behavior of lamellar α was sensitive to the aging temperature during the process of TMT. The thickness of lamellar α changed from 0.19 to 0.38 μm with an increase in the aging temperature. Moreover, both tensile properties and impact toughness vary with the thickness of lamellar α. The tensile strength increases with the increase of the thickness of lamellar α the plasticity and impact toughness the opposite trend. The quantitative investigations found that there is a linear relationship between the tensile properties and the thickness of lamellar α the tensile properties could be adjusted in the range of 1191~1062 MPa and 1163~1039 MPa to obtain ultimate tensile strength and yield strength as well as 11~16% elongation and 23~33% reduction of area by varying the thickness of lamellar α. Meanwhile, the impact toughness could be adjusted in the range of 46 ~53 J/cm2. The high correlation coefficients imply that the linear equation is reliable to describe the relationships between the mechanical properties and the thickness of lamellar α for Ti17 alloy.

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Martinova, Z., D. Damgaliev, and M. Hirsh. "The effect of room temperature pre-ageing on tensile and electrical properties of thermomechanically treated Al-Mg-Si alloy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 1-2 (2002): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0202061m.

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A commercial Al - 0.62%Mg - 0.57%Si was thermomechanically treated (TMT). The TMT process included solution treatment, room temperature preageing, drawing (e=95%) and final ageing. The experimental data were proceeded statistically and mathematical models were derived for the alloy properties such as tensile strength, electrical conductivity and elongation of the wires during TMT. The models are used to find out the area of compromise optimal combination of the alloy properties. Higher final ageing temperature and time are required to design a TMT process for production of a long-term pre-aged wires. The influence of the room temperature preageing on the precipitation process during TMT is discussed.

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Gao, Xing Jian, Zheng Yi Jiang, Dong Bin Wei, Hui Jun Li, Si Hai Jiao, and Jing Tao Han. "Effects of Thermomechanical Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of HCS/LCS Bimetal." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.183.

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A high carbon steel (HCS) and low carbon steel (LCS) bimetal was fabricated by centrifugal composite casting. Two different thermomechanical treatments (TMT1 and TMT2) were employed to improve the mechanical properties of the bimetal. TMT1 process includes 60% of overall reduction by hot compression with temperatures of 1100 and 800oC, respectively. While TMT2 process involves 60% of overall reduction using the two-step deformation method, which is a combination of non-isothermal compression cooling from 1100 to 800oC and isothermal compression at 800oC. The flow stress behavior, microstructural evolution and microhardness variation were analysed. Experimental results show that both TMT processes contributed to the improvement in mechanical properties resulting from a refinement of the grain size and an increase of density of pearlitic lamella in HCS layer. However, TMT2 process gave a better efficiency and a more significance in improvement of properties with the evidence of the same overall reduction leading to a higher microhardness.

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Ahmad, Sazzad, and Wahidur Rahman Sajal. "An Experimental Investigation of Relationship between surface Hardness and Strength of Locally produced TMT 500W bar in Bangladesh." Journal of Engineering Science 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jes.v11i1.49554.

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The high-strength mild steel bars (usually low carbon steel) are widely used for structural purposes throughout the world including Bangladesh. The strength of these deformed barsis measured through a sample decimation process via Universal Testing Machine (UTM), after which the broken pieces are discarded as scrap for recycling. Therefore, measuring the hardness of steel could be a good indication of strength and will involve less sample and short time for testing. The strength–hardness relationship for steel and cast iron is well defined. However, the TMT 500W deformed bar using in Bangladesh has different structural phenomena due to its unique fabrication technique. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the strength varies with hardness for this grade of steel. The current research aims to explore the hardness–strength relationship for TMT (Thermomechanical Treatment) 500W bar as an alternate of the tensile test to minimize the wastage, cost and time of testing. Several TMT 500W bars were collected from the local market and measured the Rockwell Hardness B (HRB), strength and other relevant macroscopic/microscopic parameters. Finally, two empirical relationships of yield and tensile strength have been established using rim hardness, core hardness, and rim thickness data. The actual strength data shows a good agreement with present findings and the result variation is found less than 2% and 3% in the case of yield strength and tensile strength respectively. Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 113-122

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Tapar, Archit Vinod, Somraj Bhattacharjee, and Jitender Kumar. "Jindal panther: the creation of a brand." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2020-0291.

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Learning outcomes The case focuses on the importance of the brand-building process, which takes place in B2B companies. Commodity companies focus a lot on the sales and distribution aspect of their marketing strategies but do not emphasize the importance of developing their brands. At the end of the discussion, the participants would be able: to examine the steps involved in conceptualizing the brand identity for an existing product in a highly competitive B2B market, as per Kapferer’s Brand Identity Matrix. To understand the steps involved in the journey of internal and external brand-building processes in B2B. To analyze the various challenges and issues faced by large organizations dealing in the metals and commodity business. Case overview/synopsis The case discusses a marketing challenge faced by Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) in launching a new brand of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) products in the market. Traditionally, the company had focused on the sales and distribution aspect of their marketing strategies but did not emphasize the importance of developing their brands. This case is based upon the challenges faced in the creation of a new brand identity for JSPL’s TMT products by the protagonist, Mr Paras Sharma (who is the brand custodian and manager in this case). Complexity academic level Postgraduate/Masters in Business Administration (MBA), Masters in Management Studies, Executive MBA. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

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Sao, Satish kumar sao. "OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN ROLLING OPERATION FOR MANUFACTURING OF THERMOMECHANICALLY TREATED BAR USING MINITAB AND MATLAB SOFTWARE." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v17i1pp020-024.

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At low cost, designing high-quality products and process is a challenge to the engineers. For the manufacturing of TMT bars, the critical quality parameter is yield strength. This study aims to choose the optimal variables that will achieve the needed yield strength. In this research work, the use of the Taguchi Method and the concept of DOE (Design of experiment) for optimization of Thermo Mechanical Treatment Process parameter. In the plant, readings have been taken by Taguchi Method and by using MINITAB and MATLAB Software to find optimal combination factors. For optimizing the process parameters ANOVA, S/N ratio (Signal to noise ratio), and orthogonal array have been utilized. Optimum values have been obtained with the help of graphs as well as a confirmation experiment.

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Ning, Yong Quan, Ze Kun Yao, Xing Hua Xie, and Hong Zhen Guo. "Investigation on Thermomechanical Treatment of PM FGH4096 Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.255.

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Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of PM FGH4096 superalloy were carried out to futher improve the mechanical strength and refine the γ’ particle, and this processing route as follows: near-isothrmal forged at deformation temperature of 1130°C and strain rate of 0.1 s-1, followed by subsequence oil quenching, and then held at 760°C for 16 h. OM, SEM and TEM were used to investigate the microstructure of TMTed alloy. It was found that the advanced mechanical strength originated form the dispersion strengthening of fine γ’ particle and stain hardening reserved from deformation after TMT. But TMT had no obvious effect on improving the chemical segregation of original materials. Fracture analysis of TMTed alloy shown that cracks origined from Ti and Nb chemical segregation and presented rose-pattern and ladder-pattern at room temperature and 750°C temperature.

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Barani, Araz Ardehali, and Dirk Ponge. "Optimized Thermomechanical Treatment for Strong and Ductile Martensitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4526.

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In this study the effect of thermomechanical treatment on the microstructure of austenite and martensite and the mechanical properties of a medium carbon silicon chromium spring steel with different levels of impurities is investigated. Results are presented for conventional heat treatment and for thermomechanical treatment (TMT). Compared to conventionally heat treated samples austenite deformation improves strength and ductility. Thermomechanically treated samples are not prone to embrittlement by phosphorous. TMT influences the shape and distribution of carbides within the matrix and at prior austenite grain boundaries. It is shown that utilization of TMT is beneficial for increasing the ultimate tensile strength to levels above 2200 MPa and at the same time maintaining the ductility obtained at strength levels of 1500 MPa by conventional heat treatment. The endurance limit is increased and embrittlement does not occur.

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Martinova, Z., and G. Zlateva. "Microstructure development during thermomechanical treatment of Al-Mg-Si alloy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204153m.

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The effect of natural aging and 95% cold deformation on the microstructure evolution and aging characteristics in commercial Al - 1 mass % Mg2Si alloy subjected to thermomechanical treatment (TMT) was examined. Transmission electron microscopy observations, tensile tests and electrical conductivity measurements were carried out in order to correlate microstructural features to properties on each TMT step. It was established that pre-aging at room temperature affected the morphology of dislocation structure induced by next cold deformation. The observed transition from cellular to homogenous dislocation distribution was explained by the different stability of zones produced by pre-aging of different duration. Natural aging suppressed recovery processes during post-deformation artificial aging, especially after prolonged storage after quenching and at lower aging temperature. It influenced the morphology of precipitates produced by post deformation artificial aging also. The overall effect of TMT involving prior-deformation natural aging in the scheme, on hardness, tensile properties and electrical conductivity is discussed based on experimental microstruture observations.

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Tash, Mahmoud M. "Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure of Low Alloy Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.838.

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The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of low alloy steel. Hot forging is carried out at 1200°C using mechanical press of 500 and 800 ton. The effect of hot forging reduction ratios (1.11 and 1.29) on the hardness and mechanical properties are studied. TMT samples are given different heat treatment i.e. annealing (A), normalizing (N), hardening (H), hardening and tempering (H/T) and their corresponding impact toughness are obtained. Selected heat treatment (normalizing and annealing) are given to tensile test samples and their corresponding strength and ductility are obtained. Ultimate tensile, 0.2% offset yield strength and percent elongation are measured. Hardness and impact toughness measurements were carried out for all alloy conditions. Hardness (HV), ultimate tensile stress (UTS-MPa) and 0.2% offset yield stress (MPa) increases with increasing reduction ratio. TMT leads to a sharp rise in alloy hardness and strength. Normalizing and annealing following TMT revealed a low hardness values compared to those observed in the TMT condition. Annealing reduces hardness and strength but increases ductility and impact toughness. This could be attributed to the recovery and coarsening effect. Pro-eutectoid ferrite phase are observed along the grain boundaries of low alloy steel in the TMT conditions regardless of the reduction ratios. Normalized samples show a refined pearlitic microstructure while coarse pearlite is observed in the annealed one. Good mechanical properties can be obtained by a combination of plastic deformation and thermal treatment. Heat treatment is one of the major factors used to enhance the mechanical properties of low alloy steel. An understanding of the combined effect of TMT and subsequent heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of low alloy steel would help in selecting conditions required to achieve the optimum mechanical properties and alloy high strength to weight ratio. This may be achieved by measuring hardness, impact toughness, strength and ductility resulting from different heat treatment following TMT.

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Ren, Jie Ke, Zhi Guo Chen, Ji Qiang Chen, Shuai Feng, and Jing Peng. "Effect of Novel Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 6156 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.275.

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A novel thermomechanical treatment (TMT) was proposed for increasing the strength of 6156 aluminum alloy while maintaining a high elongation, which is based on artificial aging at low temperature, cold rolling and natural aging. The corresponding tensile properties and microstructure of 6156 aluminium alloy under different treatments were investigated. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength are increased by over 50 MPa over those of T3, while a high elongation rate is maintained. The fracture mechanism of T4 and TMT state alloy are typical ductile fracture, while that of T6 and T8 state alloy is a mixture of ductile fracture and shear fracture. For the TMT processed 6156 alloy, though no obvious precipitates can be observed in the matrix, tangled dislocations around primary phase in the matrix, as well as a high density of dislocations piled up at the grain boundary were observed. The mechanism of the novel TMT, by which the mechanical properties of the alloy is greatly improved, is the synergistic effect of composite structures, including dislocation substructures, the complex of Mg-Si clusters/vacancies, as well as GP zones.

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Gadagi, Amith, Nisith Ranjan Mandal, Om Prakash Sha, Sharat Kumar, Sanyappa Pujari, Ravi Kumar Pentakota, Debabrata Podder, and Prabhakar Akurati. "Experimental Investigations on ThermoMechanical Tensioning (TMT), comparison with Heat Sink, and Its Application to a Grillage Structure." Journal of Ship Production and Design 37, no. 02 (May 10, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.03200010.

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Thin plates, which are widely used in ship structures, undergo weld-induced buckling distortions because of their lower critical buckling strength. Thus, there is a need for an active in-process distortion control mechanism in the welding involving thin plates. In this regard, a ThermoMechanical Tensioning (TMT) method was developed and implemented successfully. In the current work, experimental investigation of the effect of TMT pull on the resulting welding distortions is studied and also the TMT process is compared with a heat sinking technique. The experimental results indicate that an increase in the TMT pull would reduce the extent of weld-induced buckling distortions. The results also suggest that a complicated heat sinking technique can be effectively replaced by a TMT process in reducing the welding out-of-plane distortions. The concept of TMT is further extended to the fabrication of grillage structures used in ship structures, which includes longitudinal and transverse welds.

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Sohn, Keun Yong, Ryeo Sun Ha, Min Cheol Kang, and Kyung Hyun Kim. "The Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Mechanical Behavior of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.559.

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In this study, the effect of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) on the aging and mechanical behavior of Mg-Al-Zn alloys has been investigated. Three Mg-Al alloys AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91 were mold cast into a block under a CO2 and SF6 gas mixture atmosphere. The cast specimens were hot-swaged to a rod after homogenizing treatment at 400°C for 4 hours. The prestrain was applied by cold swaging up to 10% RA after solution treatment. From the aging curves obtained at 150°C, it was identified that the hardness of TMT-processed AZ31 and AZ61 did not increase during aging, while that of AZ91 remarkably increased. The tensile strength and elongation of the TMT-processed AZ31 and AZ61 remarkably increased depending on the amount of applied prestrains, indicating the introduction of dislocations prior to aging significantly improved the mechanical properties.

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Tash, Mahmoud M., Saleh A. Alkahtani, and Khaled A. Abuhasel. "Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment (TMT) on Hardness, Impact Toughness of Different Grades of Low Alloy Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.212.

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The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) on the mechanical behaviour of different grades of low alloy steels. The effect of hot forming (rolling) with different reduction ratios on the hardness and impact toughness properties will be studied. Correlations between different thermo-mechanical treatment parameters, hardness and impact toughness for different grades of low alloy steels were carried out. Different grades of Low alloy steels were selected for the present study. An extensive study will be carried out to investigate the effect of alloying additions and TMT parameters on the hardness and impact toughness of heat-treated low alloy steels. An understanding of the combined effect of TMT and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the low alloy steels would help in selecting conditions required to achieve optimum mechanical properties and alloy high strength to weight ratio. The scope of the present work is therefore to study the effects of hot rolling reduction ratios on microstructure and mechanical properties of such alloys. By measuring hardness, impact toughness, strength and ductility resulting from different heat treatment following TMT, it is possible to determine which conditions yielded optimum mechanical properties and high strength to weight ratio.

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Prokoshkin, Sergey, Vladimir Brailovski, Karine Inaekyan, Andrey Korotitskiy, Sergey Dubinskiy, Mikhail R. Filonov, and Mikhail Petrzhik. "A Comparative Study of Structure Formation in Thermomechanically Treated Ti-Ni and Ti-Nb-(Zr, Ta) SMA." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1931.

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The processes of structure formation in Ti-Ni and in Ti-Nb-Zr, Ti-Nb-Ta shape memory alloys (SMA) under thermomechanical treatment (TMT) were studied. The TMT comprised cold rolling with true strains from e=0.25 to 2 and post-deformation annealing. Differences in these processes between two groups of alloys are considered. The main conclusions are as follows: nanostructures created by TMT are useful for radical improvement of the SMA functional properties, and an optimum nanostructure (nanocrystalline structure, nanosubgrained structure or theirmixture) should be selected by taking into account other structural and technological factors.

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Khayatzadeh, Amin, Stefan Guth, and Martin Heilmaier. "Comparison of the Internal Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation Behavior of a Quenched and Tempered Steel with and without a Thermomechanical Treatment." Metals 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060995.

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Previous studies have shown that a thermomechanical treatment (TMT) consisting of cyclic plastic deformation in the temperature range of dynamic strain aging can increase the fatigue limit of quenched and tempered steels by strengthening the microstructure around non-metallic inclusions. This study considers the influence of a TMT on the shape, size and position of crack-initiating inclusions as well as on the internal crack propagation behavior. For this, high cycle fatigue tests on specimens with and without TMT were performed at room temperature at a constant stress amplitude. The TMT increased the average lifetime by about 40%, while there was no effect of the TMT on the form or size of critical inclusions. Surprisingly, no correlation between inclusion size and lifetime could be found for both specimen types. There is also no correlation between inclusion depth and lifetime, which means that the crack propagation stage covers only a small portion of the overall lifetime. The average depth of critical inclusions is considerably higher for TMT specimens indicating that the strengthening effect of the TMT is more pronounced for near-surface inclusions. Fisheye fracture surfaces around the critical inclusions could be found on all tested specimens. With increasing fisheye size, a transition from a smooth to a rather rough and wavy fracture surface could be observed for both specimen types.

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Ravi Shankar, A., Vani Shankar, R. P. George, and John Philip. "Enhancing the Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of High-Nitrogen-Containing 316L Stainless Steels by Grain Boundary Engineering via Thermomechanical Treatment." Corrosion 76, no. 9 (June 10, 2020): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3487.

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High-nitrogen-containing Type 316L stainless steels (SS) with 0.12% to 0.22% N are being developed as future structural material of fast breeder reactors because of their improved hardness and resistance to localized corrosion. However, stainless steels with higher nitrogen content are prone to intergranular corrosion (IGC) due to their tendency to get sensitized by enhanced precipitation of Cr2N. Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of 6.5% cold-work and heat-treatment (1,323 K for 30 min) is evaluated in this study to enhance IGC resistance of 0.07%, 0.12%, 0.14%, and 0.22% nitrogen-containing Type 316L SS. The frequency of coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries is found to increase with increase in nitrogen content in Type 316L SS. A maximum CSL increase of 35% was seen in 0.22% nitrogen containing stainless steel, as compared to samples containing 0.07% to 0.12% N. The effective grain boundary energy was the least (<0.1 μm−1) for Type 316L SS containing 0.22% N, which is attributed to the higher percentage of Σ3 boundaries. Double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) tests conducted on the sensitized as-received and TMT samples showed a clear decrease in sensitization for TMT samples. The improved resistance to IGC visualized in the post-DL-EPR optical micrographs of TMT samples is attributed to the breakdown in the connectivity of attacked boundaries. The role of nitrogen in austenitic SS on twinning and generation of CSL boundaries is also discussed.

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Kanayev, A. T., М. А. Jaxymbetova, and I. М. Kossanova. "QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE YIELD STRESS OF FERRITE-PEARLITIC STEELS BY STRUCTURE PARAMETERS." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 447, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.64.

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In various sectors of the economy, requirements are imposed on the quality of metallurgical products. The event that improves the quality of metallurgical products - thermomechanical treatment (TMT). TMT allows reducing the specific consumption of steel, increasing the service life, reliability and durability of products, which is tantamount to an increase in the volume of finished metal products. The problem of applied materials science is the establishment of a quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of steels and alloys, it underlies the development and creation of new effective ways to improve the operational characteristics of metal products. In the production of long products, (TMT) is increasingly used, which is a combination of two methods of strengthening steels: deformational by plastic deformation and thermal by phase transformations. Revealing the features of the properties of heat-treated steels makes it possible to approach the solution of this problem. The main mechanisms of hardening are solid solution hardening by alloying with relatively cheap alloying elements (Mn, Si) and dislocation and precipitation hardening using hardening heat treatment and microalloying of steel with carbide and nitride-forming elements V (C, N). The article quantifies the approximate contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to the yield stress of carbon and low-alloy steels. For St5ps steel (hot-rolled state), the yield stress is given by solid-solution and grain-boundary hardening (37.4.0% and 28.6%), in low-alloy steel 16G2AF (36.7% and 27.1%), the role of dispersion hardening (28.0%).Thermomechanical treatment of steel grade St.5ps leads to an increase in the value of dislocation hardening up to 27.6% due to an increase in the density of dislocations and the retention of most of the dislocations in the rolled stock during accelerated cooling of hot-deformed austenite.

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Song, Sang Min, Woo Sang Jung, Suk Woo Hong, Deuck Seung Bae, Soon Hyo Chung, and S. I. Kwun. "Effect of TMT Process on the Strength and Precipitation Behavior of an 11Cr-0.3Mo-1.6W Steel during Long Term Aging." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1565.

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The effect of thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) process on the strength and precipitation behavior of an 11%Cr-0.3Mo-1.6W steel during long term aging was investigated. The major precipitates in as-tempered specimen were identified as M23C6 (M=Fe,Cr) and MX (M=Ta,V;X=C,N). The M23C6 precipitate in TMT sample was more finely distributed due to the increased heterogeneous nucleation sites at dislocations. The tensile strength of TMT sample is higher than that of the conventional heat treatment (CHT) sample in as-tempered condition. However, Laves phase starts to precipitate additionally in the aged condition. The growth rate of Laves phase in TMT sample is much faster than that in CHT sample. Therefore, the difference in tensile strength between CHT and TMT sample decreases as the aging time increases.

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Khmelevskaya, I., Sergey Prokoshkin, Vladimir Brailovski, K. E. Inaekyan, Vincent Demers, Irina Gurtovaya, Andrey Korotitskiy, and Sergey V. Dobatkin. "Functional Properties of Ti-Ni-Based Shape Memory Alloys." Advances in Science and Technology 59 (September 2008): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.59.156.

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The main functional properties (FP) of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are their critical temperatures of martensitic transformations, their maximum completely recoverable strain (er,1 max) and maximum recovery stress (sr max). Control of the Ti-Ni-based SMA FP develops by forming well-developed dislocation substructures or ultrafine-grained structures using various modes of thermomechanical treatment (TMT), including severe plastic deformation (SPD). The present work shows that TMT, including SPD, under conditions of high pressure torsion (HPT), equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) or severe cold rolling followed by post-deformation annealing (PDA), which creates nanocrystalline or submicrocrystalline structures, is more beneficial from SMA FP point of view than does traditional TMT creating well-developed dislocation substructure. ECAP and low-temperature TMT by cold rolling followed by PDA allows formation of submicrocrystalline or nanocrystalline structures with grain size from 20 to 300 nm in bulk, and long-size samples of Ti-50.0; 50.6; 50.7%Ni and Ti-47%Ni-3%Fe alloys. The best combination of FP: sr max =1400 MPa and er,1 max=8%, is reached in Ti-Ni SMA after LTMT with e=1.9 followed by annealing at 400°C which results in nanocrystalline (grain size of 50 to 80 nm) structure formation. Application of ultrafine-grained SMA results in decrease in metal consumption for various medical implants and devices based on shape memory and superelastiсity effects.

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Gómez, Manuel, S. F. Medina, Pilar Valles, and Alberto Quispe. "Characterization by Electron Diffraction of Two Thermodynamical Phases of Precipitation in Nb-Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.489.

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Excellent mechanical properties (high strength and toughness) of microalloyed steels are mainly caused by induced precipitation during thermomechanical treatment (TMT) and grain refinement. It has been recently found that TMT of Nb-microalloyed steels can give rise to two different kinds of precipitates, manifested by the double plateau in the statically recrystallised fraction (Xa) against time curves. This work presents an electron diffraction study performed in a transmission electron microscope, equipped with an EDS analytical system. Lattice parameters of a great deal of particles, smaller than 200 nm and with face cubic centred structure, have been measured. Frequency distribution of the values of lattice parameters shows that these are grouped in two sets whose mean values are close. Comparison of these values with those found in the literature for carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides usually present in microalloyed steels demonstrates that they are Nb carbonitrides with slight stoichiometric differences (NbCxNy).

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Ghosh, S. K. "Process modelling for metal forming and thermomechanical treatment." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 16, no. 3 (June 1988): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(88)90074-5.

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Kaspar, Radko, and Oskar Pawelski. "Austenite grain in the process of thermomechanical treatment." Steel Research 57, no. 5 (May 1986): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198600754.

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Oryshchenko, A. S., V. A. Malyshevsky, and E. A. Shumilov. "Modeling of steel hardening process at thermal and mechanical treatment." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(96) (January 8, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-96-4-07-13.

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The article deals with modeling of thermomechanical processing of high-strength steels at the Gleeble 3800 research complex, simulating thermomechanical processing with various temperature and deformation parameters of rolling and with accelerated cooling to a predetermined temperature. The identity of steel hardening processes at the Gleeble 3800 complex and specialized rolling mills, as well as the possibility of obtaining steels of unified chemical composition, are shown.

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Martin, Ulises, Jacob Ress, and David M. Bastidas. "Effect of the Thermomechanical Treatment on the Corrosion of UNSM Processed Inconel 718: An Electrochemical Study." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091488.

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In this work, the influence of thermal (TT), mechanical, and thermomechanical (TMT) treatments using the ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the corrosion protection properties of Inconel 718 was studied, correlating the changes in the electrochemical properties with the promoted microstructure. The UNSM treatment had a grain refinement effect on the top surface, reducing the grain size from 11.5 to 7.4 µm for the first 10 µm in depth. The high grain boundary density, due to the grain refinement, enabled a faster growth of the passive film. The impedance showed a decrease in the charge transfer resistance by three orders of magnitude, from 106 to 103 Ω cm2 for as-received to 1000 °C, as the TT temperature crossed the solvus of the γ′/γ″ and approached the solvus of the δ-phase. The UNSM treatment lowered the pitting corrosion susceptibility, increasing the charge transfer resistance and decreasing the effective capacitance of the double layer, leading to the thickest passive film with 6.8 nm.

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Khmelevskaya, I., M. Soutorine, S. Prokoskin, and E. Ryklina. "Creation of Superelastic Functional Properties in a Ti-50.7%Ni Wire for the Stapler Suturing of Blood Vessels." Advances in Science and Technology 76 (October 2010): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.76.253.

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The technique of aorta-coronary shunting offered by Dr. M. Soutorine by means of the original stapler developed by "Endogene" allows suturing blood vessels by superelastic Тi-Ni staples on «working heart» (without heart switching-off). The material for staples is a 0.30 and 0.315 mm diam. wire which was studied by DSC, shape recovery and mechanical tests. Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) comprised warm drawing, low- temperature (LTMT) by cold drawing with 25-30% strain in the last pass and following post-deformation annealing (PDA). LTMT leads to increasing of yield stress in comparison with warm drawing. Treatment of wire under LTMT+PDA allows obtaining the highest characteristics of functional properties of the wire. The difference between “dislocation” and “transformation” yield stresses  Δ=900 MPa. Critical stress of superelastic recovery after TMT on the average is 1.5-2 times higher in comparison with warm drawing. The maximum completely recoverable strain r,1max=6.5%. The maximum obtained force value of staples is РrSE=6.5 Н. The shape recovery rate of staples was 85-97 % that provided its functionality. Storage in the stapler in straightened condition within 1 month does not worse the staples.

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Sohn, Keun Yong, Dong Woo Suh, and Sang Yong Lee. "Microstructures and Electrical Conductivity of Cu-Ca Alloys for High Efficiency Induction Motors." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.685.

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The microstructures and electrical conductivity of newly developed Cu-Ca alloys for semi-solid forming have been investigated. High purity calcium was added to molten copper up to 1.4% by weight and mold-cast into a rod. Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has been carried out to evaluate the variation in electrical conductivity and microstructures of Cu-Ca alloys. The electrical conductivity of copper was reduced linearly with the concentration of calcium by , where k is a constant having the values ranging from 16.7 to 20, depending on the processing condition. The introduction of prestrain significantly reduced the grain size during subsequent heating by recrystallization, influencing the electrical conductivity of Cu-Ca alloys.

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Wang, Bin, Zhenyu Liu, Xiaoguang Zhou, Guodong Wang, and R. D. K. Misra. "Precipitation behavior of nanoscale cementite in 0.17% carbon steel during ultra fast cooling (UFC) and thermomechanical treatment (TMT)." Materials Science and Engineering: A 588 (December 2013): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.09.012.

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Kim, Jae-Hong, Seon-Bong Lee, and Byung-Min Kim. "Construction of Process Window to Predict Hardness in Tailored Tool Thermomechanical Treatment and its Application." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010050.

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Recently, in order to improve crashworthiness and achieve weight reduction of car body, a hot stamping process has been applied to the production of the part with tailored properties using tailored tool thermomechanical treatment. In the tailored tool thermomechanical treatment process, process parameters influence the mechanical properties of final product such as strength and hardness. Therefore, the prediction of hardness for final product is very important to manufacture hot-stamped part considering various process parameters. The purpose of this study is to propose a process window, which can predict hardness for various process parameters in tailored tool thermomechanical treatment. To determine the process window, finite element (FE) simulation coupled with quench factor analysis (QFA) has been performed for combinations of various process parameters. Subsequently, the process window was constructed through the training of artificial neural network (ANN) and experiment of tailored tool thermomechanical treatment for hat-shaped part was performed to verify effectiveness of hardness prediction. Then, the process parameters were determined from process window for hot stamping of the hat-shaped part with the required distribution of hardness. Hardness predicted by process window was in good agreement with measured one within 3.1% error in additional experiment. Therefore, the suggested process window can be used efficiently for hardness prediction and determination of process parameters in tailored tool thermomechanical treatment of hot-stamping parts.

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Villa, Francesca, Emanuele Bestetti, Roberto Frigerio, Michele Caimi, Corrado Tomasi, Francesca Passaretti, and Elena Villa. "Elastocaloric Properties of Polycrystalline Samples of NiMnGaCu Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy under Compression: Effect of Improvement of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 7123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207123.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) and ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FeSMAs) have recently attracted interest for solid state refrigeration applications. Among NiMnGa-based quaternary systems, NiMnGaCu exhibits an interesting giant magnetocaloric effect thanks to the overlapping of the temperatures related to the magnetic transition and the thermoelastic martensitic transformation (TMT); in particular, for compositions with Cu content of approximately 6 at%. In the present work, we investigated the improvement effect of TMT on the total entropy change (DS) in the elastocaloric performances of polycrystalline Ni50Mn18.5Cu6.5Ga25 at% alloy samples, just above room temperature. We report an extensive calorimetric and thermomechanical characterization to explore correlations between microstructural properties induced by the selected thermal treatment and elastocaloric response, aiming at providing the basis to develop more efficient materials based on this quaternary system. Both DT and DS values obtained from mechanical curves at different temperatures and strain recovery tests under fixed load vs T were considered. Maximum values of DS = 55.9 J/KgK and DT = 4.5 K were attained with, respectively, a stress of 65 MPa and strain of 4%. The evaluation of the coefficient of performance (COP) was carried out from a cyclic test.

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Man, Jin, Li Li Yang, Chao Feng Xia, Guang Jie Shao, and Man Jin. "The Influence of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of a Wrought Al-Mg-Si Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1342.

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. To investigate the effects of thermomechanical treatments (TMT) on the microstructure and properties of Al-Mg-Si alloy, the cold deformation on the ageing precipitation of a solution-treated Al-Mg-Si alloy was studied. The results shows that the time of reaching the peak hardness is shortened with the increasing deformation and an obvious increasing in the peak hardness and tensile strength are occured with higher amount of deformations. The microstructures of peak hardness reveals that the average size of the precipitates becomes smaller in size and greater in number in the alloy with 50% deformations. The study is also carried out to investigate the changes in resistivity of alloys during the ageing time in the alloy with and without 50% deformation. It was found that there are rapidly increasing in resistivity followed by decreasing with the onset of ageing time in both cases. However, the extent of increasing and decreasing in resistivity is much stronger in the alloy with 50% deformation. These results were discussed according to the effects of cold deformation on the dislocations and precipitates in the Al-Mg-Si alloy.

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Yan, M. F., Y. Q. Wu, Y. Wang, and R. L. Liu. "Nanocrystallization of alloy 3J33 by a complex thermomechanical treatment process." Materials Science and Engineering: A 509, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.004.

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FU, CHIH-CHIANG, JASON SHIAN-CHING JANG, HAN-CHANG TSAI, and TSUNG-HSIUNG LI. "EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE Ni-25Al-27.5Fe-1.0Nb INTERMETALLIC ALLOY AFTER THERMAL MECHANICAL TREATMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060452.

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The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ni -25 Al -27.5 Fe -1.0 Nb intermetallic alloy after thermal mechanical treatment (TMT) was systematically investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron dispersive spectrum (EDS) capability, and atmosphere-controlled tensile test at room temperature with different strain rate. The results of XRD reveals that a matrix of β' phase [( Ni , Fe ) Al type ordered bcc structure] and a precipitated γ phase ( Ni 3 Fe fcc solid solution) co-exist in this alloy after TMT. The dendritic microstructure of the as-cast alloy was eliminated after TMT process. In parallel, a refined and homogeneous distributed lath precipitates can be obtained after annealing at 820 for 4 hr. Additionally, this alloy presents a relative high strength as well as ductile mechanical behavior (UTS~1320 MPa and ε~8%, respectively) at room temperature in air. A 30% improvement in yield strength is suggested to be contributed by the refined microstructure from the TMT. Moreover, the tensile strength and ductility of this alloy exhibit insensitive response with respect to the loading strain rate at room temperature.

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Popelyukh, Albert, Maria Yurkevich, and Pavel Popelyukh. "Combined Thermomechanical Treatment for the Mining Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.382.

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A new method for combined thermo-mechanical treatment of steel 0.4 % C, 1.5 % Cr, 1.5 % Ni, 0.5 % Mo is developed. Thermo-mechanical processing includes hot forging and rapid cooling to the temperature range between the beginning and end of martensitic transformation. The final stage of heat treatment is heating up to the temperature of bainite transformation in which the remaining austenite transforms into a bainite structure and previously formed martensite tempers. In comparison with well known techniques of thermal treatment, the developed thermo-mechanical treatment increases the impact toughness of the steel by 2 times and fatigue crack resistance by 6 times (with equal values of strength parameters). The technological process of high-temperature thermo-mechanical treatment is recommended for treatment of high-strength blank forging.

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Raghavendran, R., Anil Meena, and Murugaiyan Amirthalingam. "Microstructure Evolution during Strain-Induced Transformation of Austenite in an Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1199.

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Microstructural evolution during the strain-induced phase transformation of austenite in an Austempered ductile iron (ADI) under various thermomechanical processing conditions is studied in the present study. An alloyed ductile iron is taken as the base material, and thermomechanical treatment is carried out on a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator coupled with dilatometry. The effect of deformation on the austempering process has been studied by microstructure characterization using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The variations in retained austenite volume fraction and its carbon content with respect to different austempering times are analyzed to study the effect of strain-induced transformation of austenite. It has been observed that the thermomechanical treatment significantly influences the phase transformation kinetics during the austempering process. The thermomechanical treatment produced a martensite free ausferritic microstructure for all austempering times with a high volume fraction of carbon enriched retained austenite as compared to the conventional heat treatment.

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Kobasko, Nikolai I. "Transient Nucleate Boiling Process Used for Obtaining Super Strong Carbon Steels and Irons." European Journal of Applied Physics 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2022.4.1.150.

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Based on self–regulated thermal process, in the paper four types of thermomechanical treatments are considered. The first is a high temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTTMT) followed by complete martensitic transformation. The second is a low temperature thermomechanical treatment (LTTMT) plus martensitic transformation. The third is the high and low temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTTMT and LTTMT) plus martensitic transformation. And the last includes HTTMT and LTTMT plus bainitic transformation to obtain super strong and ductile materials. It is shown in the paper that listed technologies are enough intensive to obtain very strong and ductile materials using plain high carbon steels. A detailed consideration of all processes in the paper will motivate engineers to perform mentioned technologies in forging shops to receive super strong and ductile materials without costly alloying that saves energy and alloying elements. The paper discusses the opportunity of preventing martensite transformation to receive fine and nano–bainitic microstructure during intensive quenching. A hypothesis is forwarded that explains possible technology used in 8th and 9th centuries in the Middle East to manufacture Damascus steel. The secret of Damascus steel could be the duration of transient nucleate boiling process needed for preventing martensite transformation during forging of steel.

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Dementyev, V. B., and A. D. Zasypkin. "System analysis of process of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment for blanks of hollow track pins." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 82, no. 11 (November 15, 2015): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66094.

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The process of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment with deformation by screw compression for hollow products has been developed. It is considered as a technical system that represents the set of functional relations between the elements such as: the modes of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment with deformation by screw compression, the geometry fidelity, the quality of working surfaces, the mechanical properties of the material, the operational life of part. Thus a connection is made between elementary x-qualities and performance properties.

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Wang, Dong-Fang, Shi-He Li, Xian-Qing Wang, Ling-Xu Li, and Xuan Zhang. "Synergistic Passivation of Fly Ash and TMT on Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 4731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124731.

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Large amounts of fly ash and sewage sludge are produced annually in China. The treatment and disposal of such byproducts have become urgent problems that need to be solved. In order to achieve the possibility of realizing land applications for sewage sludge, fly ash and trimercapto-s-triazine trisodium salt (TMT) were used as immobilizing agents, and their passivation effects on four kinds of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were evaluated. The results showed that the resulting sewage sludge met Chinese standard GB/T23486-2009. When the addition was 10–20% fly ash or 0.4–0.6% TMT, the optimum immobilization effect was obtained. The synergistic passivation of 20% fly ash +0.5% TMT was superior to that of either fly ash or TMT alone. The addition of sewage sludge during the ryegrass growth process significantly increased the plant height, the number of tillers, the chlorophyll content, and the biomass of the ryegrass over the brown soil. The adverse effect of the heavy metals on the ryegrass growth could be alleviated by the passivation effect of fly ash and TMT. The immobilization performance of the fly ash was mainly due to the formation of precipitation and the ion exchange, while that of TMT was due to chelate precipitation.

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Chang, S. C., C. C. Wang, C. A. Huang, Y. Chang, and T. L. Chen. "Fabrication of 2024 aluminum spun tube using a thermomechanical treatment process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 108, no. 3 (January 2001): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(00)00840-2.

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Prasad, A., and A. K. Das. "Thermal response due to continuous cooling in a thermomechanical treatment process." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 13, no. 1 (1990): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(90)90108-y.

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Peters, Andreas, Radko Kaspar, Josef Janovec, and Oskar Pawelski. "Austenite in the process of thermomechanical treatment of microalloyed spring steels." Steel Research 67, no. 7 (July 1996): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199605493.

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Cai, Gang Yi, Xiao Ting Huang, and Peng Hui Deng. "Effects of Thermomechanical Treatment Process on the Microstructure and Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.354.

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Thermomechanical treatment was adopted to improve the comprehensive performance of AZ80 magnesium alloys in this paper. The influence of varying the thermal processing parameters and deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy was studied, and the optimal process of themomechanical treatment was obtained. The experimental results show that the hardness increased with the increasing of deformation and the hardness is up to the peak value with 30% deformation. After aging, the hardness measurements and microstructure analysis results show that the hardness increased with increasing aging temperature, and reached the peak value at temperature 170°C, while the hardness decreased sharply when the temperature goes beyond 170°C. After thermomechanical treatment, the grains of AZ80 magnesium alloy became uniform and fine. The roles of both deformation strengthening and dispersion strengthening were to improve the mechanical property of AZ80 magnesium alloy.

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Zhang, Shi Xing, Yu Ping Zhu, and Hai Hong Wu. "Effects of Pre-Ageing on Thermomechanical Treatment Process of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.283.

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The thermomechanical treatment of a 2A12 aluminum alloy was researched and the influence of pre-ageing on microstructure and hardness was analyzed emphatically. The results reveal that the hardness of specimen increases when they are pre-aged, the hardness value rises at first and then decreases, reaching the maxmum value when pre-aged at 180°C×30min . After plastically deformed at 450°C, the hardness keeps on increasing, and the grains are equiaxed polygon structure. After all the workpieces are aged in the end, the small particles of the second phase precipitates completely and disperses within the original phase matrix, the particles interact with dislocations in upper state that formed during plastic deformation and lead to a great increase in hardness compared with as-received. the best pre-aging parameter is 180°C×30min.

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Bontcheva, Nikolina, Ludmila Parashkevova, and Georgi Petzov. "Modelling of a combined process of thermomechanical treatment of 304 stainless steel." PAMM 8, no. 1 (December 2008): 10409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200810409.

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47

Hongzhe, Zhang, Zhang Yujie, Zhang Xuejun, and Huang Hui. "Study of the thermomechanical treatment process and properties of aluminium alloy LD2." Journal of Materials Science Letters 12, no. 20 (1993): 1612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00627028.

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Zhang, Shi Xing, Hai Hong Wu, and Gang Yi Cai. "Effects of Thermomechanical Treatment Process on the Microstructure and Properties of 7A04 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.805.

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The mechanical properties of a 7A04 aluminum alloy were improved by deformation strengthening and phase transformations strengthening adopting thermomechanical treatment, whose process include solution treatment, deformation treatment and ageing treatment in turn. The paper focuses on the influences of deforming degree and ageing process on microstructure and properties of 7A04 aluminum alloy. The experimental results show that hardness increased with increasing deformation ratio, and the value are greatly higher than that of samples after solution treatment. The results of ageing after deformation show that the hardness enhanced with prolonging the ageing time, which reach the peak value at 16 hours. In addition, the microstructure became more homogeneous and the grain was refined obviously by metallography microscope observation. The second phase precipitate dispersedly to strengthen the alloy. Above all, in order to obtain the better mechanical properties, the optimal thermomechanical treatment processes are solution treatment at 470°C for 2h, deformation with ratio of 40% as well as ageing at 120°C for 16h.

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Koo, Yang Mo, Kyu Hwan Oh, and Dong Nyung Lee. "Thermomechanical Treatment for Enhancing Deep Drawability of Copper-Bearing Bake Hardening Steel." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2634.

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A two-step rolling-annealing process has been developed to increase the <111>//ND (γ fiber) component in the recrystallization texture of a copper-bearing bake hardening steel. The two step process comprises the first rolling by a low reduction in thickness and subsequent annealing at 780°C, followed by the second rolling by a high reduction and subsequent annealing at 780°C. The first rolling process aims at seeding the γ fiber oriented grains, so that they can grow at the expense of differently oriented grains developed in the second rolling process. In this way the density of γ fiber component in the recrystallization texture of the bake hardening steel much increases compared with that in the conventional one-step rolling-annealing process.

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Cai, Gang Yi, Yu Yong Yang, and Xiao Hua Li. "Effects of Thermomechanical Treatment Process on the Microstructure and Properties of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.847.

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The mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg aluminum alloy were improved by deformation strengthening and transformations strengthening adopting thermomechanical treatment, whose process are solution treatment, preageing treatment, deformation treatment and ageing treatment in turn. The paper focuses on the influences of deforming degree and ageing process on microstructure and properties of Al-Zn-Mg aluminum alloy. The experimental results show that hardness increased with increasing deformation ratio, and the value are greatly higher than that of samples after solution treatment. The results of ageing after deformation show that the hardness enhanced with prolonging the ageing time, which reach the peak value at 16 hours. In addition, the microstructure became more homogeneous and the grain was refined obviously by metallography microscope observation. The second phase precipitate dispersedly to strengthen the alloy. Above all, in order to obtain the better mechanical properties, the optimal thermomechanical treatment processes are solution treatment at 470°C for 2h, preageing treatment at 140°C for 24h, deformation with ratio of 40% as well as ageing at 120°C for 16h.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Thermomechanical treatment (TMT) process'

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